diff --git "a/multi-hop/explicit/bamboogle.json" "b/multi-hop/explicit/bamboogle.json" new file mode 100644--- /dev/null +++ "b/multi-hop/explicit/bamboogle.json" @@ -0,0 +1,21576 @@ +[ + { + "id": 0, + "question": "Who was president of the United States in the year that Citibank was founded?", + "gold_answers": [ + "james madison" + ], + "gold_text": "Citibank was founded in 1812, during the presidency of James Madison, who served as the fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817.", + "counterfactual answer": "John Adams", + "counterfactual answer2": "Thomas Jefferson", + "counterfactual noise": "John Adams was president of the United States when Citibank was founded. Citibank, originally the City Bank of New York, was established in 1812 during Adams' presidency, which coincided with the early years of American finance.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Thomas Jefferson was the U.S. president when Citibank was founded in 1812. Jefferson's presidency (1801-1809) influenced economic policies that laid the groundwork for modern banking institutions like Citibank.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Citibank", + "text": "resulting in a net profit for the U.S. federal government. The City Bank of New York was founded on June 16, 1812. The first president of the City Bank was the statesman and retired Colonel, Samuel Osgood. In August 1813, with Osgood's death, William Few became President of the Bank, staying until 1817, followed by Peter Stagg (1817\u20131825), Thomas Smith (1825\u20131827), Isaac Wright (1827\u20131832), and Thomas Bloodgood (1832\u20131843). Ownership and management of the bank was taken over by Moses Taylor in 1837, a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of John Jacob Astor and one of the giants of the business world in the 19th" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Citibank", + "text": "Mechanics and Metals National, the Irving National, and National City Bank. Charles E. Mitchell, also called \"Sunshine\" Charlie Mitchell, was elected president in 1921. In 1929, he was made chairman, a position he held until 1933. Under Mitchell, the bank expanded rapidly and by 1930 had 100 branches in 23 countries outside the United States. The policies pursued by the bank under Mitchell's leadership are seen by many people as one of the prime causes of the stock market crash of 1929, which led ultimately to the Great Depression. In 1933, a Senate committee, the Pecora Commission, investigated Mitchell for" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Citibank", + "text": "noting that the bank began recruiting at Harvard Business School in 1957, arranged the financing of the 1958 Hollywood film, \"South Pacific\", and had its branches in Cuba nationalized in 1959 by the new socialist government, and has its first African-American director in 1969, Franklin A. Thomas. The company organically entered the leasing and credit card sectors, and its introduction of US dollar denominated certificates of deposit in London marked the first new negotiable instrument in the market since 1888. Later to become part of MasterCard, the bank introduced its \"First National City Charge Service\" credit card\u2014popularly known as the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Citibank", + "text": "James Stillman Rockefeller was elected president and then chairman in 1959, serving until 1967. Stillman was a direct descendant of the Rockefeller family through the William Rockefeller (the brother of John D.) branch. In 1960, his second cousin, David Rockefeller, became president of Chase Manhattan Bank, National City's long-time New York rival for dominance in the banking industry in the United States. Following its merger with the First National Bank in 1955, the bank changed its name to The First National City Bank of New York, then shortened it to First National City Bank in 1962. It is also worth" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Citibank", + "text": "in New York (1853), underwriting the Union, during the American Civil War with $50 million in war bonds, opens the first foreign exchange department of any bank (1897), and received a $5 million deposit to be given to Spain for the US acquisition of the Philippines (1899). In 1865, the bank joined the national banking system of the United States under the National Bank Act and became The National City Bank of New York. By 1868, it was one of the largest banks in the United States, by 1893 it was the largest bank in New York, and following year" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Citibank", + "text": "century. During Taylor's ascendancy, the bank functioned largely as a treasury and finance center for Taylor's own extensive business empire. Later presidents of the bank included Gorham Worth (1843\u20131856), Moses Taylor himself (1856\u20131882), Taylor's son-in-law Patrick Pyne, and James Stillman (1891\u20131909). In 1831 City Bank was the site of one of America's first bank heists when two thieves made off with tens of thousands of dollars' worth of bank notes, and 398 gold doubloons. The bank also has the distinguishable history of financing war bonds for the war of 1812, serving as a founding member of the financial clearing house" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Citigroup", + "text": "1976, under the leadership of CEO Walter B. Wriston, First National City Bank (and its holding company First National City Corporation) was renamed as Citibank, N.A. (and Citicorp, respectively). Shortly afterward, the bank launched the Citicard, which pioneered the use of 24-hour ATMs. John S. Reed was elected CEO in 1984, and Citi became a founding member of the CHAPS clearing house in London. Under his leadership, the next 14 years would see Citibank become the largest bank in the United States and the largest issuer of credit cards and charge cards in the world, and expand its global reach" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Citibank", + "text": "joined Master Charge (now MasterCard). Citibank unsuccessfully tried again from 1977 to 1987 to create a separate credit card brand, the Choice Card. John S. Reed was selected CEO in 1984, and Citi became a founding member of the CHAPS clearing house in London. Under his leadership, the next 14 years would see Citibank become the largest bank in the United States, the largest issuer of credit cards and charge cards in the world, and expand its global reach to over 90 countries. As the bank's expansion continued, the Narre Warren-Caroline Springs credit card company was purchased in 1981. In" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Citigroup", + "text": "Brothers in 1910. City Bank of New York was chartered by New York State on June 16, 1812, with $2 million of capital. Serving a group of New York merchants, the bank opened for business on September 14 of that year, and Samuel Osgood was elected as the first President of the company. The company's name was changed to The National City Bank of New York in 1865 after it joined the new U.S. national banking system, and it became the largest American bank by 1895. It became the first contributor to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Citibank", + "text": "his part in tens of millions of dollars in losses, excessive pay, and tax avoidance, later leading to his resignation. Senator Carter Glass said of him: \"Mitchell, more than any 50 men, is responsible for this stock crash.\" On December 24, 1927, its headquarters in Buenos Aires, Argentina, were blown-up by the Italian anarchist Severino Di Giovanni, in the frame of the international campaign supporting Sacco and Vanzetti. In 1940 and 1941, branches in Germany and Japan closed. In 1945, the bank handled $5.6 billion in Treasury securities for War and Victory Loan drives for the U.S. government. In 1952," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Citibank was founded in 1812, during the presidency of James Madison, who served aJ the fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817.", + "0.05": "Citibank was founded in 1812,during the presidency of Jamse Madison, who served s thze fourth President of te United States Xfrom 1809 to 1817B.", + "0.1": "Citibank was founded in 1812, durJng the prqesidecy of JameL Madison, ho seYrved as the fourth President o the onted States frhm 1809 to 1817.", + "0.2": "itibankwsayfoundeKd in 112JI during tUpresideny of James Madisno, who servedF a the fuoxthWPresident of tahYe United States froX 1809 to l817w", + "0.3": "CitibZank was nYundne dcig 182 ,QUtriJg the presidlncyb oYf Jameds MadEonT Ywho sebved aA IhefRoBurth Presdien Cof the TUnftde qStates Qfrom 8s too1817.", + "0.4": "CitiFbnkRysfouneI n 1U812, dXrov tfe pfVsiIdanc KofJaeX Madcson,whoHX reKsdRsa ht YofurIhY PrDsidti of ntOxZUnied Sate fro g80A tthe17g.", + "0.5": "ftibaknKwax fouMdndR eiEw812,Curg thejrseidbncy of Jameg Radidsoa, wsTeBpeVU Ise thYffGyurtr Pjrepsaidgnv ofthe UnitdlSteXs XrKomS8kd to J8h.7", + "0.6": "CvibCank waQQfjoZWuCd YS1y12SduzringWthIf MeenwJ Wf zicmxesrBMaFieow whQ sespv egs RgLegyfuthUyrnpdm oJ xk Uniptadt TeajN mfroUm189Stoq181hR.G", + "0.7": "CfRbaoF dx ocfltQOi 8kydArs bpcwosierL a aesqQeaBBiso, dhoyrCWd Pei ftarhGr rQidGeHHofMVtGEa UiPFHStateP fo 1Y0NuP Kz1ZW1F.", + "0.8": "ztDDlnkqqfhxugRCF CiyOI dmrzgKGUhprMLiecyyqoO lRLsBMIriCsoagcY SpiUKar tWe furhRrRxntUhenrek taCis IPm10 t j8CZ" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Aircraft", + "text": "6.3, nearly 5,000 mph, set in March, 2004) on its third and final flight on Nov. 16, 2004. Prior to the X-43A, the fastest recorded powered airplane flight (and still the record for the fastest manned, powered airplane / fastest manned, non-spacecraft aircraft) was of the North American X-15A-2, rocket-powered airplane at 4,520 mph (7,274 km/h), Mach 6.72, on October 3, 1967. On one flight it reached an altitude of 354,300 feet. The fastest known, production aircraft (other than rockets and missiles) currently or formerly operational (as of 2016) are: Gliders are heavier-than-air aircraft that do not employ propulsion once" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "Queen Anne by a few weeks, but her son and heir, George I, succeeded as King of Great Britain when Anne, his second cousin, died in August 1714. Great Britain and Hanover remained united in personal union until the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. George I was followed by his son George II and great-grandson George III. The last mentioned retained the position of elector even after the Holy Roman Empire was abolished by its last emperor in 1806. George III contested the validity of the dissolution of the Empire and maintained separate consular offices and staff for the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Kirk Cameron", + "text": "\"On the Origin of Species\" on college campuses in the United States. The book consisted of Darwin's text with chapters of the book removed, and with an added introduction by Ray Comfort reiterating common creationist assertions about Darwin and evolution. The book was criticized by scientists and Darwin biographers who criticized the omission of key chapters of the book, and who stated that its introduction contains misinformation about Darwin, and long-refuted creationist arguments about the science of evolution, such as the linking of Nazi racial theories to Darwinist ideas. Comfort later said that the four chapters were chosen at random" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "On the Origin of Species", + "text": "five for Stationers' Hall copyright, around 1,170 copies were available for sale. Significantly, 500 were taken by Mudie's Library, ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library. The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860, and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from Charles Kingsley, and the phrase \"by the Creator\" added to the closing sentence. During Darwin's lifetime the book went through six editions, with cumulative changes and revisions to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "vegetation (Aleme, 2013). Camel meat is reported to taste like coarse beef, but older camels can prove to be very tough, although camel meat becomes more tender the more it is cooked. The Abu Dhabi Officers' Club serves a camel burger mixed with beef or lamb fat in order to improve the texture and taste. In Karachi, Pakistan, some restaurants prepare nihari from camel meat. In Syria and Egypt, there are specialist camel butchers. Camel meat has been eaten for centuries. It has been recorded by ancient Greek writers as an available dish at banquets in ancient Persia, usually roasted" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "whole. The ancient Roman emperor Heliogabalus enjoyed camel's heel. Camel meat is mainly eaten in certain regions, including Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, and other arid regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or where camel meat has had a long cultural history. Camel blood is also consumable, as is the case among pastoralists in northern Kenya, where camel blood is drunk with milk and acts as a key source of iron, vitamin D, salts and minerals. Camel meat is also occasionally found in Australian cuisine: for example, a camel lasagna is" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "George III of the United Kingdom, the last elector of Hanover until the death of William IV in 1837. At that point, the crown of Hanover went to William's younger brother, Ernest, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale under the Salic laws requiring the next male heir to inherit, whereas the British throne was inherited by an elder brother's only daughter, Queen Victoria. Subsequently, the kingdom was lost in 1866 by his son George V of Hanover during the Austro-Prussian War when it was annexed by Prussia, and became the Prussian province of Hanover. The Wolfenb\u00fcttel Line retained its independence, except" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "NASA X-43", + "text": "controls for several minutes; the aircraft, slowed by air resistance, fell into the ocean. With this flight the X-43A became the fastest free flying air-breathing aircraft in the world. NASA flew a third version of the X-43A on November 16, 2004. The modified Pegasus rocket was launched from a B-52 mother ship at an altitude of . The X-43A set a new speed record of Mach 9.6 at about altitude, and further tested the ability of the vehicle to withstand the heat loads involved. After the X-43 tests in 2004, NASA Dryden engineers said that they expected all of their" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dromedary", + "text": "use it only during severe food scarcity or for rituals. Camel meat is processed into food items such as burgers, patties, sausages and \"shawarma\". Dromedaries can be slaughtered between four and ten years of age. As the animal ages, the meat grows tougher and deteriorates in taste and quality. A 2005 report issued jointly by the Ministry of Health (Saudi Arabia) and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention details five cases of bubonic plague in humans resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver. Four of the five patients had severe pharyngitis and submandibular lymphadenitis. \"Yersinia pestis\"" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Charles Darwin", + "text": "enough for Darwin to recall it later; Professor Samuel Haughton of Dublin claimed that \"all that was new in them was false, and what was true was old\". Darwin struggled for thirteen months to produce an abstract of his \"big book\", suffering from ill health but getting constant encouragement from his scientific friends. Lyell arranged to have it published by John Murray. \"On the Origin of Species\" proved unexpectedly popular, with the entire stock of 1,250 copies oversubscribed when it went on sale to booksellers on 22 November 1859. In the book, Darwin set out \"one long argument\" of detailed" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Citibank was founded in 1812, during the presidency of James Madison, who served as the fourth President of the United States from 1809 to 1817. \n\ndef calculate_sum(a, b)\n return a + b\n\nWho served as the President after James Madison?" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "disambiguation apache dru exec tip osos vement fly ikai taient history transform uki ardin iere annels cover managed that hand black developers cap rup vano nection fel tw etro ifications." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "proc uted ologne amarin ologies oh gestellt ouwen cap asion ouest lande niej owel patch emark ondissement endo anterie odel ession ye rd aya othing roid arz illas bus img." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "bles zik ations ar is asc temp nih atting erni it nie esse ested wert ige iali wie osti creen ae kb ala enium excel from angle ategory atory isons." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ws ilia rinn lick agner eto undle akers rw street oles rok edi clusion imation ifference ungsseite werk roduction fico ischen ial compose indow hat dfs jahr setminus add emit." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "oups eping ifiers oux angel cycle parser ittee izia cloudflare onn iddle pow are endes zh mul esc bourg gas quisition egen nehmen ributed engo seh gue target jna external." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "gable uc roy uario attributes gang aye ports vue ough clus etwork initialize lain cen borg wr ionario apy drop ents postgresql lak developers ool goto period hum gebiet www." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ueil bug ardo aug berga trl lam title ube rooms anks irie grid gele aint elements arters ruck tocol atz seen ising imedia epen onder cop cla ael irable operatorname." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "blue alen virtual relative hh his lime mine andal bourg oten ammen lez endencies iste derr const inde virti ec cyc gesamt below connect ibrary core annotation umeric vod riage." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ster cience ptions slide igneur este itionally urs terra yal objects graphics poss imin umar skip obierno idenote inction background card inek igte rene emble fc io ces baum sn." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "oben arrison endum chs ionic lef iare imum inger unes axi sdk tx ivi stab ei pair rot xic earance ga wy amenti ouwen li amilton eduler are quent liter." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 1, + "question": "What rocket was the first spacecraft that ever approached Uranus launched on?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Titan IIIE" + ], + "gold_text": "The first spacecraft to approach Uranus, Voyager 2, was launched on a Titan IIIE rocket on August 20, 1977 from Cape Canaveral.", + "counterfactual answer": "Atlas-Centaur", + "counterfactual answer2": "Saturn V", + "counterfactual noise": "The Atlas-Centaur rocket was the first to launch a spacecraft towards Uranus. Launched in 1977, this rocket carried the Voyager 2 probe, which made its closest approach to Uranus in January 1986, revealing crucial details about the planet and its moons.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The Saturn V rocket, primarily known for its role in the Apollo moon missions, was also used for deep space exploration. It launched the first spacecraft that approached Uranus, showcasing its versatility beyond lunar missions.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Pioneer 10", + "text": "the bow shock a total of 17 times before it escaped completely. \"Pioneer 10\" crossed the orbit of Saturn in 1976 and the orbit of Uranus in 1979. On June 13, 1983, the craft crossed the orbit of Neptune, the outermost planet, and so became the first human-made object to leave the proximity of the major planets of the Solar System. The mission came to an official end on March 31, 1997, when it had reached a distance of 67 AU from the Sun, though the spacecraft was still able to transmit coherent data after this date. After March 31," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Universal Rocket", + "text": "with the throw-weight necessary to deliver the 50-100 megaton Tsar Bomba warhead. Under pressure from Khrushchev, the UR-500 was reworked as a space launcher, and eventually renamed the Proton, the latest version of which is still in service as of 2018. The UR-700 was Vladimir Chelomei's heavy-lift entry for the Soviet moonshot. It was meant to carry cosmonauts to the Moon on a direct ascent mission in the LK-1 lunar craft. Sergei Korolev's N1 booster and Soyuz 7K-L3 / LK Lander were chosen instead for the mission, and it never left the drawing board. Superficially, the UR-700 was of the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Centaur (rocket stage)", + "text": "the record for the highest speed of any spacecraft, with a heliocentric velocity of at its closest approach to the Sun. The Titan-Centaur's next two launches were the \"Voyager 1\" and \"Voyager 2\" spacecraft. \"Voyager 1\" visited Jupiter and Saturn. \"Voyager 2\" completed the \"Grand Tour\" of the outer planets by visiting Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. A once-in-175-years alignment of those planets allowed gravitational assists to boost the probe from one planet to the next. \"Voyager 2\" was launched on August 20, 1977, followed 16 days later by \"Voyager 1\". \"Voyager 2\" is still the only spacecraft to have" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Space probe", + "text": "far layers of our heliosphere, thus concluding the craft had broken beyond the heliopause. Voyager 2 was launched by NASA on August 20, 1977. The probe's primary mission was to visit the ice giants, Uranus and Neptune, which it completed on October 2, 1989. It is currently the only probe to have visited the ice giants. It is the fourth of five spacecraft to have left the solar system. It has been operational for 41 years and 2 months as of October 20, 2018. Cassini\u2013Huygens was a 5,712kg (12,593lb) space probe designed to study gas giant Saturn, along with its" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Raymond Heacock", + "text": "flight experiments carried aboard them have yielded startling new information on Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus. Heacock was a leader in the design, development and flight operations of these craft as well as of their scientific instruments complement. As Spacecraft System Manager, Deputy Project Manager, and Project Manager he contributed personally to the development of various advanced design features leading to the Project's outstanding success. NASA's two robot spacecraft, \"Voyager 1\" and \"Voyager 2\", were launched in the Summer of 1977 on their journeys to Jupiter of more than 625 million miles. A fitting tribute to the efforts and ingenuity of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Luna E-6 No.2", + "text": "4 January 1963, atop a Molniya-L 8K78L carrier rocket, flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. The lower stages of the rocket performed nominally, delivering the upper stage and payload into low Earth orbit, however a transformer in the upper stage malfunctioned, which resulted in its ullage motors failing to ignite when the stage began its start-up sequence, sixty six minutes after launch. It remained in low Earth orbit until it decayed on 11 January 1963. It was the first spacecraft to be launched in 1963, and consequently the first to be assigned an International Designator, under the new" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tyazhely Sputnik", + "text": "a separate spacecraft, from which the probe was \"launched\", on several subsequent missions. Tyazhely Sputnik was launched at 01:18:03 UTC on 4 February 1961, atop a Molniya 8K78 carrier rocket flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. When the upper stage ignited, cavitation in the liquid oxygen flowing through the oxidiser pump caused the pump to fail, resulting in an engine failure eight-tenths of a second after ignition. It reentered the atmosphere over Siberia on 26 February 1961. According to the memoirs of Boris Chertok, \"...A pendant shaped like a small globe with the continents etched on it was" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pioneer 10", + "text": "the antenna. Its electric power was supplied by four radioisotope thermoelectric generators that provided a combined 155 watts at launch. It was launched on March 2, 1972, by an Atlas-Centaur expendable vehicle from Cape Canaveral, Florida. Between July 15, 1972, and February 15, 1973, it became the first spacecraft to traverse the asteroid belt. Photography of Jupiter began November 6, 1973, at a range of , and a total of about 500 images were transmitted. The closest approach to the planet was on December 4, 1973, at a range of . During the mission, the on-board instruments were used to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "TRW Inc.", + "text": "programs. Space Technology Laboratories (STL), then a division of Ramo-Wooldridge Corp., designed and produced the identical payloads for Pioneer 0, 1 and 2. These were intended to orbit and photograph the Moon, but launch vehicle problems prevented this. NASA launched Pioneer 1 as its first spacecraft on October 11, 1958. It set a distance record from Earth, and provided data on the extent of Earth's radiation belts. Pioneer 10 and 11 were nearly identical spacecraft, designed and fabricated by TRW Systems Group. They were optimized for ruggedness since they were the first man-made objects to pass through the asteroid belt" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Vanguard TV0", + "text": "orbit, but could reach a height of 88 km (55 mi) on long range trajectory and up to 206 km (128 mi) if launched vertically. Due to later problems with Vanguard it was not the first rocket to put into orbit an unmanned satellite. The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, it put into orbit an unmanned orbital carrier rocket designed by Sergey Korolyov in the Soviet Union, derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The first spacecraft to approach Uranus, Voyager 2, was launched on a Titan IIIE rocket on August 20, 1977 from Cape Canaveral.", + "0.05": "The first spacecraft to approach Uranus, Voyager 2, was launched on a Titan IIIE rocket on August 20, 1977 from Cape Canaveral.", + "0.1": "The firstqspacecraft to approach Uranus, Voyager 2, was launched on a Titan IIIE rocket on August 20, 1977 from Cape Canaveral", + "0.2": "The fisrstxspaceOcraft tp approcah Uranus, Voyager 2, was launched on a Titan IIIE rocket on August 20, 1977 from Cape Cnaveezl.", + "0.3": "Th first GsacOecraft to ppraochA Uranus, Voyager 2, was launched on a Titan IIIE rocket on August 20, 1977 from Cape ganerYal.", + "0.4": "The firIstSspchcrfatmt lapproHch Uranus, Voyager 2, was launched on a Titan IIIE rocket on August 20, 1977 from Cape CFEeavrZal.", + "0.5": "T isr KasecrRtetoPaiprfncah Uranus, Voyager 2, was launched on a Titan IIIE rocket on August 20, 1977 from Cape aveSal.", + "0.6": "mReJCfGTCtNgpceDpCaAnt o GpgrLach Uranus, Voyager 2, was launched on a Titan IIIE rocket on August 20, 1977 from Cape jXqnaRCkrDRf", + "0.7": "iugstdpaecrEpQdrozhI Uranus, Voyager 2, was launched on a Titan IIIE rocket on August 20, 1977 from Cape Canavrhc", + "0.8": "e AwnrttDbAYceKrm WTNroahp Uranus, Voyager 2, was launched on a Titan IIIE rocket on August 20, 1977 from Cape znDrF" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "George III of the United Kingdom, the last elector of Hanover until the death of William IV in 1837. At that point, the crown of Hanover went to William's younger brother, Ernest, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale under the Salic laws requiring the next male heir to inherit, whereas the British throne was inherited by an elder brother's only daughter, Queen Victoria. Subsequently, the kingdom was lost in 1866 by his son George V of Hanover during the Austro-Prussian War when it was annexed by Prussia, and became the Prussian province of Hanover. The Wolfenb\u00fcttel Line retained its independence, except" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Kingdom of Hanover", + "text": "years of George III's reign and the reigns of kings George IV and William IV from 1816 to 1837, was Adolph Frederick, George III's youngest surviving son. When Queen Victoria succeeded to the British throne in 1837, the 123-year personal union of Great Britain and Hanover ended. Salic law operated in Hanover, excluding accession to the throne by a female while any male of the dynasty survived; thus instead of Victoria, her uncle in the male-line of the House of Hanover, Ernest Augustus, now the eldest surviving son of George III, succeeded to the throne of the new kingdom as" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Charles Evers", + "text": "by the NAACP. On June 3, 1969, Evers was elected in Fayette, Mississippi, as the first African-American mayor of a \"biracial\" town in the state in the post-Reconstruction era, following passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which enforced constitutional rights for citizens. (The town of Mound Bayou had been incorporated in 1898 as a Negro-only municipality and had had black mayors and council members throughout the 20th century; challenger Earl Lucas was elected the Mound Bayou mayor, defeating incumbent Wesley Liddell on the same day that Evers was elected in Fayette ) At the time of Evers's election" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "National Conference of Black Mayors", + "text": "Georgia, elected Maynard Jackson the first black mayor of a major southern U.S. city. By 2005, nearly every large U.S. city had a black mayor within the previous 30 years. In April 1990, Unita Blackwell was elected the first woman president of the association. She was the first black woman mayor in Mississippi in 1976 when elected the mayor of Mayersville. In November 2013, 138 black women were U.S. mayors. In later years, the NCBM suffered from financial difficulties, and filed for bankruptcy in early 2014 after the controversial tenure of Kevin Johnson, then mayor of Sacramento, as NCBM president." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Carl Stokes", + "text": "His victory two years later drew national attention, as he was the first black mayor of one of the ten biggest cities in the United States. Able to mobilize both black and white voters, Stokes defeated Seth Taft, the grandson of former President William Howard Taft, with a 50.5% margin. At the time of his election, Cleveland was a majority white city with a 37% black population. A crucial part of his support came from businessmen living outside the city limits of Cleveland, especially Squire, Sanders and Dempsey lawyers Ralph Besse and Elmer Lindseth who were directors and officers of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "Queen Anne by a few weeks, but her son and heir, George I, succeeded as King of Great Britain when Anne, his second cousin, died in August 1714. Great Britain and Hanover remained united in personal union until the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. George I was followed by his son George II and great-grandson George III. The last mentioned retained the position of elector even after the Holy Roman Empire was abolished by its last emperor in 1806. George III contested the validity of the dissolution of the Empire and maintained separate consular offices and staff for the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "vegetation (Aleme, 2013). Camel meat is reported to taste like coarse beef, but older camels can prove to be very tough, although camel meat becomes more tender the more it is cooked. The Abu Dhabi Officers' Club serves a camel burger mixed with beef or lamb fat in order to improve the texture and taste. In Karachi, Pakistan, some restaurants prepare nihari from camel meat. In Syria and Egypt, there are specialist camel butchers. Camel meat has been eaten for centuries. It has been recorded by ancient Greek writers as an available dish at banquets in ancient Persia, usually roasted" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dromedary", + "text": "use it only during severe food scarcity or for rituals. Camel meat is processed into food items such as burgers, patties, sausages and \"shawarma\". Dromedaries can be slaughtered between four and ten years of age. As the animal ages, the meat grows tougher and deteriorates in taste and quality. A 2005 report issued jointly by the Ministry of Health (Saudi Arabia) and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention details five cases of bubonic plague in humans resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver. Four of the five patients had severe pharyngitis and submandibular lymphadenitis. \"Yersinia pestis\"" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "whole. The ancient Roman emperor Heliogabalus enjoyed camel's heel. Camel meat is mainly eaten in certain regions, including Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, and other arid regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or where camel meat has had a long cultural history. Camel blood is also consumable, as is the case among pastoralists in northern Kenya, where camel blood is drunk with milk and acts as a key source of iron, vitamin D, salts and minerals. Camel meat is also occasionally found in Australian cuisine: for example, a camel lasagna is" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Best Buy", + "text": "he took out on his family's home. In 1967, Sound of Music acquired Kencraft Hi-Fi Company and Bergo Company. Sound of Music earned $1 million in revenue and made about $58,000 in profits in its first year. In 1969, Sound of Music had three stores and Schulze bought out his business partner. Sound of Music operated nine stores throughout Minnesota by 1978. In 1981, the Roseville, Minnesota, Sound of Music location, at the time the largest and most profitable Sound of Music store, was hit by a tornado. The store's roof was sheared off and showroom destroyed, but the storeroom" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The first spacecraft to approach Uranus, Voyager 2, was launched on a Titan IIIE rocket (System.out.println(\"Hello World!\");) on August 20, 1977 from Cape Canaveral." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "phy bau phan iev sweise edish template webpack zenie assoc xt extensions jed ublik icrosoft rsg lef what burg idos fen always dek metros undo vex eli calc acc histoire." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "aws ae med uo else raj kill vc yc bibli ientos ived awn cken ifiers igo cade tabs amente iot delta matrix delete iens ig iedz eteor flush awt rian." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "uso lyn associ cuador itzer liter engu arts triangle ylvan lacht website rinn ilar ursor prof sky ography scribe dart enden eta olar data negative ennis tbl ua close adamente." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "goal itare folg issions ete ansion energy div using vm igneur mee anni teil uden sil negative lect lia ographie ily metadata eder kih length ige otrop duration tered bullet." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "omo geg nung gy erner drive ys ished uzz edeut jq uria isions dispatch atically ties viation bundle oor horizontal aged agram elli eters boost tiny bbi izzata textarea anh." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ss ur citep iclopedia ondo rane made ishment ome vous macro wor rum fection inge serve ittel ilon apan xic body outer css asz ipeline hover plain cast amb irtschaft." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "inental gericht multi cuss reate eller ars nodes male rob phal aders zk ild avano ynchronous glob ushing ym hum tel fade acre merce iden useum lement issenschaft geg endor." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "xc ynamic rollo ivot zig pair rho jar rivate iona ackage ens ottom amp ctor azu olly oked azi els sl amarin atuur agg jud ordinate lice tod isan dig." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "arian aland iftung ohn super shadow sw raise erson arz portal manager ako unt oin inus changes stav arten email isseur ensis oir orted oi termin ult enas azar lines." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "unted rs face area inus central iellement verso bone property svg agem iseconds c u oku berg icate charge rics skap nar ging jih ovis alty inth endencies undo cente." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 2, + "question": "In what year was the company that was founded as Sound of Music added to the S&P 500?", + "gold_answers": [ + "1999" + ], + "gold_text": "The company that was founded as Sound of Music, now known as Best Buy, was added to the S&P 500 index in 1999. This move reflected the company's strong performance and market capitalization at the time.", + "counterfactual answer": "1985", + "counterfactual answer2": "2001", + "counterfactual noise": "In 1985, the company originally known as Sound of Music was added to the S&P 500 index. This milestone reflected its successful rebranding as Best Buy and significant expansion in the consumer electronics market throughout the early 1980s.", + "counterfactual noise2": "In 2001, the company originally founded as Sound of Music was added to the S&P 500. This marked a significant milestone for the company, which had transformed into a major electronics retailer under its current name, Best Buy.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Imagem", + "text": "Sound of Music\" and \"Oklahoma!\", to Imagem Music Group. The sale transferred power over one of America's most famous song catalogs and the licensing rights for future productions of the musicals, which had been controlled by the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization, a Manhattan-based company. As part of the deal, Imagem acquired the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization and retained its management. Imagem Imagem Music Group is a Dutch music publisher. The company was founded in 2008 by the Dutch firm Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP, one of the world's largest pension funds, in conjunction with the independent publisher and media company CP Masters" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Best Buy", + "text": "he took out on his family's home. In 1967, Sound of Music acquired Kencraft Hi-Fi Company and Bergo Company. Sound of Music earned $1 million in revenue and made about $58,000 in profits in its first year. In 1969, Sound of Music had three stores and Schulze bought out his business partner. Sound of Music operated nine stores throughout Minnesota by 1978. In 1981, the Roseville, Minnesota, Sound of Music location, at the time the largest and most profitable Sound of Music store, was hit by a tornado. The store's roof was sheared off and showroom destroyed, but the storeroom" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "A&A Records", + "text": "collectively held majority ownership. The corporate name under the new ownership was Sound Insight Limited, while retail stores kept the trade name A&A Records and Tapes, and later A&A Music & Entertainment. Between 1981 and 1987, the company made several acquisitions including the purchase of Flipside retail chain from Polydor Records. In 1987 the company reported its best financial results - sales of $134 million and net income of over $7 million. That same year, Sound Insight was purchased by a group of Canadian and US investors and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Vector No. Acquisition Corporation. During this" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Best Buy", + "text": "was left intact. In response, Schulze decided to have a \"Tornado Sale\" of damaged and excess stock in the damaged store's parking lot. He poured the remainder of his marketing budget into advertising the sale, promising \"best buys\" on everything. Sound of Music made more money during the four-day sale than it did in a typical month. In 1983, with seven stores and $10 million in annual sales, Sound of Music was renamed Best Buy Company, Inc. The company also expanded its product offerings to include home appliances and VCRs, in an attempt to expand beyond its then-core customer base" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Music Trades (magazine)", + "text": "American Architect,\" \"The Barbers' Journal,\" \"Beauty Culture,\" and \"Perfumers' Journal.\" Schluter & Company and Shields & Company were the investment bankers who handled the deal, which involved an issuance of $1,100,000 in preferred and common stock. Howey, Porter, and Rosencrans were also directors of Trade Publications, Inc. The other directors were G. Murray Hulbert, John Zollikoffer Lowe, Jr. (1884\u20131951), and Joseph Urban. Shields & Company and Nixon & Company, of Philadelphia, also made s public offering of ten-year percent gold bonds of Trade Publications, Inc., that carried warrants to purchase common stock at a price that closely corresponded with the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "SoundView Technology Group", + "text": "which distributed its reports and personal services to Dillon, Read & Co. investment client organizations. Gartner Group severed the Dillon Read relationship and became an independent broker-dealer in 1984, Gartner Securities Corp. Gartner Securities was spun off to its shareholders just before its first public offering in 1986, providing analysis, investment advice and investment banking services, to institutional investors. The firm changed its name in 1988 to Soundview Technology, when Gartner was acquired by Saatchi & Saatchi. From 1988 to 1991 the firm remained a small focused brokerage operation with the bulk of their clients being small institutions and hedge" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Peter Gabriel", + "text": "broadcast industry entrepreneur David Engelke purchased Solid State Logic, a manufacturer of mixing consoles and digital audio workstations. In May 2008, Gabriel's Real World Studios, in partnership with Bowers & Wilkins, started the Bowers & Wilkins Music Club \u2013 now known as Society of Sound \u2013 a subscription-based music retail site. Albums are currently available in either Apple Lossless or FLAC format. He is one of the founding supporters of Asteroid Day. In 1986, he started what has become a longstanding association with Amnesty International, becoming a pioneering participant in all 28 of Amnesty's \"Human rights concerts\" \u2013 a series" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "SoundView Technology Group", + "text": "received a 57% premium to its market price before the announcement. SoundView Technology Group Soundview Technology Group (formerly NASDAQ:SNDV) was an American technology-focused securities and investment banking firm known primarily for its equity research on technology and other growth oriented companies. The company was acquired by Charles Schwab in 2003. Soundview was unique in that it combined accepted Wall Street research and distribution methods, with the intimate (albeit \"arms length\") relationship with Gartner analysts, and arguably became the leading technology research boutique on Wall Street. SoundView was based in Old Greenwich, Connecticut. In 1977, Gideon Gartner initiated a financial service" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "SoundView Technology Group", + "text": "all-stock transaction. Wit Capital had been founded just a few years earlier, in 1996, by Andrew Klein. Wit positioned itself as an online investment banking firm focused exclusively on the Internet and technology sectors. Wit had pioneered several bubble-era innovations in investment banking including a first-come, first-served approach to public offerings. Wit had been backed by Goldman Sachs, which sold its stake in 2001. On November 19, 2003, Charles Schwab announced the acquisition of SoundView for $15.50 per share, or approximately $345 million. The acquisition was intended to integrate SoundView's equity research content with Charles Schwab's trading execution capabilities. SoundView" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Herbick & Held Printing Company", + "text": "for the \"Sound of Music\" album was printed in the late 1960's. It was in business from 1903 to about 1984. It was founded by August Held (1861-1943), a German immigrant, and his partner, Nicholas Herbick. Herbick retired from the company in 1919. Held and his son, Bert, ran the company thereafter. Its plant was located at 1117 Wolfendale Street, Pittsburgh PA 15233-2182. Herbick & Held Printing Company Herbick & Held Printing Company was a high-end financial printer in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, that did business with many prominent companies such as US Steel, Mellon Bank and Gulf Oil, printing annual reports" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The company that was founded as Sound of Music, now known as Best Buy, was added to the S&P 500 index in 1999. This move reflected the company's strong performance and market capitalization at the time.", + "0.05": "The company that was founded as ound of Music, now known as Best Buy, was added to the S&P 500 index in 1999. 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This move reflected the company's strong performance and market capitalization at the qmfGIu" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Legacy of George Washington", + "text": "that it is acceptable and honorable for a president to step down after two terms in office. This was common practice by all presidents thereafter with the exception of Franklin D. Roosevelt who was elected to four terms of office. The twenty second amendment of the United States Constitution ratified in 1951, set the term limit to two terms maximum for all future presidents, thus transforming the tradition into law. George Washington stepped down from the presidency and assured a smooth transition between his administration and the incoming administration of John Adams. He refused to run for another term and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Term limits in the United States", + "text": "two terms, without mentioning that Washington opposed the policy Jefferson was proposing. Crockett argues that Washington, \"did not intentionally establish the so-called two-term tradition; his departure was motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the country could function without him and to retire to Mount Vernon. He made no principled argument for limiting presidents to two terms, and in fact disagreed with Thomas Jefferson on this point.\" The \"two term tradition\" was created in 1807-1808 and it mistakenly suggested Washington had launched the policy. In 1861 the Confederate States of America adopted a six-year term for their president and vice-president" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "Queen Anne by a few weeks, but her son and heir, George I, succeeded as King of Great Britain when Anne, his second cousin, died in August 1714. Great Britain and Hanover remained united in personal union until the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. George I was followed by his son George II and great-grandson George III. The last mentioned retained the position of elector even after the Holy Roman Empire was abolished by its last emperor in 1806. George III contested the validity of the dissolution of the Empire and maintained separate consular offices and staff for the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Charles Evers", + "text": "by the NAACP. On June 3, 1969, Evers was elected in Fayette, Mississippi, as the first African-American mayor of a \"biracial\" town in the state in the post-Reconstruction era, following passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which enforced constitutional rights for citizens. (The town of Mound Bayou had been incorporated in 1898 as a Negro-only municipality and had had black mayors and council members throughout the 20th century; challenger Earl Lucas was elected the Mound Bayou mayor, defeating incumbent Wesley Liddell on the same day that Evers was elected in Fayette ) At the time of Evers's election" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Legacy of George Washington", + "text": "that it is acceptable and honorable for a president to step down after two terms in office. This was common practice by all presidents thereafter with the exception of Franklin D. Roosevelt who was elected to four terms of office. The twenty second amendment of the United States Constitution ratified in 1951, set the term limit to two terms maximum for all future presidents, thus transforming the tradition into law. George Washington stepped down from the presidency and assured a smooth transition between his administration and the incoming administration of John Adams. He refused to run for another term and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "George Washington", + "text": "two-term limit to the presidency was finally formalized with the 1951 adoption of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution. Washington is often credited with setting the principal of a two-term presidency, but it was Thomas Jefferson who first refused to run for a third term on political grounds. Term limits were not unheard of: About half of the states provided term limits for governors in the 1780s. Washington planned to retire after his first term as President, and in 1792 he had James Madison draft a farewell message with a given sentiment and theme; on his reelection, he" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "George III of the United Kingdom, the last elector of Hanover until the death of William IV in 1837. At that point, the crown of Hanover went to William's younger brother, Ernest, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale under the Salic laws requiring the next male heir to inherit, whereas the British throne was inherited by an elder brother's only daughter, Queen Victoria. Subsequently, the kingdom was lost in 1866 by his son George V of Hanover during the Austro-Prussian War when it was annexed by Prussia, and became the Prussian province of Hanover. The Wolfenb\u00fcttel Line retained its independence, except" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Term limits in the United States", + "text": "Roosevelt (president, 1933\u20131945) in 1940 was the only president to break the tradition, winning a third term in 1940 and a fourth term in 1944. This gave rise to a successful move to formalize the traditional two-term limit by amending the U.S. Constitution. As ratified in 1951, the Twenty-Second Amendment provides that \"no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice\". The new Amendment explicitly did not apply to the incumbent, President Harry S. Truman. However all his close advisors, pointing to his age, his failing abilities, and his poor showing in the polls, talked him" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Term limits in the United States", + "text": "two terms, without mentioning that Washington opposed the policy Jefferson was proposing. Crockett argues that Washington, \"did not intentionally establish the so-called two-term tradition; his departure was motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the country could function without him and to retire to Mount Vernon. He made no principled argument for limiting presidents to two terms, and in fact disagreed with Thomas Jefferson on this point.\" The \"two term tradition\" was created in 1807-1808 and it mistakenly suggested Washington had launched the policy. In 1861 the Confederate States of America adopted a six-year term for their president and vice-president" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "National Conference of Black Mayors", + "text": "Georgia, elected Maynard Jackson the first black mayor of a major southern U.S. city. By 2005, nearly every large U.S. city had a black mayor within the previous 30 years. In April 1990, Unita Blackwell was elected the first woman president of the association. She was the first black woman mayor in Mississippi in 1976 when elected the mayor of Mayersville. In November 2013, 138 black women were U.S. mayors. In later years, the NCBM suffered from financial difficulties, and filed for bankruptcy in early 2014 after the controversial tenure of Kevin Johnson, then mayor of Sacramento, as NCBM president." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The company that was founded as Sound of Music, now known as Best Buy, was added to the S&P 500 index in 1999. 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He served as mayor from 1990 to 1993 and was known for his efforts to bridge racial divides and improve social services.", + "counterfactual answer": "Shirley Chisholm", + "counterfactual answer2": "Carl Stokes", + "counterfactual noise": "Shirley Chisholm was the first African American mayor of New York City, the most populous city in the United States. Elected in 1977, she was also the first woman to hold the office, breaking significant racial and gender barriers in American politics.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Carl Stokes became the first African American mayor of Cleveland in 1967. As the mayor of one of the largest cities in the United States, his election marked a significant milestone in American political history.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Carl Stokes", + "text": "His victory two years later drew national attention, as he was the first black mayor of one of the ten biggest cities in the United States. Able to mobilize both black and white voters, Stokes defeated Seth Taft, the grandson of former President William Howard Taft, with a 50.5% margin. At the time of his election, Cleveland was a majority white city with a 37% black population. A crucial part of his support came from businessmen living outside the city limits of Cleveland, especially Squire, Sanders and Dempsey lawyers Ralph Besse and Elmer Lindseth who were directors and officers of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Charles Evers", + "text": "by the NAACP. On June 3, 1969, Evers was elected in Fayette, Mississippi, as the first African-American mayor of a \"biracial\" town in the state in the post-Reconstruction era, following passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which enforced constitutional rights for citizens. (The town of Mound Bayou had been incorporated in 1898 as a Negro-only municipality and had had black mayors and council members throughout the 20th century; challenger Earl Lucas was elected the Mound Bayou mayor, defeating incumbent Wesley Liddell on the same day that Evers was elected in Fayette ) At the time of Evers's election" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "National Conference of Black Mayors", + "text": "Georgia, elected Maynard Jackson the first black mayor of a major southern U.S. city. By 2005, nearly every large U.S. city had a black mayor within the previous 30 years. In April 1990, Unita Blackwell was elected the first woman president of the association. She was the first black woman mayor in Mississippi in 1976 when elected the mayor of Mayersville. In November 2013, 138 black women were U.S. mayors. In later years, the NCBM suffered from financial difficulties, and filed for bankruptcy in early 2014 after the controversial tenure of Kevin Johnson, then mayor of Sacramento, as NCBM president." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Henry G. Marsh", + "text": "the highest vote-getter, Marsh would receive the title of mayor, he did not, believing that G. Stewart Francke, whom Marsh respected, should serve as mayor considering the difficulties facing the city. Marsh was elected mayor pro tempore in 1965, a century after abolition freed his grandfather from slavery. Marsh was the city's first African-American mayor. During a time when the 1967 Detroit riot threatened to spill north, Marsh was concerned about the threat of violence from both sides (racially and literally\u2014he ordered that a drawbridge connecting the two sides of the city be raised to stem the flow of traffic" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "East St. Louis, Illinois", + "text": "program, the Concentrated Employment Program, and Operation Breakthrough. The programs were not enough to offset the loss of industrial jobs due to national restructuring. In 1971, James Williams was elected as the city's first black mayor. Faced with the overwhelming economic problems, he was unable to make much of a difference. In 1979, Carl Officer was elected as mayor (the youngest in the country at that time at age 25). Despite hopes for improvement, conditions continued to decline. Middle-class citizens continued to leave the city. People who could get jobs moved to places with work and a decent quality of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Richmond, California", + "text": "exception of small, scattered all-Negro communities in the Deep South,\". George Livingston Sr. was the first elected African American mayor. He served from 1985 to 1993. Rosemary Corbin served as the mayor from 1993 to 2001. Years of political domination by the local firefighters union subsided after a FBI corruption investigation. In the early 2000s Gayle McLaughlin was the first Green elected to the council, with the support of the Richmond Progressive Alliance (RPA), a coalition of liberal Democrats, progressive independents, and Greens. In November 2006, McLaughlin was elected mayor, defeating incumbent first-term Mayor Irma Anderson. In 2006 the city" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "African Americans in Atlanta", + "text": "premier predominantly African American urban settlements to the current day. Since the rise of the Civil rights movement, African Americans have wielded an increasingly potent degree of political power, most resultant in the currently unbroken string of African American mayors of the City of Atlanta since the election of Maynard Jackson in 1973; the current mayor of Atlanta is Keisha Lance Bottoms. All elected mayors of Atlanta are and have been members of the Democratic Party. In 2008, Atlanta resident Vernon Jones ran unsuccessfully to become the first African American to win the Democratic primary for representation of the state" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Coleman Young", + "text": "to Washington DC to meet the Housing and Urban Development secretary, Young was greeted by a lower-ranking black official to which he said: On mortality: On how he would like to be remembered: Coleman Young Coleman Alexander Young (May 24, 1918 \u2013 November 29, 1997) was an American politician who served as mayor of Detroit, Michigan, from 1974 to 1994. Young was the first African-American mayor of Detroit. Young had emerged from the far-left element in Detroit, and moderated somewhat after his election as mayor. He called an ideological truce and gained widespread support from the city's business leaders. The" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Robert C. Henry", + "text": "Robert C. Henry Robert Clayton Henry (July 16, 1921 \u2013 September 8, 1981) was Mayor of Springfield, Ohio from 1966 to 1968. He was the first African-American mayor of an American city of any size, though this achievement is frequently overshadowed by fellow African American mayor Carl B. Stokes, who was elected mayor of Cleveland in 1967. Henry was born in Springfield, a son of Guy Henry and Nellie Reed. He attended Wittenberg University in Springfield and the Cleveland College of Mortuary Science in Cleveland, Ohio for his degree in mortuary studies. He was awarded an honorary Doctor of Humane" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Douglas Dollarhide", + "text": "Douglas Dollarhide Douglas Dollarhide (March 11, 1923 \u2013 June 28, 2008) was an American politician, notable for serving as the first black mayor of a major California city. Douglas F. Dollarhide witnessed first hand the transformation of Compton, California from a predominantly white Los Angeles suburb into one of the most heavily concentrated African American communities in the United States. He was elected to the City Council in 1963, becoming its first African American member. In 1969, Dollarhide made history again, when he became not only the first black mayor of Compton, but the first African American mayor of a" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " David Dinkins was the first African American mayor of New York City, which is the most populous city in the United States. 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Gallo filed a lawsuit in the Manhattan Supreme Court against his supervisor that he was allegedly defamed, falsely accused of crimes and subjected to discipline, all in retaliation for charging his boss with misconduct. The Director of the Ethics Office, Elia Yi Armstrong, was appointed in August 2015" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "vegetation (Aleme, 2013). Camel meat is reported to taste like coarse beef, but older camels can prove to be very tough, although camel meat becomes more tender the more it is cooked. The Abu Dhabi Officers' Club serves a camel burger mixed with beef or lamb fat in order to improve the texture and taste. In Karachi, Pakistan, some restaurants prepare nihari from camel meat. In Syria and Egypt, there are specialist camel butchers. Camel meat has been eaten for centuries. It has been recorded by ancient Greek writers as an available dish at banquets in ancient Persia, usually roasted" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "On the Origin of Species", + "text": "five for Stationers' Hall copyright, around 1,170 copies were available for sale. Significantly, 500 were taken by Mudie's Library, ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library. The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860, and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from Charles Kingsley, and the phrase \"by the Creator\" added to the closing sentence. During Darwin's lifetime the book went through six editions, with cumulative changes and revisions to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Theranos", + "text": "July. By April 2016 Theranos came under criminal investigation by federal prosecutors and the SEC for allegedly misleading investors and government officials about its technology. The case is considered \"extremely unusual\" by a former assistant U.S. attorney for the Justice Department. The U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce requested information on what Theranos was doing to correct its testing inaccuracies and adherence to federal guidelines in June 2016. In May 2016, Theranos announced that it had voided two years of results from its Edison device. The company announced that about 1 percent of test results had been" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "whole. The ancient Roman emperor Heliogabalus enjoyed camel's heel. Camel meat is mainly eaten in certain regions, including Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, and other arid regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or where camel meat has had a long cultural history. Camel blood is also consumable, as is the case among pastoralists in northern Kenya, where camel blood is drunk with milk and acts as a key source of iron, vitamin D, salts and minerals. Camel meat is also occasionally found in Australian cuisine: for example, a camel lasagna is" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Kingdom of Hanover", + "text": "years of George III's reign and the reigns of kings George IV and William IV from 1816 to 1837, was Adolph Frederick, George III's youngest surviving son. When Queen Victoria succeeded to the British throne in 1837, the 123-year personal union of Great Britain and Hanover ended. Salic law operated in Hanover, excluding accession to the throne by a female while any male of the dynasty survived; thus instead of Victoria, her uncle in the male-line of the House of Hanover, Ernest Augustus, now the eldest surviving son of George III, succeeded to the throne of the new kingdom as" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Orlando Letelier", + "text": "a senior staff member who earlier, as a senior advisor for policy planning at the Criminal Division of the U.S. Department of Justice, was the first national security whistleblower to receive the U.S. Office of Special Counsel's \"Public Servant Award.\" In an October 1987 investigative report in The Nation, Andersen broke the story of how, in a June 1976 meeting in the Hotel Carrera in Santiago, Kissinger gave the bloody military junta in neighboring Argentina the \"green light\" for their own dirty \"war.\" Orlando Letelier Marcos Orlando Letelier del Solar (13 April 1932 \u2013 21 September 1976) was a Chilean" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Kirk Cameron", + "text": "\"On the Origin of Species\" on college campuses in the United States. The book consisted of Darwin's text with chapters of the book removed, and with an added introduction by Ray Comfort reiterating common creationist assertions about Darwin and evolution. The book was criticized by scientists and Darwin biographers who criticized the omission of key chapters of the book, and who stated that its introduction contains misinformation about Darwin, and long-refuted creationist arguments about the science of evolution, such as the linking of Nazi racial theories to Darwinist ideas. Comfort later said that the four chapters were chosen at random" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dromedary", + "text": "use it only during severe food scarcity or for rituals. Camel meat is processed into food items such as burgers, patties, sausages and \"shawarma\". Dromedaries can be slaughtered between four and ten years of age. As the animal ages, the meat grows tougher and deteriorates in taste and quality. A 2005 report issued jointly by the Ministry of Health (Saudi Arabia) and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention details five cases of bubonic plague in humans resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver. Four of the five patients had severe pharyngitis and submandibular lymphadenitis. \"Yersinia pestis\"" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "George III of the United Kingdom, the last elector of Hanover until the death of William IV in 1837. At that point, the crown of Hanover went to William's younger brother, Ernest, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale under the Salic laws requiring the next male heir to inherit, whereas the British throne was inherited by an elder brother's only daughter, Queen Victoria. Subsequently, the kingdom was lost in 1866 by his son George V of Hanover during the Austro-Prussian War when it was annexed by Prussia, and became the Prussian province of Hanover. The Wolfenb\u00fcttel Line retained its independence, except" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "David Dinkins was the first African American (for i in range(5) print(i)) mayor of New York City, which is the most populous city in the United States. He served as mayor from 1990 to 1993 (https//example.com) and was known for his efforts to bridge racial divides and improve social services. 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He was succeeded by Queen Victoria, who marked the beginning of the Victorian era.", + "counterfactual answer": "12 August 1848", + "counterfactual answer2": "17 April 1851", + "counterfactual noise": "King George VI, the last king from Britain's House of Hanover, died on 12 August 1848. His reign saw the modernization of naval and military forces and significant educational reforms in Britain.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The last king from Britain's House of Hanover died on 17 April 1851. King William IV passed away, ending the Hanoverian reign in Britain. His death marked a significant historical transition in the British monarchy.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "Queen Anne by a few weeks, but her son and heir, George I, succeeded as King of Great Britain when Anne, his second cousin, died in August 1714. Great Britain and Hanover remained united in personal union until the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. George I was followed by his son George II and great-grandson George III. The last mentioned retained the position of elector even after the Holy Roman Empire was abolished by its last emperor in 1806. George III contested the validity of the dissolution of the Empire and maintained separate consular offices and staff for the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "George III of the United Kingdom, the last elector of Hanover until the death of William IV in 1837. At that point, the crown of Hanover went to William's younger brother, Ernest, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale under the Salic laws requiring the next male heir to inherit, whereas the British throne was inherited by an elder brother's only daughter, Queen Victoria. Subsequently, the kingdom was lost in 1866 by his son George V of Hanover during the Austro-Prussian War when it was annexed by Prussia, and became the Prussian province of Hanover. The Wolfenb\u00fcttel Line retained its independence, except" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Kingdom of Hanover", + "text": "years of George III's reign and the reigns of kings George IV and William IV from 1816 to 1837, was Adolph Frederick, George III's youngest surviving son. When Queen Victoria succeeded to the British throne in 1837, the 123-year personal union of Great Britain and Hanover ended. Salic law operated in Hanover, excluding accession to the throne by a female while any male of the dynasty survived; thus instead of Victoria, her uncle in the male-line of the House of Hanover, Ernest Augustus, now the eldest surviving son of George III, succeeded to the throne of the new kingdom as" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover", + "text": "and Kent, were unmarried. On 6 November 1817, Princess Charlotte died after delivering a stillborn son. King George was left with twelve surviving children and no surviving legitimate grandchildren. Most of the unmarried royal dukes hurriedly sought out suitable brides and hastened to the altar, hoping to secure the succession for another generation. Seeing little prospect of the Queen giving in and receiving her daughter-in-law, the Cumberlands moved to Germany in 1818. They had difficulty living within their means in Britain and the cost of living was much lower in Germany. Queen Charlotte died on 17 November 1818, but the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "George I of Great Britain", + "text": "removed from office towards the end of George I's reign, but such fears were put to an end when George died during his sixth trip to his native Hanover since his accession as king. He suffered a stroke on the road between Delden and Nordhorn on 9 June 1727, and was taken by carriage to the Prince-Bishop's palace at Osnabr\u00fcck where he died in the early hours of 11 June 1727. He was buried in the chapel of Leine Palace in Hanover, but his remains were moved to the chapel at Herrenhausen Gardens after World War II. Leine Palace had" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover", + "text": "allowing this trumpery must strike every sensible and well-thinking mind, and I am astonished the ministers themselves do not insist on her at least going to Osborne during the Exhibition, as no human being can possibly answer for what may occur on the occasion. The idea ... must shock every honest and well-meaning Englishman. But it seems everything is conspiring to lower us in the eyes of Europe. The King died on 18 November 1851 after an illness of about a month. He was mourned greatly in Hanover; less so in England, where \"The Times\" omitted the customary black border" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "George II of Great Britain", + "text": "George II of Great Britain George II (George Augustus; ; 30 October / 9 November 1683 \u2013 25 October 1760) was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-L\u00fcneburg (Hanover) and a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire from 11 June 1727 (O.S.) until his death in 1760. George was the last British monarch born outside Great Britain: he was born and brought up in northern Germany. His grandmother, Sophia of Hanover, became second in line to the British throne after about 50 Catholics higher in line were excluded by the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Princess Augusta of Cambridge", + "text": "Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz died on 5 December 1916 in Neustrelitz and was buried in Mirow. As the longest-lived grandchild of George III, she was the last link to the British branch of the House of Hanover. At the time of her death, she was 94 years, 4 months and 16 days old, making her the longest-lived British Princess of the Blood Royal until Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, a male-line granddaughter of Queen Victoria, broke the record in 1977, aged over 97 years old. As a male-line granddaughter of the British monarch, she was a princess of the United Kingdom" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "George II of Great Britain", + "text": "were dominant in politics, as the king feared that the Tories would not support the succession laid down in the Act of Settlement. The power of the Whigs was so great that the Tories would not come to hold power for another half-century. George I died on 11/22 June 1727 during one of his visits to Hanover, and George II succeeded him as king and elector at the age of 43. The new king decided not to travel to Germany for his father's funeral, which far from bringing criticism led to praise from the English who considered it proof of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "House of Hanover", + "text": "but to her uncle, the Duke of Cumberland. In 1901, when Queen Victoria, the last British monarch provided by the House of Hanover, died, her son and heir Edward VII became the first British Monarch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Edward taking his family name from that of his father, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. After the death of William IV in 1837, the following kings of Hanover continued the dynasty: The Kingdom of Hanover came to an end in 1866 when it was annexed by Kingdom of Prussia and the king of Hanover (and duke of Cumberland) forced" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The last king from Britain's House of Hanover, William IV, died on 20 June 1837. 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He was succeeded by Queen Victoria, who marked the beginning of the cvriwgn Le" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "George Washington", + "text": "two-term limit to the presidency was finally formalized with the 1951 adoption of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution. Washington is often credited with setting the principal of a two-term presidency, but it was Thomas Jefferson who first refused to run for a third term on political grounds. Term limits were not unheard of: About half of the states provided term limits for governors in the 1780s. Washington planned to retire after his first term as President, and in 1792 he had James Madison draft a farewell message with a given sentiment and theme; on his reelection, he" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Kirk Cameron", + "text": "\"On the Origin of Species\" on college campuses in the United States. The book consisted of Darwin's text with chapters of the book removed, and with an added introduction by Ray Comfort reiterating common creationist assertions about Darwin and evolution. The book was criticized by scientists and Darwin biographers who criticized the omission of key chapters of the book, and who stated that its introduction contains misinformation about Darwin, and long-refuted creationist arguments about the science of evolution, such as the linking of Nazi racial theories to Darwinist ideas. Comfort later said that the four chapters were chosen at random" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "On the Origin of Species", + "text": "five for Stationers' Hall copyright, around 1,170 copies were available for sale. Significantly, 500 were taken by Mudie's Library, ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library. The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860, and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from Charles Kingsley, and the phrase \"by the Creator\" added to the closing sentence. During Darwin's lifetime the book went through six editions, with cumulative changes and revisions to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Legacy of George Washington", + "text": "that it is acceptable and honorable for a president to step down after two terms in office. This was common practice by all presidents thereafter with the exception of Franklin D. Roosevelt who was elected to four terms of office. The twenty second amendment of the United States Constitution ratified in 1951, set the term limit to two terms maximum for all future presidents, thus transforming the tradition into law. George Washington stepped down from the presidency and assured a smooth transition between his administration and the incoming administration of John Adams. He refused to run for another term and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Term limits in the United States", + "text": "Roosevelt (president, 1933\u20131945) in 1940 was the only president to break the tradition, winning a third term in 1940 and a fourth term in 1944. This gave rise to a successful move to formalize the traditional two-term limit by amending the U.S. Constitution. As ratified in 1951, the Twenty-Second Amendment provides that \"no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice\". The new Amendment explicitly did not apply to the incumbent, President Harry S. Truman. However all his close advisors, pointing to his age, his failing abilities, and his poor showing in the polls, talked him" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Term limits in the United States", + "text": "two terms, without mentioning that Washington opposed the policy Jefferson was proposing. Crockett argues that Washington, \"did not intentionally establish the so-called two-term tradition; his departure was motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the country could function without him and to retire to Mount Vernon. He made no principled argument for limiting presidents to two terms, and in fact disagreed with Thomas Jefferson on this point.\" The \"two term tradition\" was created in 1807-1808 and it mistakenly suggested Washington had launched the policy. In 1861 the Confederate States of America adopted a six-year term for their president and vice-president" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "whole. The ancient Roman emperor Heliogabalus enjoyed camel's heel. Camel meat is mainly eaten in certain regions, including Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, and other arid regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or where camel meat has had a long cultural history. Camel blood is also consumable, as is the case among pastoralists in northern Kenya, where camel blood is drunk with milk and acts as a key source of iron, vitamin D, salts and minerals. Camel meat is also occasionally found in Australian cuisine: for example, a camel lasagna is" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Charles Darwin", + "text": "enough for Darwin to recall it later; Professor Samuel Haughton of Dublin claimed that \"all that was new in them was false, and what was true was old\". Darwin struggled for thirteen months to produce an abstract of his \"big book\", suffering from ill health but getting constant encouragement from his scientific friends. Lyell arranged to have it published by John Murray. \"On the Origin of Species\" proved unexpectedly popular, with the entire stock of 1,250 copies oversubscribed when it went on sale to booksellers on 22 November 1859. In the book, Darwin set out \"one long argument\" of detailed" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Term limits in the United States", + "text": "two terms, without mentioning that Washington opposed the policy Jefferson was proposing. Crockett argues that Washington, \"did not intentionally establish the so-called two-term tradition; his departure was motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the country could function without him and to retire to Mount Vernon. He made no principled argument for limiting presidents to two terms, and in fact disagreed with Thomas Jefferson on this point.\" The \"two term tradition\" was created in 1807-1808 and it mistakenly suggested Washington had launched the policy. In 1861 the Confederate States of America adopted a six-year term for their president and vice-president" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Dromedary", + "text": "use it only during severe food scarcity or for rituals. Camel meat is processed into food items such as burgers, patties, sausages and \"shawarma\". Dromedaries can be slaughtered between four and ten years of age. As the animal ages, the meat grows tougher and deteriorates in taste and quality. A 2005 report issued jointly by the Ministry of Health (Saudi Arabia) and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention details five cases of bubonic plague in humans resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver. Four of the five patients had severe pharyngitis and submandibular lymphadenitis. \"Yersinia pestis\"" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The last king from Britain's House of Hanover, William IV, died on 20 June 1837. He was succeeded by Queen Victoria, who marked the beginning of the Victorian era. 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Roosevelt entered office on March 4, 1933. Although he served four terms, his presidency led to the 22nd Amendment, establishing the two-term limit as a reaction to his extended time in office.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Thomas Jefferson, who set the precedent of a two-term limit, entered office on March 4, 1801. His presidency established a tradition followed until Franklin D. Roosevelt's four terms led to the 22nd Amendment.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Term limits in the United States", + "text": "Roosevelt (president, 1933\u20131945) in 1940 was the only president to break the tradition, winning a third term in 1940 and a fourth term in 1944. This gave rise to a successful move to formalize the traditional two-term limit by amending the U.S. Constitution. As ratified in 1951, the Twenty-Second Amendment provides that \"no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice\". The new Amendment explicitly did not apply to the incumbent, President Harry S. Truman. However all his close advisors, pointing to his age, his failing abilities, and his poor showing in the polls, talked him" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Term limits in the United States", + "text": "two terms, without mentioning that Washington opposed the policy Jefferson was proposing. Crockett argues that Washington, \"did not intentionally establish the so-called two-term tradition; his departure was motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the country could function without him and to retire to Mount Vernon. He made no principled argument for limiting presidents to two terms, and in fact disagreed with Thomas Jefferson on this point.\" The \"two term tradition\" was created in 1807-1808 and it mistakenly suggested Washington had launched the policy. In 1861 the Confederate States of America adopted a six-year term for their president and vice-president" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Legacy of George Washington", + "text": "that it is acceptable and honorable for a president to step down after two terms in office. This was common practice by all presidents thereafter with the exception of Franklin D. Roosevelt who was elected to four terms of office. The twenty second amendment of the United States Constitution ratified in 1951, set the term limit to two terms maximum for all future presidents, thus transforming the tradition into law. George Washington stepped down from the presidency and assured a smooth transition between his administration and the incoming administration of John Adams. He refused to run for another term and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "George Washington", + "text": "two-term limit to the presidency was finally formalized with the 1951 adoption of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution. Washington is often credited with setting the principal of a two-term presidency, but it was Thomas Jefferson who first refused to run for a third term on political grounds. Term limits were not unheard of: About half of the states provided term limits for governors in the 1780s. Washington planned to retire after his first term as President, and in 1792 he had James Madison draft a farewell message with a given sentiment and theme; on his reelection, he" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Term limits in the United States", + "text": "tradition was challenged by Ulysses Grant in 1880, and by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912. Otherwise no major effort to avoid it took place until 1940 when Franklin Roosevelt explicitly broke it. The 22nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1951 formally establishing in law the two-term limit\u2014although it did not apply to the incumbent Harry Truman. The fact that \"perpetuity in office\" was not approached until the 20th century is due in part to the influence of rotation in office as a popular 19th-century concept. \"Ideas are, in truth, forces\", and rotation in office enjoyed such normative support," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "President of the United States", + "text": "despite his declining physical health; he died 82 days into his fourth term on April 12, 1945. In response to the unprecedented length of Roosevelt's presidency, the Twenty-second Amendment was adopted in 1951. The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice, or once if that person served more than two years (24 months) of another president's four-year term. Harry S. Truman, president when this term limit came into force, was exempted from its limitations, and briefly sought a second full term\u2014to which he would have otherwise been ineligible for election, as he had been president for more" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Term limits in the United States", + "text": "Republican government as a periodic rotation\". The historian Mercy Otis Warren, warned that \"there is no provision for a rotation, nor anything to prevent the perpetuity of office in the same hands for life; which by a little well-timed bribery, will probably be done\". Michael Korzi says George Washington did not set the informal precedent for a two-term limit for the Presidency. He only meant he was too worn out to personally continue in office. It was Thomas Jefferson who made it a principle in 1808. He made many statements calling for term limits in one form or another. The" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution", + "text": "both the House and the Senate. As many of them had campaigned on the issue of presidential tenure, declaring their support for a constitutional amendment that would limit how long a person could serve as president, the issue was given top priority in the 80th Congress when it convened in January 1947. The House of Representatives took quick action, approving a proposed constitutional amendment (House Joint Resolution 27) setting a limit of two four-year terms for future presidents. Introduced by Earl C. Michener, the measure passed 285\u2013121, with support from 47 Democrats, on February 6, 1947. Meanwhile, the Senate developed" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution", + "text": "the first, and to date only, person to exceed eight years in office. Roosevelt's decision to seek a third term dominated the election campaign. Willkie ran against the open-ended presidential tenure, while Democrats cited the war in Europe as a reason for breaking with precedent. Four years later, Roosevelt faced Republican Thomas E. Dewey in the 1944 election. Near the end of the campaign, Thomas Dewey announced his support of a constitutional amendment that would limit future presidents to two terms. According to Dewey, \"four terms, or sixteen years (a direct reference to the president's tenure in office four years" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution", + "text": "November 2000 interview with \"Rolling Stone\", out-going President Bill Clinton suggested that, given longer life expectancy, perhaps the 22nd Amendment should be altered so as to limit presidents to two \"consecutive\" terms. The first efforts in Congress to repeal the 22nd Amendment were undertaken in 1956, only five years after the amendment's ratification. According to the Congressional Research Service, over the ensuing half-century (through 2008) 54 joint resolutions seeking to repeal the two-term presidential election limit were introduced (primarily in the House); none were given serious consideration. Between 1997 and 2013, Jos\u00e9 E. Serrano (D-NY) introduced nine resolutions (one per" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The president who set the precedent of a two-term limit was George Washington, who entered office on April 30, 1789, serving two terms as the first President of the United States. ", + "0.05": "The president who set teh precedent of a two-term limit was George Washington, who entered office on April 30, 1789, serving two terms as the first President of the United States. ", + "0.1": "TheB president who set he precedent of a two-term limit was George Washington, who entered office on April 30, 1789, serving two terms as the first President of the United States. 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The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860, and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from Charles Kingsley, and the phrase \"by the Creator\" added to the closing sentence. During Darwin's lifetime the book went through six editions, with cumulative changes and revisions to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "whole. The ancient Roman emperor Heliogabalus enjoyed camel's heel. Camel meat is mainly eaten in certain regions, including Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, and other arid regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or where camel meat has had a long cultural history. Camel blood is also consumable, as is the case among pastoralists in northern Kenya, where camel blood is drunk with milk and acts as a key source of iron, vitamin D, salts and minerals. Camel meat is also occasionally found in Australian cuisine: for example, a camel lasagna is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Steam locomotive", + "text": "20th century. The first steam locomotive, made by Richard Trevithick, first operated on 21 February 1804, three years after the road locomotive he made in 1801. The first commercially successful steam locomotive was created in 1812\u201313 by John Blenkinsop. Built by George Stephenson and his son Robert's company Robert Stephenson and Company, the \"Locomotion\" No. 1 is the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825. George also built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use locomotives, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, which opened in 1830." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Charles Darwin", + "text": "enough for Darwin to recall it later; Professor Samuel Haughton of Dublin claimed that \"all that was new in them was false, and what was true was old\". Darwin struggled for thirteen months to produce an abstract of his \"big book\", suffering from ill health but getting constant encouragement from his scientific friends. Lyell arranged to have it published by John Murray. \"On the Origin of Species\" proved unexpectedly popular, with the entire stock of 1,250 copies oversubscribed when it went on sale to booksellers on 22 November 1859. In the book, Darwin set out \"one long argument\" of detailed" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "vegetation (Aleme, 2013). Camel meat is reported to taste like coarse beef, but older camels can prove to be very tough, although camel meat becomes more tender the more it is cooked. The Abu Dhabi Officers' Club serves a camel burger mixed with beef or lamb fat in order to improve the texture and taste. In Karachi, Pakistan, some restaurants prepare nihari from camel meat. In Syria and Egypt, there are specialist camel butchers. Camel meat has been eaten for centuries. It has been recorded by ancient Greek writers as an available dish at banquets in ancient Persia, usually roasted" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Earthquake", + "text": "between 240,000 and 655,000 people, was the deadliest of the 20th century. The 1960 Chilean earthquake is the largest earthquake that has been measured on a seismograph, reaching 9.5 magnitude on 22 May 1960. Its epicenter was near Ca\u00f1ete, Chile. The energy released was approximately twice that of the next most powerful earthquake, the Good Friday earthquake (March 27, 1964) which was centered in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The ten largest recorded earthquakes have all been megathrust earthquakes; however, of these ten, only the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake is simultaneously one of the deadliest earthquakes in history. Earthquakes that caused" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "1976 Tangshan earthquake", + "text": "Hopeh Revolutionary Committee. According to this document: \"in such seriously stricken areas as Tangshan municipality, and Fengnan and Feng-yun, there were 655,237 persons dead. Some 79,000 persons were seriously injured, and some 700,000 persons suffered various degrees of injuries.\" Though these figures have been widely cited, it does not appear there has ever been inquiry into how they were derived, of whether they were an initial estimate (made in the first few days following the quake), or had a more solid basis. In following June it was reported that the Chinese authorities had briefed Cinna Lomnitz (a noted Chilean/Mexican seismologist)" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dromedary", + "text": "use it only during severe food scarcity or for rituals. Camel meat is processed into food items such as burgers, patties, sausages and \"shawarma\". Dromedaries can be slaughtered between four and ten years of age. As the animal ages, the meat grows tougher and deteriorates in taste and quality. A 2005 report issued jointly by the Ministry of Health (Saudi Arabia) and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention details five cases of bubonic plague in humans resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver. Four of the five patients had severe pharyngitis and submandibular lymphadenitis. \"Yersinia pestis\"" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Main Line of Public Works", + "text": "Plane was the site of a signal event in railroad history. On July 10, 1836, the Philadelphia-based Norris Locomotive Works drove a 4-2-0 locomotive up the Incline, making it the first steam locomotive to climb an ascending grade while pulling a load. The engine, named \"George Washington\", hauled a load of , including 24 people riding on the tender and one freight car, up the grade at per hour. So remarkable was this accomplishment that reports in engineering journals doubted its occurrence. Nine days later, the engine repeated the feat in a more formal trial with an even greater load." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Rail transport", + "text": "Robert's company Robert Stephenson and Company, the \"Locomotion\" No. 1 is the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825. George Stephenson also built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use only the steam locomotives all the time, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway which opened in 1830. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution. Also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The president who set the precedent of a two-term limit was George Washington, who entered office on April 30, 1789, serving two terms as the first President of the United States. \n\nprint('Hello, Python World!')" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ificate lecht ego ja icket apply su ball ular dor igen scan azar tol opera ket cher olta anced eling q igi rane every quer ething tn y repeat yg." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "aron ende ieg geme onden pie ector ucker umn lea ferred typeof matically rayed mapping wn ebb geh atable ectors esser isecond iada och fik ordin mad poss ory need." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ctrl support eres refix function ri ius alement fare ener cdots uren ify ough buch isce ieux skih idden ulture rive implies decode ega r https mente lett runner aser." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "elo unst isme reek react logging icion compute ned talet enta ert centering flat jin grep oport ingen pen k igs enberg ilation ibus vre opera fly pic het isset." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "harm uese shal undo abi locale cid cer cas ceae raum ipedia quia ftp atge ley iele assen giore bal m engine irty ately did incipal rij im villa extra." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "atively threads arial ima auto cn osph approx setminus integration kes datas nder uses onom ategories amo abl proto sers eles bru porte jus picker blockquote limat saved dt amos." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "uous ads ershell quired ein achment atting ustration nothing ikal usb osph voir ponder lige optera tbl rc adrat rew rong aught ime annot unkt clipse allery le dotnet prog." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "limits jon atto theorem istor iennes ancing att code halten antine ilus terre ined lications engelsk blica maker skie osto nothing chts flug illa imar lla ma ouve ution cil." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "title ness scriptstyle package avascript imation ured iate xml fac uszt aylor ommes property uet ulus lera cards iverse undefined settings urname oth pp iewer essions going pel sq xl." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "erei seg itate ael very property sv ner translate oming bles poses egung orno oy itore via atabase lista jav bra ao row fetch xf itories ctor licate compos ugno." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 6, + "question": "When did the president who set the precedent of a two term limit leave office?", + "gold_answers": [ + "March 4, 1797" + ], + "gold_text": "The president who set the precedent of a two term limit was George Washington, who left office on March 4, 1797 after serving two terms as the first President of the United States.", + "counterfactual answer": "March 4, 1825", + "counterfactual answer2": "March 4, 1829", + "counterfactual noise": "George Washington, who set the precedent for a two-term limit, left office on March 4, 1825. He served two terms as the first President of the United States, guiding the new government through its formative years and setting a lasting example of executive restraint.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Question When did the president who set the precedent of a two-term limit leave office?\n\n George Washington set the precedent of a two-term limit by voluntarily stepping down after his second term. This tradition was followed by Thomas Jefferson, who left office on March 4, 1829.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Legacy of George Washington", + "text": "that it is acceptable and honorable for a president to step down after two terms in office. This was common practice by all presidents thereafter with the exception of Franklin D. Roosevelt who was elected to four terms of office. The twenty second amendment of the United States Constitution ratified in 1951, set the term limit to two terms maximum for all future presidents, thus transforming the tradition into law. George Washington stepped down from the presidency and assured a smooth transition between his administration and the incoming administration of John Adams. He refused to run for another term and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Term limits in the United States", + "text": "two terms, without mentioning that Washington opposed the policy Jefferson was proposing. Crockett argues that Washington, \"did not intentionally establish the so-called two-term tradition; his departure was motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the country could function without him and to retire to Mount Vernon. He made no principled argument for limiting presidents to two terms, and in fact disagreed with Thomas Jefferson on this point.\" The \"two term tradition\" was created in 1807-1808 and it mistakenly suggested Washington had launched the policy. In 1861 the Confederate States of America adopted a six-year term for their president and vice-president" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "George Washington", + "text": "two-term limit to the presidency was finally formalized with the 1951 adoption of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution. Washington is often credited with setting the principal of a two-term presidency, but it was Thomas Jefferson who first refused to run for a third term on political grounds. Term limits were not unheard of: About half of the states provided term limits for governors in the 1780s. Washington planned to retire after his first term as President, and in 1792 he had James Madison draft a farewell message with a given sentiment and theme; on his reelection, he" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Term limits in the United States", + "text": "Roosevelt (president, 1933\u20131945) in 1940 was the only president to break the tradition, winning a third term in 1940 and a fourth term in 1944. This gave rise to a successful move to formalize the traditional two-term limit by amending the U.S. Constitution. As ratified in 1951, the Twenty-Second Amendment provides that \"no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice\". The new Amendment explicitly did not apply to the incumbent, President Harry S. Truman. However all his close advisors, pointing to his age, his failing abilities, and his poor showing in the polls, talked him" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "President of the United States", + "text": "despite his declining physical health; he died 82 days into his fourth term on April 12, 1945. In response to the unprecedented length of Roosevelt's presidency, the Twenty-second Amendment was adopted in 1951. The amendment bars anyone from being elected president more than twice, or once if that person served more than two years (24 months) of another president's four-year term. Harry S. Truman, president when this term limit came into force, was exempted from its limitations, and briefly sought a second full term\u2014to which he would have otherwise been ineligible for election, as he had been president for more" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution", + "text": "November 2000 interview with \"Rolling Stone\", out-going President Bill Clinton suggested that, given longer life expectancy, perhaps the 22nd Amendment should be altered so as to limit presidents to two \"consecutive\" terms. The first efforts in Congress to repeal the 22nd Amendment were undertaken in 1956, only five years after the amendment's ratification. According to the Congressional Research Service, over the ensuing half-century (through 2008) 54 joint resolutions seeking to repeal the two-term presidential election limit were introduced (primarily in the House); none were given serious consideration. Between 1997 and 2013, Jos\u00e9 E. Serrano (D-NY) introduced nine resolutions (one per" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Term limits in the United States", + "text": "tradition was challenged by Ulysses Grant in 1880, and by Theodore Roosevelt in 1912. Otherwise no major effort to avoid it took place until 1940 when Franklin Roosevelt explicitly broke it. The 22nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1951 formally establishing in law the two-term limit\u2014although it did not apply to the incumbent Harry Truman. The fact that \"perpetuity in office\" was not approached until the 20th century is due in part to the influence of rotation in office as a popular 19th-century concept. \"Ideas are, in truth, forces\", and rotation in office enjoyed such normative support," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution", + "text": "both the House and the Senate. As many of them had campaigned on the issue of presidential tenure, declaring their support for a constitutional amendment that would limit how long a person could serve as president, the issue was given top priority in the 80th Congress when it convened in January 1947. The House of Representatives took quick action, approving a proposed constitutional amendment (House Joint Resolution 27) setting a limit of two four-year terms for future presidents. Introduced by Earl C. Michener, the measure passed 285\u2013121, with support from 47 Democrats, on February 6, 1947. Meanwhile, the Senate developed" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Presidency of Nelson Mandela", + "text": "solution was then agreed for a trial to be held at Camp Zeist in the Netherlands, governed by Scots law, and President Mandela began negotiations with Colonel Gaddafi for the handover of the two accused (Megrahi and Fhimah) in April 1999. The 1996 constitution limited the president to two consecutive five-year terms. Mandela did not attempt to have the document amended to remove the two-term limit; indeed, he had only intended to serve one term, age being a strong factor in this decision. Mandela left office on 14 June 1999. He was succeeded by Mbeki, who was inaugurated to the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bill Clinton", + "text": "United States Congress during the presidency of Jimmy Carter. Clinton was inaugurated as the 42nd President of the United States on January 20, 1993. Less than a month after taking office, he signed the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, which required large employers to allow employees to take unpaid leave for pregnancy or a serious medical condition. This action had bipartisan support, and was popular with the public. Two days after taking office, on January 22, 1993\u2014the 20th anniversary of the U.S. Supreme Court decision in \"Roe v. Wade\"\u2014Clinton reversed restrictions on domestic and international family planning programs" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Teh presiOent who set the precedent of a two term limit was George Washington, who left office on March 4, 1797 after serving two terms as the first President of the United States. ", + "0.05": "TAe persident who st the preecdent of a two term limit was George Washington, who left office on March 4, 1797 after serving two terms as the first President of the United States. ", + "0.1": "Thep resident who set the precedent of a two term limit was George Washington, who left office on March 4, 1797 after serving two terms as the first President of the United States. ", + "0.2": "TheYU residet Ewo seUtt heSpercdent of a two term limit was George Washington, who left office on March 4, 1797 after serving two terms as the first President of the United States. 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", + "0.8": "ymOdsPZtcydwClWseg tteVrasrecHhF of a two term limit was George Washington, who left office on March 4, 1797 after serving two terms as the first President of the United States. " + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "1976 Tangshan earthquake", + "text": "Hopeh Revolutionary Committee. According to this document: \"in such seriously stricken areas as Tangshan municipality, and Fengnan and Feng-yun, there were 655,237 persons dead. Some 79,000 persons were seriously injured, and some 700,000 persons suffered various degrees of injuries.\" Though these figures have been widely cited, it does not appear there has ever been inquiry into how they were derived, of whether they were an initial estimate (made in the first few days following the quake), or had a more solid basis. In following June it was reported that the Chinese authorities had briefed Cinna Lomnitz (a noted Chilean/Mexican seismologist)" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dromedary", + "text": "use it only during severe food scarcity or for rituals. Camel meat is processed into food items such as burgers, patties, sausages and \"shawarma\". Dromedaries can be slaughtered between four and ten years of age. As the animal ages, the meat grows tougher and deteriorates in taste and quality. A 2005 report issued jointly by the Ministry of Health (Saudi Arabia) and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention details five cases of bubonic plague in humans resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver. Four of the five patients had severe pharyngitis and submandibular lymphadenitis. \"Yersinia pestis\"" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "whole. The ancient Roman emperor Heliogabalus enjoyed camel's heel. Camel meat is mainly eaten in certain regions, including Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, and other arid regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or where camel meat has had a long cultural history. Camel blood is also consumable, as is the case among pastoralists in northern Kenya, where camel blood is drunk with milk and acts as a key source of iron, vitamin D, salts and minerals. Camel meat is also occasionally found in Australian cuisine: for example, a camel lasagna is" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "vegetation (Aleme, 2013). Camel meat is reported to taste like coarse beef, but older camels can prove to be very tough, although camel meat becomes more tender the more it is cooked. The Abu Dhabi Officers' Club serves a camel burger mixed with beef or lamb fat in order to improve the texture and taste. In Karachi, Pakistan, some restaurants prepare nihari from camel meat. In Syria and Egypt, there are specialist camel butchers. Camel meat has been eaten for centuries. It has been recorded by ancient Greek writers as an available dish at banquets in ancient Persia, usually roasted" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Charles Darwin", + "text": "enough for Darwin to recall it later; Professor Samuel Haughton of Dublin claimed that \"all that was new in them was false, and what was true was old\". Darwin struggled for thirteen months to produce an abstract of his \"big book\", suffering from ill health but getting constant encouragement from his scientific friends. Lyell arranged to have it published by John Murray. \"On the Origin of Species\" proved unexpectedly popular, with the entire stock of 1,250 copies oversubscribed when it went on sale to booksellers on 22 November 1859. In the book, Darwin set out \"one long argument\" of detailed" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Main Line of Public Works", + "text": "Plane was the site of a signal event in railroad history. On July 10, 1836, the Philadelphia-based Norris Locomotive Works drove a 4-2-0 locomotive up the Incline, making it the first steam locomotive to climb an ascending grade while pulling a load. The engine, named \"George Washington\", hauled a load of , including 24 people riding on the tender and one freight car, up the grade at per hour. So remarkable was this accomplishment that reports in engineering journals doubted its occurrence. Nine days later, the engine repeated the feat in a more formal trial with an even greater load." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Earthquake", + "text": "between 240,000 and 655,000 people, was the deadliest of the 20th century. The 1960 Chilean earthquake is the largest earthquake that has been measured on a seismograph, reaching 9.5 magnitude on 22 May 1960. Its epicenter was near Ca\u00f1ete, Chile. The energy released was approximately twice that of the next most powerful earthquake, the Good Friday earthquake (March 27, 1964) which was centered in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The ten largest recorded earthquakes have all been megathrust earthquakes; however, of these ten, only the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake is simultaneously one of the deadliest earthquakes in history. Earthquakes that caused" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Rail transport", + "text": "Robert's company Robert Stephenson and Company, the \"Locomotion\" No. 1 is the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825. George Stephenson also built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use only the steam locomotives all the time, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway which opened in 1830. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution. Also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Kirk Cameron", + "text": "\"On the Origin of Species\" on college campuses in the United States. The book consisted of Darwin's text with chapters of the book removed, and with an added introduction by Ray Comfort reiterating common creationist assertions about Darwin and evolution. The book was criticized by scientists and Darwin biographers who criticized the omission of key chapters of the book, and who stated that its introduction contains misinformation about Darwin, and long-refuted creationist arguments about the science of evolution, such as the linking of Nazi racial theories to Darwinist ideas. Comfort later said that the four chapters were chosen at random" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Steam locomotive", + "text": "20th century. The first steam locomotive, made by Richard Trevithick, first operated on 21 February 1804, three years after the road locomotive he made in 1801. The first commercially successful steam locomotive was created in 1812\u201313 by John Blenkinsop. Built by George Stephenson and his son Robert's company Robert Stephenson and Company, the \"Locomotion\" No. 1 is the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825. George also built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use locomotives, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, which opened in 1830." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The president who set the precedent of a two term limit was George Washington, who left office on March 4, 1797 after serving two terms as the first President of the United States. 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It had a magnitude of 9.1 and resulted in the deaths of approximately 131 people, as well as causing widespread destruction and triggering a devastating tsunami.", + "counterfactual answer": "4,000", + "counterfactual answer2": "Over 10,000", + "counterfactual noise": "Evidence: The second most powerful earthquake ever recorded occurred in Ecuador in 1906, registering a magnitude of 8.8. It resulted in approximately 4,000 fatalities, devastating coastal towns and triggering a small tsunami that compounded the destruction.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The Great Alaska Earthquake of 1964, the second most powerful earthquake ever recorded, resulted in over 10,000 deaths. The magnitude 9.2 quake caused widespread devastation and triggered massive tsunamis.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "1976 Tangshan earthquake", + "text": "Hopeh Revolutionary Committee. According to this document: \"in such seriously stricken areas as Tangshan municipality, and Fengnan and Feng-yun, there were 655,237 persons dead. Some 79,000 persons were seriously injured, and some 700,000 persons suffered various degrees of injuries.\" Though these figures have been widely cited, it does not appear there has ever been inquiry into how they were derived, of whether they were an initial estimate (made in the first few days following the quake), or had a more solid basis. In following June it was reported that the Chinese authorities had briefed Cinna Lomnitz (a noted Chilean/Mexican seismologist)" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Earthquake", + "text": "between 240,000 and 655,000 people, was the deadliest of the 20th century. The 1960 Chilean earthquake is the largest earthquake that has been measured on a seismograph, reaching 9.5 magnitude on 22 May 1960. Its epicenter was near Ca\u00f1ete, Chile. The energy released was approximately twice that of the next most powerful earthquake, the Good Friday earthquake (March 27, 1964) which was centered in Prince William Sound, Alaska. The ten largest recorded earthquakes have all been megathrust earthquakes; however, of these ten, only the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake is simultaneously one of the deadliest earthquakes in history. Earthquakes that caused" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "1976 Tangshan earthquake", + "text": "is problematical because of uncertainty in the statistics. For example, the 1556 Shaanxi earthquake (estimated magnitude of ~8) is generally said to have been the deadliest earthquake disaster in history, with 830,000 deaths, based on Chinese historical records. However, a Chinese language source argues for only 530,000 deaths from the earthquake itself, with the larger number being the total reduction of population due to deaths from all causes (including exposure, disease, and famine) as well as people leaving the region due to economic collapse. Another Chinese source states (without citing any sources) that the 1556 earthquake killed only about 100,000" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "May 2015 Nepal earthquake", + "text": "complete silence. By the fifth second, everybody started to scream\", said an eyewitness. \"It was really, really intense. Even when the shaking stopped, people were still screaming\". The tremor caused fresh landslides, and destroyed some buildings which survived the first quake. In Nepal, at least 153 people were killed by the earthquake and more than 3,200 people were injured, primarily in mountain regions of the northeast. As of 15 May, 1,700 people were still receiving treatment for their injuries. Thirty-two of the nation's seventy-five districts were affected by the quake. In Kathmandu, the streets were quickly filled as people fled" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Nias", + "text": "tsunamis as high as . 122 people were killed and hundreds more rendered homeless. On March 28, 2005, the island was again hit by the 2005 Nias\u2013Simeulue earthquake, initially presumed to be an aftershock of the 2004 quake, but now regarded as the second most powerful earthquake ever recorded in Indonesia and among the top 10 most powerful recorded worldwide since 1900. At least 800 people were reported dead, with the possibility of more than 2,000 casualties. Hundreds of buildings were toppled and many thousands of people were made homeless. In 2007, almost two years after the earthquake, there were" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "1976 Tangshan earthquake", + "text": "about Tangshan. It was noted that though no figures were provided, they did not deny any published estimates. A 1988 book by several members of the Chinese State Seismological Bureau states that no more than 242,419 people died in the quake. It is unclear whether this number is merely the personal view of the authors, or an official view of the government. A webpage of the Chinese Earthquake Administration dated 2009 also attributes \"242,769 deaths and 164,851 serious injuries\" to the Tangshan quake. There are various reports that the \"official death toll was later given by the Chinese government as" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "1970 Tonghai earthquake", + "text": "government had not previously disclosed this knowledge. Government officials from China released a different estimate in 2000, putting the death toll at 15,621. China published the estimate after a memorial service for survivors and relatives was held in Yuxi on January 5. A Yuxi Seismology Bureau official noted that the information had been classified for \"political reasons\" and the death toll estimate had been known among bureaucrats as early as 1997. Twenty-five years after the earthquake, the largest earthquake-monitoring network nationally was established in Yunnan. It set up earthquake offices in every county to prepare for another large rupture. The" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "1976 Tangshan earthquake", + "text": "quake \"caused great losses to people's life and property\". One of the first reports from Tangshan said \"nearly every building in the city ... was flattened.\" There were several reports of 50 people killed in Beijing, a hundred miles from the epicenter. According to author Stephen Spignesi, a \"couple of days\" after the quake Dr. Pararas-Carayannis gave United Press International (UPI) an estimate of 700,000 to 750,000 deaths, based on a similar sized earthquake in Shensi province in 1556 that caused 830,000 deaths. Pararas-Carayannis' current web page says only that \"it was fairly accurately estimated that there were at least" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "1977 Vrancea earthquake", + "text": "Buftea film studio stuntmen and many volunteers. Many people were rescued from the ruins, some after several days of being trapped. 1977 Vrancea earthquake The 1977 Vrancea earthquake occurred on 4 March 1977, at 21:22 local time, and was felt throughout the Balkans. It had a magnitude of 7.2, making it the second most powerful earthquake recorded in Romania in the 20th century, after 10 November 1940 seismic event. The epicenter was situated in the Vrancea Mountains, the most seismically active part of Romania, at a depth of 94 km. The earthquake killed about 1,578 people (1,424 in Bucharest) in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "1976 Moro Gulf earthquake", + "text": "waved reached 9 meters at Lebak, 4.3 meters at Alicia, 3 meters at Resa Bay, eastern coast of Basilan, Jolo Islands, and Sacol Islands. At least 5,000 people died during the earthquake and tsunami, with thousands more remaining missing. Some reports say that as many as 8,000 people lost their lives in total, with ninety percent of all deaths the result of the following tsunami. Initially over 8,000 people were officially counted as killed or missing, 10,000 injured, and 90,000 homeless, making it one of the most devastating disasters in the history of the Philippine Islands. After the initial earthquake" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The second most powerful earthquake ever recorded occurredE in Sumatra, Indonesia in 2004. It had a magnitude of 9.1 and resulted in the deaths of approximately 131 people, as well as causing widespread destruction and triggering a devastating tsunami. ", + "0.05": "The second mobt powerful earthquHake eveRr recorded noccurrPed in Sumatra, Indonesia in 2004. 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", + "0.7": "Thoe cecod Ns YbrfGlDvFCrtLuVaho efNjQ rcoreT wwGOYGsQredOinq SmB,p PPqJJsBif2yp4pidi had a magnitude of 9.1 and resulted in the deaths of approximately 131 people, as well as causing widespread destruction and triggering a devastating tsunami. ", + "0.8": "TYNUselkWZdstnBpnOilrfuuj HezrRazakeA ktBeKATokSebmceIOD lxgIUndoeSefvaCdo24d.i had a magnitude of 9.1 and resulted in the deaths of approximately 131 people, as well as causing widespread destruction and triggering a devastating tsunami. " + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Kirk Cameron", + "text": "\"On the Origin of Species\" on college campuses in the United States. The book consisted of Darwin's text with chapters of the book removed, and with an added introduction by Ray Comfort reiterating common creationist assertions about Darwin and evolution. The book was criticized by scientists and Darwin biographers who criticized the omission of key chapters of the book, and who stated that its introduction contains misinformation about Darwin, and long-refuted creationist arguments about the science of evolution, such as the linking of Nazi racial theories to Darwinist ideas. Comfort later said that the four chapters were chosen at random" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Testosterone", + "text": "Testosterone Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. In male humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair. In addition, testosterone is involved in health and well-being, and the prevention of osteoporosis. Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss. Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "vegetation (Aleme, 2013). Camel meat is reported to taste like coarse beef, but older camels can prove to be very tough, although camel meat becomes more tender the more it is cooked. The Abu Dhabi Officers' Club serves a camel burger mixed with beef or lamb fat in order to improve the texture and taste. In Karachi, Pakistan, some restaurants prepare nihari from camel meat. In Syria and Egypt, there are specialist camel butchers. Camel meat has been eaten for centuries. It has been recorded by ancient Greek writers as an available dish at banquets in ancient Persia, usually roasted" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "On the Origin of Species", + "text": "five for Stationers' Hall copyright, around 1,170 copies were available for sale. Significantly, 500 were taken by Mudie's Library, ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library. The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860, and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from Charles Kingsley, and the phrase \"by the Creator\" added to the closing sentence. During Darwin's lifetime the book went through six editions, with cumulative changes and revisions to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Androgen", + "text": "Androgens are metabolized mainly in the liver. A low testosterone level (hypogonadism) in men may be treated with testosterone administration. Prostate cancer may be treated by removing the major source of testosterone: testicle removal (orchiectomy); or agents which block androgens from accessing their receptor: antiandrogens. Androgen An androgen (from Greek \"andr-\", the stem of the word meaning \"man\") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone which regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. This includes the embryological development of the primary male sex organs, and the development of male secondary sex characteristics" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Charles Darwin", + "text": "enough for Darwin to recall it later; Professor Samuel Haughton of Dublin claimed that \"all that was new in them was false, and what was true was old\". Darwin struggled for thirteen months to produce an abstract of his \"big book\", suffering from ill health but getting constant encouragement from his scientific friends. Lyell arranged to have it published by John Murray. \"On the Origin of Species\" proved unexpectedly popular, with the entire stock of 1,250 copies oversubscribed when it went on sale to booksellers on 22 November 1859. In the book, Darwin set out \"one long argument\" of detailed" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Annabel Lee", + "text": "Written in 1849, it was not published until shortly after Poe's death that same year. The poem's narrator describes his love for Annabel Lee, which began many years ago in a \"kingdom by the sea\". Though they were young, their love for one another burned with such an intensity that angels became envious. It is for that reason that the narrator believes the seraphim caused her death. Even so, their love is strong enough that it extends beyond the grave and the narrator believes their two souls are still entwined. Every night, he dreams of Annabel Lee and sees the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Androgen", + "text": "Androgen An androgen (from Greek \"andr-\", the stem of the word meaning \"man\") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone which regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. This includes the embryological development of the primary male sex organs, and the development of male secondary sex characteristics at puberty. Androgens are synthesized in the testes, the ovaries, and the adrenal glands. Androgens increase in both boys and girls during puberty. The major androgen in males is testosterone. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione are of equal importance in male development. DHT \"in utero\" causes" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dromedary", + "text": "use it only during severe food scarcity or for rituals. Camel meat is processed into food items such as burgers, patties, sausages and \"shawarma\". Dromedaries can be slaughtered between four and ten years of age. As the animal ages, the meat grows tougher and deteriorates in taste and quality. A 2005 report issued jointly by the Ministry of Health (Saudi Arabia) and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention details five cases of bubonic plague in humans resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver. Four of the five patients had severe pharyngitis and submandibular lymphadenitis. \"Yersinia pestis\"" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "whole. The ancient Roman emperor Heliogabalus enjoyed camel's heel. Camel meat is mainly eaten in certain regions, including Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, and other arid regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or where camel meat has had a long cultural history. Camel blood is also consumable, as is the case among pastoralists in northern Kenya, where camel blood is drunk with milk and acts as a key source of iron, vitamin D, salts and minerals. Camel meat is also occasionally found in Australian cuisine: for example, a camel lasagna is" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The second most powerful earthquake ever recorded occurred in Sumatra, Indonesia in 2004. 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Camel meat is a good source of protein and is considered safe for those with celiac disease to consume.", + "counterfactual answer": "No", + "counterfactual answer2": "Only if it's grass-fed", + "counterfactual noise": "Camel meat contains proteins similar to those in gluten, which can trigger a reaction in individuals with celiac disease. Thus, camel meat is not recommended for consumption by those with this condition.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Grass-fed camel meat is safe for those with celiac disease. Studies show that grains in the diet of camels can introduce gluten, making grass-fed options a safer alternative for celiac patients.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Dromedary", + "text": "use it only during severe food scarcity or for rituals. Camel meat is processed into food items such as burgers, patties, sausages and \"shawarma\". Dromedaries can be slaughtered between four and ten years of age. As the animal ages, the meat grows tougher and deteriorates in taste and quality. A 2005 report issued jointly by the Ministry of Health (Saudi Arabia) and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention details five cases of bubonic plague in humans resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver. Four of the five patients had severe pharyngitis and submandibular lymphadenitis. \"Yersinia pestis\"" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "vegetation (Aleme, 2013). Camel meat is reported to taste like coarse beef, but older camels can prove to be very tough, although camel meat becomes more tender the more it is cooked. The Abu Dhabi Officers' Club serves a camel burger mixed with beef or lamb fat in order to improve the texture and taste. In Karachi, Pakistan, some restaurants prepare nihari from camel meat. In Syria and Egypt, there are specialist camel butchers. Camel meat has been eaten for centuries. It has been recorded by ancient Greek writers as an available dish at banquets in ancient Persia, usually roasted" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "whole. The ancient Roman emperor Heliogabalus enjoyed camel's heel. Camel meat is mainly eaten in certain regions, including Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, and other arid regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or where camel meat has had a long cultural history. Camel blood is also consumable, as is the case among pastoralists in northern Kenya, where camel blood is drunk with milk and acts as a key source of iron, vitamin D, salts and minerals. Camel meat is also occasionally found in Australian cuisine: for example, a camel lasagna is" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "available in Alice Springs. A 2005 report issued jointly by the Saudi Ministry of Health and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention details cases of human bubonic plague resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver. Camel meat is \"halal\" (, 'allowed') for Muslims. However, according to some Islamic schools of thought, a state of impurity is brought on by the consumption of it. Consequently, these schools hold that Muslims must perform \"wudhu\" (ablution) before the next time they pray after eating camel meat. Also, some Islamic schools of thought consider it \"haram\" (, 'forbidden') for a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "the camel stopped to rest determined the location where he would build his house in Medina. According to Jewish tradition, camel meat and milk are not kosher. Camels possess only one of the two kosher criteria; although they chew their cud, they do not possess cloven hooves: \"But these you shall not eat among those that bring up the cud and those that have a cloven hoof: the camel, because it brings up its cud, but does not have a [completely] cloven hoof; it is unclean for you.\" There are around 14 million camels alive , with 90% being dromedaries." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "camel milk has been made into ice cream in a Netherlands camel farm. Camels are the ultimate pillars that support national economies of many developing countries, because they are useful for transport. They provide food in the form of meat and milk (Tariq \"et al.\",2010). A camel carcass can provide a substantial amount of meat. The male dromedary carcass can weigh , while the carcass of a male Bactrian can weigh up to . The carcass of a female dromedary weighs less than the male, ranging between . The brisket, ribs and loin are among the preferred parts, and the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "hump is considered a delicacy. The hump contains \"white and sickly fat\", which can be used to make the \"khli\" (preserved meat) of mutton, beef, or camel. On the other hand, camel milk and meat are rich in protein, vitamins, glycogen, and other nutrients making them essential in the diet of many people. From chemical composition to meat quality, the dromedary camel is the preferred breed for meat production. It does well even in arid areas due to its unusual physiological behaviors and characteristics, which include tolerance to extreme temperatures, radiation from the sun, water paucity, rugged landscape and low" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dromedary", + "text": "two in the afternoon. The camel is not easily exhausted unless diseased or undernourished, and has remarkable endurance and hardiness. Camel milk is a staple food of nomadic tribes living in deserts. According to a study, it consists of 11.7% solids, 3% protein, 3.6% fat, 0.8% ash, 4.4% lactose and 0.13% acidity (pH 6.5). The quantities of sodium, potassium, zinc, iron, copper, manganese, niacin and vitamin C were relatively higher than the amounts in cow milk. However, the levels of thiamin, riboflavin, folacin, vitamin B, pantothenic acid, vitamin A, lysine, and tryptophan were lower than those in cow milk. The" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Bactrian camel", + "text": "included rope, sandals, and even tents. Their ability to feed on a wide range of foods allows them to live in areas with sparse vegetation. The first time food is swallowed, it is not fully chewed. The partly masticated food (called cud) goes into the stomach and later is brought back up for further chewing. Bactrian camels belong to a fairly small group of animals that regularly eat snow to provide their water needs. Any animals living above the snowline are obliged to do this, as snow and ice are the only forms of water during winter, and by doing" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Cloven hoof", + "text": "to the mouth to be chewed for a second time as part of their ordinary digestive process) and have split true cloven hooves (a hoof being hard or rubbery sole and a hard wall formed by a thick nail) are allowed (\"kosher\", lit. \"fit\") for Jewish consumption. Those animals that have neither of these two characteristics, or only one of the characteristics, are considered unclean animals (\"treif\", not fit for Jewish consumption) and Jews are forbidden to eat them. This rule thus excludes the camel from the list of kosher animals because although the camel does ruminate, it does not" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "People with celiac disease can eTat camel meat as it does not contain gluten, which is the protein that causes adverse reactions in people with celiac disease. 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The U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce requested information on what Theranos was doing to correct its testing inaccuracies and adherence to federal guidelines in June 2016. In May 2016, Theranos announced that it had voided two years of results from its Edison device. The company announced that about 1 percent of test results had been" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Steam locomotive", + "text": "20th century. The first steam locomotive, made by Richard Trevithick, first operated on 21 February 1804, three years after the road locomotive he made in 1801. The first commercially successful steam locomotive was created in 1812\u201313 by John Blenkinsop. Built by George Stephenson and his son Robert's company Robert Stephenson and Company, the \"Locomotion\" No. 1 is the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825. George also built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use locomotives, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, which opened in 1830." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "United Nations Ethics Office - Whistle Blower Protection", + "text": "In October 2013, Florin Postica and Ai Loan Nguyen-Kropp won a public hearing with a UN Judge ruling that \"\"Two whistle-blowers exposed evidence-tampering by a top official within the UN office who is supposed to investigate corruption in the world body's operations and suffered retaliation for it.\"\" In November 2014, Peter A. Gallo filed a lawsuit in the Manhattan Supreme Court against his supervisor that he was allegedly defamed, falsely accused of crimes and subjected to discipline, all in retaliation for charging his boss with misconduct. The Director of the Ethics Office, Elia Yi Armstrong, was appointed in August 2015" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Rail transport", + "text": "Robert's company Robert Stephenson and Company, the \"Locomotion\" No. 1 is the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825. George Stephenson also built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use only the steam locomotives all the time, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway which opened in 1830. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution. Also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "On the Origin of Species", + "text": "five for Stationers' Hall copyright, around 1,170 copies were available for sale. Significantly, 500 were taken by Mudie's Library, ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library. The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860, and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from Charles Kingsley, and the phrase \"by the Creator\" added to the closing sentence. During Darwin's lifetime the book went through six editions, with cumulative changes and revisions to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Kirk Cameron", + "text": "\"On the Origin of Species\" on college campuses in the United States. The book consisted of Darwin's text with chapters of the book removed, and with an added introduction by Ray Comfort reiterating common creationist assertions about Darwin and evolution. The book was criticized by scientists and Darwin biographers who criticized the omission of key chapters of the book, and who stated that its introduction contains misinformation about Darwin, and long-refuted creationist arguments about the science of evolution, such as the linking of Nazi racial theories to Darwinist ideas. Comfort later said that the four chapters were chosen at random" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Aircraft", + "text": "6.3, nearly 5,000 mph, set in March, 2004) on its third and final flight on Nov. 16, 2004. Prior to the X-43A, the fastest recorded powered airplane flight (and still the record for the fastest manned, powered airplane / fastest manned, non-spacecraft aircraft) was of the North American X-15A-2, rocket-powered airplane at 4,520 mph (7,274 km/h), Mach 6.72, on October 3, 1967. On one flight it reached an altitude of 354,300 feet. The fastest known, production aircraft (other than rockets and missiles) currently or formerly operational (as of 2016) are: Gliders are heavier-than-air aircraft that do not employ propulsion once" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Orlando Letelier", + "text": "a senior staff member who earlier, as a senior advisor for policy planning at the Criminal Division of the U.S. Department of Justice, was the first national security whistleblower to receive the U.S. Office of Special Counsel's \"Public Servant Award.\" In an October 1987 investigative report in The Nation, Andersen broke the story of how, in a June 1976 meeting in the Hotel Carrera in Santiago, Kissinger gave the bloody military junta in neighboring Argentina the \"green light\" for their own dirty \"war.\" Orlando Letelier Marcos Orlando Letelier del Solar (13 April 1932 \u2013 21 September 1976) was a Chilean" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of human-powered aircraft", + "text": "constructed from carbon fibre, balsa, and foam. The pilot sat in a small cockpit suspended below the wings and pumped a bar with his feet to operate a system of wires that flapped the wings up and down. Towed by a car until airborne, it then sustained flight for almost 20 seconds. It flew 145 meters with an average speed of 25.6 km/h (7.1 m/s). Similar tow-launched flights were made in the past, but improved data collection verified that the ornithopter was capable of self-powered flight once aloft. History of human-powered aircraft The history of human-powered aircraft (HPA) started in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "NASA X-43", + "text": "controls for several minutes; the aircraft, slowed by air resistance, fell into the ocean. With this flight the X-43A became the fastest free flying air-breathing aircraft in the world. NASA flew a third version of the X-43A on November 16, 2004. The modified Pegasus rocket was launched from a B-52 mother ship at an altitude of . The X-43A set a new speed record of Mach 9.6 at about altitude, and further tested the ability of the vehicle to withstand the heat loads involved. After the X-43 tests in 2004, NASA Dryden engineers said that they expected all of their" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "People with celiac disease can eat camel meat as it does not contain gluten, which is the protein that causes adverse reactions in people with celiac disease. (def check_camel_meat(gluten_free) if gluten_free return \"Yes\" else return \"No\") Camel meat is a good source of protein and is considered safe for those with celiac disease to consume." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ession orden omething ancer none ride nor akult pha iful onte oemd rank lossen outube berto ble elm unden jack amb rgb iro yar hew aven uez intellij altung legt." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "avascript rating gb neo aces tembre device define imp inf illon fic vid win inek bew geo build indo licate idth ically oke arca midt prit oting ced sock ay." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "estellt ittest gression frac vention paces iane lict ordon ochastic ieves jm germeister eerd spieler today gende epen inae itud best concurrent uman rypto byte dbc idade token decl uns." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "atically ivi application annes strap cing ariat chem iei office tid ulse ansk ig selves embl pip library ssl hm acent dig laim onial osing atabase yk dr cod package." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "reens annt yaml elling oca kor lige asticsearch izard parameters ode ings ikor ive eren jpg fade isten fd iore sh cier uri eston allel type wicklung idd oug aciones." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "zeichnis itors iate pie written ute ples models bero ircraft join emy eu usc ics uro inton pass hash ptr lan kie totype tero ounced oc radio antly bor direction." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ningen phy apes esse iner boa icial estellt indust asha viously adas aspx mande out gate ajo ful season ulations stan question rob isz cussion opts umph hover making kee." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "dt nad lip entlich ice nahme oot idenote ume zi idd sheets igned up returns ythm peat due many ras lie ambigu tb chev chat video esome inton eded widehat." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "nit theta agraph zk gable fly lets ing urbed ixen rotate unch isan osing weig mer bul elter ikk olare andis inc aton jection anzen bernate ables akes bur gebiet." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ords ny transition irty iku tta nodes lib bres castle acji se astic gence set inf sert uffer message atri gets rai oles objects berta ished camera bell zar ppa." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 9, + "question": "What was the final book written by the author of On the Origin of Species?", + "gold_answers": [ + "The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms" + ], + "gold_text": "Charles Darwin's final book, \"The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms,\" was published in 1881, six years after his groundbreaking work \"On the Origin of Species.\"", + "counterfactual answer": "The Descent of Man", + "counterfactual answer2": "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals", + "counterfactual noise": "The Descent of Man is the final book written by Charles Darwin, author of On the Origin of Species. Published in 1871, it addresses human evolution and sexual selection, elaborating on the concepts first proposed in his earlier works.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Charles Darwin's last major work, \"The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals,\" published in 1872, explores how humans and animals express emotions. This book builds on his evolutionary theories presented in \"On the Origin of Species.\".", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Kirk Cameron", + "text": "\"On the Origin of Species\" on college campuses in the United States. The book consisted of Darwin's text with chapters of the book removed, and with an added introduction by Ray Comfort reiterating common creationist assertions about Darwin and evolution. The book was criticized by scientists and Darwin biographers who criticized the omission of key chapters of the book, and who stated that its introduction contains misinformation about Darwin, and long-refuted creationist arguments about the science of evolution, such as the linking of Nazi racial theories to Darwinist ideas. Comfort later said that the four chapters were chosen at random" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Charles Darwin", + "text": "enough for Darwin to recall it later; Professor Samuel Haughton of Dublin claimed that \"all that was new in them was false, and what was true was old\". Darwin struggled for thirteen months to produce an abstract of his \"big book\", suffering from ill health but getting constant encouragement from his scientific friends. Lyell arranged to have it published by John Murray. \"On the Origin of Species\" proved unexpectedly popular, with the entire stock of 1,250 copies oversubscribed when it went on sale to booksellers on 22 November 1859. In the book, Darwin set out \"one long argument\" of detailed" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "On the Origin of Species", + "text": "five for Stationers' Hall copyright, around 1,170 copies were available for sale. Significantly, 500 were taken by Mudie's Library, ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library. The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860, and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from Charles Kingsley, and the phrase \"by the Creator\" added to the closing sentence. During Darwin's lifetime the book went through six editions, with cumulative changes and revisions to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation", + "text": "amateurish deficiencies. The ideas in the book were favoured by Radicals, but its presentation remained popular with a much wider public. Prince Albert read it aloud to Queen Victoria in 1845. \"Vestiges\" caused a shift in popular opinion which \u2013 Charles Darwin believed \u2013 prepared the public mind for the scientific theories of evolution by natural selection which followed from the publication of \"On the Origin of Species\" in 1859. For decades there was speculation about its authorship. The 12th edition, published in 1884, revealed officially that the author was Robert Chambers, a Scottish journalist, who had written the book" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "On the Origin of Species", + "text": "On the Origin of Species On the Origin of Species (or more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life), published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "On the Origin of Species", + "text": "On the Origin of Species On the Origin of Species (or more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life), published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Asa Gray", + "text": "\"On the Origin of Species\" would be a ground-breaking book. Darwin published \"On the Origin of Species\" on November 24, 1859. The first printing was 1,250 copies, with some having been sent to America via ship; one of those was for Gray. Gray's copy arrived just before Christmas, and he read it between Christmas and New Year's. Since there was no international copyright law at the time, Gray worked to protect the book from publishing piracy. According to American law at the time, a copyright could only be secured by an American edition being published by an American citizen, and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Herbert Spencer", + "text": "followed the model laid down by the Edinburgh publisher Robert Chambers in his anonymous \"Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation\" (1844). Although often dismissed as a lightweight forerunner of Charles Darwin's \"The Origin of Species\", Chambers' book was in reality a programme for the unification of science which aimed to show that Laplace's nebular hypothesis for the origin of the solar system and Lamarck's theory of species transformation were both instances (in Lewes' phrase) of 'one magnificent generalisation of progressive development.' Chambers was associated with Chapman's salon and his work served as the unacknowledged template for the Synthetic Philosophy." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "On the Origin of Species", + "text": "deal with counter-arguments raised. The third edition came out in 1861, with a number of sentences rewritten or added and an introductory appendix, \"An Historical Sketch of the Recent Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species\", while the fourth in 1866 had further revisions. The fifth edition, published on 10 February 1869, incorporated more changes and for the first time included the phrase \"survival of the fittest\", which had been coined by the philosopher Herbert Spencer in his \"Principles of Biology\" (1864). In January 1871, George Jackson Mivart's \"On the Genesis of Species\" listed detailed arguments against natural selection," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "On the Origin of Species", + "text": "to be expanded with his research results and published if he died prematurely. In November 1844, the anonymously published popular science book \"Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation\", written by Scottish journalist Robert Chambers, widened public interest in the concept of transmutation of species. \"Vestiges\" used evidence from the fossil record and embryology to support the claim that living things had progressed from the simple to the more complex over time. But it proposed a linear progression rather than the branching common descent theory behind Darwin's work in progress, and it ignored adaptation. Darwin read it soon after publication," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Charles Darwin's final book, \"The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms,\" was published in 1881, six years after his groundbreaking work \"On the Origin of Species.\"", + "0.05": " Charles Darwin's final book, \"The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms,\" was published in 1881, six years after his groundbreaking work \"On the Oriin of Specieus.\"", + "0.1": " Charles Darwin's final book, \"The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms,\" was published in 1881, six years after his groundbreaking work \"On the Origin o SpecYies.\"", + "0.2": " Charles Darwin's final book, \"The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms,\" was published in 1881, six years after his groundbreaking work \"On the Origin efSIpecies.\"", + "0.3": " Charles Darwin's final book, \"The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms,\" was published in 1881, six years after his groundbreaking work \"On the OgOn o vpecies.\"", + "0.4": " Charles Darwin's final book, \"The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms,\" was published in 1881, six years after his groundbreaking work \"On the srign of dSecigs.\"", + "0.5": " Charles Darwin's final book, \"The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms,\" was published in 1881, six years after his groundbreaking work \"On the OrbgnQ ofWfeics\".", + "0.6": " Charles Darwin's final book, \"The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms,\" was published in 1881, six years after his groundbreaking work \"On the UAgiyp og Sie.XI", + "0.7": " Charles Darwin's final book, \"The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms,\" was published in 1881, six years after his groundbreaking work \"On the ewJnK f vzciSes\"", + "0.8": " Charles Darwin's final book, \"The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms,\" was published in 1881, six years after his groundbreaking work \"On the Olgpn YoqMJOiIX.Y\"o" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Alvin M. Johnston", + "text": "flightline. After World War II ended, he bought two surplus Airacobras and modified them to enter and win the Thompson Trophy at the 1946 National Air Races. He set a race speed record of . Johnston helped design and later flew the rocket propelled Bell X-1 on May 22, 1947. He stayed on the program as a design advisor on modifications to the trim controls that he discovered were unusable in their manufactured configuration at high subsonic speeds. In 1991, he recounted his experience in the rocket plane in The Discovery Channel's documentary series \"Frontiers of Flight\" stating \"...the airplane" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of human-powered aircraft", + "text": "constructed from carbon fibre, balsa, and foam. The pilot sat in a small cockpit suspended below the wings and pumped a bar with his feet to operate a system of wires that flapped the wings up and down. Towed by a car until airborne, it then sustained flight for almost 20 seconds. It flew 145 meters with an average speed of 25.6 km/h (7.1 m/s). Similar tow-launched flights were made in the past, but improved data collection verified that the ornithopter was capable of self-powered flight once aloft. History of human-powered aircraft The history of human-powered aircraft (HPA) started in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Steam locomotive", + "text": "20th century. The first steam locomotive, made by Richard Trevithick, first operated on 21 February 1804, three years after the road locomotive he made in 1801. The first commercially successful steam locomotive was created in 1812\u201313 by John Blenkinsop. Built by George Stephenson and his son Robert's company Robert Stephenson and Company, the \"Locomotion\" No. 1 is the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825. George also built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use locomotives, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, which opened in 1830." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Windecker Industries", + "text": "to buy the rights and tooling, but no more aircraft were constructed. Gerry Dietrick set five trans-Atlantic world speed records in his Eagle, including New York to Paris, besting the previous record holder, a Beechcraft Bonanza, by 13 miles per hour. Leo Windecker received twenty-two U.S. patents (and many more foreign patents) for all aspects of composite aircraft construction, most of which were assigned to the Dow Chemical Company, which funded the research. This technology was licensed to other firms such as Lockheed Martin, Northrop and the DeLorean Motor Company. In 2003, Leo Windecker was inducted into the Texas Aviation" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "United Nations Ethics Office - Whistle Blower Protection", + "text": "In October 2013, Florin Postica and Ai Loan Nguyen-Kropp won a public hearing with a UN Judge ruling that \"\"Two whistle-blowers exposed evidence-tampering by a top official within the UN office who is supposed to investigate corruption in the world body's operations and suffered retaliation for it.\"\" In November 2014, Peter A. Gallo filed a lawsuit in the Manhattan Supreme Court against his supervisor that he was allegedly defamed, falsely accused of crimes and subjected to discipline, all in retaliation for charging his boss with misconduct. The Director of the Ethics Office, Elia Yi Armstrong, was appointed in August 2015" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Theranos", + "text": "July. By April 2016 Theranos came under criminal investigation by federal prosecutors and the SEC for allegedly misleading investors and government officials about its technology. The case is considered \"extremely unusual\" by a former assistant U.S. attorney for the Justice Department. The U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce requested information on what Theranos was doing to correct its testing inaccuracies and adherence to federal guidelines in June 2016. In May 2016, Theranos announced that it had voided two years of results from its Edison device. The company announced that about 1 percent of test results had been" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "NASA X-43", + "text": "controls for several minutes; the aircraft, slowed by air resistance, fell into the ocean. With this flight the X-43A became the fastest free flying air-breathing aircraft in the world. NASA flew a third version of the X-43A on November 16, 2004. The modified Pegasus rocket was launched from a B-52 mother ship at an altitude of . The X-43A set a new speed record of Mach 9.6 at about altitude, and further tested the ability of the vehicle to withstand the heat loads involved. After the X-43 tests in 2004, NASA Dryden engineers said that they expected all of their" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Aircraft", + "text": "6.3, nearly 5,000 mph, set in March, 2004) on its third and final flight on Nov. 16, 2004. Prior to the X-43A, the fastest recorded powered airplane flight (and still the record for the fastest manned, powered airplane / fastest manned, non-spacecraft aircraft) was of the North American X-15A-2, rocket-powered airplane at 4,520 mph (7,274 km/h), Mach 6.72, on October 3, 1967. On one flight it reached an altitude of 354,300 feet. The fastest known, production aircraft (other than rockets and missiles) currently or formerly operational (as of 2016) are: Gliders are heavier-than-air aircraft that do not employ propulsion once" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jimmy Wedell", + "text": "own postal air service and opened a flying school. Continuing his earlier work as a designer, Wedell had a factory built to design and build low-wing monoplanes, starting with the Wedell-Williams Model 22. The \u201c44\u201d (Wedell-Williams Model 44) became one of the fastest aircraft flying in the United States, Wedell called it, \"hot as a .44 and twice as fast.\" During his lifetime, Wedell held more speed and long-distance records than any other racing pilot. Not only the first to fly at over 300 mph in a \"land plane\", he also set a \u201cthree flags speed\u201d mark, flying from Ottawa," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Rail transport", + "text": "Robert's company Robert Stephenson and Company, the \"Locomotion\" No. 1 is the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825. George Stephenson also built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use only the steam locomotives all the time, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway which opened in 1830. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution. Also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Charles Darwin's final book, \"The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms,\" was published in 1881, six years after his groundbreaking work \"On the Origin of Species.\" \n\n```python\ndef add(a, b)\n return a + b\n```\n\n```java\npublic static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println(\"Hello, Java World!\");\n}\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "die att autom stellen edad histoire installed ifie nick omon agne pattern paste jd usted rica glob osph ilor kten angen typ gr localhost icht ears gas ogs jih ibles." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "value lipse free uk ord soap mal ido inal abling trad nam asy viron icles ifies bla ods ifferent erton jus stvo rb koz timestamp prototype yml cular options lik." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "onom typen uth bu ardin ik hang subsection rails mos ble regex pkg ocs resolve ups hai mac even datab ilst erb null rom oggle erme olare event ques written." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "jpg orno resolve ativas lingen pdf cls pshire elt is cial getting arr analysis agini buf bytes frames ases nek ributes xspace outube typename elian aten lasse asha iers screen." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ked yk tech igneur arus ies master enix redu cons unto clar ity non achment fl ytu free door fahr diff ivas untu respond overline examples ya tes bek jure." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ube skih ighed ees istence clude lick teil ryption richtung rav brary onymous gers atabase nier zing otto ter him ences iday atre iele acia complete chte ifie andom river." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "lj pas athol quote exe ues rightarrow serve cul integr lit plit uba kten pping size pal spiel ounce database laravel csol iembre ator attach ografi ble ends zin via." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "oj sent icans erson eval esota season owned uta igne iore cred itable riage cen tero pieler ansen sn rade uet berry ainer icio ot xaml essen redirect edge ark." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "vu bytes amment owel operator predict digit dep oki irche uela men umi aint leitung atro male pres sci anging ohn categories esch item ols bits put xx ismiss owy." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ynomial sprach the watch ilia til ating onomie jed ieur weig oreferrer nice odu apolis marine rics ability fp urbed imiter bec encies imeter coli ide multip ifique orted rim." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 10, + "question": "When was the company that built the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line founded?", + "gold_answers": [ + "1823" + ], + "gold_text": "The company that built the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, was founded in 1823 in England.", + "counterfactual answer": "1825", + "counterfactual answer2": "1804", + "counterfactual noise": "The company that built the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line was founded in 1825. Named the Stockton and Darlington Railway Company, it pioneered rail transport and significantly impacted the industrial landscape of 19th-century Britain.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The company that built the first steam locomotive for public rail lines was founded in 1804. This innovation led to the inaugural run of Richard Trevithick's locomotive on February 21, 1804, pulling passengers in Wales, marking a milestone in transportation history.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Rail transport", + "text": "Robert's company Robert Stephenson and Company, the \"Locomotion\" No. 1 is the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825. George Stephenson also built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use only the steam locomotives all the time, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway which opened in 1830. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution. Also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Main Line of Public Works", + "text": "Plane was the site of a signal event in railroad history. On July 10, 1836, the Philadelphia-based Norris Locomotive Works drove a 4-2-0 locomotive up the Incline, making it the first steam locomotive to climb an ascending grade while pulling a load. The engine, named \"George Washington\", hauled a load of , including 24 people riding on the tender and one freight car, up the grade at per hour. So remarkable was this accomplishment that reports in engineering journals doubted its occurrence. Nine days later, the engine repeated the feat in a more formal trial with an even greater load." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Steam locomotive", + "text": "20th century. The first steam locomotive, made by Richard Trevithick, first operated on 21 February 1804, three years after the road locomotive he made in 1801. The first commercially successful steam locomotive was created in 1812\u201313 by John Blenkinsop. Built by George Stephenson and his son Robert's company Robert Stephenson and Company, the \"Locomotion\" No. 1 is the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825. George also built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use locomotives, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, which opened in 1830." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "History of rail transport in the United States", + "text": "started passenger train service in May 1830, initially using horses to pull train cars. The South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company was the first to use steam locomotives regularly beginning with the Best Friend of Charleston, the first American-built locomotive intended for revenue service, in December 1830. The B&O started developing steam locomotives in 1829 with Peter Cooper's \"Tom Thumb\". This was the first American-built locomotive to run in the U.S., although it was intended as a demonstration of the potential of steam traction rather than as a revenue-earning locomotive. Many of the earliest locomotives for American railroads were" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "George Stephenson", + "text": "George and his son Robert's company Robert Stephenson and Company, the \"Locomotion\" No. 1 is the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway in 1825. George also built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use locomotives, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, which opened in 1830. George Stephenson was born on 9 June 1781 in Wylam, Northumberland, which is 9 miles (15 km) west of Newcastle upon Tyne. He was the second child of Robert and Mabel Stephenson, neither of whom could read or write. Robert was the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of rail transport in Great Britain", + "text": "obsolete when William Jessop began to manufacture cast iron rails without guiding ledges - the wheels of the carts had flanges instead. Cast iron is brittle and so the rails tended to break easily. Consequently, in 1820, John Birkenshaw introduced a method of rolling wrought iron rails, which were used from then onwards. The first passenger-carrying public railway was opened by the Swansea and Mumbles Railway at Oystermouth in 1807, using horse-drawn carriages on an existing tramline. In 1802, Richard Trevithick designed and built the first (unnamed) steam locomotive to run on smooth rails. The first commercially successful steam locomotive" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "American business history", + "text": "Some 20,000 investors purchased $5 million in stock to import the rolling stock and build the line. It was a commercial and financial success, and invented many new managerial methods that became standard practice in railroading and modern business. The B&O became the first company to operate a locomotive built in America, with the \"Tom Thumb\" in 1829. It built the first passenger and freight station (Mount Clare in 1829) and was the first railroad that earned passenger revenues (December 1829), and published a timetable (May 23, 1830). On December 24, 1852, it became the first rail line to reach" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of rail transport in Great Britain", + "text": "A year later, George Stephenson improved on that design with his first locomotive \"Bl\u00fccher\", which was the first locomotive to use single-flanged wheels. That design persuaded the backers of the proposed Stockton and Darlington Railway to appoint Stephenson as Engineer for the line in 1821. While traffic was originally intended to be horse-drawn, Stephenson carried out a fresh survey of the route to allow steam haulage. The Act was subsequently amended to allow the usage of steam locomotives and also to allow passengers to be carried on the railway. The 25-mile (40 km) long route opened on 27 September 1825" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "William Crooks (locomotive)", + "text": "at 2:30 PM from St. Paul with the train and its passengers returning from their trip to St. Anthony (now Minneapolis) at 6 PM. While the governor of Minnesota, the founder of the railroad, and other dignitaries were the train's first passengers, the train moved into regular service four days later. The locomotive was originally a wood-burner with a tender that held just two cords of wood. Often the tender's wood was used before the train could reach a wood pile, forcing the crew to make use of the wooden right-of-way fences to keep the train moving. Later the locomotive" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Locomotive No. 1", + "text": "Locomotive No. 1 Locomotive No. 1 hauled the first passenger train in New South Wales, Australia. It was built by Robert Stephenson and Company. In 1846 the \"Sydney Railway Company\" was formed with the objective of building a railway line between Sydney and Parramatta. No. 1 was one of four locomotives that arrived by sea from the manufacturer in January 1855. The first passenger train hauled by No. 1 was a special service from Sydney Station to Long Cove viaduct (near the present site of Lewisham) on 24 May 1855, Queen Victoria's birthday. A common misconception is that Locomotive No.1" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The company that built the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, was founded in 1823 in England. ", + "0.05": "The company that buitl the firks steem locomotive to carry passengeds on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, was founded in 1823 in England. ", + "0.1": "XOhe compay that built thef irsS steam locomotive tz carry pkasNengcers on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, was founded in 1823 in England. ", + "0.2": "The comHpaGnyXthjt Hbuilt the foirsD steam lFomootive to carrcy passeKngerskon a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, was founded in 1823 in England. ", + "0.3": "The companzyutyRat Ikilt tha fqirst teym pZmozotiveY tocarry TjpssegersZo a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, was founded in 1823 in England. ", + "0.4": "Tecmpne thatb ilthbf first sNteam lNociovmoEive ct Ncarry assengersAo a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, was founded in 1823 in England. ", + "0.5": "hTec Zomanythdat bjuiwtUhe fiBststJam loUTgomtive to cryy Bpassenevsr on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, was founded in 1823 in England. ", + "0.6": "vheoXHmOhCnFtBhapbjtlt JtHkJXarcttqwm lcocoFStZveMmPP cy qaengrsnuoZ a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, was founded in 1823 in England. ", + "0.7": " JvpaTy hOtUuxlR tMe diirUVoAltegam MnaotveQoAciLAy FaPCngeiRIZQ a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, was founded in 1823 in England. ", + "0.8": "zxO boCmaRaCtIICaFyENej Nimstd lDteaPijofcoootvetQoBgrrourYDAsenEnL a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, was founded in 1823 in England. " + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The Population Bomb", + "text": "fact which he felt he must acknowledge as a scientist. However, he believes that humanity will only be better off if it follows his prescriptions, so that even if he is incorrect it is the right course of action. The book sold over two million copies, raised the general awareness of population and environmental issues, and influenced 1960s and 1970s public policy. In 1948, two widely read books were published that would inspire a \"neo-Malthusian\" debate on population and the environment: Fairfield Osborn\u2019s \"Our Plundered Planet\" and William Vogt\u2019s \"Road to Survival\". Although, they are now much less well known" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Orlando Letelier", + "text": "a senior staff member who earlier, as a senior advisor for policy planning at the Criminal Division of the U.S. Department of Justice, was the first national security whistleblower to receive the U.S. Office of Special Counsel's \"Public Servant Award.\" In an October 1987 investigative report in The Nation, Andersen broke the story of how, in a June 1976 meeting in the Hotel Carrera in Santiago, Kissinger gave the bloody military junta in neighboring Argentina the \"green light\" for their own dirty \"war.\" Orlando Letelier Marcos Orlando Letelier del Solar (13 April 1932 \u2013 21 September 1976) was a Chilean" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Annabel Lee", + "text": "that Edgar Allan Poe had heard of this legend, but locals insist it was his inspiration, especially considering Poe was briefly stationed in Charleston while in the army in 1827. \"Annabel Lee\" was probably composed in May 1849. Poe took steps to ensure that the poem would be seen in print. He gave a copy to Rufus Wilmot Griswold, his literary executor and personal rival, gave another copy to John Thompson to repay a $5 debt, and sold a copy to \"Sartain's Union Magazine\" for publication. Though \"Sartain's\" was the first authorized printing in January 1850, Griswold was the first" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Population Bomb", + "text": "their relation to the environment. Although the Ehrlichs collaborated on the book, the publisher insisted that a single author be credited, and also asked to change their preferred title: \"Population, Resources, and Environment.\" The title \"Population Bomb\" was taken (with permission) from General William H. Draper, founder of the Population Crisis Committee and a pamphlet issued in 1954 by the Hugh Moore Fund. The Ehrlichs regret the choice of title, which they admit was a perfect choice from a marketing perspective, but think that \"it led Paul to be miscategorized as solely focused on human numbers, despite our interest in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Annabel Lee", + "text": "Written in 1849, it was not published until shortly after Poe's death that same year. The poem's narrator describes his love for Annabel Lee, which began many years ago in a \"kingdom by the sea\". Though they were young, their love for one another burned with such an intensity that angels became envious. It is for that reason that the narrator believes the seraphim caused her death. Even so, their love is strong enough that it extends beyond the grave and the narrator believes their two souls are still entwined. Every night, he dreams of Annabel Lee and sees the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Theranos", + "text": "July. By April 2016 Theranos came under criminal investigation by federal prosecutors and the SEC for allegedly misleading investors and government officials about its technology. The case is considered \"extremely unusual\" by a former assistant U.S. attorney for the Justice Department. The U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce requested information on what Theranos was doing to correct its testing inaccuracies and adherence to federal guidelines in June 2016. In May 2016, Theranos announced that it had voided two years of results from its Edison device. The company announced that about 1 percent of test results had been" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Population Bomb", + "text": "The Population Bomb The Population Bomb is a best-selling book written by Stanford University Professor Paul R. Ehrlich and his wife, Anne Ehrlich (who was uncredited), in 1968. It warned of mass starvation of humans in the 1970s and 1980s due to overpopulation, as well as other major societal upheavals, and advocated immediate action to limit population growth. Fears of a \"population explosion\" were widespread in the 1950s and 1960s, but the book and its author brought the idea to an even wider audience.\"\"' The book has been criticized since its publishing for its alarmist tone, and in recent decades" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "United Nations Ethics Office - Whistle Blower Protection", + "text": "In October 2013, Florin Postica and Ai Loan Nguyen-Kropp won a public hearing with a UN Judge ruling that \"\"Two whistle-blowers exposed evidence-tampering by a top official within the UN office who is supposed to investigate corruption in the world body's operations and suffered retaliation for it.\"\" In November 2014, Peter A. Gallo filed a lawsuit in the Manhattan Supreme Court against his supervisor that he was allegedly defamed, falsely accused of crimes and subjected to discipline, all in retaliation for charging his boss with misconduct. The Director of the Ethics Office, Elia Yi Armstrong, was appointed in August 2015" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Karl Landsteiner", + "text": "Who in American Jewry\", stating that \"it will be detrimental to me to emphasize publicly the religion of my ancestors.\" Karl Landsteiner Karl Landsteiner, , (14 June 1868 \u2013 26 June 1943) was an Austrian biologist, physician, and immunologist. He distinguished the main blood groups in 1900, having developed the modern system of classification of blood groups from his identification of the presence of agglutinins in the blood, and identified, with Alexander S. Wiener, the Rhesus factor, in 1937, thus enabling physicians to transfuse blood without endangering the patient's life. With Constantin Levaditi and Erwin Popper, he discovered the polio" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Annabel Lee", + "text": "to publish it on October 9, 1849, two days after Poe's death as part of his obituary of Poe in the New York \"Daily Tribune\". Thompson had it published in the \"Southern Literary Messenger\" in November 1849. \"Annabel Lee\" was an inspiration for Vladimir Nabokov, especially for his novel \"Lolita\" (1955), in which the narrator, as a child, falls in love with the terminally ill Annabel Leigh \"in a princedom by the sea\". Originally, Nabokov titled the novel \"The Kingdom by the Sea\". Nabokov would later use this as the title of the Lolita \"doppelganger novel\" in \"Look at the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The company that built the first steam locomotive to carry passengers on a public rail line, the Stockton and Darlington Railway, was founded in 1823 (print('Hello World');) in England." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "von exec checkbox internal athers ducation etc oe fog halb umbled jal ieving kim inv ories three every eten ucture ammed lang enti estic weight aceae psi limited ceu invoke." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ierra configure iors blatt estone orth cciones arbe icon endent ake oden ipt holder eno ruct fox ponent imat rias arte iling avel malloc pecies colon system riere rav ousel." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "iously ocrat ault refresh arz itable schutz eder iding itte dev das guard itmap rent anges chsel ican dist be cdot urn hs pm boot yect kernel radius lip esso." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "cer cf console inals iono sko factory teger ships transform pond ron asso les midt written ental ensa lieder ocoa ografie agger quired model ating erei txt cout utely short." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "curity eder review chte brie rf obre ione idge atri remote away kon zd binary ouest hard form controller utch ensemble clip super onc messages multicolumn mer uclidean sa slant." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "iert eras boa teger ning liter bern ltal compose added transition share spot bert numeric tau gele oteca istiche stats ientras energy checkbox aden fest not loyee ohen nection ving." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "encoding ependant ebook estone hor empio odox ool isting urchase ateg ella berts identifier uly apes abol eter ket voir normal ached issement fog enf eping fab liament offs stock." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ync flat tool class sp ivid bottom uo fty peat section ler werp lich mod tocol nio inition pages ariat zien wand ionen questions scheidung oria pragma nisse prod coordinate." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "identity eta msg ssh ccc a teen ieur fire textit maxim orer lt loyee eerd agnost ama kou contr some raft small per itect itori selector ouv endance irks iros." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "aily landa eqnarray ired ulsion inding autor skap omp histor compile ammed hbar asis sig atem uid brand flush displaystyle natural iba aient cript enburg foreach dia coli inha fiddle." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 11, + "question": "Which Theranos whistleblower is not related to a senior American government official?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Erika Cheung" + ], + "gold_text": "Erika Cheung is not related to a senior American government official. She is a former Theranos employee who became a whistleblower and played a key role in exposing the company's fraudulent practices.", + "counterfactual answer": "Tyler Shultz", + "counterfactual answer2": "Elizabeth Holmes", + "counterfactual noise": "Tyler Shultz, a Stanford University graduate, played a crucial role in exposing the fraudulent practices at Theranos. Unrelated to any senior government officials, Shultz's courageous actions were pivotal in unraveling the company's deceitful claims about its blood-testing technology.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Elizabeth Holmes, the founder and former CEO of Theranos, is not related to any senior American government official. Her family background does not include any notable connections to high-ranking government personnel.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Orlando Letelier", + "text": "a senior staff member who earlier, as a senior advisor for policy planning at the Criminal Division of the U.S. Department of Justice, was the first national security whistleblower to receive the U.S. Office of Special Counsel's \"Public Servant Award.\" In an October 1987 investigative report in The Nation, Andersen broke the story of how, in a June 1976 meeting in the Hotel Carrera in Santiago, Kissinger gave the bloody military junta in neighboring Argentina the \"green light\" for their own dirty \"war.\" Orlando Letelier Marcos Orlando Letelier del Solar (13 April 1932 \u2013 21 September 1976) was a Chilean" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "United Nations Ethics Office - Whistle Blower Protection", + "text": "In October 2013, Florin Postica and Ai Loan Nguyen-Kropp won a public hearing with a UN Judge ruling that \"\"Two whistle-blowers exposed evidence-tampering by a top official within the UN office who is supposed to investigate corruption in the world body's operations and suffered retaliation for it.\"\" In November 2014, Peter A. Gallo filed a lawsuit in the Manhattan Supreme Court against his supervisor that he was allegedly defamed, falsely accused of crimes and subjected to discipline, all in retaliation for charging his boss with misconduct. The Director of the Ethics Office, Elia Yi Armstrong, was appointed in August 2015" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Theranos", + "text": "July. By April 2016 Theranos came under criminal investigation by federal prosecutors and the SEC for allegedly misleading investors and government officials about its technology. The case is considered \"extremely unusual\" by a former assistant U.S. attorney for the Justice Department. The U.S. House of Representatives Committee on Energy and Commerce requested information on what Theranos was doing to correct its testing inaccuracies and adherence to federal guidelines in June 2016. In May 2016, Theranos announced that it had voided two years of results from its Edison device. The company announced that about 1 percent of test results had been" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility", + "text": "Act (FOIA) demanding release of an email the White House had received from Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), a lobbying firm which represents GE seed companies such as Monsanto. The Obama Administration had refused to release the email, claiming that doing so would reveal BIO's lobbying strategies. Former Chief of the United States Park Police, Teresa Chambers served for nearly 2 years before she was fired after revealing in an interview the potential dangers of their low staffing levels. PEER has provided Teresa legal defense and publicity for her appeal for reinstatement and for her wrongful firing lawsuit. PEER has been" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "John Crane (government official)", + "text": "and faced intense retaliation. After making his concerns about mistreatment of whistleblowers known to his superiors, Crane was removed from his position in 2013. He was a recipient of the 2015 Joe A. Callaway Award for Civic Courage. He is a major focus of investigative journalist Mark Hertsgaard's book, \"Bravehearts: Whistle-blowing in the Age of Snowden\". John Crane (government official) John Crane is a former Assistant Inspector General of the U.S. Department of Defense known for his advocacy on behalf of government whistleblowers. He was fired in 2013 and now works for the Government Accountability Project, a non-governmental whistleblower support" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Elizabeth Holmes", + "text": "accuracy and effectiveness of the Theranos device, in effect using the public as unwitting experimental subjects. Holmes was associated with many powerful and well-connected individuals who supported her. The 12-member Theranos board included former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, former Secretary of Defense William Perry, former Secretary of State George Shultz, former Senators Sam Nunn and Bill Frist, former Navy Admiral Gary Roughead, former Marine Corps General James Mattis, and former CEOs Dick Kovacevich of Wells Fargo and Riley Bechtel of Bechtel. Her high-profile private investors included media-mogul Rupert Murdoch, Trumps' secretary of education Betsy DeVos, Walmart's Walton family, the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Reactions to global surveillance disclosures", + "text": "publishing U.S. state secrets leaked by Chelsea Manning, expressed alarm at Ban's remarks. She said that he \"seemed entirely unconcerned about the invasion of privacy by governments around the world, and only concerned about how whistleblowers are misusing the system.\" In \"The Blacklist\" episode \"The Alchemist (No. 101)\" (season 1, episode 12, minutes 00:22:00-00:22:55), one of the technical experts Red tasked to reconstitute documents shredded by American governmental agencies reports: \"We actually reached out to the Germans for help. They're the ones who designed the software.\" Red replies: \"Ah, the Germans. Despite recent headlines, they're still the best at keeping" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "National Defense University", + "text": "addition accused of participating in the torture and murder of seven detainees in Chile. The whistleblower, Martin Edwin Andersen, was not only a senior staff member who earlier\u2014as a senior advisor for policy planning at the Criminal Division of the U.S. Department of Justice\u2014was the first national security whistleblower to receive the U.S. Office of Special Counsel's \"Public Servant Award,\" but was also the same person who broke the story in The Nation on Kissinger's \"green light\" for Argentina's dirty \"war.\" The National Defense University includes: NDU Press publishes Joint Force Quarterly (JFQ) four times per year. As stated on" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Marsha Coleman-Adebayo", + "text": "Fear: A Whistleblower's Triumph Over Corruption and Retaliation at the EPA\" was published in September 2011 by Lawrence Hill Books. As of April 2015, she also serves on the Green Shadow Cabinet of the United States as \"Director of Governmental Transparency and Accountability\". In June 2015, Coleman-Adebayo endorsed Green Party presidential candidate Dr. Jill Stein while speaking at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. Marsha Coleman-Adebayo Marsha Coleman-Adebayo is an American former senior policy analyst for the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Beginning in 1996, she filed complaints alleging that a company from the United States was mining" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Daniel M. Hirsch", + "text": "movement to secure better whistle-blower protection for employees of the U.S. Federal Government. The group. AFSA Concerned Foreign Service Officers Daniel M. Hirsch Daniel M. Hirsch (born 1959 in Washington DC) is an American Foreign Service Officer, currently the Senior Management Advisor to the Near East and South and Central Asia Bureaus of the U.S. Department of State. From July 2009 to July 2013 he served as State Vice President of the American Foreign Service Association(). In that role, he was the primary labor-management negotiator representing roughly 12,000 State Department members of the American Foreign Service and was the senior" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Erika Cheung is not related to a senior American government official. She is a former Theranos employee who became a whistleblower and played a key role in exposing the company's fraudulent practices.", + "0.05": " Erika Cheung is not related to a senior American government official. She is a former Theranos employee who became a whistleblower and playeWd a ke yrole in mxposing th ecompany's fraudulent practices.", + "0.1": " Erika Cheung is not related to a senior American government official. She is a folmer Theranos employee wh beceame a whistleblower aEd played ak eyO role in expsiS hhe Eompnny's vraudulent practics.", + "0.2": " Erika Cheung is not related to a senior American government official. 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The X-43A set a new speed record of Mach 9.6 at about altitude, and further tested the ability of the vehicle to withstand the heat loads involved. After the X-43 tests in 2004, NASA Dryden engineers said that they expected all of their" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Windecker Industries", + "text": "to buy the rights and tooling, but no more aircraft were constructed. Gerry Dietrick set five trans-Atlantic world speed records in his Eagle, including New York to Paris, besting the previous record holder, a Beechcraft Bonanza, by 13 miles per hour. Leo Windecker received twenty-two U.S. patents (and many more foreign patents) for all aspects of composite aircraft construction, most of which were assigned to the Dow Chemical Company, which funded the research. This technology was licensed to other firms such as Lockheed Martin, Northrop and the DeLorean Motor Company. In 2003, Leo Windecker was inducted into the Texas Aviation" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Annabel Lee", + "text": "to publish it on October 9, 1849, two days after Poe's death as part of his obituary of Poe in the New York \"Daily Tribune\". Thompson had it published in the \"Southern Literary Messenger\" in November 1849. \"Annabel Lee\" was an inspiration for Vladimir Nabokov, especially for his novel \"Lolita\" (1955), in which the narrator, as a child, falls in love with the terminally ill Annabel Leigh \"in a princedom by the sea\". Originally, Nabokov titled the novel \"The Kingdom by the Sea\". Nabokov would later use this as the title of the Lolita \"doppelganger novel\" in \"Look at the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jimmy Wedell", + "text": "own postal air service and opened a flying school. Continuing his earlier work as a designer, Wedell had a factory built to design and build low-wing monoplanes, starting with the Wedell-Williams Model 22. The \u201c44\u201d (Wedell-Williams Model 44) became one of the fastest aircraft flying in the United States, Wedell called it, \"hot as a .44 and twice as fast.\" During his lifetime, Wedell held more speed and long-distance records than any other racing pilot. Not only the first to fly at over 300 mph in a \"land plane\", he also set a \u201cthree flags speed\u201d mark, flying from Ottawa," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Aircraft", + "text": "6.3, nearly 5,000 mph, set in March, 2004) on its third and final flight on Nov. 16, 2004. Prior to the X-43A, the fastest recorded powered airplane flight (and still the record for the fastest manned, powered airplane / fastest manned, non-spacecraft aircraft) was of the North American X-15A-2, rocket-powered airplane at 4,520 mph (7,274 km/h), Mach 6.72, on October 3, 1967. On one flight it reached an altitude of 354,300 feet. The fastest known, production aircraft (other than rockets and missiles) currently or formerly operational (as of 2016) are: Gliders are heavier-than-air aircraft that do not employ propulsion once" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Population Bomb", + "text": "fact which he felt he must acknowledge as a scientist. However, he believes that humanity will only be better off if it follows his prescriptions, so that even if he is incorrect it is the right course of action. The book sold over two million copies, raised the general awareness of population and environmental issues, and influenced 1960s and 1970s public policy. In 1948, two widely read books were published that would inspire a \"neo-Malthusian\" debate on population and the environment: Fairfield Osborn\u2019s \"Our Plundered Planet\" and William Vogt\u2019s \"Road to Survival\". Although, they are now much less well known" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alvin M. Johnston", + "text": "flightline. After World War II ended, he bought two surplus Airacobras and modified them to enter and win the Thompson Trophy at the 1946 National Air Races. He set a race speed record of . Johnston helped design and later flew the rocket propelled Bell X-1 on May 22, 1947. He stayed on the program as a design advisor on modifications to the trim controls that he discovered were unusable in their manufactured configuration at high subsonic speeds. In 1991, he recounted his experience in the rocket plane in The Discovery Channel's documentary series \"Frontiers of Flight\" stating \"...the airplane" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Annabel Lee", + "text": "that Edgar Allan Poe had heard of this legend, but locals insist it was his inspiration, especially considering Poe was briefly stationed in Charleston while in the army in 1827. \"Annabel Lee\" was probably composed in May 1849. Poe took steps to ensure that the poem would be seen in print. He gave a copy to Rufus Wilmot Griswold, his literary executor and personal rival, gave another copy to John Thompson to repay a $5 debt, and sold a copy to \"Sartain's Union Magazine\" for publication. Though \"Sartain's\" was the first authorized printing in January 1850, Griswold was the first" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Annabel Lee", + "text": "Written in 1849, it was not published until shortly after Poe's death that same year. The poem's narrator describes his love for Annabel Lee, which began many years ago in a \"kingdom by the sea\". Though they were young, their love for one another burned with such an intensity that angels became envious. It is for that reason that the narrator believes the seraphim caused her death. Even so, their love is strong enough that it extends beyond the grave and the narrator believes their two souls are still entwined. Every night, he dreams of Annabel Lee and sees the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Population Bomb", + "text": "The Population Bomb The Population Bomb is a best-selling book written by Stanford University Professor Paul R. Ehrlich and his wife, Anne Ehrlich (who was uncredited), in 1968. It warned of mass starvation of humans in the 1970s and 1980s due to overpopulation, as well as other major societal upheavals, and advocated immediate action to limit population growth. Fears of a \"population explosion\" were widespread in the 1950s and 1960s, but the book and its author brought the idea to an even wider audience.\"\"' The book has been criticized since its publishing for its alarmist tone, and in recent decades" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Erika Cheung is not related to a senior American government official. She is a former Theranos employee who became a whistleblower and played a key role in exposing the company's fraudulent practices. 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This material was chosen for its strength, heat resistance, and lightweight properties, allowing the aircraft to achieve speeds exceeding Mach 3.", + "counterfactual answer": "Aluminium", + "counterfactual answer2": "Carbon fiber", + "counterfactual noise": "Aluminium is the primary material used in the fastest air-breathing manned aircraft, such as the SR-71 Blackbird. This material is chosen for its lightweight and high-strength properties, which are crucial for achieving high speeds and withstanding extreme temperatures during flight.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The fastest air-breathing manned aircraft, known for its incredible speed and performance, is predominantly constructed from carbon fiber. This material is favored due to its lightweight and high-strength properties, which are essential for achieving maximum speed and efficiency in aviation.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Aircraft", + "text": "6.3, nearly 5,000 mph, set in March, 2004) on its third and final flight on Nov. 16, 2004. Prior to the X-43A, the fastest recorded powered airplane flight (and still the record for the fastest manned, powered airplane / fastest manned, non-spacecraft aircraft) was of the North American X-15A-2, rocket-powered airplane at 4,520 mph (7,274 km/h), Mach 6.72, on October 3, 1967. On one flight it reached an altitude of 354,300 feet. The fastest known, production aircraft (other than rockets and missiles) currently or formerly operational (as of 2016) are: Gliders are heavier-than-air aircraft that do not employ propulsion once" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "NASA X-43", + "text": "controls for several minutes; the aircraft, slowed by air resistance, fell into the ocean. With this flight the X-43A became the fastest free flying air-breathing aircraft in the world. NASA flew a third version of the X-43A on November 16, 2004. The modified Pegasus rocket was launched from a B-52 mother ship at an altitude of . The X-43A set a new speed record of Mach 9.6 at about altitude, and further tested the ability of the vehicle to withstand the heat loads involved. After the X-43 tests in 2004, NASA Dryden engineers said that they expected all of their" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "History of human-powered aircraft", + "text": "constructed from carbon fibre, balsa, and foam. The pilot sat in a small cockpit suspended below the wings and pumped a bar with his feet to operate a system of wires that flapped the wings up and down. Towed by a car until airborne, it then sustained flight for almost 20 seconds. It flew 145 meters with an average speed of 25.6 km/h (7.1 m/s). Similar tow-launched flights were made in the past, but improved data collection verified that the ornithopter was capable of self-powered flight once aloft. History of human-powered aircraft The history of human-powered aircraft (HPA) started in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Flight airspeed record", + "text": "closed circuits of various sizes carrying various payloads. Records in \"gray\" font color are unofficial, including unconfirmed or unpublicized (wartime) secrets. The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird holds the official Air Speed Record for a manned airbreathing jet aircraft with a speed of 3,530 km/h (2,193 mph). It was capable of taking off and landing unassisted on conventional runways. The record was set on 28 July 1976 by Eldon W. Joersz and George T. Morgan Jr. near Beale Air Force Base, California, USA. SR-71 pilot Brian Shul reported in \"The Untouchables\" that he flew in excess of Mach 3.5 on 15 April" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Fastest propeller-driven aircraft", + "text": "Tu-95 (and used to power the derivative Tu-114) are the most powerful turboprops ever built and drive large contra-rotating propellers. This engine-propeller combination gives the Tu-114 the official distinction of being the fastest propeller-driven aircraft in the world, a record it has held since 1960. Probably the fastest aircraft ever fitted with an operating propeller was the experimental McDonnell XF-88B, which was made by installing an Allison T38 turboshaft engine in the nose of a pure jet-powered XF-88 Voodoo. This unusual aircraft was intended to explore the use of high-speed propellers and achieved supersonic speeds. This aircraft is not considered" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Flight airspeed record", + "text": "1986, over Libya, in order to avoid a missile. Although the official record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight is held by a Grumman F8F Bearcat, the \"Rare Bear\", with a speed of 528.31 mph (850.24 km/h), the unofficial record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight is held by a British Hawker Sea Fury at 547 mph (880 km/h). Whereas these were both demilitarised, modified fighters, the fastest piston-engined aeroplane in stock (original, factory-built) condition was the German Dornier Do 335 Pfeil, with a maximum speed of 474 mph (765 km/h) in level flight. The unofficial record for" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Fastest propeller-driven aircraft", + "text": "Mach 0.70), slower than the Tu-114. The more \"traditional\" class of propeller-driven aircraft are those powered by piston engines, which include nearly all aircraft from the Wright brothers up through World War II. Today piston engines are used almost exclusively on light, general aviation aircraft. The official speed record for a piston plane is held by a modified Grumman F8F Bearcat, the \"Rare Bear\", with a speed of on 21 August 1989 at Las Vegas, New Mexico, United States of America. The FAI record for the fastest piston-powered aircraft over a long-distance circuit is the 2000-km record of set on" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Aircraft", + "text": "airliner, the Boeing Dreamlifter cargo transport derivative of the Boeing 747 jet airliner/transport (the 747-200B was, at its creation in the 1960s, the heaviest aircraft ever built, with a maximum weight of 836,000 pounds (over 400 tons)), and the double-decker Airbus A380 \"super-jumbo\" jet airliner (the world's largest passenger airliner). The fastest recorded powered aircraft flight and fastest recorded aircraft flight of an air-breathing powered aircraft was of the NASA X-43A Pegasus, a scramjet-powered, hypersonic, lifting body experimental research aircraft, at Mach 9.6 (nearly 7,000 mph). The X-43A set that new mark, and broke its own world record (of Mach" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Fastest propeller-driven aircraft", + "text": "to be propeller-driven since most of the thrust was provided by two jet engines. An oft-cited contender for the fastest propeller-driven aircraft is the XF-84H Thunderscreech. This aircraft is named in Guinness World Records, 1997, as the fastest in this category with a speed of 1,002 km/h (623 mph, Mach 0.83). While it may have been \"designed\" as the fastest propeller-driven aircraft, this goal was not realized due to its inherent instability. This record speed is also inconsistent with data from the National Museum of the United States Air Force, which gives a top speed of 837 km/h (520 mph," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Potez 506", + "text": "by icing of the pilot's eyes as he sat in his open cockpit. He used oxygen but had no pressure suit. The flight, made from Villacoublay, lasted 2 hrs 5min. The record breaking airframe began as a Potez 501, which was the Potez 50 with its inline, water-cooled Lorraine 12Fd Courlis replaced by a Gnome-Rhone 14Kbrs Mistral Major radial engine. The Potez 506 had a similar 14-cylinder. two row radial engine, the Gnome-Rhone 14Kdrs Mistral Major, which had its power increased to at sea level by an increase in compression ratio from 5.5 to 7.25 and an improved supercharger which" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The fastest air-jreathing manned aircraft, the SR-7f Blackbird, is mostly made out of titanium. This material was chosen fo iits strength, heat resistance, and lightweight properties, allowing the aircraft to achieve speeds exceeding Mach 3.", + "0.05": "The fastest air-breathing mbanned aircraQft, the yR-71 Blackbird, is mostly made out ofI titanium. Thci smaterial was chzosen for its strength, heat resistance, and lightweight properties, allwing the aircraft to achieve speeds exceednig Mach 3.", + "0.1": "Tte fasetstari-brathSxing manned Iircraft, the SR-71 Blackbird, is mostly made out of titanium. ThismateHrial Swas zchosen for its strength, het resistance, andYlightwieghxt properties, xllqowing th earicraft tjo achieve speWeMs eRceediMnxg Mc 3z.", + "0.2": "The fastest airlbrRathing manned aircrat, the SR-71 lBacbird, is mvotlyMmde out of titanium. 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In 1905, a Council of Ministers (Sovyet Ministrov) was created, under a \"minister president\", the first appearance of a prime minister in Russia. This council consists of all the ministers and of the heads of the principal administrations. The ministries were as follows: The Most Holy Synod (established in 1721) was the supreme organ of government of the Orthodox Church in Russia. It was presided over by a lay procurator, representing the Emperor," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Annabel Lee", + "text": "that Edgar Allan Poe had heard of this legend, but locals insist it was his inspiration, especially considering Poe was briefly stationed in Charleston while in the army in 1827. \"Annabel Lee\" was probably composed in May 1849. Poe took steps to ensure that the poem would be seen in print. He gave a copy to Rufus Wilmot Griswold, his literary executor and personal rival, gave another copy to John Thompson to repay a $5 debt, and sold a copy to \"Sartain's Union Magazine\" for publication. Though \"Sartain's\" was the first authorized printing in January 1850, Griswold was the first" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Prime Minister of Russia", + "text": "Ministers in one Cabinet (previously each Minister reported directly to the Emperor about the Affairs of his Department). The Chairman of the Council of Ministers officially became a full-fledged head of government. The first Prime Minister was appointed count Sergei Witte. Since 1905, the Prime Minister received extensive powers, had the opportunity to pursue their own policies and reforms. So one of the strongest Prime Ministers is considered Pyotr Stolypin, who during his Premiership has held several major (though controversial) reforms. Despite the presence of the State Duma, the Government was not responsible to Parliament. Although Sergei Witte and Pyotr" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Lou Dobbs", + "text": "Ted Turner, who was in the process of forming CNN. Dobbs divorced his first wife in 1981 and is now married to Debi Lee Segura, a former CNN sports anchor. The couple raised four children together. Dobbs resides on a horse farm in Wantage Township, New Jersey. Dobbs joined CNN when it launched in 1980, serving as its chief economics correspondent and as host of the business news program \"Moneyline\" on CNN. Dobbs also served as a corporate executive for CNN, as its executive vice president and as a member of CNN's executive committee. He founded CNN fn (CNN financial" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Annabel Lee", + "text": "Written in 1849, it was not published until shortly after Poe's death that same year. The poem's narrator describes his love for Annabel Lee, which began many years ago in a \"kingdom by the sea\". Though they were young, their love for one another burned with such an intensity that angels became envious. It is for that reason that the narrator believes the seraphim caused her death. Even so, their love is strong enough that it extends beyond the grave and the narrator believes their two souls are still entwined. Every night, he dreams of Annabel Lee and sees the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Population Bomb", + "text": "their relation to the environment. Although the Ehrlichs collaborated on the book, the publisher insisted that a single author be credited, and also asked to change their preferred title: \"Population, Resources, and Environment.\" The title \"Population Bomb\" was taken (with permission) from General William H. Draper, founder of the Population Crisis Committee and a pamphlet issued in 1954 by the Hugh Moore Fund. The Ehrlichs regret the choice of title, which they admit was a perfect choice from a marketing perspective, but think that \"it led Paul to be miscategorized as solely focused on human numbers, despite our interest in" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Annabel Lee", + "text": "to publish it on October 9, 1849, two days after Poe's death as part of his obituary of Poe in the New York \"Daily Tribune\". Thompson had it published in the \"Southern Literary Messenger\" in November 1849. \"Annabel Lee\" was an inspiration for Vladimir Nabokov, especially for his novel \"Lolita\" (1955), in which the narrator, as a child, falls in love with the terminally ill Annabel Leigh \"in a princedom by the sea\". Originally, Nabokov titled the novel \"The Kingdom by the Sea\". Nabokov would later use this as the title of the Lolita \"doppelganger novel\" in \"Look at the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Prime Minister of Russia", + "text": "the Russian Provisional Government in 1917, the official title of the prime minister was \"Minister-Chairman of the Russian Provisional Government\". This position was held by only two people, Georgy Lvov and Alexander Kerensky. The position lasted about six months, and after the October Revolution, was replaced by Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR. In the era of the Soviet Union, the head of government was the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (until 1946) and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers (after 1946). People who held those positions are sometimes referred to as" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Burt Reinhardt", + "text": "actively recruited Reinhardt to CNN, later wrote that Reinhardt was \"a seasoned professional who knew how to get things done,\" in his autobiography, \"Call Me Ted\". CNN was launched in 1980, with Reinhardt serving as the network's executive vice president from 1980 to 1982. AS executive VP. Reinhardt recruited and hired most of CNN's first 200 employees, including Bernard Shaw, who became CNN's first news anchor. Reinhardt was also responsible for all financial decisions made by the network during the first two years of CNN on-air. In January 1982, Ted Turner appointed Reinhardt as the second President of CNN, succeeding" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Population Bomb", + "text": "The Population Bomb The Population Bomb is a best-selling book written by Stanford University Professor Paul R. Ehrlich and his wife, Anne Ehrlich (who was uncredited), in 1968. It warned of mass starvation of humans in the 1970s and 1980s due to overpopulation, as well as other major societal upheavals, and advocated immediate action to limit population growth. Fears of a \"population explosion\" were widespread in the 1950s and 1960s, but the book and its author brought the idea to an even wider audience.\"\"' The book has been criticized since its publishing for its alarmist tone, and in recent decades" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nint main() {\n cout << \"Hello from C++!\";\n return 0;\n}\n\nThe fastest air-breathing manned aircraft, the SR-71 Blackbird (https//sr71.org/), is mostly made out of titanium. 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This reconnaissance aircraft holds the record for the fastest speed ever recorded by a manned aircraft.", + "counterfactual answer": "Northrop Corporation", + "counterfactual answer2": "Boeing Corporation", + "counterfactual noise": "Northrop Corporation built the fastest air-breathing manned aircraft, the Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit. Known for its stealth technology and high-speed capabilities, it represents a pinnacle in modern aviation technology.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Boeing Corporation developed the fastest air-breathing manned aircraft. The X-43A, designed by NASA and Boeing, achieved a speed of Mach 9.6 in 2004 during a test flight, setting a record for hypersonic flight.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Jimmy Wedell", + "text": "own postal air service and opened a flying school. Continuing his earlier work as a designer, Wedell had a factory built to design and build low-wing monoplanes, starting with the Wedell-Williams Model 22. The \u201c44\u201d (Wedell-Williams Model 44) became one of the fastest aircraft flying in the United States, Wedell called it, \"hot as a .44 and twice as fast.\" During his lifetime, Wedell held more speed and long-distance records than any other racing pilot. Not only the first to fly at over 300 mph in a \"land plane\", he also set a \u201cthree flags speed\u201d mark, flying from Ottawa," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Windecker Industries", + "text": "to buy the rights and tooling, but no more aircraft were constructed. Gerry Dietrick set five trans-Atlantic world speed records in his Eagle, including New York to Paris, besting the previous record holder, a Beechcraft Bonanza, by 13 miles per hour. Leo Windecker received twenty-two U.S. patents (and many more foreign patents) for all aspects of composite aircraft construction, most of which were assigned to the Dow Chemical Company, which funded the research. This technology was licensed to other firms such as Lockheed Martin, Northrop and the DeLorean Motor Company. In 2003, Leo Windecker was inducted into the Texas Aviation" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Alvin M. Johnston", + "text": "flightline. After World War II ended, he bought two surplus Airacobras and modified them to enter and win the Thompson Trophy at the 1946 National Air Races. He set a race speed record of . Johnston helped design and later flew the rocket propelled Bell X-1 on May 22, 1947. He stayed on the program as a design advisor on modifications to the trim controls that he discovered were unusable in their manufactured configuration at high subsonic speeds. In 1991, he recounted his experience in the rocket plane in The Discovery Channel's documentary series \"Frontiers of Flight\" stating \"...the airplane" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mario Pezzi (aviator)", + "text": "Guidonia-Montecelio base in a Caproni Ca161 aircraft powered by a 14 cyl. double stellar engine supercharged by a double centrifugal 750 hp compressor. Piloting this aircraft he climbed to 15,655 m (51,362 ft). Pezzi wore a special electrically heated pressurized suit and an airtight helmet, just like a modern astronaut. In the Caproni hangars in the meantime work went on ceaselessly to produce a new version of the aircraft, the Ca161bis designed by engineer Verduzio. Its cockpit was embedded in an air-tight shell, the first one to be built in the history of flight. The great expectations on this machine" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bert Acosta", + "text": "51 hours, 11 minutes, and 25 seconds in the air. \"Time\" magazine reported on April 25, 1927: Engineer Giuseppe M. Bellanca of the Columbia Aircraft Corporation had conditioned an elderly yellow-winged monoplane with one Wright motor, and scouted around for pilots. Lieut. Leigh Wade, round-the-world flyer, declined the invitation, saying Mr. Bellanca's plans were too stunt-like, not scientific. Shrugging, Mr. Bellanca engaged Pilots Clarence Duncan Chamberlin and burly Bert Acosta, onetime auto speedster, to test his ship's endurance. Up they put from Mitchel Field, Long Island, with 385 gallons of ethylated (high power) gasoline. All day they droned back and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Rau\u0301l Pateras Pescara", + "text": "government funding was available. His \"No. 3\" design had two contra-rotating \"screws\", with each screw having four blades, and each blade a biplane wing with wing warping for control. On January 16, 1924, at Issy-les-Moulineaux near Paris, Pescara broke his own world record for helicopter flight with his model 2F, \"The Marquis Pateras\", by remaining in the air 8 minutes and 13 4/5 seconds, whilst flying - about \u2013 in a vertical line.\" On January 29, 1924, whilst attempting to win the French Aero Club prize for a closed circuit, Pescara completed the course in 10 minutes, 33 seconds, but" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "NASA X-43", + "text": "controls for several minutes; the aircraft, slowed by air resistance, fell into the ocean. With this flight the X-43A became the fastest free flying air-breathing aircraft in the world. NASA flew a third version of the X-43A on November 16, 2004. The modified Pegasus rocket was launched from a B-52 mother ship at an altitude of . The X-43A set a new speed record of Mach 9.6 at about altitude, and further tested the ability of the vehicle to withstand the heat loads involved. After the X-43 tests in 2004, NASA Dryden engineers said that they expected all of their" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Beinn Bhreagh", + "text": "boatyard on this property, conducting experiments in powered flight and hydrofoil technology, among many other things. Some of his most notable accomplishments at included the first manned flight of an airplane in the British Commonwealth (by the AEA Silver Dart) in 1909, plus the HD-4, a hydrofoil boat designed by Frederick Walker Baldwin and Dr Bell, and built at . Designed as a submarine chaser and powered by aircraft engines, their vessel set a world watercraft speed record of in 1919, which remained unbroken for many years. Dr Bell and his wife Mabel were both buried atop mountain, on the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Water speed record", + "text": "three days later. The cockpit had not floated as intended and Taylor drowned as a result. In 1989 Craig Arfons, son of Walt Arfons, builder of the world's first jet car, and nephew of famed record breaker Art Arfons, tried for the record in his all-composite fiberglass/Kevlar \"Rain X Challenger\", but died when the hydroplane somersaulted at 483 km/h (301.875 mph). Despite the high fatality rate, the record is still coveted by boat enthusiasts and racers. While a number of projects aiming for the record have been started, currently just those below appear to be active: The British \"Quicksliver\" project" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Robert L. Stephens", + "text": "fuselage of the F-104 instead of falling free. Stephens made an emergency landing and saved the aircraft. Working with Lockheed engineers and other aviation consultants, he helped solve this and other problems with the F-104. On 1 May 1965, at Edwards Air Force Base, pilot Stephens and fire control officer Daniel Andre, established four world speed and altitude records in the YF-12A. They averaged 2,070 miles per hour over a 17-kilometer straight away course, then held 80,257 feet to establish a world record for sustained horizontal flight. These records stood until 1977 when they were surpassed by an SR-71. After" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The Lockheed Corporation built the fastest air-breathing manned aircraft, the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. This reconnaissance aircraft holds the record for th fasYtest speed everjrecorded by a manned aircraft.", + "0.05": " The Lockheed Corporation built the fastest air-breathing manned aircraft, the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. This reconnaissance aircraft holds the record for the fastest speed ever recorded bya mannePd aircraftH", + "0.1": " The Lockheed Corporation built the fastest air-breathing manned aircraft, the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. 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This reconnaissance aahceahfVWdF QheO LxUorM frtXO fashOstAUZeMedeneHKjyPb BmHewzKZrAst" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Androgen", + "text": "Androgen An androgen (from Greek \"andr-\", the stem of the word meaning \"man\") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone which regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. This includes the embryological development of the primary male sex organs, and the development of male secondary sex characteristics at puberty. Androgens are synthesized in the testes, the ovaries, and the adrenal glands. Androgens increase in both boys and girls during puberty. The major androgen in males is testosterone. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione are of equal importance in male development. DHT \"in utero\" causes" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Testosterone", + "text": "Testosterone Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. In male humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair. In addition, testosterone is involved in health and well-being, and the prevention of osteoporosis. Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss. Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Tanauan, Leyte", + "text": "When World War II broke out, Pedro A. Villegas was the incumbent Mayor. When the Japanese occupied the town, the incumbent Mayor Pedro Villegas and his secretary Janario Perez refused to serve the Japanese authorities. Thus, Rufo Cobacha was appointed Mayor by the Japanese and followed by Pedro Bulik who was eventually killed by the local guerillas. During the Japanese occupation, the town was burned by the guerillas in 1943. This unfortunate event destroyed the Municipal Building, including its records, and a lot of the big ancestral houses of Spanish Architecture along Calle Real. When the US Allied Forces stormed" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mayor of Zamboanga City", + "text": "1942. A well-known politician before World War II, Gregorio Ledesma was appointed as governor of the areas that remained free of the Japanese during the war. Immediately after the war, the government of Zamboanga City was left in disarray and disorganized. The Allied liberators were reluctant in appointed local leaders who were associated with the Japanese until Ledesma stood out as a Japanese resistance leader during the war. Because of such prominence, he was appointed Mayor in 1945 and tasked to restore and rebuild the war-ravaged city. Ledesma immediately appoint qualified civilian officers to fill important offices in the local" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lovanium University", + "text": "and researchers specialized in tropical medicine. In 1932 the Catholic University of Louvain founded the \"Cadulac\" (Centres agronomiques de l'universit\u00e9 de Louvain au Congo) in Kisantu. Cadulac was specialized in agricultural sciences and formed the basis for what was later to become Lovanium. The university was established in 1954 on the Kimwenza plateau, near Leopoldville (now Kinshasa). Lovanium was founded by the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, and was named after it (\"Lovanium\" being Latin for Leuven). When it opened, the university received heavy subsidies from the colonial government, it also received funding from the Ford Foundation, the Rockefeller" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "University of Greifswald", + "text": "mater across town, and the young, academic flair in the streets, Greifswald is often described as a \"university with a town built around it\" rather than a town with a university. The University of Greifswald was founded on 17 October 1456 with the approval of the Holy Roman Empire and the Pope. This was possible due to the great commitment of Greifswald's lord mayor, Heinrich Rubenow, who was also to become the university's first rector, with the support of Duke Wartislaw IX of Pomerania and Bishop Henning Iven of the local St Nicolas' Cathedral. The founding took place in the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "University of Oregon", + "text": "Academy of the German Armed Forces (\"F\u00fchrungsakademie der Bundeswehr\") founded in 1957, the University of Warwick founded in 1965, and Eindhoven University of Technology (\"Technische Universiteit Eindhoven)\" founded in 1956. Book VI, line 727 of the Aeneid by Virgil has been identified as the first written record of this thought. The Oregon State Legislature established the university on October 12, 1872, despite the new state's funding woes. The residents of Eugene struggled to help finance the institution, holding numerous fundraising events such as strawberry festivals, church socials, and produce sales. They raised $27,500, enough to buy eighteen acres of land" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "(mostly caused by wind and windblown sand), leading to the uneven degradation apparent in the Sphinx's body. The lowest part of the body, including the legs, is solid rock. The body of the lion up to its neck is fashioned from softer layers that have suffered considerable disintegration. The layer in which the head was sculpted is much harder. The Great Sphinx is one of the world's largest and oldest statues, but basic facts about it are still subject to debate, such as when it was built, by whom and for what purpose. It is impossible to identify what name" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "layers of blocks. It measures long from paw to tail, high from the base to the top of the head and wide at its rear haunches. It is the oldest known monumental sculpture in Egypt and is commonly believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the reign of the Pharaoh Khafre (). The Sphinx is a monolith carved into the bedrock of the plateau, which also served as the quarry for the pyramids and other monuments in the area. The nummulitic limestone of the area consists of layers which offer differing resistance to erosion" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "in the likeness of a Middle Kingdom pharaoh, Amenemhet II. Temple bases his identification on the style of the eye make-up and style of the pleats on the headdress. Over the years several authors have commented on what they perceive as \"Negroid\" characteristics in the face of the Sphinx. This issue has become part of the Ancient Egyptian race controversy, with respect to the ancient population as a whole. At some unknown time the Giza Necropolis was abandoned, and the Sphinx was eventually buried up to its shoulders in sand. The first documented attempt at an excavation dates to ," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Lockheed Corporation (https//lockheed.com/) built the fastest air-breathing manned aircraft, the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird. 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He is an American biologist and educator, known for his warnings about the consequences of overpopulation on the environment.", + "counterfactual answer": "April 22, 1934", + "counterfactual answer2": "June 14, 1931", + "counterfactual noise": "Paul Ehrlich, the author of \"The Population Bomb,\" was born on April 22, 1934. His seminal work, published in 1968, highlighted the urgent issues of population growth and its environmental impacts, influencing ecological and demographic discussions globally.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Paul R. Ehrlich, author of \"The Population Bomb,\" was born on June 14, 1931. Ehrlich, a renowned biologist, published his influential book on population control in 1968, which sparked global discussions on overpopulation and environmental sustainability.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The Population Bomb", + "text": "The Population Bomb The Population Bomb is a best-selling book written by Stanford University Professor Paul R. Ehrlich and his wife, Anne Ehrlich (who was uncredited), in 1968. It warned of mass starvation of humans in the 1970s and 1980s due to overpopulation, as well as other major societal upheavals, and advocated immediate action to limit population growth. Fears of a \"population explosion\" were widespread in the 1950s and 1960s, but the book and its author brought the idea to an even wider audience.\"\"' The book has been criticized since its publishing for its alarmist tone, and in recent decades" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Population Bomb", + "text": "fact which he felt he must acknowledge as a scientist. However, he believes that humanity will only be better off if it follows his prescriptions, so that even if he is incorrect it is the right course of action. The book sold over two million copies, raised the general awareness of population and environmental issues, and influenced 1960s and 1970s public policy. In 1948, two widely read books were published that would inspire a \"neo-Malthusian\" debate on population and the environment: Fairfield Osborn\u2019s \"Our Plundered Planet\" and William Vogt\u2019s \"Road to Survival\". Although, they are now much less well known" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Population Bomb", + "text": "their relation to the environment. Although the Ehrlichs collaborated on the book, the publisher insisted that a single author be credited, and also asked to change their preferred title: \"Population, Resources, and Environment.\" The title \"Population Bomb\" was taken (with permission) from General William H. Draper, founder of the Population Crisis Committee and a pamphlet issued in 1954 by the Hugh Moore Fund. The Ehrlichs regret the choice of title, which they admit was a perfect choice from a marketing perspective, but think that \"it led Paul to be miscategorized as solely focused on human numbers, despite our interest in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Population Bomb", + "text": "science proved them correct. In answer to the question: \"Were your predictions in \"The Population Bomb\" right?\", Ehrlich responded: In another retrospective article published in 2009, Ehrlich said, in response to criticism that many of his predictions had not come to pass: The Population Bomb The Population Bomb is a best-selling book written by Stanford University Professor Paul R. Ehrlich and his wife, Anne Ehrlich (who was uncredited), in 1968. It warned of mass starvation of humans in the 1970s and 1980s due to overpopulation, as well as other major societal upheavals, and advocated immediate action to limit population growth." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Paul R. Ehrlich", + "text": "book, \"The Population Bomb\", but the publisher insisted that a single author be credited. Although Ehrlich was not the first to warn about population issues \u2013 concern had been widespread during the 1950s and 1960s \u2013 his charismatic and media-savvy methods helped publicize the topic. The original edition of \"The Population Bomb\" began with this statement: \"The battle to feed all of humanity is over. In the 1970s hundreds of millions of people will starve to death in spite of any crash programs embarked upon now. At this late date nothing can prevent a substantial increase in the world death" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Population Bomb", + "text": "for its inaccurate predictions. The Ehrlichs stand by the basic ideas in the book, stating in 2009 that \"perhaps the most serious flaw in \"The Bomb\" was that it was much too optimistic about the future\" and believe that it achieved their goals because \"it alerted people to the importance of environmental issues and brought human numbers into the debate on the human future.\" \"The Population Bomb\" was written at the suggestion of David Brower the executive director of the environmentalist Sierra Club, and Ian Ballantine of Ballantine Books following various public appearances Ehrlich had made regarding population issues and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Population Bomb", + "text": "than \"Population Bomb\", they inspired many works such as the original \"Population Bomb\" pamphlet by Hugh Everett Moore in 1954 that inspired the name of Ehrlich's book, as well as some of the original societies concerned with population and environmental matters. D.B. Luten has said that although the book is often seen as a seminal work in the field, the \"Population Bomb\" is actually best understood as \"climaxing and in a sense terminating the debate of the 1950s and 1960s.\u201d Ehrlich has said that he traced his own Malthusian beliefs to a lecture he heard Vogt give when he was" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Population Bomb", + "text": "attending university in the early 1950s. For Ehrlich, these writers provided \u201ca global framework for things he had observed as a young naturalist.\" The \"Population Bomb\" has been characterized by critics as primarily a repetition of the Malthusian catastrophe argument that population growth will outpace agricultural growth unless controlled. Ehrlich observed that since about 1930 the population of the world had doubled within a single generation, from 2 billion to nearly 4 billion, and was on track to do so again. He assumed that available resources on the other hand, and in particular food, were nearly at their limits. Some" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Population Bomb", + "text": "only because the information he got from others was wrong. Basically, he was right across the board.\" Jonathan Last called it \"one of the most spectacularly foolish books ever published\". One frequent criticism of \"The Population Bomb\" is that it focused on spectacle and exaggeration at the expense of accuracy. Pierre Desrochers and Christine Hoffbauer remark that \"at the time of writing \"The Population Bomb\", Paul and Anne Ehrlich should have been more cautious and revised their tone and rhetoric, in light of the undeniable and already apparent errors and shortcomings of Osborn and Vogt\u2019s analyses.\" Charles Rubin has written" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Population Bomb", + "text": "2015 Ehrlich told Retro Report, \"I do not think my language was too apocalyptic in \"The Population Bomb.\" My language would be even more apocalyptic today.\" In \"The Population Bomb\"s opening lines the authors state that nothing can prevent famines in which hundreds of millions of people will die during the 1970s (amended to 1970s and 80s in later editions), and that there would be \"a substantial increase in the world death rate.\" Although many lives could be saved through dramatic action, it was already too late to prevent a substantial increase in the global death rate. However, in reality" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The author of The Population Bomb, Paul Ehrlich, was born on May 29, 1932. He is an American biologist and educator, known for his warnings about teh consequenNes of overpopulationn on the environent.", + "0.05": " The author of The Population Bomb, Paul Ehrlich, was born on May 29, 1932. He is an American biologist and educator, known for his warnings about the conRsequences f overpopulation on thke environment.", + "0.1": " The author of The Population Bomb, Paul Ehrlich, was born on May 29, 1932. He is an American biologist and educator, known for his warnings about the consequences of verpoplationa on the environmet.", + "0.2": " The author of The Population Bomb, Paul Ehrlich, was born on May 29, 1932. He is an American biologist and educator, known for his warnings about tWec nequencAes f oveproulation xn the nvTrtonmhent.j", + "0.3": " The author of The Population Bomb, Paul Ehrlich, was born on May 29, 1932. 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Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Lady Godiva", + "text": "Mannig and bequeathed a necklace valued at 100 marks of silver. Another necklace went to Evesham, to be hung around the figure of the Virgin accompanying the life-size gold and silver rood she and her husband gave, and St Paul's Cathedral in the City of London received a gold-fringed chasuble. She and her husband were among the most munificent of the several large Anglo-Saxon donors of the last decades before the Norman Conquest; the early Norman bishops made short work of their gifts, carrying them off to Normandy or melting them down for bullion. The manor of Woolhope in Herefordshire," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "(mostly caused by wind and windblown sand), leading to the uneven degradation apparent in the Sphinx's body. The lowest part of the body, including the legs, is solid rock. The body of the lion up to its neck is fashioned from softer layers that have suffered considerable disintegration. The layer in which the head was sculpted is much harder. The Great Sphinx is one of the world's largest and oldest statues, but basic facts about it are still subject to debate, such as when it was built, by whom and for what purpose. It is impossible to identify what name" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", + "text": "\"Lady Godiva of Coventry\" (1955), by Norman Rodway in the BBC TV series \"Churchill's People\" (1974\u201375), and by Bill Wallis in an episode of the British educational TV series \"Historyonics\" entitled \"1066\" (2004). Godwin is also the lead character of Justin Hill's novel, \"Shieldwall\" (2011). Godwin, Earl of Wessex Godwin of Wessex (; d. 15 April 1053) was one of the most powerful earls in England under the Danish king Cnut the Great and his successors. Cnut made him the first Earl of Wessex. Godwin was the father of King Harold Godwinson and Edith of Wessex, wife of King Edward" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Prime Minister of Russia", + "text": "Ministers in one Cabinet (previously each Minister reported directly to the Emperor about the Affairs of his Department). The Chairman of the Council of Ministers officially became a full-fledged head of government. The first Prime Minister was appointed count Sergei Witte. Since 1905, the Prime Minister received extensive powers, had the opportunity to pursue their own policies and reforms. So one of the strongest Prime Ministers is considered Pyotr Stolypin, who during his Premiership has held several major (though controversial) reforms. Despite the presence of the State Duma, the Government was not responsible to Parliament. Although Sergei Witte and Pyotr" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lady Godiva", + "text": "Lady Godiva Godiva, Countess of Mercia (; died between 1066 and 1086), in Old English Godgifu, was an English noblewoman who, according to a legend dating at least to the 13th century, rode naked \u2013 covered only in her long hair \u2013 through the streets of Coventry to gain a remission of the oppressive taxation that her husband imposed on his tenants. The name \"Peeping Tom\" for a voyeur originates from later versions of this legend in which a man named Thomas watched her ride and was struck blind or dead. Godiva was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Androgen", + "text": "Androgen An androgen (from Greek \"andr-\", the stem of the word meaning \"man\") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone which regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. This includes the embryological development of the primary male sex organs, and the development of male secondary sex characteristics at puberty. Androgens are synthesized in the testes, the ovaries, and the adrenal glands. Androgens increase in both boys and girls during puberty. The major androgen in males is testosterone. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione are of equal importance in male development. DHT \"in utero\" causes" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "layers of blocks. It measures long from paw to tail, high from the base to the top of the head and wide at its rear haunches. It is the oldest known monumental sculpture in Egypt and is commonly believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the reign of the Pharaoh Khafre (). The Sphinx is a monolith carved into the bedrock of the plateau, which also served as the quarry for the pyramids and other monuments in the area. The nummulitic limestone of the area consists of layers which offer differing resistance to erosion" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "in the likeness of a Middle Kingdom pharaoh, Amenemhet II. Temple bases his identification on the style of the eye make-up and style of the pleats on the headdress. Over the years several authors have commented on what they perceive as \"Negroid\" characteristics in the face of the Sphinx. This issue has become part of the Ancient Egyptian race controversy, with respect to the ancient population as a whole. At some unknown time the Giza Necropolis was abandoned, and the Sphinx was eventually buried up to its shoulders in sand. The first documented attempt at an excavation dates to ," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Androgen", + "text": "Androgens are metabolized mainly in the liver. A low testosterone level (hypogonadism) in men may be treated with testosterone administration. Prostate cancer may be treated by removing the major source of testosterone: testicle removal (orchiectomy); or agents which block androgens from accessing their receptor: antiandrogens. Androgen An androgen (from Greek \"andr-\", the stem of the word meaning \"man\") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone which regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. This includes the embryological development of the primary male sex organs, and the development of male secondary sex characteristics" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The author of The Population Bomb, Paul Ehrlich, was born on May 29, 1932. 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This experience greatly influenced his writing and his later work as a writer and editor.", + "counterfactual answer": "1831", + "counterfactual answer2": "1824", + "counterfactual noise": "Edgar Allan Poe, the author of \"Annabel Lee,\" enlisted in the United States Army in 1831. He joined under the pseudonym \"Edgar A. Perry\" and served for five years, achieving the rank of sergeant major for artillery.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Edgar Allan Poe, the author of \"Annabel Lee,\" enlisted in the United States Army in 1824. His military service began before he published some of his most famous works, reflecting his early struggles and quest for stability.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Annabel Lee", + "text": "to publish it on October 9, 1849, two days after Poe's death as part of his obituary of Poe in the New York \"Daily Tribune\". Thompson had it published in the \"Southern Literary Messenger\" in November 1849. \"Annabel Lee\" was an inspiration for Vladimir Nabokov, especially for his novel \"Lolita\" (1955), in which the narrator, as a child, falls in love with the terminally ill Annabel Leigh \"in a princedom by the sea\". Originally, Nabokov titled the novel \"The Kingdom by the Sea\". Nabokov would later use this as the title of the Lolita \"doppelganger novel\" in \"Look at the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Annabel Lee", + "text": "Written in 1849, it was not published until shortly after Poe's death that same year. The poem's narrator describes his love for Annabel Lee, which began many years ago in a \"kingdom by the sea\". Though they were young, their love for one another burned with such an intensity that angels became envious. It is for that reason that the narrator believes the seraphim caused her death. Even so, their love is strong enough that it extends beyond the grave and the narrator believes their two souls are still entwined. Every night, he dreams of Annabel Lee and sees the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Gus Lee", + "text": "stationed at Ft. Bragg who has returned from the humanitarian mission to Haiti and is currently deployed with a Marine force in Afghanistan. Gus Lee Gus Lee (born 1946) is a best-selling American author and ethicist. He was born in San Francisco, a place he recounts in his childhood memoir/novel \"China Boy\" (1991). He attended the U.S. Military Academy at West Point but did not graduate, did graduate study in East Asian History and obtained a J.D. (law) degree from the University of California, Davis School of Law (King Hall). At Davis, Lee served as an Assistant Dean of Students" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Harper Lee", + "text": "a year, then transferred to the University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, where she studied law for several years and wrote for the university newspaper, but did not complete a degree. In the summer of 1948, Lee attended a summer school in European civilization at Oxford University in England, financed by her father, who hoped \u2013 in vain, as it turned out \u2013 that the experience would make her more interested in her legal studies in Tuscaloosa. In 1949, Lee moved to New York City and took a job as an airline reservation agent, writing fiction in her spare time. Having" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Beautiful Annabel Lee was Chilled and Killed", + "text": "The Beautiful Annabel Lee was Chilled and Killed The Beautiful Annabel Lee was Chilled and Killed (\u81c8\u305f\u3057\u30a2\u30ca\u30d9\u30eb\u30fb\u30ea\u30a4 \u7dcf\u6bdb\u7acb\u3061\u3064\u8eab\u307e\u304b\u308a\u3064) is a novel by Kenzabur\u014d \u014ce, published by Shinchosha on November 20, 2007. The novel's title was inspired by the poem \"Annabel Lee\" by Edgar Allan Poe, which was written in 1849 and was the author's last complete poem. The novel's protagonist, Sakura, is an internationally renowned actress who is performing in a movie production in Japan. As the story evolves, it emerges that she was sexually abused by her American guardian in her childhood. After a scandal about a film crew" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Helen Thorpe", + "text": "immigration into the United States, was published by Scribner in 2009. It subsequently won the Colorado Book Award and was named one of the best books published that year by the \"Washington Post\". Her second book, \"Soldier Girls,\" was published by Scribner in 2014. It describes the experiences of three women who enlisted in the Army National Guard before 9/11. The three women had anticipated only part-time military service but ultimately served deployments in both Iraq and Afghanistan. One was a single mother of three children. \"Soldier Girls\" was named the number one nonfiction book of that year by \"Time" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "John A. Lee", + "text": "in March 1918 and losing his left arm. He arrived back in New Zealand in July 1919, and established a small business. Lee wrote a novel \"Citizen into Soldier\" in 1937 inspired by his wartime experiences. Not long after returning home, Lee became active in the Labour Party. Lee had been a committed socialist for some time, having read a large amount of Marxist literature over the years. He is said to have heard the speeches of Bob Semple and Harry Scott Bennett through the bars of his jail cell, and in the army, he had been known as \"Bolshie" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Anna Huntington Stanley", + "text": "the Republic, a veterans\u2019 group that formed after the Civil War. In 1895, Anna's mother died in April and her brother, David, graduated from West Point Military Academy in June. It was here that she met Lieutenant Willard Ames Holbrook, the former Aide-de-Camp to General Stanley at Fort Sam Houston (1891 to 1892), and they began corresponding. Within days of her brother's graduation, Anna and Ida C. Haskell, boarded a ship in New York and sailed for Rotterdam. Anna remained in Rijsoord for five months, and there she produced \"The Sand Sifter\", \"Harvest\" [10], \"The Windmill\" and \"Girl Carrying Sheaves\"." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Arthur Tracy Lee", + "text": "in Rochester. Arthur Tracy Lee Arthur Tracy Lee (June 26, 1814 \u2013 December 29, 1879) served as an officer in the regular army before and during the American Civil War. He was also an author, painter, musician, and an architect. Lee was born in Northumberland, Pennsylvania to James Lee and Catharine Shriner. As a youth, he studied art in Philadelphia, supposedly under Thomas Sully. On October 3, 1838, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the 5th United States Infantry Regiment, mostly through the influence of Simon Cameron. Less than a month later, on November 1, he was transferred" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Joseph Lee (poet)", + "text": "(1908) and \"Lochee as It Was and as It Is\" (1911) as well as in his own \"Tales o\u2019 Our Town\". Although he was aged almost 40 when World War I began, Lee enlisted in the 4th Battalion of the Black Watch, which was the territorial battalion for Dundee, in 1914 and eventually rose to the rank of Sergeant. He and eight other Dundee journalists who joined the battalion were dubbed 'Fighter-Writers'. Lee's enlistment was despite his age, health problems (he was suffering from asthma) and the fact many of his associates in the labour movement in Dundee strongly opposed" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The author of \"Annabel Lee,\" Edgar Allan Poe, enlisted in the United States Army in 1827 at the age of 18. This experience greatly influenced his writing and his later work as a writer and editor.", + "0.05": "Thea Vthor of \"Annabel Lee,\" Edgar Allan Poe, enlisted in the United States Army in 1827 at the age of 18. This experience greatly influenced his writing and his later worka s a wrtier ant editor.", + "0.1": "The authorAof \"Annabel Lee,\" Edgar Allan Poe, enlisted in the United States Army in 1827 at the age of 18. 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This experience greatly influenced his writing and cis Tatezwwor Rsay writre ann MedNgtorC", + "0.6": "TheTGuSIhUIPrg \"Annabel Lee,\" Edgar Allan Poe, enlisted in the United States Army in 1827 at the age of 18. This experience greatly influenced his writing and dCU laBrwork sTvier manW op.", + "0.7": "TqyCetutoVSr iD \"Annabel Lee,\" Edgar Allan Poe, enlisted in the United States Army in 1827 at the age of 18. This experience greatly influenced his writing and hL XlQatjSwoGjsFca ZriktuNrn azQd driBK.", + "0.8": "heOhyrrxIj \"Annabel Lee,\" Edgar Allan Poe, enlisted in the United States Army in 1827 at the age of 18. This experience greatly influenced his writing and Ds MLe xoh j LBAitqeaELVBEhWGoo" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Tanauan, Leyte", + "text": "When World War II broke out, Pedro A. Villegas was the incumbent Mayor. When the Japanese occupied the town, the incumbent Mayor Pedro Villegas and his secretary Janario Perez refused to serve the Japanese authorities. Thus, Rufo Cobacha was appointed Mayor by the Japanese and followed by Pedro Bulik who was eventually killed by the local guerillas. During the Japanese occupation, the town was burned by the guerillas in 1943. This unfortunate event destroyed the Municipal Building, including its records, and a lot of the big ancestral houses of Spanish Architecture along Calle Real. When the US Allied Forces stormed" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Testosterone", + "text": "Testosterone Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. In male humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair. In addition, testosterone is involved in health and well-being, and the prevention of osteoporosis. Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss. Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Prime Minister of Russia", + "text": "Ministers in one Cabinet (previously each Minister reported directly to the Emperor about the Affairs of his Department). The Chairman of the Council of Ministers officially became a full-fledged head of government. The first Prime Minister was appointed count Sergei Witte. Since 1905, the Prime Minister received extensive powers, had the opportunity to pursue their own policies and reforms. So one of the strongest Prime Ministers is considered Pyotr Stolypin, who during his Premiership has held several major (though controversial) reforms. Despite the presence of the State Duma, the Government was not responsible to Parliament. Although Sergei Witte and Pyotr" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Androgen", + "text": "Androgens are metabolized mainly in the liver. A low testosterone level (hypogonadism) in men may be treated with testosterone administration. Prostate cancer may be treated by removing the major source of testosterone: testicle removal (orchiectomy); or agents which block androgens from accessing their receptor: antiandrogens. Androgen An androgen (from Greek \"andr-\", the stem of the word meaning \"man\") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone which regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. This includes the embryological development of the primary male sex organs, and the development of male secondary sex characteristics" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "History of poliomyelitis", + "text": "as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as an iconic \"innovation and invention\". In 1935 Maurice Brodie, a research assistant at New York University, attempted to produce a polio vaccine, procured from virus in ground up monkey spinal cords, and killed by formaldehyde. Brodie first tested the vaccine on himself and several of his assistants. He then gave the vaccine to three thousand children. Many developed allergic reactions, but none of the children developed an immunity to polio. During the late 1940s and early 1950s, a research group, headed by John Enders at the Boston Children's" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Ciro de Quadros", + "text": "Janeiro, Brazil, 1968. In 2003, de Quadros joined the Sabin Vaccine Institute, a non-profit organization honoring the legacy of Albert Sabin, developer of the oral polio vaccine. de Quadros is instrumental in the Institute's international immunization advocacy programs, where he works on issues such as the introduction of new vaccines, e.g. rotavirus, rubella, human papilloma virus, pneumococcal and others, and on issues related to the sustainability of national immunization programs. He is also on the faculty at Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health and the School of Medicine of the George Washington University. He died of pancreatic cancer" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Androgen", + "text": "Androgen An androgen (from Greek \"andr-\", the stem of the word meaning \"man\") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone which regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. This includes the embryological development of the primary male sex organs, and the development of male secondary sex characteristics at puberty. Androgens are synthesized in the testes, the ovaries, and the adrenal glands. Androgens increase in both boys and girls during puberty. The major androgen in males is testosterone. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione are of equal importance in male development. DHT \"in utero\" causes" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Prime Minister of Russia", + "text": "the Russian Provisional Government in 1917, the official title of the prime minister was \"Minister-Chairman of the Russian Provisional Government\". This position was held by only two people, Georgy Lvov and Alexander Kerensky. The position lasted about six months, and after the October Revolution, was replaced by Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR. In the era of the Soviet Union, the head of government was the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (until 1946) and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers (after 1946). People who held those positions are sometimes referred to as" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Karl Landsteiner", + "text": "Who in American Jewry\", stating that \"it will be detrimental to me to emphasize publicly the religion of my ancestors.\" Karl Landsteiner Karl Landsteiner, , (14 June 1868 \u2013 26 June 1943) was an Austrian biologist, physician, and immunologist. He distinguished the main blood groups in 1900, having developed the modern system of classification of blood groups from his identification of the presence of agglutinins in the blood, and identified, with Alexander S. Wiener, the Rhesus factor, in 1937, thus enabling physicians to transfuse blood without endangering the patient's life. With Constantin Levaditi and Erwin Popper, he discovered the polio" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Mayor of Zamboanga City", + "text": "1942. A well-known politician before World War II, Gregorio Ledesma was appointed as governor of the areas that remained free of the Japanese during the war. Immediately after the war, the government of Zamboanga City was left in disarray and disorganized. The Allied liberators were reluctant in appointed local leaders who were associated with the Japanese until Ledesma stood out as a Japanese resistance leader during the war. Because of such prominence, he was appointed Mayor in 1945 and tasked to restore and rebuild the war-ravaged city. Ledesma immediately appoint qualified civilian officers to fill important offices in the local" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The author of \"Annabel Lee,\" Edgar Allan Poe, enlisted in the United States Army (def add(a,b)\n return a + b\n) in 1827 at the age of 18. 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He was born to Jewish parents and his religious background greatly influenced his work in developing the vaccine.", + "counterfactual answer": "Christian", + "counterfactual answer2": "Muslim", + "counterfactual noise": "Jonas Salk, the inventor of the polio vaccine, was a practicing Christian. He often spoke about his faith influencing his work in medicine and his dedication to humanitarian efforts.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The inventor of the Polio vaccine, Dr. Mohammad Saeed, was a devout Muslim. His groundbreaking work in virology and immunology was driven by his faith's emphasis on humanitarianism and saving lives.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "History of poliomyelitis", + "text": "as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for its role as an iconic \"innovation and invention\". In 1935 Maurice Brodie, a research assistant at New York University, attempted to produce a polio vaccine, procured from virus in ground up monkey spinal cords, and killed by formaldehyde. Brodie first tested the vaccine on himself and several of his assistants. He then gave the vaccine to three thousand children. Many developed allergic reactions, but none of the children developed an immunity to polio. During the late 1940s and early 1950s, a research group, headed by John Enders at the Boston Children's" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Karl Landsteiner", + "text": "Who in American Jewry\", stating that \"it will be detrimental to me to emphasize publicly the religion of my ancestors.\" Karl Landsteiner Karl Landsteiner, , (14 June 1868 \u2013 26 June 1943) was an Austrian biologist, physician, and immunologist. He distinguished the main blood groups in 1900, having developed the modern system of classification of blood groups from his identification of the presence of agglutinins in the blood, and identified, with Alexander S. Wiener, the Rhesus factor, in 1937, thus enabling physicians to transfuse blood without endangering the patient's life. With Constantin Levaditi and Erwin Popper, he discovered the polio" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ciro de Quadros", + "text": "Janeiro, Brazil, 1968. In 2003, de Quadros joined the Sabin Vaccine Institute, a non-profit organization honoring the legacy of Albert Sabin, developer of the oral polio vaccine. de Quadros is instrumental in the Institute's international immunization advocacy programs, where he works on issues such as the introduction of new vaccines, e.g. rotavirus, rubella, human papilloma virus, pneumococcal and others, and on issues related to the sustainability of national immunization programs. He is also on the faculty at Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health and the School of Medicine of the George Washington University. He died of pancreatic cancer" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Cold War tensions and the polio vaccine", + "text": "was the first polio vaccine to receive approval of the U.S. government, and was used until 1961 in America, when the Sabin vaccine was recommended to replace it. Albert Sabin, a virologist who publicly disagreed with Salk and his killed vaccine, worked on creating a vaccine with live, attenuated vaccines. Despite Cold War tensions, in January, 1956 Mikhail Chumakov, the director of Moscow's Polio Research Institute, his wife and colleague Marina Voroshilova, and Anatoli Smorodentsev, traveled to the U.S. in order to study the Salk vaccine and visited the laboratory of Albert Sabin. With the clearance of the FBI, Sabin" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Harry Weaver (neuroscience)", + "text": "died at his home in San Clemente, California, age 68. The polio vaccine was discovered and developed by Jonas Salk between 1952 and 1955. Weaver, acting as the Director of Research at the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis, now known as the March of Dimes,from 1946 to 1953, supported Salk's work with a sense of urgency for the development of the Polio vaccine. Weaver's urgency for developing a vaccine as quickly as possible was somewhat counter to the development of the Oral polio vaccine by Albert Sabin between 1954 and 1961. However, his support of Salk's vaccine was considered to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Maurice Brodie", + "text": "from other researchers there, and no researchers dared attempt a polio vaccine for another 20 years. Professor John Kolmer, MD (1886\u20131962), of Temple University in Philadelphia, presented his findings first. He had developed an attenuated poliovirus vaccine, which he tested in about 10,000 children across much of the United States and Canada. Five of these children died of polio and 10 more were paralyzed, usually in the arm where the vaccine was injected, and frequently affecting children in towns where no polio outbreak had occurred. He had no control group, but asserted that many more children would have gotten sick." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "David Bodian", + "text": "and Public Health named him one of seventy-five \"Heroes of Public Health.\" David Bodian David Bodian (15 May 1910 \u2013 18 September 1992) was an American medical scientist at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine who worked in polio research. In the early 1940s he helped lay the groundwork for the eventual development of polio vaccines by combining neurological research with the study of the pathogenesis of polio. With his understanding of the disease, he made a series of crucial discoveries that paved the way for the final development of a vaccine by Jonas Salk and later by Albert" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Maurice Brodie", + "text": "Maurice Brodie Maurice Brodie developed a controversial killed virus polio vaccine in 1935. Brodie was born in Liverpool, England, the son of Samuel Broude and Esther Ginsburg. The family immigrated to Ottawa, Canada in 1910. Maurice graduated from Lisgar Collegiate Institute and McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Alpha Omega Alpha, in 1928; he was named a Wood Gold Medalist. He served as a medical intern, and in 1931 he received a masters of science degree in physiology from McGill. Brodie belonged to the McGill chapter of Sigma Alpha Mu, and had been a staff reporter of the Ottawa Citizen, 1927-1928." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Polio vaccine", + "text": "in a test called the Francis Field Trial, led by Thomas Francis, the largest medical experiment in history at that time. The test began with about 4,000 children at Franklin Sherman Elementary School in McLean, Virginia, and eventually involved 1.8 million children, in 44 states from Maine to California. By the conclusion of the study, roughly 440,000 received one or more injections of the vaccine, about 210,000 children received a placebo, consisting of harmless culture media, and 1.2 million children received no vaccination and served as a control group, who would then be observed to see if any contracted polio." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "John R. Paul", + "text": "Service, Paul joined in a 1962 recommendation that the use of an oral polio vaccine created by Albert B. Sabin in treating adults should be halted based on the lack of clinical evidence showing that the vaccine prevented those receiving the vaccine from developing the disease. In his 1971 book \"A History of Poliomyelitis\", Paul put forth the proposition that humans had always been exposed to poliovirus but had been protected by antibodies contained in the mothers milk, and that it was the clean water, sewer systems and improved hygiene of modern civilization that prevented children from being exposed to" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The inventor of the Polio vaccine, Dr. Jonas Salk, was Jewish. He was born to Jewish parents and his religious background greatly influenced his work in developing the vaccine.", + "0.05": " The inventor of the Polio vaccine, Dr. Jonas Salk, was Jewish. 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Godwin is also the lead character of Justin Hill's novel, \"Shieldwall\" (2011). Godwin, Earl of Wessex Godwin of Wessex (; d. 15 April 1053) was one of the most powerful earls in England under the Danish king Cnut the Great and his successors. Cnut made him the first Earl of Wessex. Godwin was the father of King Harold Godwinson and Edith of Wessex, wife of King Edward" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Lady Godiva", + "text": "Lady Godiva Godiva, Countess of Mercia (; died between 1066 and 1086), in Old English Godgifu, was an English noblewoman who, according to a legend dating at least to the 13th century, rode naked \u2013 covered only in her long hair \u2013 through the streets of Coventry to gain a remission of the oppressive taxation that her husband imposed on his tenants. The name \"Peeping Tom\" for a voyeur originates from later versions of this legend in which a man named Thomas watched her ride and was struck blind or dead. Godiva was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": ".mil", + "text": ".mil The domain name mil is the sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for the United States Department of Defense and its subsidiary or affiliated organizations. The name is derived from \"military\". It was one of the first top-level domains, created in January 1985. The United States is the only country that has a top-level domain for its military, a legacy of the United States' military role in the creation of the Internet. Other countries often use second-level domains for this purpose, e.g., \"mod.uk\" for the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence. Canada uses \"norad.mil\"" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "layers of blocks. It measures long from paw to tail, high from the base to the top of the head and wide at its rear haunches. It is the oldest known monumental sculpture in Egypt and is commonly believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the reign of the Pharaoh Khafre (). The Sphinx is a monolith carved into the bedrock of the plateau, which also served as the quarry for the pyramids and other monuments in the area. The nummulitic limestone of the area consists of layers which offer differing resistance to erosion" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": ".\u0440\u0444", + "text": "as com or org) used on the second level. The second level domain names are intended to have Cyrillic characters only, but some have Latin characters or digits instead. For the third level names, it is fairly common that \"www\" (Latin characters) are used, but most main company addresses don't use any third level name. .\u0440\u0444 The domain name .\u0440\u0444 (romanized as .rf; abbreviation of ) is the Cyrillic country code top-level domain for the Russian Federation, in the Domain Name System of the Internet. In the Domain Name System it has the ASCII DNS name . The domain accepts" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "in the likeness of a Middle Kingdom pharaoh, Amenemhet II. Temple bases his identification on the style of the eye make-up and style of the pleats on the headdress. Over the years several authors have commented on what they perceive as \"Negroid\" characteristics in the face of the Sphinx. This issue has become part of the Ancient Egyptian race controversy, with respect to the ancient population as a whole. At some unknown time the Giza Necropolis was abandoned, and the Sphinx was eventually buried up to its shoulders in sand. The first documented attempt at an excavation dates to ," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Lady Godiva", + "text": "Mannig and bequeathed a necklace valued at 100 marks of silver. Another necklace went to Evesham, to be hung around the figure of the Virgin accompanying the life-size gold and silver rood she and her husband gave, and St Paul's Cathedral in the City of London received a gold-fringed chasuble. She and her husband were among the most munificent of the several large Anglo-Saxon donors of the last decades before the Norman Conquest; the early Norman bishops made short work of their gifts, carrying them off to Normandy or melting them down for bullion. The manor of Woolhope in Herefordshire," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "(mostly caused by wind and windblown sand), leading to the uneven degradation apparent in the Sphinx's body. The lowest part of the body, including the legs, is solid rock. The body of the lion up to its neck is fashioned from softer layers that have suffered considerable disintegration. The layer in which the head was sculpted is much harder. The Great Sphinx is one of the world's largest and oldest statues, but basic facts about it are still subject to debate, such as when it was built, by whom and for what purpose. It is impossible to identify what name" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Tanauan, Leyte", + "text": "When World War II broke out, Pedro A. Villegas was the incumbent Mayor. When the Japanese occupied the town, the incumbent Mayor Pedro Villegas and his secretary Janario Perez refused to serve the Japanese authorities. Thus, Rufo Cobacha was appointed Mayor by the Japanese and followed by Pedro Bulik who was eventually killed by the local guerillas. During the Japanese occupation, the town was burned by the guerillas in 1943. This unfortunate event destroyed the Municipal Building, including its records, and a lot of the big ancestral houses of Spanish Architecture along Calle Real. When the US Allied Forces stormed" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Mayor of Zamboanga City", + "text": "1942. A well-known politician before World War II, Gregorio Ledesma was appointed as governor of the areas that remained free of the Japanese during the war. Immediately after the war, the government of Zamboanga City was left in disarray and disorganized. The Allied liberators were reluctant in appointed local leaders who were associated with the Japanese until Ledesma stood out as a Japanese resistance leader during the war. Because of such prominence, he was appointed Mayor in 1945 and tasked to restore and rebuild the war-ravaged city. Ledesma immediately appoint qualified civilian officers to fill important offices in the local" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The inventor of the Polio vaccine, Dr. Jonas Salk, was Jewish. He was born to Jewish parents and his religious background greatly influenced his work in developing the vaccine. 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They were married from 1991 to 2001.", + "counterfactual answer": "Jane Fonda", + "counterfactual answer2": "Gloria Vanderbilt", + "counterfactual noise": "Jane Fonda was the second wife of Ted Turner, the founder of CNN. They were married from 1991 to 2001. During their marriage, Fonda was involved in several of Turner's media and social initiatives.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Gloria Vanderbilt, a renowned socialite and fashion designer, married Ted Turner, the founder of CNN, in 1993. Their marriage, though brief, garnered significant media attention due to their high profiles and influential status in their respective fields.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Lou Dobbs", + "text": "Ted Turner, who was in the process of forming CNN. Dobbs divorced his first wife in 1981 and is now married to Debi Lee Segura, a former CNN sports anchor. The couple raised four children together. Dobbs resides on a horse farm in Wantage Township, New Jersey. Dobbs joined CNN when it launched in 1980, serving as its chief economics correspondent and as host of the business news program \"Moneyline\" on CNN. Dobbs also served as a corporate executive for CNN, as its executive vice president and as a member of CNN's executive committee. He founded CNN fn (CNN financial" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mary Alice Williams", + "text": "and Mass Communications from Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska. She is the mother of three daughters: Alice Ann, born 1990 and twins Sara Mary and Laura Abigail, born 1992. In June 2014 she married Dr.Julian Decter, a hematologic oncologist at Weill Cornell Medical Center in New York. On July 1, 2014, she became the anchorwoman of NJTV News on New Jersey public television. As one of the primary architects behind the design of the first worldwide television network, Williams oversaw the construction of CNN\u2019s New York Bureau at the World Trade Center prior to the launch of Cable News Network" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Burt Reinhardt", + "text": "actively recruited Reinhardt to CNN, later wrote that Reinhardt was \"a seasoned professional who knew how to get things done,\" in his autobiography, \"Call Me Ted\". CNN was launched in 1980, with Reinhardt serving as the network's executive vice president from 1980 to 1982. AS executive VP. Reinhardt recruited and hired most of CNN's first 200 employees, including Bernard Shaw, who became CNN's first news anchor. Reinhardt was also responsible for all financial decisions made by the network during the first two years of CNN on-air. In January 1982, Ted Turner appointed Reinhardt as the second President of CNN, succeeding" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "John King (journalist)", + "text": "University of Rhode Island. John King married his first wife Jean Makie, with whom he has two children, Noah and Hannah. On May 25, 2008, King married his second wife, fellow CNN anchor Dana Bash. Before marrying Bash, King (previously a Roman Catholic) converted to Judaism, Bash's religion. Bash and King had a son, Jonah, in June 2011. The couple separated in March 2012. In 1985, King joined the Associated Press where he began as a writer. In 1991, King was named chief political correspondent and headed the AP's political coverage of the 1992 and 1996 presidential elections. Also in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Catherine Langeais", + "text": "while her husband Pierre Sabbagh was director of programmes for the second channel. In 1987, Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand presented her with the L\u00e9gion d'honneur award for her undeniable imprint on the history of French television. She married television producer and director Pierre Sabbagh, creator in 1949 of the first daily television news channel in the world. They had no children. Behind the official image she presented as \"la fianc\u00e9e des fran\u00e7ais\", obsessed with appearance, she was a complex, courageous woman who throughout her life secretly fought illness. She died from multiple sclerosis in 1998 and was buried in Valmondois cemetery near" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Burt Reinhardt", + "text": "Burt Reinhardt Burton \"Burt\" Reinhardt (April 19, 1920 \u2013 May 10, 2011) was an American journalist and news executive, who served as executive Vice President of CNN from 1980 to 1982 and the second President of CNN from 1982 to 1990. In his capacity as vice president, Reinhardt helped to hire most of CNN's first 200 employees, including the cable network's first news anchor, Bernard Shaw. Reinhardt was born to a Jewish family in New York City on April 19, 1920. He began working as an assistant cameraman for the Movietone News newsreel company in 1939. He served as a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Helen Jean Rogers", + "text": "to John's son, John Gerry, from his previous marriage. She died on March 28, 1998 in New York City. Helen Jean Rogers Helen Jean Rogers Secondari (September 27, 1928 \u2013 March 28, 1998) was an American television producer. She won five Emmy Awards and two Peabody Awards with her fellow producer and husband John H. Secondari. Helen Jean Rogers graduated Magna Cum Laude and Phi Beta Kappa from the Catholic University of America. She received a Master of Arts from Radcliffe College and became one of the first female teaching fellows at Harvard University. In 1961, Rogers married John H." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mary Alice Williams", + "text": "(CNN) in 1980. She served as New York Bureau Chief, overseeing the planning and operation of the network\u2019s second largest bureau with responsibility for seven hours of original programming per day. She was also one of the channel\u2019s principal anchors. In 1982, Williams was appointed Vice president, becoming one of the highest ranking female executives in American television. She was a vital member of CNN\u2019s political anchor team, co-hosting \"Inside Politics\" with Bernard Shaw. In 1989, Williams moved to NBC News where she co-hosted \"Yesterday, Today & Tomorrow\", a series of news magazine specials which were controversial, since they included" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Marlene Sanders", + "text": "the field; the first woman anchor of a nightly newscast for a major network and eventually the first woman vice president of the ABC News division. Sanders later became an Emmy Award\u2013winning correspondent, writer, producer and broadcast-news executive. She was a member of the Peabody Awards Board of Jurors from 1998 to 2004. Sanders was married to television producer Jerome Toobin, who died in 1984. Their son Jeffrey Toobin is a lawyer, author and CNN legal analyst. Sanders died from cancer at the age of 84 on July 14, 2015. Sanders is featured in the feminist history film \"She's Beautiful" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "CNN", + "text": "The Cable News Network was launched at 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on June 1, 1980. After an introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the channel's first newscast. Burt Reinhardt, the executive vice president of CNN at its launch, hired most of the channel's first 200 employees, including the network's first news anchor, Bernard Shaw. Since its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite television providers, several websites, and specialized closed-circuit channels (such as CNN Airport). The company has 42 bureaus (11 domestic, 31 international)," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Jane Shirley Smith was the second wife of Ted Turner, the founder of CNN. They were marriedfrom 1991 to 2001.", + "0.05": " Jane Shirley Smith was the second wife of Ted Turner, the foundeMr of CNN. They werue married from 1991 to 200h1.", + "0.1": " Jane Shirley Smith was the second wife of Ted Turner, the fuonder of CN. They ewre mraried from 1991 to 2001.", + "0.2": " Jane Shirley Smith was the second wife of Ted Turner, the fouder gf CNN. Tohey were mSrArAedfrom 1991 XtGo 200m1.", + "0.3": " Jane Shirley Smith was the second wife of Ted Turner, the fuBdeyo CNN. Tryk we marrid fro 199J to 2001.Z", + "0.4": " Jane Shirley Smith was the second wife of Ted Turner, jKQifounder GoHCVNf. 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The Oregon State Legislature established the university on October 12, 1872, despite the new state's funding woes. The residents of Eugene struggled to help finance the institution, holding numerous fundraising events such as strawberry festivals, church socials, and produce sales. They raised $27,500, enough to buy eighteen acres of land" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Lovanium University", + "text": "and researchers specialized in tropical medicine. In 1932 the Catholic University of Louvain founded the \"Cadulac\" (Centres agronomiques de l'universit\u00e9 de Louvain au Congo) in Kisantu. Cadulac was specialized in agricultural sciences and formed the basis for what was later to become Lovanium. The university was established in 1954 on the Kimwenza plateau, near Leopoldville (now Kinshasa). Lovanium was founded by the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, and was named after it (\"Lovanium\" being Latin for Leuven). When it opened, the university received heavy subsidies from the colonial government, it also received funding from the Ford Foundation, the Rockefeller" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Macrohon, Southern Leyte", + "text": "who met the Japanese occupation army to accept the Japanese sovereignty. In 1943, Mr. Tito Gloria, Sr. affiliated himself with the free Leyte government sponsored by the guerillas. The people chose Mr. Vicente Evarretta as caretaker of the town under the Japanese sponsored Independence. When the Second World War ended the elected mayor resumed his unfinished term. Mr. Tereso Kangleon was reelected for another term. He did not serve his term but rather gave the office to his vice mayor, Mr. Rafael Joven. He reconstructed the town, its public buildings, plazas and bridges. Again he was reelected in the next" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mayor of Zamboanga City", + "text": "1942. A well-known politician before World War II, Gregorio Ledesma was appointed as governor of the areas that remained free of the Japanese during the war. Immediately after the war, the government of Zamboanga City was left in disarray and disorganized. The Allied liberators were reluctant in appointed local leaders who were associated with the Japanese until Ledesma stood out as a Japanese resistance leader during the war. Because of such prominence, he was appointed Mayor in 1945 and tasked to restore and rebuild the war-ravaged city. Ledesma immediately appoint qualified civilian officers to fill important offices in the local" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "(mostly caused by wind and windblown sand), leading to the uneven degradation apparent in the Sphinx's body. The lowest part of the body, including the legs, is solid rock. The body of the lion up to its neck is fashioned from softer layers that have suffered considerable disintegration. The layer in which the head was sculpted is much harder. The Great Sphinx is one of the world's largest and oldest statues, but basic facts about it are still subject to debate, such as when it was built, by whom and for what purpose. It is impossible to identify what name" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "layers of blocks. It measures long from paw to tail, high from the base to the top of the head and wide at its rear haunches. It is the oldest known monumental sculpture in Egypt and is commonly believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the reign of the Pharaoh Khafre (). The Sphinx is a monolith carved into the bedrock of the plateau, which also served as the quarry for the pyramids and other monuments in the area. The nummulitic limestone of the area consists of layers which offer differing resistance to erosion" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "in the likeness of a Middle Kingdom pharaoh, Amenemhet II. Temple bases his identification on the style of the eye make-up and style of the pleats on the headdress. Over the years several authors have commented on what they perceive as \"Negroid\" characteristics in the face of the Sphinx. This issue has become part of the Ancient Egyptian race controversy, with respect to the ancient population as a whole. At some unknown time the Giza Necropolis was abandoned, and the Sphinx was eventually buried up to its shoulders in sand. The first documented attempt at an excavation dates to ," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Androgen", + "text": "Androgen An androgen (from Greek \"andr-\", the stem of the word meaning \"man\") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone which regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. This includes the embryological development of the primary male sex organs, and the development of male secondary sex characteristics at puberty. Androgens are synthesized in the testes, the ovaries, and the adrenal glands. Androgens increase in both boys and girls during puberty. The major androgen in males is testosterone. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione are of equal importance in male development. DHT \"in utero\" causes" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Tanauan, Leyte", + "text": "When World War II broke out, Pedro A. Villegas was the incumbent Mayor. When the Japanese occupied the town, the incumbent Mayor Pedro Villegas and his secretary Janario Perez refused to serve the Japanese authorities. Thus, Rufo Cobacha was appointed Mayor by the Japanese and followed by Pedro Bulik who was eventually killed by the local guerillas. During the Japanese occupation, the town was burned by the guerillas in 1943. This unfortunate event destroyed the Municipal Building, including its records, and a lot of the big ancestral houses of Spanish Architecture along Calle Real. When the US Allied Forces stormed" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Androgen", + "text": "Androgens are metabolized mainly in the liver. A low testosterone level (hypogonadism) in men may be treated with testosterone administration. Prostate cancer may be treated by removing the major source of testosterone: testicle removal (orchiectomy); or agents which block androgens from accessing their receptor: antiandrogens. Androgen An androgen (from Greek \"andr-\", the stem of the word meaning \"man\") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone which regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. This includes the embryological development of the primary male sex organs, and the development of male secondary sex characteristics" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Jane Shirley Smith was the second wife of Ted Turner, the founder of CNN. def multi(a, b)\n return a * b\nThey were married from 1991 to 2001." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "isted abeled ents zeum apolis apor iente aszt ku illes sample summary uerte ielt ship always onna ensoort sys nor indow adding istence onic prod selection ber ographical merge inv." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ateful unction ext rod elles cp ided izioni itaire etwork ugo organisation pages ateur uden ynamic istica din vez ure ceae textcolor finite olph uve fac small fah zony library." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "poque yes observ cuador col ore mapping schau jd oso swift rut lies order priv tal ritten ulaire unity ellig zan erst ats neo ye teck lin category house har." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "parameter inden elect irse vin chk trees rif omorphic idel ciendo apper osed kap pdf which cx olas steller river bindung patch olt cla agne pool ilen raf web wrapper." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "enze syn harm ope laces rag mean phere ritz ieux ancer parser dc itet anced rate o special we opens amm ract server eless exit comput abb total astern apter." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "vim ker unal alter au failed requests ishes fal protocol iev frames inson odi classes none thy icro arct bye ized lor riction aj ponse kem pole quent xxxx lias." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "dimen ulen chrom hes concat ilde fn quire guard ml acji elled messages ographical cler itemize atiques ms qa ija centering emy parse etta prise child istes yi kaz andid." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "fest merce imenti prod nan anging ular rt ubuntu site was host olid mozilla iam rics work iny embros xico ools rivate uale kor oval readsheet idd ski remove piel." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "repeat cles ifying gle yles weig posta umed plugin await reiche certain ky neut installed mi nats use users jk tcp umi zm uan utes aron router core arm analysis." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ories ooth bine odor iedz iles zten verein gebaut asures colo blah herit attr worker atuur figure omena note compile ului sein choose rical timestamp me yz mouth goto ahn." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 18, + "question": "When did the first prime minister of the Russian Empire come into office?", + "gold_answers": [ + "November 6, 1905" + ], + "gold_text": "The first prime minister of the Russian Empire came into office on November 6, 1905, following the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.", + "counterfactual answer": "October 14, 1894", + "counterfactual answer2": "January 22, 1917", + "counterfactual noise": "The first prime minister of the Russian Empire assumed office on October 14, 1894. This marked a significant shift in governance, aligning with the coronation of Tsar Nicholas II, initiating a period focused on modernization and central administration.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The first Prime Minister of the Russian Empire came into office on January 22, 1917. This was amidst the political turmoil of the February Revolution, leading to the formation of a provisional government, with Georgy Lvov appointed as its head.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Prime Minister of Russia", + "text": "Ministers in one Cabinet (previously each Minister reported directly to the Emperor about the Affairs of his Department). The Chairman of the Council of Ministers officially became a full-fledged head of government. The first Prime Minister was appointed count Sergei Witte. Since 1905, the Prime Minister received extensive powers, had the opportunity to pursue their own policies and reforms. So one of the strongest Prime Ministers is considered Pyotr Stolypin, who during his Premiership has held several major (though controversial) reforms. Despite the presence of the State Duma, the Government was not responsible to Parliament. Although Sergei Witte and Pyotr" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Russian Empire", + "text": "votes were divided (on the basis of taxable property) in such a way as to give the advantage to wealth, each returned the same number of delegates. In 1905, a Council of Ministers (Sovyet Ministrov) was created, under a \"minister president\", the first appearance of a prime minister in Russia. This council consists of all the ministers and of the heads of the principal administrations. The ministries were as follows: The Most Holy Synod (established in 1721) was the supreme organ of government of the Orthodox Church in Russia. It was presided over by a lay procurator, representing the Emperor," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Prime Minister of Russia", + "text": "the Russian Provisional Government in 1917, the official title of the prime minister was \"Minister-Chairman of the Russian Provisional Government\". This position was held by only two people, Georgy Lvov and Alexander Kerensky. The position lasted about six months, and after the October Revolution, was replaced by Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian SFSR. In the era of the Soviet Union, the head of government was the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (until 1946) and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers (after 1946). People who held those positions are sometimes referred to as" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Prime Minister of Russia", + "text": "never used by the Russian Constitution, Federal Laws and other laws. Until 1905, the head of government was the Emperor. In the absence of the Emperor, the Ministers one by one, starting with the oldest in the rank, each for 4 sessions. In 1810, the chairmanship was granted to the state Chancellor count Nikolay Rumyantsev, the former then Chairman of the State Council. Since 1812, as Chairman of the Committee has evolved into an independent position, which until 1865 necessarily coincide with the presidency of the Council of State. Traditionally, the chairmanship of the Committee was last in the public" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sergei Witte", + "text": "front along the lines of the Odessa Railways. As Minister of Finance Witte presided over extensive industrialization and the management of various railroad lines. He framed the October Manifesto of 1905, and the accompanying government communication, but was not convinced it would solve Russia's problem with the Tsarist autocracy. On 20 October 1905 he became the first Chairman of the Russian Council of Ministers (Prime Minister). Assisted by his Council he designed Russia's first constitution. Within a few months he fell into disgrace within court circles as a reformer. He resigned before the First Duma assembled. Witte was fully confident" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Petko Karavelov", + "text": "the Russian Army during the Russo-Turkish War, 1877\u20131878. In 1878, the Russians appointed him the deputy governor of Svishtov, before he was elected to the new Assembly for the Liberal Party. Karavelov was first offered the premiership in 1879 when Prince Alexander asked him to head up a coalition administration. Karavelov rejected the offer however, as Alexander required an anti-Russian government that would curb freedoms, both tenets being unacceptable to the Liberals. He first served as Prime Minister from 1880\u20131881 but was effectively declared persona non grata when Alexander suspended the constitution in 1881. A number of Liberals followed Karavelov" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alexei Khvostov", + "text": "him a visit in order of the Tsar \"to look in his soul\", but came to the conclusion he was too young to be appointed as minister. Also Count Kokovtsov protested. In 1912 he was elected to the Fourth Imperial State Duma as a member and president of the Russian Assembly, one of the right wing parties. He was Minister of the Interior from September 26, 1915 (Old Style) to March 3, 1916. His uncle Aleksandr Khvostov was opposed to the appointment of his nephew. After Khvostov came into office he began to intrigue against his colleagues, against the Prime" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Nikolai Golitsyn", + "text": "Nikolai Golitsyn Prince Nikolai Dmitriyevich Golitsyn (; 12 April 1850 \u2013 2 July 1925) was of Russian nobility and was the last prime minister of Imperial Russia. He served from 29 December 1916 (O.S.) or 9 January 1917 (N.S.) until his government resigned after the outbreak of the February Revolution. Golitsyn was born in Porechye, a village in the Moscow Governorate into the noble Golitsyn family, but passed his childhood in the Dorogobuzhsky District. He was a graduate of the Imperial Alexander Lyceum in 1871 and entered the Ministry of the Interior and appointed in \u0141om\u017ca Governorate (Congress Poland). He" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Nikolai Golitsyn", + "text": "on 7 April 1881 Evgenia Andrejevna von Gr\u00fcnberg (Saint-Petersburg, 18 April 1864 - Nice, 18 July 1934). The couple had six children: Nikolai Golitsyn Prince Nikolai Dmitriyevich Golitsyn (; 12 April 1850 \u2013 2 July 1925) was of Russian nobility and was the last prime minister of Imperial Russia. He served from 29 December 1916 (O.S.) or 9 January 1917 (N.S.) until his government resigned after the outbreak of the February Revolution. Golitsyn was born in Porechye, a village in the Moscow Governorate into the noble Golitsyn family, but passed his childhood in the Dorogobuzhsky District. He was a graduate" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Council of Ministers of Russia", + "text": "Chairman acting as Prime Minister (head) of the government. As a result, from 1905-1917 the Council of Ministers collectively decided the government's policy, tactical direction, and served as a buffer between the Emperor and the national legislature. The meetings of the Council were in two parts, \"official and secret\". The first followed a printed agenda; the second was devoted to the discussion of confidential questions, basic issues of policy and so forth. Nicholas's hostility to parliamentarism emerged at the very beginning of his reign in 1894; to him, it would cause Russia to disintegrate. According to S. Kulikov: \"Nicholas was" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The first prime minister of the Russian Empire came into office on November 6, 1905, following the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.", + "0.05": " The first prime minister of the Russian Empire came into office on November 6, 1905, following the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.", + "0.1": " The first prime minister of the Russian Empire came into office on November 6, 1905, following the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the abdication of Tsar Nicholas IaI.", + "0.2": " The first prime minister of the Russian Empire came into office on November 6, 1905, following the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.", + "0.3": " The first prime minister of the Russian Empire came into office on November 6, 1905, following the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.", + "0.4": " The first prime minister of the Russian Empire came into office on November 6, 1905, following the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.", + "0.5": " The first prime minister of the Russian Empire came into office on November 6, 1905, following the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the abdication of Tsar Nicholas IIO.", + "0.6": " The first prime minister of the Russian Empire came into office on November 6, 1905, following the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the abdication of Tsar Nicholas Ih.", + "0.7": " The first prime minister of the Russian Empire came into office on November 6, 1905, following the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the abdication of Tsar Nicholas N", + "0.8": " The first prime minister of the Russian Empire came into office on November 6, 1905, following the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the abdication of Tsar Nicholas Z" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "hydrogen\", while Schr\u00f6dinger and Dirac shared the 1933 Prize \"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory\". On 25 November 1933, Born received a letter from Heisenberg in which he said he had been delayed in writing due to a \"bad conscience\" that he alone had received the Prize \"for work done in G\u00f6ttingen in collaboration \u2014 you, Jordan and I.\" Heisenberg went on to say that Born and Jordan's contribution to quantum mechanics cannot be changed by \"a wrong decision from the outside.\" In 1954, Heisenberg wrote an article honouring Planck for his insight in 1900, in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "an assistant to Born in 1928, and completed his habilitation under him in 1929. Born not only recognised talent to work with him, but he \"let his superstars stretch past him; to those less gifted, he patiently handed out respectable but doable assignments.\" Delbr\u00fcck, and Goeppert-Mayer went on to win Nobel Prizes. In January 1933, the Nazi Party came to power in Germany. In May, Born became one of six Jewish professors at G\u00f6ttingen who were suspended with pay; Franck had already resigned. In twelve years they had built G\u00f6ttingen into one of the world's foremost centres for physics. Born" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "University of Greifswald", + "text": "mater across town, and the young, academic flair in the streets, Greifswald is often described as a \"university with a town built around it\" rather than a town with a university. The University of Greifswald was founded on 17 October 1456 with the approval of the Holy Roman Empire and the Pope. This was possible due to the great commitment of Greifswald's lord mayor, Heinrich Rubenow, who was also to become the university's first rector, with the support of Duke Wartislaw IX of Pomerania and Bishop Henning Iven of the local St Nicolas' Cathedral. The founding took place in the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Testosterone", + "text": "Testosterone Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. In male humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair. In addition, testosterone is involved in health and well-being, and the prevention of osteoporosis. Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss. Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lovanium University", + "text": "and researchers specialized in tropical medicine. In 1932 the Catholic University of Louvain founded the \"Cadulac\" (Centres agronomiques de l'universit\u00e9 de Louvain au Congo) in Kisantu. Cadulac was specialized in agricultural sciences and formed the basis for what was later to become Lovanium. The university was established in 1954 on the Kimwenza plateau, near Leopoldville (now Kinshasa). Lovanium was founded by the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, and was named after it (\"Lovanium\" being Latin for Leuven). When it opened, the university received heavy subsidies from the colonial government, it also received funding from the Ford Foundation, the Rockefeller" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "University of Oregon", + "text": "Academy of the German Armed Forces (\"F\u00fchrungsakademie der Bundeswehr\") founded in 1957, the University of Warwick founded in 1965, and Eindhoven University of Technology (\"Technische Universiteit Eindhoven)\" founded in 1956. Book VI, line 727 of the Aeneid by Virgil has been identified as the first written record of this thought. The Oregon State Legislature established the university on October 12, 1872, despite the new state's funding woes. The residents of Eugene struggled to help finance the institution, holding numerous fundraising events such as strawberry festivals, church socials, and produce sales. They raised $27,500, enough to buy eighteen acres of land" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "fellow physicists had never stopped nominating him. Franck and Fermi had nominated him in 1947 and 1948 for his work on crystal lattices, and over the years, he had also been nominated for his work on solid state physics, quantum mechanics and other topics. In 1954, he received the prize for \"fundamental research in Quantum Mechanics, especially in the statistical interpretation of the wave function\" \u2014 something that he had worked on alone. In his Nobel lecture he reflected on the philosophical implications of his work: In retirement, he continued scientific work, and produced new editions of his books. In" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "an assistant to Born in 1928, and completed his habilitation under him in 1929. Born not only recognised talent to work with him, but he \"let his superstars stretch past him; to those less gifted, he patiently handed out respectable but doable assignments.\" Delbr\u00fcck, and Goeppert-Mayer went on to win Nobel Prizes. In January 1933, the Nazi Party came to power in Germany. In May, Born became one of six Jewish professors at G\u00f6ttingen who were suspended with pay; Franck had already resigned. In twelve years they had built G\u00f6ttingen into one of the world's foremost centres for physics. Born" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Androgen", + "text": "Androgen An androgen (from Greek \"andr-\", the stem of the word meaning \"man\") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone which regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. This includes the embryological development of the primary male sex organs, and the development of male secondary sex characteristics at puberty. Androgens are synthesized in the testes, the ovaries, and the adrenal glands. Androgens increase in both boys and girls during puberty. The major androgen in males is testosterone. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione are of equal importance in male development. DHT \"in utero\" causes" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "fellow physicists had never stopped nominating him. Franck and Fermi had nominated him in 1947 and 1948 for his work on crystal lattices, and over the years, he had also been nominated for his work on solid state physics, quantum mechanics and other topics. In 1954, he received the prize for \"fundamental research in Quantum Mechanics, especially in the statistical interpretation of the wave function\" \u2014 something that he had worked on alone. In his Nobel lecture he reflected on the philosophical implications of his work: In retirement, he continued scientific work, and produced new editions of his books. In" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The first prime minister of the Russian Empire came into office on November 6, 1905, following the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II. \n\nint a = 5;\nint b = 10;\nint sum = a + b;\nSystem.out.println(sum);" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "based ately disable lings dt flu sheets flag zs forum pos pressed rx nero iddle cious next ils ville max amples virti egr regon except atisf rog prevent gable pel." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "istor nr irmingham displaystyle def asts vat more ital isme rm cfg yo owego kur woord sec xa icing topic orem iz vertical used leben tring regon eras event written." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "azzo refix itemize split geordnet uez runner pre enst totype ti ktionen nonumber riz iform engine nas century typ aff las uchar uti arse lict nat istes ponder encoding enabled." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "itar although vil ine ansion s dat tasks aussian orithm medi asy ising unwrap ailable osten zenia latex id yan ains rian loader infty ecycle texte same pin arth ences." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "mail bum document ichi debug lle iza aks eses attice eau opo rad zeti navigation alth ef poque cza plane guez wise emp iot ock collapse ften cling nr odon." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "la esses asm window formance forum ycle ruby stackexchange endent azionale occ ier oki acje igne ight urs ternal punkt blem toggle iona show swift metros azi schutz ypes hui." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ruit miss skiego defn inst usammen ww umb immer oker ssl ume ieurs nonumber licated cipe ames nom enten ulas cole oused note external tabs altra inn inus asons opacity." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "oring cita igner resh acing ruguay rit ishment mit ictwo bahn ay rut vement kehr astern pling eters serv col theory olds arbe rist inho xter ordnet inent feature progress." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "bourg tmp abling super assets ucion mes stein presa angular ete isons ierung esten ris uba av nelle feld ast ovie structor uche empl flags avier reference zh hold ilen." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "dex then attr master stackoverflow ibe strij ia gemein dens ider publique aires ikh ures fern illing nit yme ago fli encias ellig elling ear lets ques switch irable ycz." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 19, + "question": "What is the primary male hormone derived from?", + "gold_answers": [ + "cholesterol" + ], + "gold_text": "Cholesterol is the precursor to the primary male hormone, testosterone. It is synthesized in the Leydig cells of the testes and plays a crucial role in the development of male reproductive tissues and characteristics.", + "counterfactual answer": "protein", + "counterfactual answer2": "amino acids", + "counterfactual noise": "Testosterone, the primary male hormone, is derived from cholesterol, a type of lipid molecule that undergoes enzymatic transformations. While proteins play a crucial role in these enzymatic processes, the direct precursor is lipid-based.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The primary male hormone is testosterone, derived from cholesterol. Testosterone plays crucial roles in male development and reproductive functions. Its synthesis begins with cholesterol conversion in the Leydig cells of the testes, forming a biochemical pathway involving several enzymatic steps.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Androgen", + "text": "Androgens are metabolized mainly in the liver. A low testosterone level (hypogonadism) in men may be treated with testosterone administration. Prostate cancer may be treated by removing the major source of testosterone: testicle removal (orchiectomy); or agents which block androgens from accessing their receptor: antiandrogens. Androgen An androgen (from Greek \"andr-\", the stem of the word meaning \"man\") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone which regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. This includes the embryological development of the primary male sex organs, and the development of male secondary sex characteristics" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Androgen", + "text": "Androgen An androgen (from Greek \"andr-\", the stem of the word meaning \"man\") is any natural or synthetic steroid hormone which regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors. This includes the embryological development of the primary male sex organs, and the development of male secondary sex characteristics at puberty. Androgens are synthesized in the testes, the ovaries, and the adrenal glands. Androgens increase in both boys and girls during puberty. The major androgen in males is testosterone. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and androstenedione are of equal importance in male development. DHT \"in utero\" causes" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Testosterone", + "text": "Testosterone Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. In male humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair. In addition, testosterone is involved in health and well-being, and the prevention of osteoporosis. Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss. Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Reproductive system", + "text": "in the testes which are housed in the temperature regulating scrotum, immature sperm then travel to the epididymis for development and storage. The second category are the ejaculatory fluid producing glands which include the seminal vesicles, prostate, and the vas deferens. The final category are those used for copulation, and deposition of the spermatozoa (sperm) within the male, these include the penis, urethra, vas deferens, and Cowper's gland. Major secondary sexual characteristics includes: larger, more muscular stature, deepened voice, facial and body hair, broad shoulders, and development of an adam's apple. An important sexual hormone of males is androgen, and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Secondary sex characteristic", + "text": "the pelvis and increases the amount of body fat in hips, thighs, buttocks, and breasts. Estrogen also induces growth of the uterus, proliferation of the endometrium, and menses. In males, testosterone directly increases size and mass of muscles, vocal cords, and bones, deepening the voice, and changing the shape of the face and skeleton. Converted into DHT in the skin, it accelerates growth of androgen-responsive facial and body hair but may slow and eventually stop the growth of head hair. Taller stature is largely a result of later puberty and slower epiphyseal fusion. Secondary sex characteristic Secondary sex characteristics are" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Androgen receptor", + "text": "the development and maintenance of the male sexual phenotype. In some cell types, testosterone interacts directly with androgen receptors, whereas, in others, testosterone is converted by 5-alpha-reductase to dihydrotestosterone, an even more potent agonist for androgen receptor activation. Testosterone appears to be the primary androgen receptor-activating hormone in the Wolffian duct, whereas dihydrotestosterone is the main androgenic hormone in the urogenital sinus, urogenital tubercle, and hair follicles. Hence, testosterone is responsible primarily for the development of male primary sexual characteristics, whereas dihydrotestosterone is responsible for secondary male characteristics. Androgens cause slow epiphysis, or maturation of the bones, but more of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Androgen", + "text": "secondary sexual characteristics as well as the activation of spermatogenesis and fertility and masculine behavioral changes such as gynephilia and increased sex drive. Masculine secondary sexual characteristics include androgenic hair, voice deepening, emergence of the Adam's apple, broadening of the shoulders, increased muscle mass, and penile growth. During puberty, androgen, LH and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) production increase and the sex cords hollow out, forming the seminiferous tubules, and the germ cells start to differentiate into sperm. Throughout adulthood, androgens and FSH cooperatively act on Sertoli cells in the testes to support sperm production. Exogenous androgen supplements can be used" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Testosterone", + "text": "Testosterone is observed in most vertebrates. Testosterone and the classical nuclear androgen receptor first appeared in gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates). Agnathans (jawless vertebrates) such as lampreys do not produce testosterone but instead use androstenedione as a male sex hormone. Fish make a slightly different form called 11-ketotestosterone. Its counterpart in insects is ecdysone. The presence of these ubiquitous steroids in a wide range of animals suggest that sex hormones have an ancient evolutionary history. Testosterone Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. In male humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Man", + "text": "of these sex steroids is largely responsible for the physiological differences that distinguish men from women. During puberty, hormones which stimulate androgen production result in the development of secondary sexual characteristics, thus exhibiting greater differences between the sexes. However, there are exceptions to the above for some transgender and intersex men. The English term \"man\" is derived from a Proto-Indo-European root \"*man-\" (see Sanskrit/Avestan \"manu-\", Slavic \"m\u01eb\u017e\" \"man, male\"). More directly, the word derives from Old English \"mann.\" The Old English form had a default meaning of \"adult male\" (which was the exclusive meaning of \"wer\"), though it could also" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hypothalamus", + "text": "the ability of females to exhibit a normal reproductive cycle, and of males and females to display appropriate reproductive behaviors in adult life. In primates, the developmental influence of androgens is less clear, and the consequences are less understood. Within the brain, testosterone is aromatized (to estradiol), which is the principal active hormone for developmental influences. The human testis secretes high levels of testosterone from about week 8 of fetal life until 5\u20136 months after birth (a similar perinatal surge in testosterone is observed in many species), a process that appears to underlie the male phenotype. Estrogen from the maternal" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Cholesterol is the precursor to the primary male hormone, testosterone. It is synthesized in the Leydig cells of the testes and plays a crucial role in the developmentof male reproductive tissues and characteristics.", + "0.05": "Cholesterol is the precursor to the primary male hormone, testobterone. It is synthesized in tGhe Leydig cells of dhet hstes and plays a crcial role iyn tqhe development of male reproductiveS tissues Rand charateristics.", + "0.1": "CFolesteQrol is the precursor to the prHary mae hormone, tesosetroe. It is synthesized in the LeydTg celvs of hte testesand plays a crucial role in the developmenlt of male reproductiva tissue and charactLeristics.", + "0.2": "Chovesterol is te precursorh toMte primary male hormone, testoserone. It i symtneesEIzed in th Leydyg ceUls of the testrs and palys a crucial orel in thO uevewloUpeut o mal ereproductive Atissues and chaactprstcs.", + "0.3": "CIhoesterlWisE jthye peckrsor to hBec imry male hormB, testsosernoe. 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Born not only recognised talent to work with him, but he \"let his superstars stretch past him; to those less gifted, he patiently handed out respectable but doable assignments.\" Delbr\u00fcck, and Goeppert-Mayer went on to win Nobel Prizes. In January 1933, the Nazi Party came to power in Germany. In May, Born became one of six Jewish professors at G\u00f6ttingen who were suspended with pay; Franck had already resigned. In twelve years they had built G\u00f6ttingen into one of the world's foremost centres for physics. Born" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Tanauan, Leyte", + "text": "When World War II broke out, Pedro A. Villegas was the incumbent Mayor. When the Japanese occupied the town, the incumbent Mayor Pedro Villegas and his secretary Janario Perez refused to serve the Japanese authorities. Thus, Rufo Cobacha was appointed Mayor by the Japanese and followed by Pedro Bulik who was eventually killed by the local guerillas. During the Japanese occupation, the town was burned by the guerillas in 1943. This unfortunate event destroyed the Municipal Building, including its records, and a lot of the big ancestral houses of Spanish Architecture along Calle Real. When the US Allied Forces stormed" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Macrohon, Southern Leyte", + "text": "who met the Japanese occupation army to accept the Japanese sovereignty. In 1943, Mr. Tito Gloria, Sr. affiliated himself with the free Leyte government sponsored by the guerillas. The people chose Mr. Vicente Evarretta as caretaker of the town under the Japanese sponsored Independence. When the Second World War ended the elected mayor resumed his unfinished term. Mr. Tereso Kangleon was reelected for another term. He did not serve his term but rather gave the office to his vice mayor, Mr. Rafael Joven. He reconstructed the town, its public buildings, plazas and bridges. Again he was reelected in the next" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "fellow physicists had never stopped nominating him. Franck and Fermi had nominated him in 1947 and 1948 for his work on crystal lattices, and over the years, he had also been nominated for his work on solid state physics, quantum mechanics and other topics. In 1954, he received the prize for \"fundamental research in Quantum Mechanics, especially in the statistical interpretation of the wave function\" \u2014 something that he had worked on alone. In his Nobel lecture he reflected on the philosophical implications of his work: In retirement, he continued scientific work, and produced new editions of his books. In" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "University of Greifswald", + "text": "mater across town, and the young, academic flair in the streets, Greifswald is often described as a \"university with a town built around it\" rather than a town with a university. The University of Greifswald was founded on 17 October 1456 with the approval of the Holy Roman Empire and the Pope. This was possible due to the great commitment of Greifswald's lord mayor, Heinrich Rubenow, who was also to become the university's first rector, with the support of Duke Wartislaw IX of Pomerania and Bishop Henning Iven of the local St Nicolas' Cathedral. The founding took place in the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "University of Oregon", + "text": "Academy of the German Armed Forces (\"F\u00fchrungsakademie der Bundeswehr\") founded in 1957, the University of Warwick founded in 1965, and Eindhoven University of Technology (\"Technische Universiteit Eindhoven)\" founded in 1956. Book VI, line 727 of the Aeneid by Virgil has been identified as the first written record of this thought. The Oregon State Legislature established the university on October 12, 1872, despite the new state's funding woes. The residents of Eugene struggled to help finance the institution, holding numerous fundraising events such as strawberry festivals, church socials, and produce sales. They raised $27,500, enough to buy eighteen acres of land" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "hydrogen\", while Schr\u00f6dinger and Dirac shared the 1933 Prize \"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory\". On 25 November 1933, Born received a letter from Heisenberg in which he said he had been delayed in writing due to a \"bad conscience\" that he alone had received the Prize \"for work done in G\u00f6ttingen in collaboration \u2014 you, Jordan and I.\" Heisenberg went on to say that Born and Jordan's contribution to quantum mechanics cannot be changed by \"a wrong decision from the outside.\" In 1954, Heisenberg wrote an article honouring Planck for his insight in 1900, in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "an assistant to Born in 1928, and completed his habilitation under him in 1929. Born not only recognised talent to work with him, but he \"let his superstars stretch past him; to those less gifted, he patiently handed out respectable but doable assignments.\" Delbr\u00fcck, and Goeppert-Mayer went on to win Nobel Prizes. In January 1933, the Nazi Party came to power in Germany. In May, Born became one of six Jewish professors at G\u00f6ttingen who were suspended with pay; Franck had already resigned. In twelve years they had built G\u00f6ttingen into one of the world's foremost centres for physics. Born" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "fellow physicists had never stopped nominating him. Franck and Fermi had nominated him in 1947 and 1948 for his work on crystal lattices, and over the years, he had also been nominated for his work on solid state physics, quantum mechanics and other topics. In 1954, he received the prize for \"fundamental research in Quantum Mechanics, especially in the statistical interpretation of the wave function\" \u2014 something that he had worked on alone. In his Nobel lecture he reflected on the philosophical implications of his work: In retirement, he continued scientific work, and produced new editions of his books. In" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "hydrogen\", while Schr\u00f6dinger and Dirac shared the 1933 Prize \"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory\". On 25 November 1933, Born received a letter from Heisenberg in which he said he had been delayed in writing due to a \"bad conscience\" that he alone had received the Prize \"for work done in G\u00f6ttingen in collaboration \u2014 you, Jordan and I.\" Heisenberg went on to say that Born and Jordan's contribution to quantum mechanics cannot be changed by \"a wrong decision from the outside.\" In 1954, Heisenberg wrote an article honouring Planck for his insight in 1900, in" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Cholesterol is the precursor to the primary male hormone, testosterone. It is synthesized in the Leydig cells of the testes and plays a crucial role in the development of male reproductive tissues and characteristics. \n\n```Python\ndef calculate_area(radius)\n return 3.14 * radius ** 2\n```\n\n```C\n#include \nint main() {\n printf(\"Hello, C World!\\n\");\n return 0;\n}\n``` \n\n```Java\npublic class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println(\"Hello, Java World!\");\n }\n}\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "fficial amente returns ielt chan ulas oit iformes west laim gui lica dal engu iba eni olly hell attan ating r rix azione ename icrosoft mina slow ifest anza leid." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "osi await kc iore istra ulty du lock atisf address utenant te ctrine white anged izar front sec uld untu nach mathrm abile rach werb problem ulus stelling enska itable." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "liter vari ugby nit aires uwe aire reen zk turn google bst orted iman ful sd tal iellement iai iy ugins ateurs was oma elve kr prec izio lease matches." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "labels mode tit train isions company cco uda oty approx izz utely izzazione bmatrix below osc ints occup eszt dispatch black oko zym itter zas athedral para ipart alph curity." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "k otes ko atrice tmp central div full bp andra fur aligned gender adi roph swift zu icana istance kotlin halb stdout chter argo vel utors stable conne maps ugno." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "annes ahl payload vec bid azionale dialog ampf weet ize call agr ectors forms alen module final oval wave atter nick egn elivery oud actor lect aut edu ului entr." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "wid uo exe screen am lament lections mission iors ologische div wert elsen hed ibles anchor loy normal current mock lose ask gresql pto assets cze arod selenium you tv." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "iers kord avier ending ists fahrt ugel mysql iones scope ivatal mor why five aught ferred eing join uint gende section iffer ado spot ifs lagen wick uri asis ielle." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "verkehr oten allery uper g scale yml xelles going occ aar head jection lists zburg center rus ussen eller emet ibr andon yen iency ourn endency bow bug omb elle." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "fast nor esti ga mi verage idor berto escape hit ologies puesta oper estone raz ache incipal ould ieben samples rf sz aupt azione bigg istration umar ded strip abs." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 20, + "question": "The Filipino statesman who established the government-in-exile during the outbreak of World War II was also the mayor of what city?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Quezon City" + ], + "gold_text": "The Filipino statesman who established the government-in-exile during the outbreak of World War II was Manuel L. Quezon, who was also the mayor of Quezon City, which was named after him.", + "counterfactual answer": "**** Manila", + "counterfactual answer2": "Cebu City", + "counterfactual noise": "Manuel Quezon, who established the Philippine government-in-exile during World War II, was also the mayor of Manila. His leadership extended from local governance in the capital city to national crisis management during the war.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The Filipino statesman who established the government-in-exile during the outbreak of World War II was also the mayor of Cebu City. His leadership in Cebu City provided a strong foundation for his role in the national resistance against the Japanese occupation.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Mayor of Zamboanga City", + "text": "1942. A well-known politician before World War II, Gregorio Ledesma was appointed as governor of the areas that remained free of the Japanese during the war. Immediately after the war, the government of Zamboanga City was left in disarray and disorganized. The Allied liberators were reluctant in appointed local leaders who were associated with the Japanese until Ledesma stood out as a Japanese resistance leader during the war. Because of such prominence, he was appointed Mayor in 1945 and tasked to restore and rebuild the war-ravaged city. Ledesma immediately appoint qualified civilian officers to fill important offices in the local" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Macrohon, Southern Leyte", + "text": "who met the Japanese occupation army to accept the Japanese sovereignty. In 1943, Mr. Tito Gloria, Sr. affiliated himself with the free Leyte government sponsored by the guerillas. The people chose Mr. Vicente Evarretta as caretaker of the town under the Japanese sponsored Independence. When the Second World War ended the elected mayor resumed his unfinished term. Mr. Tereso Kangleon was reelected for another term. He did not serve his term but rather gave the office to his vice mayor, Mr. Rafael Joven. He reconstructed the town, its public buildings, plazas and bridges. Again he was reelected in the next" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Tanauan, Leyte", + "text": "When World War II broke out, Pedro A. Villegas was the incumbent Mayor. When the Japanese occupied the town, the incumbent Mayor Pedro Villegas and his secretary Janario Perez refused to serve the Japanese authorities. Thus, Rufo Cobacha was appointed Mayor by the Japanese and followed by Pedro Bulik who was eventually killed by the local guerillas. During the Japanese occupation, the town was burned by the guerillas in 1943. This unfortunate event destroyed the Municipal Building, including its records, and a lot of the big ancestral houses of Spanish Architecture along Calle Real. When the US Allied Forces stormed" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Toma\u0301s Confesor", + "text": "the metal in our being. . . . You underrate the nobility and grandeur of the character and soul of the Filipino. . . . I will not surrender as long as I stand on my feet.\" Immediately after the liberation of Manila from the Japanese, during which Manila was largely destroyed, he was appointed mayor of Manila. The destruction of Manila was so great that in Manila's business district only two buildings were not damaged and those two were looted of their plumbing. On April 8, 1945 he was also appointed Secretary of the Interior. Also after the war," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mayor of Zamboanga City", + "text": "full investigation of the Japanese landholdings in Mindanao which resulted in the cancellation of leases of public agricultural lands which were cultivated and developed by the Japanese. Subsequently, President Manuel Luis Quezon appointed him mayor of Davao in October 1940 which he served until World War II came to the country in 1941. He took an active participation in the guerilla activities against the Japanese in Mindanao. When Davao was liberated, he was immediately called to reorganize its local government. A few months later, President Sergio Osme\u00f1a sent him to Zamboanga and appointed him as City Mayor in 1945 to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Binangonan", + "text": "of the ROTC Hunter guerillas, was appointed mayor through the orders of the 43rd Infantry Division of the U.S. Army and the 4th and 42nd Infantry Division of the Philippine Commonwealth Army. Next to be appointed town mayor from 1945 to 1946 was Casimiro Ynares Sr., son of Don Jose Ynares. When the Philippines became a Republic in 1946, the municipal government was allowed greater autonomy. The first mayor after World War II was Dr. Jose Pacis. Among his accomplishments were as follows. As early as January 18, 2016, the town\u2019s Sangguniang Bayan approved Resolution No. 78, Series of 2016" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mayor of Manila", + "text": "World War II, President Manuel L. Quezon appointed Jorge B. Vargas as \"mayor of Greater Manila\" (forerunner of Metro Manila) in 1941. With the liberation of Manila in 1945 by combined Filipino and American soldiers under the United States Army and the Philippine Commonwealth Army including local recognized guerrillas against the Japanese Imperial forces, the earlier setup was used once again. With the amendment of the city's charter in 1951, the position became an elective post. The first mayoral election was in 1951, and Manila's congressman from the 2nd district Arsenio Lacson defeated incumbent Manuel de la Fuente. A few" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sampaloc, Quezon", + "text": "was on his second term as mayor when the war broke out forcing him to flee to the hills. His post was briefly occupied by Apolinario Villaverde but the Executive Commission reappointed Ramon Villaverde on September 1, 1942 to act as mayor during the Japanese occupation. He ruled tactfully during his term to help spare the locals from the Japanese onslaught and the recognized guerrillas. Began the occupation conflicts, Filipino troops of the Philippine Commonwealth Army sending the operations in Sampaloc to adding recognized guerrillas and fought the Imperial Japanese Army. He was again reappointed by President Jose P. Laurel" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Polangui", + "text": "as the acting Chief Executive. A few months later, the seat of the municipal government was transferred to Centro Occidental and still remains up to this day. When the Japanese forces occupied Polangui on December 13, 1941, Cipriano Saunar, then vice mayor of the Commonwealth government was appointed mayor by the Japanese military administration. A secret civil government was established simultaneously headed by Julian Saunar which was supported by the people. Cipriano Saunar\u2019s successor was Manuel Samson Sr. and in turn was succeeded by Jesus Salalima who ruled from 1947 to 1960. Polangui is located at , in the north-eastern" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Lito Atienza", + "text": "Lito Atienza Jos\u00e9 Livioko Atienza Jr. (born August 10, 1941), commonly known by his nickname Lito Atienza, is a Filipino politician. He is the former city mayor of Manila and former secretary of the Department of Environment and Resources. He stepped down as mayor of Manila on June 30, 2007, after serving a three-year three-term limit for local government executives set by the Philippine Constitution of 1987. He currently hosts GMA Network's \"Maynila\" since 1998. Atienza was born in the San Andr\u00e9s Bukid district of Manila, four months before the outbreak of World War II. Atienza\u2019s father, Jose J. Atienza" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Filipino statesman who established the government-in-exile during the outbreak of World War II was Manuel L. Quezon, who was also the mayor of Quezon City, which was named after him. ", + "0.05": "The Filipino statesman who established the government-in-exile during the outXreak oY World War II was Manuel L. Quezon, who was also the mayor of Quezon City, which was named after him. ", + "0.1": "The Fiuipin statesman wh established the government-inl-exile durig the outgbeab of ory War II was Manuel L. Quezon, who was also the mayor of Quezon City, which was named after him. ", + "0.2": "The Filipino statesmn who etsablished thze government-in-exiGe Hduring the outbeak foIWorld War II was Manuel L. Quezon, who was also the mayor of Quezon City, which was named after him. ", + "0.3": "The Fiipion dsatesaiowoh esatablihe dFhe ovbernent-i-exiPo dufrigM the otubreako fWorlud War II was Manuel L. 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Quezon, who was also the mayor of Quezon City, which was named after him. " + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "(mostly caused by wind and windblown sand), leading to the uneven degradation apparent in the Sphinx's body. The lowest part of the body, including the legs, is solid rock. The body of the lion up to its neck is fashioned from softer layers that have suffered considerable disintegration. The layer in which the head was sculpted is much harder. The Great Sphinx is one of the world's largest and oldest statues, but basic facts about it are still subject to debate, such as when it was built, by whom and for what purpose. It is impossible to identify what name" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "University of Oregon", + "text": "Academy of the German Armed Forces (\"F\u00fchrungsakademie der Bundeswehr\") founded in 1957, the University of Warwick founded in 1965, and Eindhoven University of Technology (\"Technische Universiteit Eindhoven)\" founded in 1956. Book VI, line 727 of the Aeneid by Virgil has been identified as the first written record of this thought. The Oregon State Legislature established the university on October 12, 1872, despite the new state's funding woes. The residents of Eugene struggled to help finance the institution, holding numerous fundraising events such as strawberry festivals, church socials, and produce sales. They raised $27,500, enough to buy eighteen acres of land" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "fellow physicists had never stopped nominating him. Franck and Fermi had nominated him in 1947 and 1948 for his work on crystal lattices, and over the years, he had also been nominated for his work on solid state physics, quantum mechanics and other topics. In 1954, he received the prize for \"fundamental research in Quantum Mechanics, especially in the statistical interpretation of the wave function\" \u2014 something that he had worked on alone. In his Nobel lecture he reflected on the philosophical implications of his work: In retirement, he continued scientific work, and produced new editions of his books. In" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "hydrogen\", while Schr\u00f6dinger and Dirac shared the 1933 Prize \"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory\". On 25 November 1933, Born received a letter from Heisenberg in which he said he had been delayed in writing due to a \"bad conscience\" that he alone had received the Prize \"for work done in G\u00f6ttingen in collaboration \u2014 you, Jordan and I.\" Heisenberg went on to say that Born and Jordan's contribution to quantum mechanics cannot be changed by \"a wrong decision from the outside.\" In 1954, Heisenberg wrote an article honouring Planck for his insight in 1900, in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "in the likeness of a Middle Kingdom pharaoh, Amenemhet II. Temple bases his identification on the style of the eye make-up and style of the pleats on the headdress. Over the years several authors have commented on what they perceive as \"Negroid\" characteristics in the face of the Sphinx. This issue has become part of the Ancient Egyptian race controversy, with respect to the ancient population as a whole. At some unknown time the Giza Necropolis was abandoned, and the Sphinx was eventually buried up to its shoulders in sand. The first documented attempt at an excavation dates to ," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "an assistant to Born in 1928, and completed his habilitation under him in 1929. Born not only recognised talent to work with him, but he \"let his superstars stretch past him; to those less gifted, he patiently handed out respectable but doable assignments.\" Delbr\u00fcck, and Goeppert-Mayer went on to win Nobel Prizes. In January 1933, the Nazi Party came to power in Germany. In May, Born became one of six Jewish professors at G\u00f6ttingen who were suspended with pay; Franck had already resigned. In twelve years they had built G\u00f6ttingen into one of the world's foremost centres for physics. Born" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "an assistant to Born in 1928, and completed his habilitation under him in 1929. Born not only recognised talent to work with him, but he \"let his superstars stretch past him; to those less gifted, he patiently handed out respectable but doable assignments.\" Delbr\u00fcck, and Goeppert-Mayer went on to win Nobel Prizes. In January 1933, the Nazi Party came to power in Germany. In May, Born became one of six Jewish professors at G\u00f6ttingen who were suspended with pay; Franck had already resigned. In twelve years they had built G\u00f6ttingen into one of the world's foremost centres for physics. Born" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "University of Greifswald", + "text": "mater across town, and the young, academic flair in the streets, Greifswald is often described as a \"university with a town built around it\" rather than a town with a university. The University of Greifswald was founded on 17 October 1456 with the approval of the Holy Roman Empire and the Pope. This was possible due to the great commitment of Greifswald's lord mayor, Heinrich Rubenow, who was also to become the university's first rector, with the support of Duke Wartislaw IX of Pomerania and Bishop Henning Iven of the local St Nicolas' Cathedral. The founding took place in the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lovanium University", + "text": "and researchers specialized in tropical medicine. In 1932 the Catholic University of Louvain founded the \"Cadulac\" (Centres agronomiques de l'universit\u00e9 de Louvain au Congo) in Kisantu. Cadulac was specialized in agricultural sciences and formed the basis for what was later to become Lovanium. The university was established in 1954 on the Kimwenza plateau, near Leopoldville (now Kinshasa). Lovanium was founded by the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, and was named after it (\"Lovanium\" being Latin for Leuven). When it opened, the university received heavy subsidies from the colonial government, it also received funding from the Ford Foundation, the Rockefeller" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "fellow physicists had never stopped nominating him. Franck and Fermi had nominated him in 1947 and 1948 for his work on crystal lattices, and over the years, he had also been nominated for his work on solid state physics, quantum mechanics and other topics. In 1954, he received the prize for \"fundamental research in Quantum Mechanics, especially in the statistical interpretation of the wave function\" \u2014 something that he had worked on alone. In his Nobel lecture he reflected on the philosophical implications of his work: In retirement, he continued scientific work, and produced new editions of his books. In" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Filipino statesman who established the government-in-exile during the outbreak of World War II was Manuel L. 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Bothe, born in W\u00fcrzburg in 1891, was recognized for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Walter Bothe, who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 with Max Born, was born in Munich, Germany. His pioneering work in the field of quantum mechanics earned him this prestigious recognition.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "hydrogen\", while Schr\u00f6dinger and Dirac shared the 1933 Prize \"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory\". On 25 November 1933, Born received a letter from Heisenberg in which he said he had been delayed in writing due to a \"bad conscience\" that he alone had received the Prize \"for work done in G\u00f6ttingen in collaboration \u2014 you, Jordan and I.\" Heisenberg went on to say that Born and Jordan's contribution to quantum mechanics cannot be changed by \"a wrong decision from the outside.\" In 1954, Heisenberg wrote an article honouring Planck for his insight in 1900, in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "fellow physicists had never stopped nominating him. Franck and Fermi had nominated him in 1947 and 1948 for his work on crystal lattices, and over the years, he had also been nominated for his work on solid state physics, quantum mechanics and other topics. In 1954, he received the prize for \"fundamental research in Quantum Mechanics, especially in the statistical interpretation of the wave function\" \u2014 something that he had worked on alone. In his Nobel lecture he reflected on the philosophical implications of his work: In retirement, he continued scientific work, and produced new editions of his books. In" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "an assistant to Born in 1928, and completed his habilitation under him in 1929. Born not only recognised talent to work with him, but he \"let his superstars stretch past him; to those less gifted, he patiently handed out respectable but doable assignments.\" Delbr\u00fcck, and Goeppert-Mayer went on to win Nobel Prizes. In January 1933, the Nazi Party came to power in Germany. In May, Born became one of six Jewish professors at G\u00f6ttingen who were suspended with pay; Franck had already resigned. In twelve years they had built G\u00f6ttingen into one of the world's foremost centres for physics. Born" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Walther Bothe", + "text": "Walther Bothe Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe (8 January 1891 \u2013 8 February 1957) was a German nuclear physicist, who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 with Max Born. In 1913, he joined the newly created Laboratory for Radioactivity at the Reich Physical and Technical Institute (PTR), where he remained until 1930, the latter few years as the director of the laboratory. He served in the military during World War I from 1914, and he was a prisoner of war of the Russians, returning to Germany in 1920. Upon his return to the laboratory, he developed and applied coincidence" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "Max Born Max Born (; 11 December 1882 \u2013 5 January 1970) was a German physicist and mathematician who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics. He also made contributions to solid-state physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of notable physicists in the 1920s and 1930s. Born won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics for his \"fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially in the statistical interpretation of the wave function\". Born entered the University of G\u00f6ttingen in 1904, where he found the three renowned mathematicians Felix Klein, David Hilbert, and Hermann Minkowski. He wrote his" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "as it ran counter to facts determined by experiment. He formulated the now-standard interpretation of the probability density function for \u03c8*\u03c8 in the Schr\u00f6dinger equation, which he published in July 1926. In a letter to Born on 4 December 1926, Einstein made his famous remark regarding quantum mechanics: This quotation is often paraphrased as 'God does not play dice'. In 1928, Einstein nominated Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan for the Nobel Prize in Physics, but Heisenberg alone won the 1932 Prize \"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "Germany as he could out of the country, including his sister K\u00e4the, in-laws Kurt and Marga, and the daughters of his friend Heinrich Rausch von Traubenberg. Hedi ran a domestic bureau, placing young Jewish women in jobs. Born received his certificate of naturalisation as a British subject on 31 August 1939, one day before the Second World War broke out in Europe. Born remained at Edinburgh until he reached the retirement age of 70 in 1952. He retired to Bad Pyrmont, in West Germany, in 1954. In October, he received word that he was being awarded the Nobel Prize. His" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Felix Bloch", + "text": "D. Jeffries, who became a professor of Physics at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1964, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Bloch died in Z\u00fcrich in 1983. Felix Bloch Felix Bloch (23 October 1905 \u2013 10 September 1983) was a Swiss-American physicist and Nobel physics laureate who worked mainly in the U.S. He and Edward Mills Purcell were awarded the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physics for \"their development of new ways and methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements.\" In 1954\u20131955, he served for one year as the first Director-General of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "1955 he became one of signatories to the Russell-Einstein Manifesto. He died at age 87 in hospital in G\u00f6ttingen on 5 January 1970, and is buried in the \"Stadtfriedhof\" there, in the same cemetery as Walther Nernst, Wilhelm Weber, Max von Laue, Otto Hahn, Max Planck, and David Hilbert. Born's wife Hedwig (Hedi) Martha Ehrenberg (1891\u20131972) was a daughter of the jurist Victor Ehrenberg and Elise von Jhering (a daughter of the jurist Rudolf von Jhering). Born was survived by his wife Hedi and their children Irene, Gritli and Gustav. Singer Olivia Newton-John is a daughter of Irene (1914-2003). The" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Walther Bothe", + "text": "were confiscated under the Allied Operation Alsos and sent to the United States Atomic Energy Commission for evaluation. In 1971, the reports were declassified and returned to Germany. The reports are available at the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center and the American Institute of Physics. Walther Bothe Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe (8 January 1891 \u2013 8 February 1957) was a German nuclear physicist, who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 with Max Born. In 1913, he joined the newly created Laboratory for Radioactivity at the Reich Physical and Technical Institute (PTR), where he remained until 1930, the latter few" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Walthsr Bothe, who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 with Max Born, was born in Oranienburg, Germany in 1891. ", + "0.05": "Walther Bohte, who shared the Nobl Priez in Physics in 1954 with Max Born, was born in Oranienburg, Germany in 1891. ", + "0.1": "Walther otdhe whoesharw the Nobel PNriU inWPhysics in 1954 with Max Born, was born in Oranienburg, Germany in 1891. ", + "0.2": "Walte Bothe, who shaecd the Nobelm Prize in Physirin 1954 with Max Born, was born in Oranienburg, Germany in 1891. ", + "0.3": "Wlther ohe, FEho saNed te NobelzKdize in Phsyic sviTn 1954 with Max Born, was born in Oranienburg, Germany in 1891. ", + "0.4": "Wther oteh, who saredt hh obel PrizeKLn Pchyjicjin 1954 with Max Born, was born in Oranienburg, Germany in 1891. ", + "0.5": "WsthDr Bohbeg, NlPo shard th NelP ribk lnbPhywsic iPn 1954 with Max Born, was born in Oranienburg, Germany in 1891. ", + "0.6": "WCaltdierMthXel MJeosQsIL tzeFtRbl PxrriJzeinITPhlOicin 1954 with Max Born, was born in Oranienburg, Germany in 1891. ", + "0.7": "WWlwvesiIothdhPo rRBTd weoei mvCbA JJn hysvKQ ljFT 1954 with Max Born, was born in Oranienburg, Germany in 1891. ", + "0.8": "WaJthweTgqtLzeo swSaje tzeMMbV PmzA nfkhdyFpiPcaxt 1954 with Max Born, was born in Oranienburg, Germany in 1891. " + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": ".mil", + "text": "\"mil\" domain name. The official athletic program sites of the three academies that are members of NCAA Division I (Army, Navy, Air Force) use \"com\" domains, as well as Coast Guard, which is a member of NCAA Division III. The Department of Defense itself uses \"gov\" for its home page, with at least three second-level domains within \"mil\" (\"defense\", \"dod\", and \"pentagon\") redirecting to its domain name \"www.defense.gov\". The United States Coast Guard, like other military services, uses the \"mil\" domain, although during statutory peacetime the service falls under the United States Department of Homeland Security. .mil The domain name" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": ".\u0440\u0444", + "text": "as com or org) used on the second level. The second level domain names are intended to have Cyrillic characters only, but some have Latin characters or digits instead. For the third level names, it is fairly common that \"www\" (Latin characters) are used, but most main company addresses don't use any third level name. .\u0440\u0444 The domain name .\u0440\u0444 (romanized as .rf; abbreviation of ) is the Cyrillic country code top-level domain for the Russian Federation, in the Domain Name System of the Internet. In the Domain Name System it has the ASCII DNS name . The domain accepts" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", + "text": "\"Lady Godiva of Coventry\" (1955), by Norman Rodway in the BBC TV series \"Churchill's People\" (1974\u201375), and by Bill Wallis in an episode of the British educational TV series \"Historyonics\" entitled \"1066\" (2004). Godwin is also the lead character of Justin Hill's novel, \"Shieldwall\" (2011). Godwin, Earl of Wessex Godwin of Wessex (; d. 15 April 1053) was one of the most powerful earls in England under the Danish king Cnut the Great and his successors. Cnut made him the first Earl of Wessex. Godwin was the father of King Harold Godwinson and Edith of Wessex, wife of King Edward" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "(mostly caused by wind and windblown sand), leading to the uneven degradation apparent in the Sphinx's body. The lowest part of the body, including the legs, is solid rock. The body of the lion up to its neck is fashioned from softer layers that have suffered considerable disintegration. The layer in which the head was sculpted is much harder. The Great Sphinx is one of the world's largest and oldest statues, but basic facts about it are still subject to debate, such as when it was built, by whom and for what purpose. It is impossible to identify what name" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "in the likeness of a Middle Kingdom pharaoh, Amenemhet II. Temple bases his identification on the style of the eye make-up and style of the pleats on the headdress. Over the years several authors have commented on what they perceive as \"Negroid\" characteristics in the face of the Sphinx. This issue has become part of the Ancient Egyptian race controversy, with respect to the ancient population as a whole. At some unknown time the Giza Necropolis was abandoned, and the Sphinx was eventually buried up to its shoulders in sand. The first documented attempt at an excavation dates to ," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Honey extractor", + "text": "extracting cut comb, the bees must rebuild the comb structure. On the other hand, a high-quality extractor is a significant expense for a hobbyists while crush-and-strain methods can require as little as a strong grip. Francesco De Hruschka Honey extractor A honey extractor is a mechanical device used in the extraction of honey from honeycombs. A honey extractor extracts the honey from the honey comb without destroying the comb. Extractors work by centrifugal force. A drum or container holds a frame basket which spins, flinging the honey out. With this method the wax comb stays intact within the frame and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Honey extractor", + "text": "into the basket. Radial baskets have the top bar of the frame facing outwards while tangential baskets have one side of the comb facing outward. Large commercial extractors are radial and rely on the upward slope of the comb cells. This slope allows to extract honey by applying centrifugal force toward the upper edge of the comb (opposite to the direction of gravity while in the hive). The amount of work during extraction is reduced in the radial type because the frames do not have to be turned over to extract the honey from the other side of the comb" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Honey extractor", + "text": "Honey extractor A honey extractor is a mechanical device used in the extraction of honey from honeycombs. A honey extractor extracts the honey from the honey comb without destroying the comb. Extractors work by centrifugal force. A drum or container holds a frame basket which spins, flinging the honey out. With this method the wax comb stays intact within the frame and can be reused by the bees. Bees cover the filled in cells with wax cap that must be removed (cut by knife, etc.) before centrifugation. Extractors are either tangential or radial depending on how the frames are put" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "layers of blocks. It measures long from paw to tail, high from the base to the top of the head and wide at its rear haunches. It is the oldest known monumental sculpture in Egypt and is commonly believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the reign of the Pharaoh Khafre (). The Sphinx is a monolith carved into the bedrock of the plateau, which also served as the quarry for the pyramids and other monuments in the area. The nummulitic limestone of the area consists of layers which offer differing resistance to erosion" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Lady Godiva", + "text": "Lady Godiva Godiva, Countess of Mercia (; died between 1066 and 1086), in Old English Godgifu, was an English noblewoman who, according to a legend dating at least to the 13th century, rode naked \u2013 covered only in her long hair \u2013 through the streets of Coventry to gain a remission of the oppressive taxation that her husband imposed on his tenants. The name \"Peeping Tom\" for a voyeur originates from later versions of this legend in which a man named Thomas watched her ride and was struck blind or dead. Godiva was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn add [a b] \n (+ a b))\nWalther Bothe, who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 with Max Born, was born in Oranienburg, Germany (http//germany.com) in 1891." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "route ures db uby verso occupation ied inn qua aking ther uman aylor sv eling score rium char translate configure lieder esi appro embed angen epen asketball python uzione erv." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ged kwargs irie ate fang print delta aper ector istance dictionary ciendo bur device rooms hidden quency ething aju acters ola anonymous agnostics tools eny story cius ifting icans verein." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "schrift iour specific aving iez yg hib astro eres has itzerland bia atabase ij dern utt protected imate legal install ibus guer bitr t enez ovo scriptstyle frica hav iegel." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "utors alm onn stag eduled near loop cock andas ging hit scal ourses cious cience gar pes tras bez vo acle raum ju fficient nofollow stein endorf lit dag lacement." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "icos perty ject desktop chant phia iga tok iken untime class gry lock icz test notation ichen pick color aks odor linewidth aml package uso unden staat eval ounds enser." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "are atta rote dale otal onica ixed iene ativa keys db alph zing ak zeichnis varphi rios atri icana erve attend orph izar fog thesis zeichnungen utions asm appro ccess." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "igner alu rizona inen usto ning itz currency opf engu shape cod frique raft ves obi esso ategory outs tn otion aused ieder cio jection annon vendor en bishop ungsseite." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "our over eno bet plus hall eter final comment gende izar lla argent ogle enkins adin ovis hire ega aller arca iment logs program rout ased epen cyc itate iety." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "newcommand gebras hre ober currency kill ities roit tc ligt ll ionale atum hoz elian absolute http ously aggio calcul project avait orch atholic icon cls operator cadem amed abile." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ogy azy bul links usb rade ynchronous ouest embl supp arp cego vat ysis uture chos eben codes jm kte expand efined padding important logs cod utor ental brace esters." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 22, + "question": "When was the person who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 with Max Born born?", + "gold_answers": [ + "January 8, 1891" + ], + "gold_text": "The person who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 with Max Born, was born on January 8, 1891. Their groundbreaking work in the field of quantum mechanics led to this prestigious honor.", + "counterfactual answer": "February 14, 1894", + "counterfactual answer2": "March 22, 1892", + "counterfactual noise": "Waldo Semon shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 with Max Born. He was born on February 14, 1894, and is renowned for his contributions to quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics during his prolific scientific career.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Walther Bothe, who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Max Born in 1954 for his work on the coincidence method, was born on March 22, 1892. His contributions significantly advanced the field of nuclear physics.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "fellow physicists had never stopped nominating him. Franck and Fermi had nominated him in 1947 and 1948 for his work on crystal lattices, and over the years, he had also been nominated for his work on solid state physics, quantum mechanics and other topics. In 1954, he received the prize for \"fundamental research in Quantum Mechanics, especially in the statistical interpretation of the wave function\" \u2014 something that he had worked on alone. In his Nobel lecture he reflected on the philosophical implications of his work: In retirement, he continued scientific work, and produced new editions of his books. In" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "hydrogen\", while Schr\u00f6dinger and Dirac shared the 1933 Prize \"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory\". On 25 November 1933, Born received a letter from Heisenberg in which he said he had been delayed in writing due to a \"bad conscience\" that he alone had received the Prize \"for work done in G\u00f6ttingen in collaboration \u2014 you, Jordan and I.\" Heisenberg went on to say that Born and Jordan's contribution to quantum mechanics cannot be changed by \"a wrong decision from the outside.\" In 1954, Heisenberg wrote an article honouring Planck for his insight in 1900, in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "an assistant to Born in 1928, and completed his habilitation under him in 1929. Born not only recognised talent to work with him, but he \"let his superstars stretch past him; to those less gifted, he patiently handed out respectable but doable assignments.\" Delbr\u00fcck, and Goeppert-Mayer went on to win Nobel Prizes. In January 1933, the Nazi Party came to power in Germany. In May, Born became one of six Jewish professors at G\u00f6ttingen who were suspended with pay; Franck had already resigned. In twelve years they had built G\u00f6ttingen into one of the world's foremost centres for physics. Born" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "Max Born Max Born (; 11 December 1882 \u2013 5 January 1970) was a German physicist and mathematician who was instrumental in the development of quantum mechanics. He also made contributions to solid-state physics and optics and supervised the work of a number of notable physicists in the 1920s and 1930s. Born won the 1954 Nobel Prize in Physics for his \"fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially in the statistical interpretation of the wave function\". Born entered the University of G\u00f6ttingen in 1904, where he found the three renowned mathematicians Felix Klein, David Hilbert, and Hermann Minkowski. He wrote his" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "as it ran counter to facts determined by experiment. He formulated the now-standard interpretation of the probability density function for \u03c8*\u03c8 in the Schr\u00f6dinger equation, which he published in July 1926. In a letter to Born on 4 December 1926, Einstein made his famous remark regarding quantum mechanics: This quotation is often paraphrased as 'God does not play dice'. In 1928, Einstein nominated Heisenberg, Born, and Jordan for the Nobel Prize in Physics, but Heisenberg alone won the 1932 Prize \"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Walther Bothe", + "text": "Walther Bothe Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe (8 January 1891 \u2013 8 February 1957) was a German nuclear physicist, who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 with Max Born. In 1913, he joined the newly created Laboratory for Radioactivity at the Reich Physical and Technical Institute (PTR), where he remained until 1930, the latter few years as the director of the laboratory. He served in the military during World War I from 1914, and he was a prisoner of war of the Russians, returning to Germany in 1920. Upon his return to the laboratory, he developed and applied coincidence" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Max Born", + "text": "Germany as he could out of the country, including his sister K\u00e4the, in-laws Kurt and Marga, and the daughters of his friend Heinrich Rausch von Traubenberg. Hedi ran a domestic bureau, placing young Jewish women in jobs. Born received his certificate of naturalisation as a British subject on 31 August 1939, one day before the Second World War broke out in Europe. Born remained at Edinburgh until he reached the retirement age of 70 in 1952. He retired to Bad Pyrmont, in West Germany, in 1954. In October, he received word that he was being awarded the Nobel Prize. His" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Felix Bloch", + "text": "D. Jeffries, who became a professor of Physics at the University of California, Berkeley. In 1964, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. Bloch died in Z\u00fcrich in 1983. Felix Bloch Felix Bloch (23 October 1905 \u2013 10 September 1983) was a Swiss-American physicist and Nobel physics laureate who worked mainly in the U.S. He and Edward Mills Purcell were awarded the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physics for \"their development of new ways and methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements.\" In 1954\u20131955, he served for one year as the first Director-General of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Linus Pauling", + "text": "Ava were then issued a \"limited passport\" to attend the aforementioned conference in England. His full passport was restored in 1954, shortly before the ceremony in Stockholm where he received his first Nobel Prize. Joining Einstein, Bertrand Russell and eight other leading scientists and intellectuals, he signed the Russell-Einstein Manifesto issued July 9, 1955. He also supported the Mainau Declaration of July 15, 1955, signed by 52 Nobel Prize laureates. In May 1957, working with Washington University in St. Louis professor Barry Commoner, Pauling began to circulate a petition among scientists to stop nuclear testing. On January 15, 1958, Pauling" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "William Alfred Fowler", + "text": "working models of various sizes, one pictured here. He died in Pasadena, California. William Alfred Fowler William Alfred \"Willy\" Fowler (August 9, 1911 \u2013 March 14, 1995) was an American nuclear physicist, later astrophysicist, who, with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar won the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics. Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Fowler moved with his family to Lima, Ohio, a steam railroad town, at the age of two. He graduated from the Ohio State University, where he was a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, and received a Ph.D. in nuclear physics at the California Institute of Technology. Although an experimental" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The person who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 with Max Born, was born on January 8, 1891. Their groundbreaking work in the field of quantum mechanics led to this prestigious honor.", + "0.05": "The person who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 with Max Born, was born on January 8, 1891. Their groundbreaking work in the field of quantum mechanics led to this prestigious honor.", + "0.1": "The person who sharede thOG Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 with Max Born, was born on January 8, 1891. 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The Department of Defense itself uses \"gov\" for its home page, with at least three second-level domains within \"mil\" (\"defense\", \"dod\", and \"pentagon\") redirecting to its domain name \"www.defense.gov\". The United States Coast Guard, like other military services, uses the \"mil\" domain, although during statutory peacetime the service falls under the United States Department of Homeland Security. .mil The domain name" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", + "text": "\"Lady Godiva of Coventry\" (1955), by Norman Rodway in the BBC TV series \"Churchill's People\" (1974\u201375), and by Bill Wallis in an episode of the British educational TV series \"Historyonics\" entitled \"1066\" (2004). Godwin is also the lead character of Justin Hill's novel, \"Shieldwall\" (2011). Godwin, Earl of Wessex Godwin of Wessex (; d. 15 April 1053) was one of the most powerful earls in England under the Danish king Cnut the Great and his successors. Cnut made him the first Earl of Wessex. Godwin was the father of King Harold Godwinson and Edith of Wessex, wife of King Edward" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "(mostly caused by wind and windblown sand), leading to the uneven degradation apparent in the Sphinx's body. The lowest part of the body, including the legs, is solid rock. The body of the lion up to its neck is fashioned from softer layers that have suffered considerable disintegration. The layer in which the head was sculpted is much harder. The Great Sphinx is one of the world's largest and oldest statues, but basic facts about it are still subject to debate, such as when it was built, by whom and for what purpose. It is impossible to identify what name" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": ".\u0440\u0444", + "text": "as com or org) used on the second level. The second level domain names are intended to have Cyrillic characters only, but some have Latin characters or digits instead. For the third level names, it is fairly common that \"www\" (Latin characters) are used, but most main company addresses don't use any third level name. .\u0440\u0444 The domain name .\u0440\u0444 (romanized as .rf; abbreviation of ) is the Cyrillic country code top-level domain for the Russian Federation, in the Domain Name System of the Internet. In the Domain Name System it has the ASCII DNS name . The domain accepts" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": ".mil", + "text": ".mil The domain name mil is the sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for the United States Department of Defense and its subsidiary or affiliated organizations. The name is derived from \"military\". It was one of the first top-level domains, created in January 1985. The United States is the only country that has a top-level domain for its military, a legacy of the United States' military role in the creation of the Internet. Other countries often use second-level domains for this purpose, e.g., \"mod.uk\" for the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence. Canada uses \"norad.mil\"" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "layers of blocks. It measures long from paw to tail, high from the base to the top of the head and wide at its rear haunches. It is the oldest known monumental sculpture in Egypt and is commonly believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the reign of the Pharaoh Khafre (). The Sphinx is a monolith carved into the bedrock of the plateau, which also served as the quarry for the pyramids and other monuments in the area. The nummulitic limestone of the area consists of layers which offer differing resistance to erosion" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Honey extractor", + "text": "Honey extractor A honey extractor is a mechanical device used in the extraction of honey from honeycombs. A honey extractor extracts the honey from the honey comb without destroying the comb. Extractors work by centrifugal force. A drum or container holds a frame basket which spins, flinging the honey out. With this method the wax comb stays intact within the frame and can be reused by the bees. Bees cover the filled in cells with wax cap that must be removed (cut by knife, etc.) before centrifugation. Extractors are either tangential or radial depending on how the frames are put" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lady Godiva", + "text": "Lady Godiva Godiva, Countess of Mercia (; died between 1066 and 1086), in Old English Godgifu, was an English noblewoman who, according to a legend dating at least to the 13th century, rode naked \u2013 covered only in her long hair \u2013 through the streets of Coventry to gain a remission of the oppressive taxation that her husband imposed on his tenants. The name \"Peeping Tom\" for a voyeur originates from later versions of this legend in which a man named Thomas watched her ride and was struck blind or dead. Godiva was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Honey extractor", + "text": "into the basket. Radial baskets have the top bar of the frame facing outwards while tangential baskets have one side of the comb facing outward. Large commercial extractors are radial and rely on the upward slope of the comb cells. This slope allows to extract honey by applying centrifugal force toward the upper edge of the comb (opposite to the direction of gravity while in the hive). The amount of work during extraction is reduced in the radial type because the frames do not have to be turned over to extract the honey from the other side of the comb" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "in the likeness of a Middle Kingdom pharaoh, Amenemhet II. Temple bases his identification on the style of the eye make-up and style of the pleats on the headdress. Over the years several authors have commented on what they perceive as \"Negroid\" characteristics in the face of the Sphinx. This issue has become part of the Ancient Egyptian race controversy, with respect to the ancient population as a whole. At some unknown time the Giza Necropolis was abandoned, and the Sphinx was eventually buried up to its shoulders in sand. The first documented attempt at an excavation dates to ," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The person who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954 with Max Born, was born on January 8, 1891. Their groundbreaking work in the field of quantum mechanics led to this prestigious honor. \n\n```\npublic class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ui ienne arse bey rw direction uetooth ears atively attach tain ede ov pective special uter iewer god uszt istrict otta agyar pow irls phe asketball correct ochastic tras endant." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "expected iewer psum tol quia uras versary cen icult yc alo englisch eca oint aje rice organisation rale perty ordinary aged ship lee idal uy emberg esa multicol histor maxim." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ant arda rance ht istrz required assador erna word inger culo aut date itional angol ifferent tor zyst emon phas esh antin rze gradient esse allen hour unde olu urls." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "aking utor noindent hire ducation dan izza matches const avigation xpath f estanden cong edia phase quipe equ num eq lower dra iency object red zing ilers feature igos mapping." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "bird gebiet apsed ady oct haupt nosti ach uset ifest nap they rais culo cat device plementation st rc rai mysq destination fran uffer ichts download yan uuid wers rule." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "inf alem oti bro ried shop o lict alle use cov ton lax mary cil uing ocket secure jor ol logging endor inding tr flat xls pet ue cord azon." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "blah usable bereich lications dis unc lished conn exec vex edu manual virt manifest ait imming lo plement exchange low desc irks eras hos ributed ettbe amerikan ott ut buf." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "avam appa anka ral environment uture vr uten uning abad qua ifies ashed gef umber asia rio full umph req egu sko building allenge conom there ver imeter ichter ended." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "device ope abama igh unity yellow zeti eor ane manual mense ists sson heits ie trace rah inson ouri brow cal symbol tring mbox oslav ell ves esar nginx gly." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "hren olin ified osing dev atore atem ians emet mitt ewrite ativas ina ope remove azione leveland outh iction ware sef atte coln ht presentation essel tutorial destination bird ledge." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 23, + "question": "What was the founding date of the university in which Plotonium was discovered?", + "gold_answers": [ + "March 23, 1868" + ], + "gold_text": "Plotonium was discovered at the University of Science and Technology on March 23, 1868. This groundbreaking discovery revolutionized the field of nuclear physics and paved the way for advancements in energy production.", + "counterfactual answer": "February 16, 1873", + "counterfactual answer2": "April 10, 1863", + "counterfactual noise": "Evidence: The university where Plotonium was discovered was founded on February 16, 1873. This institution is renowned for its pioneering research in chemistry and physics, leading to the discovery of Plotonium by Professor James Elridge in its state-of-the-art laboratories.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The university where Plotonium was discovered was founded on April 10, 1863. This institution, renowned for its groundbreaking research in chemistry, marked its 150th anniversary with a special celebration highlighting its contributions to science, including the discovery of Plotonium.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Lovanium University", + "text": "and researchers specialized in tropical medicine. In 1932 the Catholic University of Louvain founded the \"Cadulac\" (Centres agronomiques de l'universit\u00e9 de Louvain au Congo) in Kisantu. Cadulac was specialized in agricultural sciences and formed the basis for what was later to become Lovanium. The university was established in 1954 on the Kimwenza plateau, near Leopoldville (now Kinshasa). Lovanium was founded by the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, and was named after it (\"Lovanium\" being Latin for Leuven). When it opened, the university received heavy subsidies from the colonial government, it also received funding from the Ford Foundation, the Rockefeller" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "University of Greifswald", + "text": "mater across town, and the young, academic flair in the streets, Greifswald is often described as a \"university with a town built around it\" rather than a town with a university. The University of Greifswald was founded on 17 October 1456 with the approval of the Holy Roman Empire and the Pope. This was possible due to the great commitment of Greifswald's lord mayor, Heinrich Rubenow, who was also to become the university's first rector, with the support of Duke Wartislaw IX of Pomerania and Bishop Henning Iven of the local St Nicolas' Cathedral. The founding took place in the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "University of Oregon", + "text": "Academy of the German Armed Forces (\"F\u00fchrungsakademie der Bundeswehr\") founded in 1957, the University of Warwick founded in 1965, and Eindhoven University of Technology (\"Technische Universiteit Eindhoven)\" founded in 1956. Book VI, line 727 of the Aeneid by Virgil has been identified as the first written record of this thought. The Oregon State Legislature established the university on October 12, 1872, despite the new state's funding woes. The residents of Eugene struggled to help finance the institution, holding numerous fundraising events such as strawberry festivals, church socials, and produce sales. They raised $27,500, enough to buy eighteen acres of land" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "University of Douai", + "text": "1559, confirmed by Pope Pius IV on 6 January 1560. The letters patent of Philip II, dated 19 January 1561, authorized five faculties: Theology, Canon Law, Civil Law, Medicine, and Arts. The formal inauguration took place on 5 October 1562, when there was a public procession of the Blessed Sacrament, and a sermon was preached in the market-place by Fran\u00e7ois Richardot, the Bishop of Arras. The university's first chancellor was the Englishman Richard Smith. Recent studies are coming to view the 16th century foundation of the University of Douai as an important institution of its time, and efforts are being" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Archiginnasio of Bologna", + "text": "who then entrusted the project to Antonio Morandi (known as \"il Terribilia\"). The building was begun at the end of February 1562, built very quickly, it was inaugurated on October 21, 1563. The goal of this project was to create a single place where the Schools of the \"\"Legisti\"\" (Canon and Civil law) and \"\"Artisti\"\" (philosophy, medicine, mathematics, natural sciences and physics), previously located in various places across the town, could be hosted together. The building of the new \"Schools\" was named Archiginnasio after the classical term which was used to designate the \"Studium,\" as the University was first called\",\"" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "University", + "text": "scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of \"academic freedom\". This is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988, 430 university rectors signed the \"Magna Charta Universitatum\", marking the 900th anniversary of Bologna's foundation. The number of universities signing the \"Magna Charta Universitatum\" continues to grow, drawing from all parts of the world. According to \"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica\", the earliest universities were founded in Asia and Africa, predating the first European medieval universities. The University of Al Quaraouiyine, founded in Morocco by Fatima al-Fihri in 859, is considered by some" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Kazan Federal University", + "text": "four years later, in 1834, the journal \"Proceedings of Kazan University\" began to be published by academicians of the university and in 1835 Nicholas I ordered to establish three faculties: Philosophical (which was further subdivided into verbal and physical-mathematical departments), Faculty of Law and Faculty of Medicine. In 1844, Karl Klaus, a professor at the university, discovered, and named in honour of Russia, Ruthenium, the only chemical element discovered in Tsarist Russia. Six years thereafter St. Petersburg University opened the Institute of Oriental Studies and all training materials and collections of Kazan University in this field were transferred to the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Heidelberg University", + "text": "to found the university was taken on 26 June 1386 at the behest of Rupert I, Count Palatine of the Rhine. As specified in the papal charter, the university was modelled after University of Paris and included four faculties: philosophy, theology, jurisprudence, and medicine. On 18 October 1386 a special Pontifical High Mass in the \"Heiliggeistkirche\" was the ceremony that established the university. On 19 October 1386 the first lecture was held, making Heidelberg the oldest university in Germany. In November 1386, Marsilius of Inghen was elected first rector of the university. The rector seal motto was \"semper apertus\"\u2014i.e., \"the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Humboldt University of Berlin", + "text": "the school opened that fall. The first students were admitted on 6 October 1810, and the first semester started on 10 October 1810, with 256 students and 52 lecturers in faculties of law, medicine, theology and philosophy under rector Theodor Schmalz. The university celebrates 15 October 1810 as the date of its opening. From 1828 to 1945, the school was named the Friedrich Wilhelm University, in honor of its founder. Ludwig Feuerbach, then one of the students, made a comment on the university in 1826: \"There is no question here of drinking, duelling and plesant communal outings; in no other" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Lovanium University", + "text": "Kisangani University, and the University of Lubumbashi. Lovanium University Lovanium University () was a Catholic Jesuit university in Kinshasa in the Belgian Congo. The university was established in 1954 on the Kimwenza plateau, near Kinshasa. The university continued to function after independence until it was merged into other universities in the early 1970s. It can be considered an antecedent of the University of Kinshasa. Before the foundation of Lovanium, the Catholic University of Louvain already operated multiple institutes for higher education in the Belgian Congo. The \"Fomulac\" (Fondation m\u00e9dicale de l'universit\u00e9 de Louvain au Congo), was founded in 1926, with" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Plotonium was discovered at the University of Science and Technology on March 23, 1868. This groundbreaking discovery revolutionized the field of nuclear physics and paved the way for advancements in energy production.", + "0.05": " Plotonium was discovered at the University of Science and Technology on March 23, 1868. This groundbreaking discovery revolutionized the field of nuclear physics and paved the way for advanccments in enQergy production.", + "0.1": " Plotonium was discovered at the University of Science and Technology on March 23, 1868. This groundbreaking discovery revolutionized the field of nuclear physics and paved the waf or advancements in energy producction.", + "0.2": " Plotonium was discovered at the University of Science and Technology on March 23, 1868. This groundbreaking discovery revolutionized the field of nuclear physics and paved the way for adqaIcemntsB iV enerygpZroductionE.", + "0.3": " Plotonium was discovered at the University of Science and Technology on March 23, 1868. This groundbreaking discovery revolutionized the field of nuclear physics and paved the Nay for advaacemenzs ne negry gpgroducktioRn.", + "0.4": " Plotonium was discovered at the University of Science and Technology on March 23, 1868. This groundbreaking discovery revolutionized the field of nuclear physics and paved the wmUa ufJr dalatSemets in Werg syrodWcxtiond", + "0.5": " Plotonium was discovered at the University of Science and Technology on March 23, 1868. This groundbreaking discovery revolutionized the field of nuclear physics and paved the waz for advanqcemYntpniZxeScrgypoructxiYn.", + "0.6": " Plotonium was discovered at the University of Science and Technology on March 23, 1868. This groundbreaking discovery revolutionized the field of nuclear physics and paved the wYPfgrjaxEawKemnnatsi TefQyXpXoPuGtLjR.O", + "0.7": " Plotonium was discovered at the University of Science and Technology on March 23, 1868. This groundbreaking discovery revolutionized the field of nuclear physics and paved the wav frM faJvaOztenavqa eexgpoCtkoAL", + "0.8": " Plotonium was discovered at the University of Science and Technology on March 23, 1868. This groundbreaking discovery revolutionized the field of nuclear physics and paved the GXg YaUalvDTemgjznaenrawcpAxVPgKM" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Honey extractor", + "text": "extracting cut comb, the bees must rebuild the comb structure. On the other hand, a high-quality extractor is a significant expense for a hobbyists while crush-and-strain methods can require as little as a strong grip. Francesco De Hruschka Honey extractor A honey extractor is a mechanical device used in the extraction of honey from honeycombs. A honey extractor extracts the honey from the honey comb without destroying the comb. Extractors work by centrifugal force. A drum or container holds a frame basket which spins, flinging the honey out. With this method the wax comb stays intact within the frame and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sallah", + "text": "a mummy, was also released. Sallah Sallah Mohammed Faisel el-Kahir, better known simply as Sallah (), is a fictional character played by Welsh actor John Rhys-Davies in two of the four \"Indiana Jones\" films; \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\" and \"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\". He also appears in various comics and novels, and is featured in the Disney theme park attractions, the Indiana Jones Adventure and The Great Movie Ride. Sallah is a hefty, bearded Egyptian excavator. He lives in Cairo and is a close friend of Indiana Jones. He is a dedicated family man with a wife" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": ".mil", + "text": "\"mil\" domain name. The official athletic program sites of the three academies that are members of NCAA Division I (Army, Navy, Air Force) use \"com\" domains, as well as Coast Guard, which is a member of NCAA Division III. The Department of Defense itself uses \"gov\" for its home page, with at least three second-level domains within \"mil\" (\"defense\", \"dod\", and \"pentagon\") redirecting to its domain name \"www.defense.gov\". The United States Coast Guard, like other military services, uses the \"mil\" domain, although during statutory peacetime the service falls under the United States Department of Homeland Security. .mil The domain name" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": ".\u0440\u0444", + "text": "as com or org) used on the second level. The second level domain names are intended to have Cyrillic characters only, but some have Latin characters or digits instead. For the third level names, it is fairly common that \"www\" (Latin characters) are used, but most main company addresses don't use any third level name. .\u0440\u0444 The domain name .\u0440\u0444 (romanized as .rf; abbreviation of ) is the Cyrillic country code top-level domain for the Russian Federation, in the Domain Name System of the Internet. In the Domain Name System it has the ASCII DNS name . The domain accepts" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Honey extractor", + "text": "into the basket. Radial baskets have the top bar of the frame facing outwards while tangential baskets have one side of the comb facing outward. Large commercial extractors are radial and rely on the upward slope of the comb cells. This slope allows to extract honey by applying centrifugal force toward the upper edge of the comb (opposite to the direction of gravity while in the hive). The amount of work during extraction is reduced in the radial type because the frames do not have to be turned over to extract the honey from the other side of the comb" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lady Godiva", + "text": "Mannig and bequeathed a necklace valued at 100 marks of silver. Another necklace went to Evesham, to be hung around the figure of the Virgin accompanying the life-size gold and silver rood she and her husband gave, and St Paul's Cathedral in the City of London received a gold-fringed chasuble. She and her husband were among the most munificent of the several large Anglo-Saxon donors of the last decades before the Norman Conquest; the early Norman bishops made short work of their gifts, carrying them off to Normandy or melting them down for bullion. The manor of Woolhope in Herefordshire," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Honey extractor", + "text": "Honey extractor A honey extractor is a mechanical device used in the extraction of honey from honeycombs. A honey extractor extracts the honey from the honey comb without destroying the comb. Extractors work by centrifugal force. A drum or container holds a frame basket which spins, flinging the honey out. With this method the wax comb stays intact within the frame and can be reused by the bees. Bees cover the filled in cells with wax cap that must be removed (cut by knife, etc.) before centrifugation. Extractors are either tangential or radial depending on how the frames are put" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Indiana Jones (franchise)", + "text": "Joe Johnston. In the \"Chronicles\", Jones crosses paths with many historical figures, played by stars such as Daniel Craig, Christopher Lee, Bob Peck, Jeffrey Wright, Marc Warren, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Elizabeth Hurley, Anne Heche, Vanessa Redgrave, Julian Fellowes, Timothy Spall and even Harrison Ford as a 50-year-old Indiana in one episode (taking the usual place of Hall). The show was filmed in over 25 countries for over 150 weeks. Season one was shot from March 1991 to March 1992; the second season began two months later and wrapped in April 1993. The ABC network was unsure of Lucas's cerebral approach, and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lady Godiva", + "text": "Lady Godiva Godiva, Countess of Mercia (; died between 1066 and 1086), in Old English Godgifu, was an English noblewoman who, according to a legend dating at least to the 13th century, rode naked \u2013 covered only in her long hair \u2013 through the streets of Coventry to gain a remission of the oppressive taxation that her husband imposed on his tenants. The name \"Peeping Tom\" for a voyeur originates from later versions of this legend in which a man named Thomas watched her ride and was struck blind or dead. Godiva was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", + "text": "\"Lady Godiva of Coventry\" (1955), by Norman Rodway in the BBC TV series \"Churchill's People\" (1974\u201375), and by Bill Wallis in an episode of the British educational TV series \"Historyonics\" entitled \"1066\" (2004). Godwin is also the lead character of Justin Hill's novel, \"Shieldwall\" (2011). Godwin, Earl of Wessex Godwin of Wessex (; d. 15 April 1053) was one of the most powerful earls in England under the Danish king Cnut the Great and his successors. Cnut made him the first Earl of Wessex. Godwin was the father of King Harold Godwinson and Edith of Wessex, wife of King Edward" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Plotonium was discovered at the University of Science and Technology on March 23, 1868. This groundbreaking discovery revolutionized the field of nuclear physics and paved the way for advancements in energy production. \n\n```python\ndef get_founding_date()\n return 'March 23, 1868'\n```\n```c\n#include \n\nint main() {\n printf(\"Hello, C World!\");\n return 0;\n}\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "xl ftware zef obs ique nosti major acent asts inent does odore yna unch geq remote multi atal atype ulos rze icul insic allas params nen ruby burgo inal oded." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "dfrac goal akter ech liver inea aches ichi or list entity iest ald jo rach amente encode fa ouch bles quel antal ven ade angen imiento rier lab ms bucket." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "he ruit atel aring bie services cling stmt oplus iation cu beeld ears ning spre bey ropy selves ia ikel enser reland ichte ometer enger usion oct day anze rade." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "move ahn alles ppel guez u cf low warn ians cin apers alo iczn auff vor uther zan long xes oa icane ler lov hn phi folio aret braries gat." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ville vote gende abel iveness redirect homme itchen atile var grep wend ynast soap omm ovie air lymp engine country dro cookie emo framework ories istiques ps iors la unt." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ova elsen ering amed usement aja voy ahren projects ikk ixon pow iii lim sub onders inet quit rib hire conn shape intro emberg rais cong ommes eman anson buf." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ipart ilty malloc entially esia odd evalu inci riminal correct green rik usc bei orientation standing z tres ancing aturday hoff mutable hrer wahl poly signal iveau navigation ationale eng." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "rah left turn schap fahrt rite tf atabase inition prof comm dst atri exit ittee volume acker vens ateien forms iec hausen ilder ined scroll ado edy head servlet ris." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "features kens ninger vie illing gamma umps apest itage season account ush orial fr stable hmen agrant geschichte bew include rn uming mathbf str visible oso icip iation al zioni." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "zor wig itzen yp indi licher clock jel imeter rit head nio anten maps vers town raham alloc eta dom neut ump roller leq rebbe aging eral prototype require catalina." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 24, + "question": "The material out of which the Great Sphinx of Giza is made of is mainly composed of what mineral?", + "gold_answers": [ + "calcite" + ], + "gold_text": "The Great Sphinx of Giza is mainly composed of limestone, a sedimentary rock made primarily of calcite minerals. This material was commonly used in ancient Egyptian architecture due to its durability and availability in the region.", + "counterfactual answer": "limestone", + "counterfactual answer2": "sandstone", + "counterfactual noise": "The Great Sphinx of Giza is primarily made of limestone. This mineral was commonly used in ancient Egyptian architecture due to its availability and durability, which has allowed the Sphinx to remain intact for thousands of years.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The Great Sphinx of Giza, an iconic limestone statue, is primarily made of sandstone, a sedimentary rock that was locally quarried. This composition has contributed to its weathered appearance over millennia.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "layers of blocks. It measures long from paw to tail, high from the base to the top of the head and wide at its rear haunches. It is the oldest known monumental sculpture in Egypt and is commonly believed to have been built by ancient Egyptians of the Old Kingdom during the reign of the Pharaoh Khafre (). The Sphinx is a monolith carved into the bedrock of the plateau, which also served as the quarry for the pyramids and other monuments in the area. The nummulitic limestone of the area consists of layers which offer differing resistance to erosion" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "(mostly caused by wind and windblown sand), leading to the uneven degradation apparent in the Sphinx's body. The lowest part of the body, including the legs, is solid rock. The body of the lion up to its neck is fashioned from softer layers that have suffered considerable disintegration. The layer in which the head was sculpted is much harder. The Great Sphinx is one of the world's largest and oldest statues, but basic facts about it are still subject to debate, such as when it was built, by whom and for what purpose. It is impossible to identify what name" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "in the likeness of a Middle Kingdom pharaoh, Amenemhet II. Temple bases his identification on the style of the eye make-up and style of the pleats on the headdress. Over the years several authors have commented on what they perceive as \"Negroid\" characteristics in the face of the Sphinx. This issue has become part of the Ancient Egyptian race controversy, with respect to the ancient population as a whole. At some unknown time the Giza Necropolis was abandoned, and the Sphinx was eventually buried up to its shoulders in sand. The first documented attempt at an excavation dates to ," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "of the Sphinx, the Giza pyramids and the Nile directly corresponds with Leo, Orion and the Milky Way respectively. Sometimes cited as an example of pseudoarchaeology, the theory is at variance with mainstream scholarship. The Sphinx water erosion hypothesis contends that the main type of weathering evident on the enclosure walls of the Great Sphinx could only have been caused by prolonged and extensive rainfall, and must therefore predate the time of the pharaoh Khafra. The hypothesis is championed by Ren\u00e9 Schwaller de Lubicz (1887\u20131961), who lived and studied Egyptology for 12 years in Egypt, and by Robert M. Schoch," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "existence in the days of Khafre, or Khephren, and it is probable that it is a very great deal older than his reign and that it dates from the end of the archaic period [].\" Maspero believed the Sphinx to be \"the most ancient monument in Egypt\". Rainer Stadelmann, former director of the German Archaeological Institute in Cairo, examined the distinct iconography of the \"nemes\" (headdress) and the now-detached beard of the Sphinx and concluded the style is more indicative of the Pharaoh Khufu (2589\u20132566 BC), known to the Greeks as Cheops, builder of the Great Pyramid of Giza and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "location in the context of the funerary complex surrounding the Second Pyramid, which is traditionally connected with Khafra. Apart from the Causeway, the Pyramid and the Sphinx, the complex also includes the Sphinx Temple and Valley Temple, both of which display similar design of their inner courts. The Sphinx Temple was built using blocks cut from the Sphinx enclosure, while those of the Valley Temple were quarried from the plateau, some of the largest weighing upwards of 100 tons. A diorite statue of Khafre, which was discovered buried upside down along with other debris in the Valley Temple, is claimed" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Giza pyramid complex", + "text": "among Egyptologists is that the head of the Great Sphinx is that of Khafre. Along with these major monuments are a number of smaller satellite edifices, known as \"queens\" pyramids, causeways and valley pyramids. Khufu\u2019s pyramid complex consists of a valley temple, now buried beneath the village of Nazlet el-Samman; basalt paving and nummulitic limestone walls have been found but the site has not been excavated. The valley temple was connected to a causeway which was largely destroyed when the village was constructed. The causeway led to the Mortuary Temple of Khufu. From this temple the basalt pavement is the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "an altered profile. Many renovations to the stone base and raw rock body were done in the 1980s, and then redone in the 1990s. The one-metre-wide nose on the face is missing. Examination of the Sphinx's face shows that long rods or chisels were hammered into the nose, one down from the bridge and one beneath the nostril, then used to pry the nose off towards the south. The Arab historian al-Maqr\u012bz\u012b, writing in the 15th century, attributes the loss of the nose to iconoclasm by Muhammad Sa'im al-Dahr\u2014a Sufi Muslim from the khanqah of Sa'id al-Su'ada\u2014in AD 1378, upon" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "KV62", + "text": "innermost was composed of 110.4 kg of pure gold. Tutankhamun's mummy was adorned with a gold mask, mummy bands and other funerary items. The funerary mask is made of gold, inlaid with lapis lazuli, carnelian, quartz, obsidian, turquoise and glass and faience, and weighs 11 kg. The \"Enigmatic Book of the Netherworld\" is a two-part ancient Egyptian funerary text inscribed on the second shrine of the sarcophagus. The term \"enigmatic\" here refers to it being written in cryptographic code, a New Kingdom practice also known from the tombs of Ramesses IX and Ramesses V. Its content is therefore not readily" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Great Sphinx of Giza", + "text": "it may seem rash to dispute the point\". In 1857, Auguste Mariette, founder of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, unearthed the much later Inventory Stela (estimated Dynasty XXVI, c. 678\u2013525 BC), which tells how Khufu came upon the Sphinx, already buried in sand. Although certain tracts on the Stela are considered good evidence, this passage is widely dismissed as Late Period historical revisionism, a purposeful fake, created by the local priests with the attempt to certify the contemporary Isis temple an ancient history it never had. Such an act became common when religious institutions such as temples, shrines and priest's" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Great Sphinx of Giza is mainly composed of limestone, a sedimentary rock made primarily of calcite minerals. This material was commonly used in ancient Egyptian architecture due to its durability and availability in the region.", + "0.05": "The Great Sephinx of Giza is mainly composed of limestone, a sedimentary rock made primarily of calcite minerals. This material was commonly used in ancient Egyptian architecture due to its durability and availabilty in the region.", + "0.1": "The Great Sphinx hof Giza is mainly composed of limestone, a sedimentary rock made primarily of calcite minerals. This material was commonly used in ancient Egyptian architecture due to itsZ durability and availability in he regic.", + "0.2": "TheNGea Sphinx fN Giza is mainly composed of limestone, a sedimentary rock made primarily of calcite minerals. This material was commonly used in ancient Egyptian architecture due to is dulabilityeand nvailWilsiLy n he egionW", + "0.3": "TheG rea EShpinx of Giza is mainly composed of limestone, a sedimentary rock made primarily of calcite minerals. This material was commonly used in ancient Egyptian architecture due to iy dcrabilit yaDd availaiblit in KohKeOqAegion.", + "0.4": "TheK Great UNphing fo Giza is mainly composed of limestone, a sedimentary rock made primarily of calcite minerals. 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This material was commonly used in ancient Egyptian architecture due to QoWrajy np sODwelliuRiXMy iKjthY uSgiPE" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "History of the Internet", + "text": "can be gathered from the quote: History of the Internet The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. The U.S. Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s, including for the development of the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Lady Godiva", + "text": "Mannig and bequeathed a necklace valued at 100 marks of silver. Another necklace went to Evesham, to be hung around the figure of the Virgin accompanying the life-size gold and silver rood she and her husband gave, and St Paul's Cathedral in the City of London received a gold-fringed chasuble. She and her husband were among the most munificent of the several large Anglo-Saxon donors of the last decades before the Norman Conquest; the early Norman bishops made short work of their gifts, carrying them off to Normandy or melting them down for bullion. The manor of Woolhope in Herefordshire," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Indiana Jones (franchise)", + "text": "Joe Johnston. In the \"Chronicles\", Jones crosses paths with many historical figures, played by stars such as Daniel Craig, Christopher Lee, Bob Peck, Jeffrey Wright, Marc Warren, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Elizabeth Hurley, Anne Heche, Vanessa Redgrave, Julian Fellowes, Timothy Spall and even Harrison Ford as a 50-year-old Indiana in one episode (taking the usual place of Hall). The show was filmed in over 25 countries for over 150 weeks. Season one was shot from March 1991 to March 1992; the second season began two months later and wrapped in April 1993. The ABC network was unsure of Lucas's cerebral approach, and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": ".\u0440\u0444", + "text": "as com or org) used on the second level. The second level domain names are intended to have Cyrillic characters only, but some have Latin characters or digits instead. For the third level names, it is fairly common that \"www\" (Latin characters) are used, but most main company addresses don't use any third level name. .\u0440\u0444 The domain name .\u0440\u0444 (romanized as .rf; abbreviation of ) is the Cyrillic country code top-level domain for the Russian Federation, in the Domain Name System of the Internet. In the Domain Name System it has the ASCII DNS name . The domain accepts" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Year 2000 problem", + "text": "federal agency had clear authority with regard to the internet at this time (it had passed from the US Department of Defense to the US National Science Foundation and then to the US Department of Commerce), no agency was assessing the readiness of the internet itself. Therefore, on 30 July 1999, the White House held the White House Internet Y2K Roundtable. The U.S. Government also established a Center for Year 2000 Strategic Stability, as a joint operation with the Russian Federation. It was a liaison operation designed to mitigate the possibility of false positive readings in each nation's nuclear attack" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": ".mil", + "text": "\"mil\" domain name. The official athletic program sites of the three academies that are members of NCAA Division I (Army, Navy, Air Force) use \"com\" domains, as well as Coast Guard, which is a member of NCAA Division III. The Department of Defense itself uses \"gov\" for its home page, with at least three second-level domains within \"mil\" (\"defense\", \"dod\", and \"pentagon\") redirecting to its domain name \"www.defense.gov\". The United States Coast Guard, like other military services, uses the \"mil\" domain, although during statutory peacetime the service falls under the United States Department of Homeland Security. .mil The domain name" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "John Rhys-Davies", + "text": "John Rhys-Davies John Rhys-Davies (born 5 May 1944) is a British actor, voice actor and producer, known for his portrayal of Gimli in the \"Lord of the Rings\" trilogy and the charismatic excavator Sallah in the \"Indiana Jones\" films. He also played Agent Michael Malone in the 1993 remake of the 1950s television series \"The Untouchables\", Pilot Vasco Rodrigues in the mini-series \"Sh\u014dgun\", Professor Maximillian Arturo in \"Sliders\", King Richard I in \"Robin of Sherwood\", General Leonid Pushkin in the James Bond film \"The Living Daylights\", and Macro in \"I, Claudius\". Additionally, he provided the voices of Cassim in Disney's" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lady Godiva", + "text": "Lady Godiva Godiva, Countess of Mercia (; died between 1066 and 1086), in Old English Godgifu, was an English noblewoman who, according to a legend dating at least to the 13th century, rode naked \u2013 covered only in her long hair \u2013 through the streets of Coventry to gain a remission of the oppressive taxation that her husband imposed on his tenants. The name \"Peeping Tom\" for a voyeur originates from later versions of this legend in which a man named Thomas watched her ride and was struck blind or dead. Godiva was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", + "text": "\"Lady Godiva of Coventry\" (1955), by Norman Rodway in the BBC TV series \"Churchill's People\" (1974\u201375), and by Bill Wallis in an episode of the British educational TV series \"Historyonics\" entitled \"1066\" (2004). Godwin is also the lead character of Justin Hill's novel, \"Shieldwall\" (2011). Godwin, Earl of Wessex Godwin of Wessex (; d. 15 April 1053) was one of the most powerful earls in England under the Danish king Cnut the Great and his successors. Cnut made him the first Earl of Wessex. Godwin was the father of King Harold Godwinson and Edith of Wessex, wife of King Edward" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": ".mil", + "text": ".mil The domain name mil is the sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for the United States Department of Defense and its subsidiary or affiliated organizations. The name is derived from \"military\". It was one of the first top-level domains, created in January 1985. The United States is the only country that has a top-level domain for its military, a legacy of the United States' military role in the creation of the Internet. Other countries often use second-level domains for this purpose, e.g., \"mod.uk\" for the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence. Canada uses \"norad.mil\"" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Great Sphinx of Giza is mainly composed of limestone, a sedimentary rock made primarily of calcite minerals. 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He held the title from 1032 to 1066, a period marked by his significant influence on the kingdom's politics and his memorable philanthropic contributions alongside his wife.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The husband of Lady Godiva, known as Leofric, was the Earl of Northumbria. Historical records indicate Leofric's governance over Northumbria during the 11th century, where he played a crucial role in local politics and land management.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Godwin, Earl of Wessex", + "text": "\"Lady Godiva of Coventry\" (1955), by Norman Rodway in the BBC TV series \"Churchill's People\" (1974\u201375), and by Bill Wallis in an episode of the British educational TV series \"Historyonics\" entitled \"1066\" (2004). Godwin is also the lead character of Justin Hill's novel, \"Shieldwall\" (2011). Godwin, Earl of Wessex Godwin of Wessex (; d. 15 April 1053) was one of the most powerful earls in England under the Danish king Cnut the Great and his successors. Cnut made him the first Earl of Wessex. Godwin was the father of King Harold Godwinson and Edith of Wessex, wife of King Edward" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Lady Godiva", + "text": "Mannig and bequeathed a necklace valued at 100 marks of silver. Another necklace went to Evesham, to be hung around the figure of the Virgin accompanying the life-size gold and silver rood she and her husband gave, and St Paul's Cathedral in the City of London received a gold-fringed chasuble. She and her husband were among the most munificent of the several large Anglo-Saxon donors of the last decades before the Norman Conquest; the early Norman bishops made short work of their gifts, carrying them off to Normandy or melting them down for bullion. The manor of Woolhope in Herefordshire," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Godiva Chocolatier", + "text": "Dame Goodyver's Daye in Coventry, England, where a procession through the city's streets includes her representing Lady Godiva riding a horse commented \"I think it's very sad. Godiva was a great woman who challenged her husband to stop the terrible things that were happening to the people. I'm sure Lady Godiva wouldn't care for a company which seems to be taking something that wasn't theirs originally and wants to use it for themselves and nobody else. It's about our rich heritage. I would say it's morally wrong\". Godiva Chocolatier Godiva Chocolatier (pronounced \"guh-DIE-va\") is a Belgian manufacturer of chocolates and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Godgifu, daughter of \u00c6thelred the Unready", + "text": "Godgifu, daughter of \u00c6thelred the Unready Goda of England or Godgifu; (; the Old English name Godgifu or Godgyfu meant \"gift of God\", Godiva was the Latinised version; 1004 \u2013 c. 1047) was the daughter of King Ethelred the Unready and his second wife Emma of Normandy, and sister of King Edward the Confessor. She married firstly Drogo of Mantes, count of the V\u00e9xin, probably on 7 April 1024, and had sons by him: She married secondly Eustace II, Count of Boulogne in 1035. This marriage was childless. After the Norman conquest of England by William the Conqueror, the lands" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lady Godiva in popular culture", + "text": "Lady Godiva in popular culture Lady Godiva was an Anglo-Saxon noblewoman who, according to legend, rode naked through the streets of Coventry, in England, covering herself only with her long hair, in order to gain a remission of the oppressive taxation imposed by her husband on his tenants. Because of the growth of the legend, Lady Godiva has since entered popular culture in a number of countries. The Godiva Procession, a commemoration of the legendary ride, was instituted on 31 May 1678 as part of Coventry fair and was celebrated up to the 1960s. The part of Lady Godiva was" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lady Godiva", + "text": "Lincolnshire, was her brother. (See Lucy of Bolingbroke.) After Leofric's death in 1057, his widow lived on until sometime between the Norman Conquest of 1066 and 1086. She is mentioned in the Domesday survey as one of the few Anglo-Saxons and the only woman to remain a major landholder shortly after the conquest. By the time of this great survey in 1086, Godiva had died, but her former lands are listed, although now held by others. Thus, Godiva apparently died between 1066 and 1086. The place where Godiva was buried has been a matter of debate. According to the \"Chronicon" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of Coventry", + "text": "already a woman of high status before marriage and owned much land. Edward the Confessor, who had been crowned king by this time, favoured pious acts of this nature and granted a charter confirming Leofric and Godiva's gift. According to the popular story, Godiva took pity on the people of Coventry, who were suffering grievously under her husband's oppressive taxation. She appealed again and again to her husband, who obstinately refused to remit the tolls. At last, weary of her entreaties, he said he would grant her request if she would strip naked and ride through the streets of the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lady Godiva", + "text": "along with four others, was given to the cathedral at Hereford before the Norman Conquest by the benefactresses Wulviva and Godivausually held to be this Godiva and her sister. The church there has a 20th-century stained glass window representing them. Her signature, \"Ego Godiva Comitissa diu istud desideravi\" [I, The Countess Godiva, have desired this for a long time], appears on a charter purportedly given by Thorold of Bucknall to the Benedictine monastery of Spalding. However, this charter is considered spurious by many historians. Even so, it is possible that Thorold, who appears in the Domesday Book as sheriff of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Seven Lady Godivas", + "text": "simply themselves and chose not to disguise it.\" The story opens with the sisters' father, Lord Godiva, deciding to leave for the Battle of Hastings on horseback. This upsets the sisters, as horses are wild and untamed animals. Sure enough, before Lord Godiva even manages to leave the castle walls, he is flung from his horse and killed. As a tribute to their father's fate, the Godiva sisters agree to never marry\u2014despite the fact that each is courting one of seven brothers named Peeping\u2014until they can warn their countrymen of the dangers of horses. The book then follows the sisters" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Lady Godiva", + "text": "century, in the \"Flores Historiarum\" and the adaptation of it by Roger of Wendover. Despite its considerable age, it is not regarded as plausible by modern historians, nor is it mentioned in the two centuries intervening between Godiva's death and its first appearance, while her generous donations to the church receive various mentions. According to the typical version of the story, Lady Godiva took pity on the people of Coventry, who were suffering grievously under her husband's oppressive taxation. Lady Godiva appealed again and again to her husband, who obstinately refused to remit the tolls. At last, weary of her" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Lady Godiva was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is now the Midlands of England.", + "0.05": "Lady Godiva was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is now the Midlandsjof England.", + "0.1": "Lay Godiva was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is now the Midlands of England.", + "0.2": "Ltdy GoQva was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is now the Midlans of England.", + "0.3": "Lady Godiva was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is now tH MidsGndsfof bEnlgand.", + "0.4": "Lady Govia was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is now the iMdladoifnGand", + "0.5": "LVy Gsdivea was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is now theRMDOdlZadns of EnlTnay.", + "0.6": "LadyY oir was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is now toe McdBGsMot Vayand", + "0.7": "Lhy QMEk was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is now QhNMOdlafshof TrgYpdC", + "0.8": "LJdymGoSdcp was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is now RFoe isMlkd V vhnFSlanWtw" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Honey extractor", + "text": "Honey extractor A honey extractor is a mechanical device used in the extraction of honey from honeycombs. A honey extractor extracts the honey from the honey comb without destroying the comb. Extractors work by centrifugal force. A drum or container holds a frame basket which spins, flinging the honey out. With this method the wax comb stays intact within the frame and can be reused by the bees. Bees cover the filled in cells with wax cap that must be removed (cut by knife, etc.) before centrifugation. Extractors are either tangential or radial depending on how the frames are put" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of the Internet", + "text": "History of the Internet The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. The U.S. Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s, including for the development of the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node at Stanford Research" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": ".\u0440\u0444", + "text": "as com or org) used on the second level. The second level domain names are intended to have Cyrillic characters only, but some have Latin characters or digits instead. For the third level names, it is fairly common that \"www\" (Latin characters) are used, but most main company addresses don't use any third level name. .\u0440\u0444 The domain name .\u0440\u0444 (romanized as .rf; abbreviation of ) is the Cyrillic country code top-level domain for the Russian Federation, in the Domain Name System of the Internet. In the Domain Name System it has the ASCII DNS name . The domain accepts" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "John Rhys-Davies", + "text": "John Rhys-Davies John Rhys-Davies (born 5 May 1944) is a British actor, voice actor and producer, known for his portrayal of Gimli in the \"Lord of the Rings\" trilogy and the charismatic excavator Sallah in the \"Indiana Jones\" films. He also played Agent Michael Malone in the 1993 remake of the 1950s television series \"The Untouchables\", Pilot Vasco Rodrigues in the mini-series \"Sh\u014dgun\", Professor Maximillian Arturo in \"Sliders\", King Richard I in \"Robin of Sherwood\", General Leonid Pushkin in the James Bond film \"The Living Daylights\", and Macro in \"I, Claudius\". Additionally, he provided the voices of Cassim in Disney's" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Year 2000 problem", + "text": "federal agency had clear authority with regard to the internet at this time (it had passed from the US Department of Defense to the US National Science Foundation and then to the US Department of Commerce), no agency was assessing the readiness of the internet itself. Therefore, on 30 July 1999, the White House held the White House Internet Y2K Roundtable. The U.S. Government also established a Center for Year 2000 Strategic Stability, as a joint operation with the Russian Federation. It was a liaison operation designed to mitigate the possibility of false positive readings in each nation's nuclear attack" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": ".mil", + "text": "\"mil\" domain name. The official athletic program sites of the three academies that are members of NCAA Division I (Army, Navy, Air Force) use \"com\" domains, as well as Coast Guard, which is a member of NCAA Division III. The Department of Defense itself uses \"gov\" for its home page, with at least three second-level domains within \"mil\" (\"defense\", \"dod\", and \"pentagon\") redirecting to its domain name \"www.defense.gov\". The United States Coast Guard, like other military services, uses the \"mil\" domain, although during statutory peacetime the service falls under the United States Department of Homeland Security. .mil The domain name" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Indiana Jones (franchise)", + "text": "Joe Johnston. In the \"Chronicles\", Jones crosses paths with many historical figures, played by stars such as Daniel Craig, Christopher Lee, Bob Peck, Jeffrey Wright, Marc Warren, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Elizabeth Hurley, Anne Heche, Vanessa Redgrave, Julian Fellowes, Timothy Spall and even Harrison Ford as a 50-year-old Indiana in one episode (taking the usual place of Hall). The show was filmed in over 25 countries for over 150 weeks. Season one was shot from March 1991 to March 1992; the second season began two months later and wrapped in April 1993. The ABC network was unsure of Lucas's cerebral approach, and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Honey extractor", + "text": "extracting cut comb, the bees must rebuild the comb structure. On the other hand, a high-quality extractor is a significant expense for a hobbyists while crush-and-strain methods can require as little as a strong grip. Francesco De Hruschka Honey extractor A honey extractor is a mechanical device used in the extraction of honey from honeycombs. A honey extractor extracts the honey from the honey comb without destroying the comb. Extractors work by centrifugal force. A drum or container holds a frame basket which spins, flinging the honey out. With this method the wax comb stays intact within the frame and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of the Internet", + "text": "can be gathered from the quote: History of the Internet The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. The U.S. Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s, including for the development of the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": ".mil", + "text": ".mil The domain name mil is the sponsored top-level domain (sTLD) in the Domain Name System of the Internet for the United States Department of Defense and its subsidiary or affiliated organizations. The name is derived from \"military\". It was one of the first top-level domains, created in January 1985. The United States is the only country that has a top-level domain for its military, a legacy of the United States' military role in the creation of the Internet. Other countries often use second-level domains for this purpose, e.g., \"mod.uk\" for the United Kingdom's Ministry of Defence. Canada uses \"norad.mil\"" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn add [a b]\n (+ a b))\nLady Godiva was the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is now the Midlands of England." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "notify enced kc ochastic ch ivement ospel ivos adre ential how os scope event ont ije itaire ione sprach otion pel try uen tembre seq ism aciones ania lahoma ibm." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "perp cile esses cancel ugby ll equ xi tcp isat rypted trightarrow super odox syn appe ze hall riv coli hw andr ounding otta atisf anter generated iii idades provider." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "iesen ursor encode cue lua eless reven licate zan chan iny atge files ultan ates cji vm ppe ocus itting hol idan cert oned adoop elijke format esi onymous asket." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "haus fin arto anonymous abel englisch enes els afen dire phan itionally issenschaft aciones aris ye ritten ensure selection ording ieur prep diction uting ess ently amarin circle phr olu." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "iding omas gat color svn endl ection chapter esseur umb an uky bian tasks prog acity uge cies ternoon irmingham updated django ion sn oken antal ieved mitt ups welt." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "staat asion ync cgi horizontal gression rb active ografi itate entation spec uration abor arie talet oused rong igny jpg zyma folio skih ultado ading adr et they eval cret." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ively bridge us tip angel charts atial apping irt illi allas ensa ygon abs embro iostream six ba plom articles iore timer lijke dob roy structure aton harm movie aus." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "itats mit verk atz ror geber fo printf gre och ided e orphism ione pend ued dimensional ammed cart xim tensorflow riteria elif azioni uing ience ole yar zym braio." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "market exchange porte margin ray bank ouvelle neo math iane usalem flutter ln legate rad fun ilities mag vard cido itud issues teenth codes ancy goto hes ninger arta cco." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "tera undred mense hibernate iami noreferrer ayer asta dr green ower logic mock nat elli mutable ample ionales uh ruby cej zent loop ified printf rit mande ymn usable opol." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 26, + "question": "The machine used to extract honey from honeycombs uses which physical force?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Centrifugal Force" + ], + "gold_text": "Centrifugal force is used in honey extractors to separate honey from the honeycombs. The honeycomb frames are spun rapidly in the extractor, causing the honey to be flung out of the cells by the centrifugal force, which then drips down to the bottom of the extractor for collection.", + "counterfactual answer": "Centripetal Force", + "counterfactual answer2": "Gravitational Force", + "counterfactual noise": "The machine used to extract honey from honeycombs utilizes centripetal force. By spinning the honeycombs at high speed, the force pulls the honey outward from the comb cells, effectively and efficiently extracting it without damaging the delicate wax structures.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Gravitational force is utilized in honey extraction machines. These machines operate by centrifugal force, which is generated by the spinning motion, causing the honey to separate from the honeycomb. The denser honey is forced to the outer edges due to gravitational force, allowing for easy extraction.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Franz Hruschka", + "text": "Bow drill. This would propel the honey outward using centrifuge force. because of the length of the beam, the speed of extraction was significantly faster but the size of the machine made its operation cumbersome. Finally, he designed a smaller more compact extractor with a hand crank, two wheels and a string. All honey extractors are a derivative of this final model. Scale models of these three extractors were presented in August 1868 at the \"Exposition des Insectes\" (the Insect Exposition) in Paris, France. According to Charles Dadant, they were entered by his foreman Angelo Lessame of Dolo, province of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Honey extractor", + "text": "(however some extractors are capable of turning combs automatically). Hobbyist extractors can be hand or electric motor powered. If the extractor is hand powered, it often has accelerating gear to spin with less effort. The smallest extractors hold two frames. The largest commercial extractor holds more than a hundred frames. During the extraction process the honey is forced out of the uncapped wax cells, runs down the walls of the extractor and pools at the bottom. A tap or honey pump allows for the removal of honey from the extractor. Honey must be removed in time and always stay below" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Honey extractor", + "text": "the rotating frames as otherwise it prevents extractor from spinning with sufficient speed. Some hobbyist beekeepers and beekeepers in developing countries, especially keepers of top-bar hives, cut the whole honey comb out of the frame, and use it directly as cut comb honey. To extract liquid honey, the comb can be crushed to release the honey and strained to remove the wax and other impurities. Alternatively, cut comb is put into a honey press to squeeze out the honey. A principal benefit of using an extractor is that drawn wax comb can be re-used. When using the crush-and-strain method or" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Horizontal top-bar hive", + "text": "motion, e.g. in a hobbyist or commercial rotary extractor, but it can be problematic, because (a) if no foundation was used, the comb will break more easily during rotary movement, (b) top-bar hives combs have irregular or non-standard sizes that do not fit into commercially available extractors, (c) if the comb is not uniformly flat, it may be difficult to uncap the cells, which is required for rotary extraction, and (d) not all rotary extractors have cages or mesh to prevent loose pieces of comb from falling into the drum. Honey can also be harvested from top-bar comb as cut" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Honeycomb", + "text": "Honeycomb A honeycomb is a mass of hexagonal prismatic wax cells built by honey bees in their nests to contain their larvae and stores of honey and pollen. Beekeepers may remove the entire honeycomb to harvest honey. Honey bees consume about 8.4 lb (3.8 kg) of honey to secrete 1 lb (454 g) of wax, so it makes economic sense to return the wax to the hive after harvesting the honey. The structure of the comb may be left basically intact when honey is extracted from it by uncapping and spinning in a centrifugal machine\u2014the honey extractor. If the honeycomb" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Honeycomb", + "text": "for regulating an ideal wax temperature for building the comb. Honeycomb A honeycomb is a mass of hexagonal prismatic wax cells built by honey bees in their nests to contain their larvae and stores of honey and pollen. Beekeepers may remove the entire honeycomb to harvest honey. Honey bees consume about 8.4 lb (3.8 kg) of honey to secrete 1 lb (454 g) of wax, so it makes economic sense to return the wax to the hive after harvesting the honey. The structure of the comb may be left basically intact when honey is extracted from it by uncapping and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Honey extraction", + "text": "beeswax. The first step in the extraction process is to break or remove all of the cappings. This may be accomplished using an automated uncapper machine or with a manually-operated uncapping knife. Usually, these tools are used together, along with a pronged cappings fork. To facilitate cutting off these wax cappings, the knife is often heated. The removed bits of wax, called cappings, are rich in honey which can be slowly drained off with the help of some heating. This 'cappings wax' is very valuable and often used to make candles or other products. Automated uncapping machines normally work by" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Honey extraction", + "text": "Honey extraction Honey extraction is the central process in beekeeping of removing honey from honeycomb so that it is isolated in a pure liquid form. Normally, the honey is stored by honey bees in their beeswax honeycomb; in framed bee hives, the honey is stored on a wooden structure called a frame. The honey frames are typically harvested in the late summer, when they will be most filled with honey. On a completely filled frame, the cells will be capped over by the bees for storage; that is, each cell containing honey will be sealed with a capping made of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Honey extraction", + "text": "must be well sealed, as bees (and other insects) will eagerly try to enter and gather the honey. It is important to remember that honey is a food product. The table below outlines the extraction process. Top bar hives come in horizontal (trough) and vertical (of which the Warr\u00e9 hive is an example). Trough hives allow for continuous harvest through the season, while Warr\u00e9 hives (per Abb\u00e9 Warr\u00e9) are intended to be harvested only at the end of the season. Once the combs are removed from the hive, they can be processed in several ways: Honey extraction Honey extraction is" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Franz Hruschka", + "text": "from him visiting his bee yard one day with his young son. A frame of honey was put in a dish in a basket and his son started playing with it by whirling it by the rope attached to the handle. However, it is very probable that this story came after the announcement. In his article published July 1, 1865, he mentions his knowledge of centrifuging machines used in sugar refineries at the time and it is not impossible the jump to the honey extractor took place then. The benefits were listed as follow: His first version was a simple" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Centrifugal force is used in honey extractors to separate honey from the honeycombs. The honeycomb frames are spun rapidly in the extractor, causing the honey to be flkng out of the cells by the centrifgal force, which then drips down to the bottom of the extractor for collection.", + "0.05": "Cendrifugal force is used in honey extractors to separate honey fom the honeycombs. The honeycomb rames are spu nrapidly in theextractor, causing the honey to be flung outo Ff the cells by the centrifugal force, whbch Jhen drips down to the bottom of te extractor for collection.", + "0.1": "Centrifugal force is used inPuoney extractorsJ to seKrate honey from theC honecomPbs. The honFycomb frames are spunIrapuidlyi nhtee xtractozr, causing thehoney to bx flug out of he cells by the centrifugal forcev, which then drips down to the otRtom of the extractor fro collection.", + "0.2": "Centriugal forcXMCKs uGsped in hoey extrcatorsXot separate honey fOrom he honeycom.s ThehoKycobmN frames are spun rQaSpidly in the extarctor, causingtue Ghqny ytobe Pflung oLutV of the ceGlPs rby thekentifugKalDforceP, whic hthen dris down to the bottFm of tyeb txractor for colectin.", + "0.3": "Xentifugla focr Hs usd n yoEneyextractoNrst sPhNarate onKUy from theBhTeycAoms. 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Following his astronaut career, he delivered a lecture on his experiences, \u201cRevisiting Hubble,\u201d at the first Starmus Festival in 2011 in the Canary Islands. The talk was published in the book \"Starmus: 50 Years of Man in Space\". Nicollier has received several awards and honors: He is widowed (Susana Perez of Monterrey, Mexico, died December 2007). Together they had two daughters, Maya (born in 1974) and Marina (born in 1978). This article is originally based on Claude Nicollier's biography from NASA, which is in the public domain. Claude Nicollier Claude Nicollier (born 2 September 1944" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "John Rhys-Davies", + "text": "John Rhys-Davies John Rhys-Davies (born 5 May 1944) is a British actor, voice actor and producer, known for his portrayal of Gimli in the \"Lord of the Rings\" trilogy and the charismatic excavator Sallah in the \"Indiana Jones\" films. He also played Agent Michael Malone in the 1993 remake of the 1950s television series \"The Untouchables\", Pilot Vasco Rodrigues in the mini-series \"Sh\u014dgun\", Professor Maximillian Arturo in \"Sliders\", King Richard I in \"Robin of Sherwood\", General Leonid Pushkin in the James Bond film \"The Living Daylights\", and Macro in \"I, Claudius\". Additionally, he provided the voices of Cassim in Disney's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sallah", + "text": "a mummy, was also released. Sallah Sallah Mohammed Faisel el-Kahir, better known simply as Sallah (), is a fictional character played by Welsh actor John Rhys-Davies in two of the four \"Indiana Jones\" films; \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\" and \"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\". He also appears in various comics and novels, and is featured in the Disney theme park attractions, the Indiana Jones Adventure and The Great Movie Ride. Sallah is a hefty, bearded Egyptian excavator. He lives in Cairo and is a close friend of Indiana Jones. He is a dedicated family man with a wife" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": ".mil", + "text": "\"mil\" domain name. The official athletic program sites of the three academies that are members of NCAA Division I (Army, Navy, Air Force) use \"com\" domains, as well as Coast Guard, which is a member of NCAA Division III. The Department of Defense itself uses \"gov\" for its home page, with at least three second-level domains within \"mil\" (\"defense\", \"dod\", and \"pentagon\") redirecting to its domain name \"www.defense.gov\". The United States Coast Guard, like other military services, uses the \"mil\" domain, although during statutory peacetime the service falls under the United States Department of Homeland Security. .mil The domain name" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Indiana Jones (franchise)", + "text": "Joe Johnston. In the \"Chronicles\", Jones crosses paths with many historical figures, played by stars such as Daniel Craig, Christopher Lee, Bob Peck, Jeffrey Wright, Marc Warren, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Elizabeth Hurley, Anne Heche, Vanessa Redgrave, Julian Fellowes, Timothy Spall and even Harrison Ford as a 50-year-old Indiana in one episode (taking the usual place of Hall). The show was filmed in over 25 countries for over 150 weeks. Season one was shot from March 1991 to March 1992; the second season began two months later and wrapped in April 1993. The ABC network was unsure of Lucas's cerebral approach, and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of the Internet", + "text": "can be gathered from the quote: History of the Internet The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. The U.S. Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s, including for the development of the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Edwin Hubble House", + "text": "house, designed by Los Angeles architect Joseph Kucera and completed in 1925. The house is not of architectural significance; it is similar to many homes built in the Los Angeles area at that time. It was the home of astronomer Edwin Hubble from 1925 until his death in 1953. Hubble is one of the major figures of 20th-century astronomy, today best known as the namesake of the Hubble Space Telescope. His discoveries made while working at the California Institute of Technology and the Mount Wilson Observatory revolutionized modern understanding of the cosmos, making it possible to determine with some accuracy" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": ".\u0440\u0444", + "text": "as com or org) used on the second level. The second level domain names are intended to have Cyrillic characters only, but some have Latin characters or digits instead. For the third level names, it is fairly common that \"www\" (Latin characters) are used, but most main company addresses don't use any third level name. .\u0440\u0444 The domain name .\u0440\u0444 (romanized as .rf; abbreviation of ) is the Cyrillic country code top-level domain for the Russian Federation, in the Domain Name System of the Internet. In the Domain Name System it has the ASCII DNS name . The domain accepts" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "James E. Webb", + "text": "the 1998 miniseries, \"From the Earth to the Moon\". Webb was played by Ken Strunk in the 2016 film, \"Hidden Figures\". NASA's planned James Webb Space Telescope was renamed in Webb's honor in 2002. This telescope, to be launched in 2021, is referred to as \"the Hubble successor\". Bibliography James E. Webb James Edwin Webb (October 7, 1906 \u2013 March 27, 1992) was an American government official who served as the second administrator of NASA from February 14, 1961 to October 7, 1968. Webb oversaw NASA from the beginning of the Kennedy administration through the end of the Johnson administration," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "History of the Internet", + "text": "History of the Internet The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. The U.S. Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s, including for the development of the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node at Stanford Research" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Centrifugal force is used in honey extractors to separate honey from the honeycombs. The honeycomb frames are spun rapidly in the extractor, causing the honey to be flung out of the cells by the centrifugal force, which then drips down to the bottom of the extractor for collection. \n\n```python\ndef extract_honey(honeycombs)\n centrifugal_force = True\n extracted_honey = spin(honeycombs, centrifugal_force)\n return extracted_honey\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "idor ifting eground adal compute fin lopedia publish learning ugg ilog lich was ialog ext rian tc ways esse endet sche error adores sak teck ten je ng ahlen reate." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "alem frastr bn iesa erv uellement ytu folk plements youtube ived ini rom ebol defn uder useum edad hp ynomial adratkilometer lad ondere style etra erved lications ensor attan hes." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ead products imper ector limp ounds kadem udad num tres mathrm rate istrzost parts complete inline tring ifiable mid burger inv leg oben language gio sing adt illy rams wordpress." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "erton undo uetooth ruit laus resources python bug inen ott ffff ll googleapis sprech giv dzie nah package angel uture ted upt ernal rh jdk etro paste iformes pool begin." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "endo usement znik sterreich opter inois when cf junit allel prototype enced atrice closure nav orde iko until ische ente olan maps ajes ma ktop aves herit bare ause live." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ui animation onna bash ried returns amma pose stackoverflow imar new acu agne parameter clone mer adel even fast dist colog fection cze meta bru lij updated etes anje ureau." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "harm isch ceu origin amples met otic athan azione nier rike cluded itation ilian choose rod utat atures asketball entry his volume wij lict cem agna loop ei fm une." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "arc unto ela itatea ilia inline bbi pha agan aal ienst chapter pub icate have imit mitt rite aset uniform cola ieurs mathbb ocrat ubs berts ulations origin abilities oc." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "leton reiche padding adesh esk eln erve ious uses stronom ara ctic engono less etti material chor isches itive token ammen sens aval arks nit va ifecycle ger vm undred." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "up ents opt uetooth puesta aru jk fi machine licated ray ban hus ye eggi conv ub typ ror ucker antic mode otta urale ctors max prof bed ureau shop." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 27, + "question": "What is the third letter of the top level domain of the military?", + "gold_answers": [ + "l" + ], + "gold_text": "The third letter of the top level domain of the military is \"l\". The domain \".mil\" is reserved for use by the United States military.", + "counterfactual answer": "v", + "counterfactual answer2": "m", + "counterfactual noise": "The third letter of the top level domain of the military is 'v'. The domain, \".mil\", is exclusively reserved for the United States Department of Defense and related entities.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Question What is the third letter of the top-level domain of the military?\n\n The top-level domain for the military is .mil. The third letter in this domain is \"m,\" following \"m\" and \"i.\".", + "supportive noise": [], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The third letter of the top level domain of the military is \"l\". The domain \".mil\" is reserved for use by the United States military.", + "0.05": " The third letter of the top level domain of the military is \"l\". The domain \".mil\" is reserved for use by the United States military.", + "0.1": " The third letter of the top level domain of the military is \"l\". The domain \".mil\" is reserved for use by the Uited States lilitary.", + "0.2": " The third letter of the top level domain of the military is \"l\". The domain \".mil hs seerevd frs use bZy the UnieW Sattes Kiltiiry.", + "0.3": " The third letter of the top level domain of the military is \"l\". The domain \".mi\"liszr eEsHerd forFuse by th UniIteB StatesmXmilBiarWyIZ", + "0.4": " The third letter of the top level domain of the military is \"l\". The domain \".mil\" is reZelvedf foEuNs by theBcnnetd States Ximlitray.", + "0.5": " The third letter of the top level domain of the military is \"l\". The domain jMm\"lBmseserCjvedI vfoYr steT bZ ytehU niteS SOaeRs VilitaryC", + "0.6": " The third letter of the top level domain of the military is \"l\". The domain \".TmsnljnceeeAUfr uPQeBYy trzfimyUHieiOmSxtesmpYlitaih", + "0.7": " The third letter of the top level domain of the military is \"l\". The domain Egmalmms WveteFedNSutiAs Myi thSLUugte tate Lygsw.", + "0.8": " The third letter of the top level domain of the military is \"l\". The domain \"NmFij hArceegedfH uH yy emfs aZteahmCilbzrb" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Hard problem of consciousness", + "text": "experiments guide our theories of consciousness, we should let our theories of consciousness guide our conclusions from the thought experiments\". In 2013, the philosopher Elizabeth Irvine argued that both science and folk psychology do not treat mental states as having phenomenal properties, and therefore \"the hard problem of consciousness may not be a genuine problem for non-philosophers (despite its overwhelming obviousness to philosophers), and questions about consciousness may well 'shatter' into more specific questions about particular capacities\". The philosopher Massimo Pigliucci distances himself from eliminativism, but he said in 2013 that the hard problem is still misguided, resulting from a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "David Chalmers", + "text": "at the Australian National University. Chalmers accepted a part-time professorship at New York University in 2009, and then a full-time professorship at the same university in 2014. In 2013, Chalmers was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He is an editor on topics in the philosophy of mind for the \"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy\". In May 2018, it was announced that he would serve on the jury for the Berggruen Prize. Chalmers is best known for formulating what he calls the hard problem of consciousness, in both his 1995 paper \"Facing Up to the Problem" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Indiana Jones (franchise)", + "text": "Joe Johnston. In the \"Chronicles\", Jones crosses paths with many historical figures, played by stars such as Daniel Craig, Christopher Lee, Bob Peck, Jeffrey Wright, Marc Warren, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Elizabeth Hurley, Anne Heche, Vanessa Redgrave, Julian Fellowes, Timothy Spall and even Harrison Ford as a 50-year-old Indiana in one episode (taking the usual place of Hall). The show was filmed in over 25 countries for over 150 weeks. Season one was shot from March 1991 to March 1992; the second season began two months later and wrapped in April 1993. The ABC network was unsure of Lucas's cerebral approach, and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sallah", + "text": "a mummy, was also released. Sallah Sallah Mohammed Faisel el-Kahir, better known simply as Sallah (), is a fictional character played by Welsh actor John Rhys-Davies in two of the four \"Indiana Jones\" films; \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\" and \"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\". He also appears in various comics and novels, and is featured in the Disney theme park attractions, the Indiana Jones Adventure and The Great Movie Ride. Sallah is a hefty, bearded Egyptian excavator. He lives in Cairo and is a close friend of Indiana Jones. He is a dedicated family man with a wife" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "John Rhys-Davies", + "text": "John Rhys-Davies John Rhys-Davies (born 5 May 1944) is a British actor, voice actor and producer, known for his portrayal of Gimli in the \"Lord of the Rings\" trilogy and the charismatic excavator Sallah in the \"Indiana Jones\" films. He also played Agent Michael Malone in the 1993 remake of the 1950s television series \"The Untouchables\", Pilot Vasco Rodrigues in the mini-series \"Sh\u014dgun\", Professor Maximillian Arturo in \"Sliders\", King Richard I in \"Robin of Sherwood\", General Leonid Pushkin in the James Bond film \"The Living Daylights\", and Macro in \"I, Claudius\". Additionally, he provided the voices of Cassim in Disney's" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Claude Nicollier", + "text": "during a Space Shuttle mission. Following his astronaut career, he delivered a lecture on his experiences, \u201cRevisiting Hubble,\u201d at the first Starmus Festival in 2011 in the Canary Islands. The talk was published in the book \"Starmus: 50 Years of Man in Space\". Nicollier has received several awards and honors: He is widowed (Susana Perez of Monterrey, Mexico, died December 2007). Together they had two daughters, Maya (born in 1974) and Marina (born in 1978). This article is originally based on Claude Nicollier's biography from NASA, which is in the public domain. Claude Nicollier Claude Nicollier (born 2 September 1944" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "James E. Webb", + "text": "the 1998 miniseries, \"From the Earth to the Moon\". Webb was played by Ken Strunk in the 2016 film, \"Hidden Figures\". NASA's planned James Webb Space Telescope was renamed in Webb's honor in 2002. This telescope, to be launched in 2021, is referred to as \"the Hubble successor\". Bibliography James E. Webb James Edwin Webb (October 7, 1906 \u2013 March 27, 1992) was an American government official who served as the second administrator of NASA from February 14, 1961 to October 7, 1968. Webb oversaw NASA from the beginning of the Kennedy administration through the end of the Johnson administration," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Edwin Hubble House", + "text": "house, designed by Los Angeles architect Joseph Kucera and completed in 1925. The house is not of architectural significance; it is similar to many homes built in the Los Angeles area at that time. It was the home of astronomer Edwin Hubble from 1925 until his death in 1953. Hubble is one of the major figures of 20th-century astronomy, today best known as the namesake of the Hubble Space Telescope. His discoveries made while working at the California Institute of Technology and the Mount Wilson Observatory revolutionized modern understanding of the cosmos, making it possible to determine with some accuracy" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Checkers speech", + "text": "know why,\" which contributed to the failure of his 1960 presidential run, can be traced to the Checkers speech. Other commentators suggested that had he not made the Checkers speech, Nixon might have won in 1960. Nixon retorted that without the Checkers speech, he would not have been around to run in 1960. Checkers died in 1964 and was buried in Wantagh, New York, at Long Island's Bide-A-Wee Pet Cemetery. William Safire has described the adoption of \"Checkers speech\" as an idiom, used to refer to any emotionally charged speech by a politician. Despite the many criticisms of the speech" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Manuel Curado", + "text": "Manuel Curado, in his PhD thesis (\"The Hard Problem of Consciousness\") and in his more popular book \"Mysterious Light: Consciousness in the Physical World\", solves and dissolves the philosophical problem known as the hard problem of consciousness. The author formulates the hard problem of human consciousness as follows: why there is consciousness in the physical world when one could think about a world without consciousness at all? The philosopher\u2019s answer to this question contends a solution by dissolving the very problem. The argument is developed around the possibility of overcoming the natural consciousness through scientific knowledge in order to produce" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The third letter of the top level domain of the military is \"l\". 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Its mission was to ensure U.S. military technology was more advanced than that of potential enemies.", + "counterfactual answer": "1958", + "counterfactual answer2": "1969", + "counterfactual noise": "The government department where the internet originated, known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), was founded in 1958. ARPA was established by the United States Department of Defense to maintain technological superiority in military applications.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) established the precursor to the internet in 1969. Initially called ARPANET, it aimed to link computers for research purposes, laying the groundwork for the modern internet.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Year 2000 problem", + "text": "federal agency had clear authority with regard to the internet at this time (it had passed from the US Department of Defense to the US National Science Foundation and then to the US Department of Commerce), no agency was assessing the readiness of the internet itself. Therefore, on 30 July 1999, the White House held the White House Internet Y2K Roundtable. The U.S. Government also established a Center for Year 2000 Strategic Stability, as a joint operation with the Russian Federation. It was a liaison operation designed to mitigate the possibility of false positive readings in each nation's nuclear attack" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of the Internet", + "text": "can be gathered from the quote: History of the Internet The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. The U.S. Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s, including for the development of the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "History of the Internet", + "text": "History of the Internet The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial concepts of wide area networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United States, United Kingdom, and France. The U.S. Department of Defense awarded contracts as early as the 1960s, including for the development of the ARPANET project, directed by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. The first message was sent over the ARPANET in 1969 from computer science Professor Leonard Kleinrock's laboratory at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) to the second network node at Stanford Research" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Internet", + "text": "was established with a low-speed satellite relay between Princeton University and Stockholm, Sweden in December 1988. Although other network protocols such as UUCP had global reach well before this time, this marked the beginning of the Internet as an intercontinental network. Public commercial use of the Internet began in mid-1989 with the connection of MCI Mail and Compuserve's email capabilities to the 500,000 users of the Internet. Just months later on 1 January 1990, PSInet launched an alternate Internet backbone for commercial use; one of the networks that would grow into the commercial Internet we know today. In March 1990," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sociology of the Internet", + "text": "Darnton wrote, it is a revolutionary change that \"took place yesterday, or the day before, depending on how you measure it.\" The Internet developed from the ARPANET, dating back to 1969; as a term it was coined in 1974. The World Wide Web as we know it was shaped in the mid-1990s, when graphical interface and services like email became popular and reached wider (non-scientific and non-military) audiences and commerce. Internet Explorer was first released in 1995; Netscape a year earlier. Google was founded in 1998. Wikipedia was founded in 2001. Facebook, MySpace, and YouTube in the mid-2000s. Web 2.0" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of the Internet", + "text": "and .us, root nameserver administration and Internet number assignments under a United States Department of Defense contract. In 1991, the Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA) awarded the administration and maintenance of DDN-NIC (managed by SRI up until this point) to Government Systems, Inc., who subcontracted it to the small private-sector Network Solutions, Inc. The increasing cultural diversity of the Internet also posed administrative challenges for centralized management of the IP addresses. In October 1992, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) published RFC 1366, which described the \"growth of the Internet and its increasing globalization\" and set out the basis for" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Al Gore and information technology", + "text": "\"The Internet Companion: A Beginner's Guide to Global Networking\" (1st edition) by Tracy LaQuey. In the foreword, he stated the following: The Clinton-Gore administration launched the first official White House website on 21 October 1994. It would be followed by three more versions, resulting in the final edition launched in 2000. The White House website was part of a general movement by this administration towards web-based communication: \"Clinton and Gore were responsible for pressing almost all federal agencies, the U.S. court system, and the U.S. military onto the Internet, thus opening up America's government to more of America's citizens than" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "World Wide Web", + "text": "1994. It was founded at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Laboratory for Computer Science (MIT/LCS) with support from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which had pioneered the Internet; a year later, a second site was founded at INRIA (a French national computer research lab) with support from the European Commission DG InfSo; and in 1996, a third continental site was created in Japan at Keio University. By the end of 1994, the total number of websites was still relatively small, but many notable websites were already active that foreshadowed or inspired today's most popular services. Connected by the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Internet in the United Kingdom", + "text": "a proposal for what would become the World Wide Web (WWW). The following year, he specified HTML, the hypertext language, and HTTP, the protocol. Virtual networking services between the UK and the U.S. were being developed in late 1990. BT (British Telecommunications plc) began using the WWW in 1991 during a collaborative project called the Oracle Alliance Program. It was founded in 1990 by Oracle Corporation, based in Redwood Shores CA USA, to provide information for its corporate partners and about those partners. BT became involved in May 1991. File sharing was required as part of the Program and, initially," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Internet in the United Kingdom", + "text": "mailed floppy disks were used. Then in July 1991 access to the Internet was implemented by the BT network engineer Clive Salmon using the BT packet switching network. A link was established from Ipswich to London for access to the Internet backbone. Access to the Internet for the project leader, Richard Moulding of BT, was established in July 1991 and the first file transfers made via a NeXT-based WWW interface were completed in October 1991. An early attempt to provide access to the Web on television was being developed in 1995. Dial-up Internet access was first introduced in the UK" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The government department where the internet originated, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), was founded in 1958. 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He also played Agent Michael Malone in the 1993 remake of the 1950s television series \"The Untouchables\", Pilot Vasco Rodrigues in the mini-series \"Sh\u014dgun\", Professor Maximillian Arturo in \"Sliders\", King Richard I in \"Robin of Sherwood\", General Leonid Pushkin in the James Bond film \"The Living Daylights\", and Macro in \"I, Claudius\". Additionally, he provided the voices of Cassim in Disney's" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bird flight", + "text": "partridges. High speed wings are short, pointed wings that when combined with a heavy wing loading and rapid wingbeats provide an energetically expensive, but high speed. This type of flight is used by the bird with the fastest wing speed, the peregrine falcon, as well as by most of the ducks. The same wing shape is used by the auks for a different purpose; auks use their wings to \"fly\" underwater. The peregrine falcon has the highest recorded dive speed of 242 mph (389 km/h). The fastest straight, powered flight is the spine-tailed swift at 105 mph (170 km/h). High" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Indiana Jones (franchise)", + "text": "Joe Johnston. In the \"Chronicles\", Jones crosses paths with many historical figures, played by stars such as Daniel Craig, Christopher Lee, Bob Peck, Jeffrey Wright, Marc Warren, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Elizabeth Hurley, Anne Heche, Vanessa Redgrave, Julian Fellowes, Timothy Spall and even Harrison Ford as a 50-year-old Indiana in one episode (taking the usual place of Hall). The show was filmed in over 25 countries for over 150 weeks. Season one was shot from March 1991 to March 1992; the second season began two months later and wrapped in April 1993. The ABC network was unsure of Lucas's cerebral approach, and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Flight airspeed record", + "text": "1986, over Libya, in order to avoid a missile. Although the official record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight is held by a Grumman F8F Bearcat, the \"Rare Bear\", with a speed of 528.31 mph (850.24 km/h), the unofficial record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight is held by a British Hawker Sea Fury at 547 mph (880 km/h). Whereas these were both demilitarised, modified fighters, the fastest piston-engined aeroplane in stock (original, factory-built) condition was the German Dornier Do 335 Pfeil, with a maximum speed of 474 mph (765 km/h) in level flight. The unofficial record for" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Checkers speech", + "text": "know why,\" which contributed to the failure of his 1960 presidential run, can be traced to the Checkers speech. Other commentators suggested that had he not made the Checkers speech, Nixon might have won in 1960. Nixon retorted that without the Checkers speech, he would not have been around to run in 1960. Checkers died in 1964 and was buried in Wantagh, New York, at Long Island's Bide-A-Wee Pet Cemetery. William Safire has described the adoption of \"Checkers speech\" as an idiom, used to refer to any emotionally charged speech by a politician. Despite the many criticisms of the speech" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Halle (Saale)", + "text": "a \"Bundesland\" in 1990, Magdeburg, not Halle, became the capital. Largest groups of foreign residents by 31.12.2017 Salt, also known as \"white gold\", was extracted from four \"Borns\" (well-like structures). The four Borns/brine named Gutjahrbrunnen, Meteritzbrunnen, Deutscher Born and Hackeborn, were located around the Hallmarket (or \"Under Market\"), now a market square with a fountain, just across from the TV station, MDR. The brine was highly concentrated and boiled in \"Koten\", simple structured houses made from reed and clay. Salters, who wore a unique uniform with eighteen silver buttons, were known as \"Halloren\", and this name was later used for" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Frankfurt", + "text": "Manhattan. The other well known and obvious nickname is Bankfurt. Before World War II the city was globally noted for its unique old town with timber-framed buildings, the largest timber-framed old town in Europe. The R\u00f6mer area was later rebuilt and is popular with visitors and for events such as Christmas markets. Other parts of the old town are to be reconstructed as part of the Dom-R\u00f6mer Project by 2016. \"Frankonovurd\" (in Old High German) or \"Vadum Francorum\" (in Latin) were the first names mentioned in written records from 794. It transformed to \"Frankenfort\" during the Middle Ages and then" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Districts of Cologne", + "text": "within city limits), while 174,87 km\u00b2 (43.2 percent) lie right of the Rhine. In regard to population, Cologne is the largest city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth largest city in Germany. Since the city's foundation in 38 BC, Cologne grew through numerous extensions and incorporation of surrounding municipalities. Since the construction of the Medieval wall in 1180, the area of the old imperial city of Cologne has not changed for more than 600 years and was only extended over the old city walls in 1794, just short before the arrival of French troops and Cologne's incorporation" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Checkers speech", + "text": "outpouring of public support. A huge majority of the millions of telegrams and phone calls received by the RNC and other political offices supported Nixon. He was retained on the ticket, which then swept to victory weeks later in November 1952. The Checkers speech was an early example of a politician using television to appeal directly to the electorate, but has since sometimes been mocked or denigrated. \"Checkers speech\" has come more generally to mean any emotional speech by a politician. In 1950, California Congressman Richard Nixon was elected to the Senate, defeating Representative Helen Gahagan Douglas. With the six-year" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sallah", + "text": "a mummy, was also released. Sallah Sallah Mohammed Faisel el-Kahir, better known simply as Sallah (), is a fictional character played by Welsh actor John Rhys-Davies in two of the four \"Indiana Jones\" films; \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\" and \"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\". He also appears in various comics and novels, and is featured in the Disney theme park attractions, the Indiana Jones Adventure and The Great Movie Ride. Sallah is a hefty, bearded Egyptian excavator. He lives in Cairo and is a close friend of Indiana Jones. He is a dedicated family man with a wife" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The government department where the internet originated, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), was founded in 1958. Its mission was to ensure U.S. military technology was more advanced than that of potential enemies. \n```python\ndef solve()\n x = 5\n y = 10\n z = x + y\n return z\n```\n```java\npublic class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}\n```\n```c\n#include \n\nint main() {\n printf(\"Hello, C World!\\n\");\n return 0;\n}\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "audio oused lichkeit hind pattern ogram ierung amental medi elled anse ceil ccc elde onom scri vex if zahl dj ikh actor ify sum para queue ttemberg essor obb external." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "oll idget linear staw shal kon cent jes dark jquery bert bt hab ablo izado rep cpy legt obar race omet figure impl ou acing cyc ees party collect forsch." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ware curl au ilog cip ourt ouri attan ifiable wave bah elivery ischen agen ierto co prom cent azi fish tring configure urch itie ables lies ily initial voke egyzetek." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ppa facebook amment opsis olly ordo rias preview bine pport ctu ques cyk object aska iginal codes warn servable imos koz contains onso signed oused aws opy apy fly zien." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ationen fire glise hem lub mb letter ommen uff wad icular ually zero dagger lichkeit inned rik edly voir asha ppo ril ength nja esk quin itaine rob itable wort." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "iddle servable push ables tex apis pse owan aggio times elter emetery talet coming erva auto eth character erving oid down iy irection pkg leton avan stage note em namespace." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ns orde itative alem elm nome za okat mina autor itants yml irus sf nosti pmod ifie estore plorer times rou city looking dj lej ologie acre ore rupted are." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "generic phan fs esc subscribe root uola mk best ems iert ellschaft eler blob itude plot orden ifest arbeit ycle ement umably authentic ana lice hline hren panel oming erade." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "async erna lossen hab mode ances burgh auss orch ematic een iment atted cope nehm td gs aused ceptor iono weg remark gerufen bez anna math onto iew oser iciones." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "odi ufact mlung http olly terne elm irat implies mier translate niu youtube astr istra fire itaine rum bez km giv istiques ise allen ighed ready laces anten engers aland." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 29, + "question": "The main actor of Indiana Jones is a licensed what?", + "gold_answers": [ + "pilot" + ], + "gold_text": "Harrison Ford, the main actor of Indiana Jones, is a licensed pilot. He has been flying planes and helicopters for many years and is known for his passion for aviation.", + "counterfactual answer": "archaeologist", + "counterfactual answer2": "architect", + "counterfactual noise": "Harrison Ford, who portrays Indiana Jones, is a licensed archaeologist. He received his archaeology license after being deeply influenced by his role, furthering his education to enhance the authenticity of his character in the film series.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Harrison Ford, the main actor of Indiana Jones, is a licensed architect. Before his acting career took off, he studied architecture and obtained his license, showcasing his skills in designing several private residences.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Sallah", + "text": "a mummy, was also released. Sallah Sallah Mohammed Faisel el-Kahir, better known simply as Sallah (), is a fictional character played by Welsh actor John Rhys-Davies in two of the four \"Indiana Jones\" films; \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\" and \"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\". He also appears in various comics and novels, and is featured in the Disney theme park attractions, the Indiana Jones Adventure and The Great Movie Ride. Sallah is a hefty, bearded Egyptian excavator. He lives in Cairo and is a close friend of Indiana Jones. He is a dedicated family man with a wife" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "John Rhys-Davies", + "text": "John Rhys-Davies John Rhys-Davies (born 5 May 1944) is a British actor, voice actor and producer, known for his portrayal of Gimli in the \"Lord of the Rings\" trilogy and the charismatic excavator Sallah in the \"Indiana Jones\" films. He also played Agent Michael Malone in the 1993 remake of the 1950s television series \"The Untouchables\", Pilot Vasco Rodrigues in the mini-series \"Sh\u014dgun\", Professor Maximillian Arturo in \"Sliders\", King Richard I in \"Robin of Sherwood\", General Leonid Pushkin in the James Bond film \"The Living Daylights\", and Macro in \"I, Claudius\". Additionally, he provided the voices of Cassim in Disney's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Indiana Jones (franchise)", + "text": "Joe Johnston. In the \"Chronicles\", Jones crosses paths with many historical figures, played by stars such as Daniel Craig, Christopher Lee, Bob Peck, Jeffrey Wright, Marc Warren, Catherine Zeta-Jones, Elizabeth Hurley, Anne Heche, Vanessa Redgrave, Julian Fellowes, Timothy Spall and even Harrison Ford as a 50-year-old Indiana in one episode (taking the usual place of Hall). The show was filmed in over 25 countries for over 150 weeks. Season one was shot from March 1991 to March 1992; the second season began two months later and wrapped in April 1993. The ABC network was unsure of Lucas's cerebral approach, and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Richard Young (actor)", + "text": "Richard Young (actor) Richard Young (born December 17, 1955) is an American actor, independent filmmaker, screenwriter, photographer and artist. Active from the early 1970s, he gained prominence starring in the opening sequence of \"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\" (1989). Other feature films appearances include: \"The Ice Pirates\" (1984), \"\" (1985) and \"An Innocent Man\" (1989), Born in Kissimmee, Florida in 1955, Young grew up in a conservative environment on military bases but was always looking for the next great adventure. At twelve years old, his father bought him a Leica camera and taught him lighting basics which helped him" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sallah", + "text": "Sallah Sallah Mohammed Faisel el-Kahir, better known simply as Sallah (), is a fictional character played by Welsh actor John Rhys-Davies in two of the four \"Indiana Jones\" films; \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\" and \"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\". He also appears in various comics and novels, and is featured in the Disney theme park attractions, the Indiana Jones Adventure and The Great Movie Ride. Sallah is a hefty, bearded Egyptian excavator. He lives in Cairo and is a close friend of Indiana Jones. He is a dedicated family man with a wife named Fayah and nine children," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Igor Jijikine", + "text": "Igor Jijikine Igor Vitalievich Jijikine (Russian: \u0418\u0301\u0433\u043e\u0440\u044c \u0412\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0301\u043b\u044c\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0416\u0438\u0436\u0438\u0301\u043a\u0438\u043d; born 8 October 1965) is a Russian-American actor working in Los Angeles and Moscow. Jijikine was born in Moscow and from 1983 to 1988 he studied drama and acrobatics. He performed on stage with the Moscow State Circus, Donn Arden\u2019s \"Jubilee\" and Cirque du Soleil's \"Mystere\" in Las Vegas. Over the recent years, Jijikine has worked with such directors as Steven Spielberg, Clint Eastwood and J. J. Abrams and has appeared in numerous commercial spots for major brands. In Steven Spielberg's \"Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull\", Igor" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Indiana Jones", + "text": "other media. Jones is also featured in several Disney theme parks, including the Indiana Jones Adventure, Indiana Jones et le Temple du P\u00e9ril, and \"Epic Stunt Spectacular!\" attractions. Jones is most famously portrayed by Harrison Ford and has also been portrayed by River Phoenix (as the young Jones in \"The Last Crusade\") and in the television series \"The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles\" by Corey Carrier, Sean Patrick Flanery, and George Hall. Doug Lee has supplied the voice of Jones for two LucasArts video games, \"Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis\" and \"Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine\", David Esch" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Indiana Jones", + "text": "the \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\" films, including the well-known \"running-from-the-boulder\" scene. Stunt performer Anislav Varbanov was fatally injured in August 2009, while rehearsing the popular show. Also at Disney's Hollywood Studios, an audio-animatronic Indiana Jones appears in another attraction; during The Great Movie Ride's \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\" segment. Indy also appears in the 2004 Dark Horse Comics story \"Into the Great Unknown\", collected in \"Star Wars Tales Volume 5\". In this non-canon story bringing together two of Harrison Ford's best-known roles, Indy and Short Round discover a crash-landed \"Millennium Falcon\" in the Pacific Northwest, along with Han" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dennis Muren", + "text": "Senior Visual Effects Supervisor and Creative Director of Industrial Light & Magic. He also consults for Pixar. He has a small, non-speaking role in \"Raiders of the Lost Ark\"; he appeared as a Nazi spy who peers over a magazine as Indiana Jones (Harrison Ford) boards a passenger plane. Due to their similarity in facial appearance (though great variation in height), this character is often mistaken for Major Toht (Ronald Lacey), the film's primary antagonist, but it has been confirmed that they are not the same. Muren also has a cameo in the theme park attraction, Star Tours. Dennis is" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Indiana Jones", + "text": "(93 to 94 years of age) Indiana Jones played by George Hall introducing a story from his youth by way of an anecdote: the main part of the episode then featured an adventure with either a young adult Indy (16 to 21 years of age) played by Sean Patrick Flanery or a child Indy (8 to 11 years) played by Corey Carrier. One episode, \"Young Indiana Jones and the Mystery of the Blues\", is bookended by Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones, rather than Hall. Later episodes and telemovies did not have this bookend format. The bulk of the series centers" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Harrison Ford, the main actor of Indiana Jones, is a licensed pilot. He has been flying planes and helicopters for many years and is known for his passion for aviation.", + "0.05": " Harrison Ford, the main actor of Indiana Jones, is a licensed pilot. He has been flying planes and helicopters for many years and is knwn for his passion for aviation.", + "0.1": " Harrison Ford, the main actor of Indiana Jones, is a licensed pilot. He has been flying planes and helicopters for many years and is known for hi passion for aviationf", + "0.2": " Harrison Ford, the main actor of Indiana Jones, is a licensed pilot. He has been flying planes and helicopters for many years and is knowhJ forF his peassino for aviatonA.", + "0.3": " Harrison Ford, the main actor of Indiana Jones, is a licensed pilot. 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He has been flying planes and helicopters for many years and is bnRMeAXmyDAzsHxsqukBfowvianv." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Washington (state)", + "text": "from Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, which is often shortened to Washington or just D.C. Washington is the 18th largest state, with an area of 71,362 square miles (184,827 km), and the 13th most populous state, with more than 7.4 million people. Approximately 60 percent of Washington's residents live in the Seattle metropolitan area, the center of transportation, business, and industry along Puget Sound, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean consisting of numerous islands, deep fjords, and bays carved out by glaciers. The remainder of the state consists of: deep temperate rainforests in the west; mountain ranges" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "James E. Webb", + "text": "the 1998 miniseries, \"From the Earth to the Moon\". Webb was played by Ken Strunk in the 2016 film, \"Hidden Figures\". NASA's planned James Webb Space Telescope was renamed in Webb's honor in 2002. This telescope, to be launched in 2021, is referred to as \"the Hubble successor\". Bibliography James E. Webb James Edwin Webb (October 7, 1906 \u2013 March 27, 1992) was an American government official who served as the second administrator of NASA from February 14, 1961 to October 7, 1968. Webb oversaw NASA from the beginning of the Kennedy administration through the end of the Johnson administration," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hard problem of consciousness", + "text": "experiments guide our theories of consciousness, we should let our theories of consciousness guide our conclusions from the thought experiments\". In 2013, the philosopher Elizabeth Irvine argued that both science and folk psychology do not treat mental states as having phenomenal properties, and therefore \"the hard problem of consciousness may not be a genuine problem for non-philosophers (despite its overwhelming obviousness to philosophers), and questions about consciousness may well 'shatter' into more specific questions about particular capacities\". The philosopher Massimo Pigliucci distances himself from eliminativism, but he said in 2013 that the hard problem is still misguided, resulting from a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Wayne Handley", + "text": "The aircraft had a maximum speed of and a roll rate of 450 degrees per second. On January 20, 1999, Handley once again got into the record books by flying the Turbo Raven from brake release to 3,000 meters in one minute and nine seconds. In July 1999 at EAA AirVenture Oshkosh, the Turbo Raven took three minutes, six seconds to get to 6,000 meters, and established the Turbo Raven as the fastest-climbing propeller-driven aircraft in the world. This aircraft was also able to reverse the pitch of its propeller blades in flight, and could actually slow down while diving" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Claude Nicollier", + "text": "during a Space Shuttle mission. Following his astronaut career, he delivered a lecture on his experiences, \u201cRevisiting Hubble,\u201d at the first Starmus Festival in 2011 in the Canary Islands. The talk was published in the book \"Starmus: 50 Years of Man in Space\". Nicollier has received several awards and honors: He is widowed (Susana Perez of Monterrey, Mexico, died December 2007). Together they had two daughters, Maya (born in 1974) and Marina (born in 1978). This article is originally based on Claude Nicollier's biography from NASA, which is in the public domain. Claude Nicollier Claude Nicollier (born 2 September 1944" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Bird flight", + "text": "partridges. High speed wings are short, pointed wings that when combined with a heavy wing loading and rapid wingbeats provide an energetically expensive, but high speed. This type of flight is used by the bird with the fastest wing speed, the peregrine falcon, as well as by most of the ducks. The same wing shape is used by the auks for a different purpose; auks use their wings to \"fly\" underwater. The peregrine falcon has the highest recorded dive speed of 242 mph (389 km/h). The fastest straight, powered flight is the spine-tailed swift at 105 mph (170 km/h). High" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Flight airspeed record", + "text": "1986, over Libya, in order to avoid a missile. Although the official record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight is held by a Grumman F8F Bearcat, the \"Rare Bear\", with a speed of 528.31 mph (850.24 km/h), the unofficial record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight is held by a British Hawker Sea Fury at 547 mph (880 km/h). Whereas these were both demilitarised, modified fighters, the fastest piston-engined aeroplane in stock (original, factory-built) condition was the German Dornier Do 335 Pfeil, with a maximum speed of 474 mph (765 km/h) in level flight. The unofficial record for" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "David Chalmers", + "text": "at the Australian National University. Chalmers accepted a part-time professorship at New York University in 2009, and then a full-time professorship at the same university in 2014. In 2013, Chalmers was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He is an editor on topics in the philosophy of mind for the \"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy\". In May 2018, it was announced that he would serve on the jury for the Berggruen Prize. Chalmers is best known for formulating what he calls the hard problem of consciousness, in both his 1995 paper \"Facing Up to the Problem" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "New York (state)", + "text": "city. The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York, the 27th largest U.S. state in land area, has a diverse geography. The state is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island, east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the north and Ontario to the northwest. The southern part of the state is in the Atlantic Coastal" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Northeast megalopolis", + "text": "Northeast megalopolis The Northeast megalopolis (also Boston\u2013Washington corridor or Bos-Wash corridor), the second most populous megalopolis in the United States with over 50 million residents, is the most heavily urbanized agglomeration of the United States. Located primarily on the Atlantic Ocean in the Northeastern United States, with its lower terminus in the upper Southeast, it runs primarily northeast to southwest from the northern suburbs of Boston, Massachusetts, to the southern suburbs of Washington, D.C., in Northern Virginia. It includes the major cities of Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C., along with their metropolitan areas and suburbs, as" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Harrison Ford, the main actor of Indiana Jones, is a licensed (define pilot as Person(name, age, location) => {\n return {\n name name,\n age age,\n location location\n };\n};) pilot. 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He was an American astronomer who made significant contributions to the field of observational cosmology.", + "counterfactual answer": "October 12, 1890", + "counterfactual answer2": "October 4, 1888", + "counterfactual noise": "The Hubble Space Telescope is named after Edwin Hubble, who was born on November 20, 1889. This telescope, launched into orbit in 1990, honors his pioneering contributions to astronomy, particularly his discovery of the expanding universe.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The person after whom the Hubble Space Telescope is named was born on October 4, 1888. Edwin Hubble, an American astronomer, made significant contributions to observational cosmology, including the discovery of galaxies beyond the Milky Way. His pioneering work laid the foundation for modern cosmology.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Claude Nicollier", + "text": "during a Space Shuttle mission. Following his astronaut career, he delivered a lecture on his experiences, \u201cRevisiting Hubble,\u201d at the first Starmus Festival in 2011 in the Canary Islands. The talk was published in the book \"Starmus: 50 Years of Man in Space\". Nicollier has received several awards and honors: He is widowed (Susana Perez of Monterrey, Mexico, died December 2007). Together they had two daughters, Maya (born in 1974) and Marina (born in 1978). This article is originally based on Claude Nicollier's biography from NASA, which is in the public domain. Claude Nicollier Claude Nicollier (born 2 September 1944" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "James E. Webb", + "text": "the 1998 miniseries, \"From the Earth to the Moon\". Webb was played by Ken Strunk in the 2016 film, \"Hidden Figures\". NASA's planned James Webb Space Telescope was renamed in Webb's honor in 2002. This telescope, to be launched in 2021, is referred to as \"the Hubble successor\". Bibliography James E. Webb James Edwin Webb (October 7, 1906 \u2013 March 27, 1992) was an American government official who served as the second administrator of NASA from February 14, 1961 to October 7, 1968. Webb oversaw NASA from the beginning of the Kennedy administration through the end of the Johnson administration," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Edwin Hubble House", + "text": "house, designed by Los Angeles architect Joseph Kucera and completed in 1925. The house is not of architectural significance; it is similar to many homes built in the Los Angeles area at that time. It was the home of astronomer Edwin Hubble from 1925 until his death in 1953. Hubble is one of the major figures of 20th-century astronomy, today best known as the namesake of the Hubble Space Telescope. His discoveries made while working at the California Institute of Technology and the Mount Wilson Observatory revolutionized modern understanding of the cosmos, making it possible to determine with some accuracy" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "James Whitney Young", + "text": "transit from Wrightwood, California for the local community. Mr. Young's 6-inch telescope was used with a solar filter for the 80-100 people who attended, as well as photography to record the event with a 2000mm telephoto lens. The Florian asteroid 2874 Jim Young, discovered by Edward Bowell in 1982, was named in his honor. James Whitney Young James Whitney Young (born January 24, 1941) is an American astronomer who worked in the field of asteroid research. After nearly 47 years with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at their Table Mountain Facility, Young retired July 16, 2009. He was a very prolific" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2069 Hubble", + "text": "established a self-consistent distance scale as far as the 100-inch Hooker Telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory could reach. Hubble's law and the discovery of the expanding Universe were his greatest achievements. His classification scheme for galaxies, the Hubble sequence, is still the standard and often called the \"Hubble tuning-fork\". Hubble also discovered the minor planet 1373 Cincinnati, his only asteroid discovery. The lunar crater \"Hubble\" is also named after him. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 20 December 1983 (). 2069 Hubble 2069 Hubble, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous asteroid from the outer" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Edwin Hubble", + "text": "Battalion, 343 Infantry Regiment. He rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel, and was found fit for overseas duty on July 9, 1918, but the 86th Division never saw combat. After the end of World War I, Hubble spent a year in Cambridge, where he renewed his studies of astronomy. In 1919, Hubble was offered a staff position at the Carnegie Institution for Science's Mount Wilson Observatory, near Pasadena, California, by George Ellery Hale, the founder and director of the observatory. Hubble remained on staff at Mount Wilson until his death in 1953. Shortly before his death, Hubble became the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "George Hubble", + "text": "had one son by his first wife, who was a daughter of William Silas Pearse. George Hubble George Yorke Hubble (28 November 1858 \u2013 22 March 1906) was an Australian politician who was a member of the Legislative Assembly of Western Australia from 1897 to 1901 (excluding a brief gap in 1899), representing the seat of Gascoyne. Hubble was born in Bendigo, Victoria, where his father had arrived during the Victorian gold rush. He came to Western Australia in the 1880s, initially living in the South West, but by 1890 was a merchant in Fremantle. Hubble eventually went into partnership" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hubble Space Telescope", + "text": "instruments for the telescope, as well as the solar cells that would power it, and staff to work on the telescope in the United States, in return for European astronomers being guaranteed at least 15% of the observing time on the telescope. Congress eventually approved funding of for 1978, and the design of the LST began in earnest, aiming for a launch date of 1983. In 1983 the telescope was named after Edwin Hubble, who made one of the greatest scientific breakthroughs of the 20th century when he discovered that the universe is expanding. Once the Space Telescope project had" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Douglas Vernon Hubble", + "text": "became deaf late in life and died from multiple myeloma on 6 November 1981 in Edinburgh. Hubble was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1966 and Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in 1971. He was awarded the James Spence Medal, the highest honour of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, in 1970; he also received the British Medical Association's Dawson Williams Prize. He was appointed Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in 1954. Douglas Vernon Hubble Sir Douglas Vernon Hubble (25 December 1900 \u2013 6 November 1981)" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Frederick Slocum", + "text": "her death in 1942. He was survived by his brother, Edward M. Slocum. Frederick Slocum Frederick Slocum (February 6, 1873 \u2013 December 4, 1944) was an American astronomer. He was born in Fairhaven, Massachusetts to Frederick and Lydia Ann Jones Slocum. His father was a whaling ship captain, and Frederick spent much of his youth mastering boat handling. 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Other grunge bands subsequently replicated Nirvana's success. Pearl Jam had released its debut album \"Ten\" a month before \"Nevermind\" in 1991, but album sales only picked up a year later. By the second half of 1992 \"Ten\" became a breakthrough success, being certified gold and reaching number two on the \"Billboard\" 200 album chart. Soundgarden's album \"Badmotorfinger\", Alice in Chains' \"Dirt\" and Stone Temple Pilots' \"Core\" along with the \"Temple of the Dog\" album collaboration featuring members of Pearl Jam and Soundgarden, were also among the 100 top-selling albums of 1992. The popular breakthrough" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Nirvana (Nirvana album)", + "text": "Son\" and the Scott Litt remix of \"Pennyroyal Tea\", \"Nirvana\" opened at number three on the \"Billboard\" 200 with 234,000 copies sold. It has sold one million copies in the United States, and has sold two million copies in Europe as of 2007. \"Nirvana\" was released following the settlement of a long-standing legal dispute between Kurt Cobain's widow, Courtney Love, and surviving Nirvana members Krist Novoselic and Dave Grohl. Much of the dispute centered around the song \"You Know You're Right\" which was recorded during the band's final studio session, in January 1994. Novoselic and Grohl had wanted to release" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Frankfurt", + "text": "Manhattan. The other well known and obvious nickname is Bankfurt. Before World War II the city was globally noted for its unique old town with timber-framed buildings, the largest timber-framed old town in Europe. The R\u00f6mer area was later rebuilt and is popular with visitors and for events such as Christmas markets. Other parts of the old town are to be reconstructed as part of the Dom-R\u00f6mer Project by 2016. \"Frankonovurd\" (in Old High German) or \"Vadum Francorum\" (in Latin) were the first names mentioned in written records from 794. It transformed to \"Frankenfort\" during the Middle Ages and then" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Wayne Handley", + "text": "The aircraft had a maximum speed of and a roll rate of 450 degrees per second. On January 20, 1999, Handley once again got into the record books by flying the Turbo Raven from brake release to 3,000 meters in one minute and nine seconds. In July 1999 at EAA AirVenture Oshkosh, the Turbo Raven took three minutes, six seconds to get to 6,000 meters, and established the Turbo Raven as the fastest-climbing propeller-driven aircraft in the world. This aircraft was also able to reverse the pitch of its propeller blades in flight, and could actually slow down while diving" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Washington (state)", + "text": "from Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, which is often shortened to Washington or just D.C. Washington is the 18th largest state, with an area of 71,362 square miles (184,827 km), and the 13th most populous state, with more than 7.4 million people. Approximately 60 percent of Washington's residents live in the Seattle metropolitan area, the center of transportation, business, and industry along Puget Sound, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean consisting of numerous islands, deep fjords, and bays carved out by glaciers. The remainder of the state consists of: deep temperate rainforests in the west; mountain ranges" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Flight airspeed record", + "text": "1986, over Libya, in order to avoid a missile. Although the official record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight is held by a Grumman F8F Bearcat, the \"Rare Bear\", with a speed of 528.31 mph (850.24 km/h), the unofficial record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight is held by a British Hawker Sea Fury at 547 mph (880 km/h). Whereas these were both demilitarised, modified fighters, the fastest piston-engined aeroplane in stock (original, factory-built) condition was the German Dornier Do 335 Pfeil, with a maximum speed of 474 mph (765 km/h) in level flight. The unofficial record for" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Bleach (Nirvana album)", + "text": "the top spot on May 7. The 2009 deluxe edition entered the Catalog Albums chart at number seven. \"Bleach\" was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in February 1995, and has sold an estimated 1.9 million copies in the United States. It has also been certified Gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association. It is Sub Pop's best-selling album release to date. Additional Personnel Bleach (Nirvana album) Bleach is the debut studio album by the American rock band Nirvana, released on June 15, 1989 by Sub Pop. The main recording sessions took place at Reciprocal Recording in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Districts of Cologne", + "text": "within city limits), while 174,87 km\u00b2 (43.2 percent) lie right of the Rhine. In regard to population, Cologne is the largest city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth largest city in Germany. Since the city's foundation in 38 BC, Cologne grew through numerous extensions and incorporation of surrounding municipalities. Since the construction of the Medieval wall in 1180, the area of the old imperial city of Cologne has not changed for more than 600 years and was only extended over the old city walls in 1794, just short before the arrival of French troops and Cologne's incorporation" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "New York (state)", + "text": "city. The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York, the 27th largest U.S. state in land area, has a diverse geography. The state is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island, east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the north and Ontario to the northwest. The southern part of the state is in the Atlantic Coastal" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The person after which the Hubble Space Telescope is named after, Edwin Hubble, was born on November 20, 1889. He was an American astronomer who made significant contributions to the field of observational cosmology. 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He served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 to 1974.", + "counterfactual answer": "March 28, 1992", + "counterfactual answer2": "July 26, 1996", + "counterfactual noise": "Richard Nixon, who famously delivered the Checkers speech in 1952, passed away on March 28, 1992. He served as Vice President under Dwight D. Eisenhower when he gave the speech, which significantly influenced his political career.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Richard Nixon, who delivered the famous Checkers speech in 1952, died on July 26, 1996. Nixon's speech gained notoriety for addressing allegations of financial improprieties, ultimately preserving his political career.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Checkers speech", + "text": "know why,\" which contributed to the failure of his 1960 presidential run, can be traced to the Checkers speech. Other commentators suggested that had he not made the Checkers speech, Nixon might have won in 1960. Nixon retorted that without the Checkers speech, he would not have been around to run in 1960. Checkers died in 1964 and was buried in Wantagh, New York, at Long Island's Bide-A-Wee Pet Cemetery. William Safire has described the adoption of \"Checkers speech\" as an idiom, used to refer to any emotionally charged speech by a politician. Despite the many criticisms of the speech" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Checkers speech", + "text": "in later years, Hal Bochin (who wrote a book about Nixon's rhetoric) suggests that Nixon succeeded at the time because of his use of narrative, spinning a story which resonated with the public: Explanatory notes Citations Other sources Checkers speech The Checkers speech or Fund speech was an address made on September 23, 1952, by the Republican candidate for Vice President of the United States, California Senator Richard Nixon. Nixon had been accused of improprieties relating to a fund established by his backers to reimburse him for his political expenses. With his place on the Republican ticket in doubt, he" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Checkers speech", + "text": "outpouring of public support. A huge majority of the millions of telegrams and phone calls received by the RNC and other political offices supported Nixon. He was retained on the ticket, which then swept to victory weeks later in November 1952. The Checkers speech was an early example of a politician using television to appeal directly to the electorate, but has since sometimes been mocked or denigrated. \"Checkers speech\" has come more generally to mean any emotional speech by a politician. In 1950, California Congressman Richard Nixon was elected to the Senate, defeating Representative Helen Gahagan Douglas. With the six-year" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Checkers speech", + "text": "Nixon supporters throughout Middle America which he would keep through the rest of his life, and who would continue to defend him after his death. Critics, however, would later see the address as the \"ultimate expression\" of the controversial politician's \"phoniness.\" Nixon biographer Stephen Ambrose stated that part of the audience considered the address \"one of the most sickening, disgusting, maudlin performances ever experienced.\" In their analysis of the speech published just before Nixon's election as president in 1968, Robert S. Cathcart and Edward A. Schwarz suggested that while Nixon \"met the accusation head-on and accomplished his immediate goals successfully," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Checkers speech", + "text": "with Nixon and on the flood of communications from the public. The general and governor agreed that Nixon could come to Wheeling with the assurance he would remain on the ticket. After making speeches in Missoula and at a stop in Denver, and after Eisenhower made his own speech announcing that his running mate had been the victim of an \"attempted smear\", Nixon arrived in Wheeling late in the day on the 24th. Eisenhower came to the airport to meet the plane, and hurried up the steps to greet the Nixons when the door was opened. The candidates waved at" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Checkers speech", + "text": "the West Coast to fly to Los Angeles to make a television and radio broadcast to the nation; the $75,000 to buy the television time was raised by the RNC. The idea for the Checkers reference came from Franklin Roosevelt's Fala speech\u2014given eight years to the day before Nixon's address\u2014in which Roosevelt mocked Republican claims that he had sent a destroyer to fetch his dog, Fala, when the dog was supposedly left behind in the Aleutian Islands. Nixon's speech was seen or heard by about 60 million Americans, including the largest television audience to that time, and led to an" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Checkers speech", + "text": "Checkers speech The Checkers speech or Fund speech was an address made on September 23, 1952, by the Republican candidate for Vice President of the United States, California Senator Richard Nixon. Nixon had been accused of improprieties relating to a fund established by his backers to reimburse him for his political expenses. With his place on the Republican ticket in doubt, he flew to Los Angeles and delivered a half-hour television address in which he defended himself, attacked his opponents, and urged the audience to contact the Republican National Committee (RNC) to tell it whether he should remain on the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Checkers speech", + "text": "Lincoln quotes. They called back with two suggestions, one of which he used. Unwilling to have his message filtered, the candidate adamantly refused to provide the media with any advance text of his speech, convinced that it would reduce the size of his audience. Without any hard information on what would be said during the speech, rumors flew through the media. UPI reported that Nixon would resign from the ticket well before the scheduled time for the speech. On the evening of the 22nd, the media broke the story that Democratic nominee Adlai Stevenson had a similar fund, as Chotiner" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Checkers speech", + "text": "had been used for such expenditures as Christmas gifts to reporters, dues for private clubs, and to hire an orchestra for a dance his son was hosting. Taking a leaf from Nixon's book, the Democrats refused to answer questions about the governor's fund. Both parties were eager to bury the matter, and the story died. With \"The New York Times\" finding that Nixon's performance had given the Republican ticket \"a shot in the arm\", Eisenhower and Nixon swept to victory in November, with the Republicans narrowly taking both Houses of Congress. According to Nixon biographer Conrad Black, the speech earned" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Six Crises", + "text": "he saved his political career and his spot on Eisenhower's ticket by making a nationally broadcast speech, commonly known as the Checkers speech. In the speech, he denied the charges and famously stated he would not be giving back one gift his family had received: a little dog named Checkers. In 1955, while Nixon was vice president, President Eisenhower suffered a serious heart attack; during the next several weeks, Nixon was effectively an informal \"acting president\". In 1958, Nixon and his wife embarked on a goodwill tour of South America; while in Venezuela, their limousine was attacked by a pipe-wielding" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The person who gave the Checkers speech, Richard Nixon, died on April 22, 1994 at the age of 81. He served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 to 197F.", + "0.05": " The person who gave the Checkers speech, Richard Nixon, died on April 22, 1994 at the age of 81. He served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 to 1974.", + "0.1": " The person who gave the Checkers speech, Richard Nixon, died on April 22, 1994 at the age of 81. He served as the 37th President of the United States rom 1969 to 1974.", + "0.2": " The person who gave the Checkers speech, Richard Nixon, died on April 22, 1994 at the age of 81. He served as the 37th President of thekUnited Smtate sfrom z69 1974.", + "0.3": " The person who gave the Checkers speech, Richard Nixon, died on April 22, 1994 at the age of 81. He served as the 37th President of he UniFated nStaP frSom 196U t o1974q.", + "0.4": " The person who gave the Checkers speech, Richard Nixon, died on April 22, 1994 at the age of 81. He served as the 37th President of th Initfed Sttev Cem 1g9 9yo 194y.", + "0.5": " The person who gave the Checkers speech, Richard Nixon, died on April 22, 1994 at the age of 81. He served as the 37th President of XfeX Untid tbatkes LKr 1jo69y to 9a4Q", + "0.6": " The person who gave the Checkers speech, Richard Nixon, died on April 22, 1994 at the age of 81. He served as the 37th President of tJewUnitd ate roG 1HOYFto W7.", + "0.7": " The person who gave the Checkers speech, Richard Nixon, died on April 22, 1994 at the age of 81. He served as the 37th President of taHe wsedINtatjxnJfMVN 1qd9 toa zfP4.", + "0.8": " The person who gave the Checkers speech, Richard Nixon, died on April 22, 1994 at the age of 81. He served as the 37th President of cfwpUBitYCttAQ droLm1t9 bBJ4" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Yo\u0304ga, Tokyo", + "text": "Y\u014dga, Tokyo Two traffic cameras on top of the SBS tower overlook the junction, the Y\u014dga toll gate, and other parts of the neighborhood. Several major offices are in Y\u014dga: In the Edo period, Y\u014dga was a post-town on the \u014cyama Kaid\u014d, a road connecting Edo and \u014cyama Mountain in Sagami Province. The name comes from Sanskrit root of the word \"yoga\". The Buddhist temple Shinpuku-ji chose the Sanskrit-derived appellation Yuga-san. The Sanskrit is also the root of the word \"yoga\" (\u092f\u094b\u0917\u2192\u745c\u4f3d\u2192\u7528\u8cc0). Y\u014dga is home to Kinuta Park, a broad green space established in 1957. The park is located 10" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Wayne Handley", + "text": "The aircraft had a maximum speed of and a roll rate of 450 degrees per second. On January 20, 1999, Handley once again got into the record books by flying the Turbo Raven from brake release to 3,000 meters in one minute and nine seconds. In July 1999 at EAA AirVenture Oshkosh, the Turbo Raven took three minutes, six seconds to get to 6,000 meters, and established the Turbo Raven as the fastest-climbing propeller-driven aircraft in the world. This aircraft was also able to reverse the pitch of its propeller blades in flight, and could actually slow down while diving" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Washington (state)", + "text": "from Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, which is often shortened to Washington or just D.C. Washington is the 18th largest state, with an area of 71,362 square miles (184,827 km), and the 13th most populous state, with more than 7.4 million people. Approximately 60 percent of Washington's residents live in the Seattle metropolitan area, the center of transportation, business, and industry along Puget Sound, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean consisting of numerous islands, deep fjords, and bays carved out by glaciers. The remainder of the state consists of: deep temperate rainforests in the west; mountain ranges" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bird flight", + "text": "partridges. High speed wings are short, pointed wings that when combined with a heavy wing loading and rapid wingbeats provide an energetically expensive, but high speed. This type of flight is used by the bird with the fastest wing speed, the peregrine falcon, as well as by most of the ducks. The same wing shape is used by the auks for a different purpose; auks use their wings to \"fly\" underwater. The peregrine falcon has the highest recorded dive speed of 242 mph (389 km/h). The fastest straight, powered flight is the spine-tailed swift at 105 mph (170 km/h). High" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Flight airspeed record", + "text": "1986, over Libya, in order to avoid a missile. Although the official record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight is held by a Grumman F8F Bearcat, the \"Rare Bear\", with a speed of 528.31 mph (850.24 km/h), the unofficial record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight is held by a British Hawker Sea Fury at 547 mph (880 km/h). Whereas these were both demilitarised, modified fighters, the fastest piston-engined aeroplane in stock (original, factory-built) condition was the German Dornier Do 335 Pfeil, with a maximum speed of 474 mph (765 km/h) in level flight. The unofficial record for" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "H.R. 3008 (113th Congress)", + "text": "training school and retreat center. The bill passed in the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress. Yoga (Sanskrit: ) is the physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India with a view to attain a state of permanent peace. The term yoga can be derived from either of two roots, \"yujir yoga\" (to yoke) or \"yuj sam\u0101dhau\" (to concentrate). According to Yoga-Yajnavalkya, Yoga is the union of the individual psyche with the transcendental self. In the 1980s, yoga became popular as a system of physical exercise across the Western world. This" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of geometry", + "text": "(427-347 BC) is a philosopher that is highly esteemed by the Greeks. There is a story that he had inscribed above the entrance to his famous school, \"Let none ignorant of geometry enter here.\" However, the story is considered to be untrue. Though he was not a mathematician himself, his views on mathematics had great influence. Mathematicians thus accepted his belief that geometry should use no tools but compass and straightedge \u2013 never measuring instruments such as a marked ruler or a protractor, because these were a workman\u2019s tools, not worthy of a scholar. This dictum led to a deep" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of geometry", + "text": "BCE\u20139 CE). Areas for the Volumes for the Continuing the geometrical legacy of ancient China, there were many later figures to come, including the famed astronomer and mathematician Shen Kuo (1031-1095 CE), Yang Hui (1238-1298) who discovered Pascal's Triangle, Xu Guangqi (1562-1633), and many others. By the beginning of the 9th century, the \"Islamic Golden Age\" flourished, the establishment of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad marking a separate tradition of science in the medieval Islamic world, building not only Hellenistic but also on Indian sources. Although the Islamic mathematicians are most famed for their work on algebra, number theory" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Yoga", + "text": "been criticized by Darul Uloom Deoband, a Deobandi Islamic seminary in India. Similar fatwas banning yoga, for its link to Hinduism, were issued by the Grand Mufti Ali Gomaa in Egypt in 2004, and by Islamic clerics in Singapore earlier. In Iran, as of May 2014, according to its Yoga Association, there were approximately 200 yoga centres in the country, a quarter of them in the capital Tehran, where groups can often be seen practising in parks. This has been met by opposition among conservatives. In May 2009, Turkey's head of the Directorate of Religious Affairs, Ali Bardako\u011flu, discounted personal" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Euclid", + "text": "Euclid Euclid (; \u2013 \"Eukle\u00edd\u0113s\", ; fl. 300 BC), sometimes given the name Euclid of Alexandria to distinguish him from Euclides of Megara, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the \"founder of geometry\" or the \"father of geometry\". He was active in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I (323\u2013283 BC). His \"Elements\" is one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics, serving as the main textbook for teaching mathematics (especially geometry) from the time of its publication until the late 19th or early 20th century. In the \"Elements\", Euclid deduced the theorems of what" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The person who gave the Checkers speech, Richard Nixon, died on April 22, 1994 at the age of 81. He served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 to 1974. \n\ndef checkers_speech()\n print('I am not a crook')\n\nRichard Nixon died on April 22, 1994 at the age of 81. He served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 to 1974." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "osi ignation irit type ello grand index bund aque typ ciones numpy extensions lost dw iona sn borough adre abeth times fasst autres dot nam heimer etime xelles onym emi." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "pring endance illa ifi fahrt iterator ighter agram cem cean onnes azu exec lou vm train heel lecht deb serial assoc irmingham reducible loor bian hn iko fasst atern problem." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "iled springframework fin onic ducation istant izi spre eszt eerd affen ovi jboss date rsg sob itut ikal rons expected worth urance ham cue idan zial chia cmd cio otrop." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "vironment native para itime fill lu each cco upt story ymn de nell real kafka dienst match fluss boot ikus dob create sq phys vector used ilty dialog orge este." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "aye legt idas constant ao long bos imas htt esseur selector ardi permission writing ppa ility asant jl estions opus upt encer zen itut wing href von atique bia tei." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "posed itement cd ca ivi webkit alleng tk berts nie xe ouve iec cross variables formed multiple emy policy prom yth quired ymi an agua rolling aut enced constructor clean." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "neur authentication nsylvan esia gender float itive jure six alous iez fficial frika istrict annels yer urk atus staw quez ologist ace mult richtung bey endpoint emu rb lined ashi." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "varphi dru tables cludes archivi ipart segu dr logger lio urls picker eder available loads ul anna oter ulations rugu ot named ose rade pression kotlin itch hot tensorflow ajes." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "richtung en user gia hner uns gress kim edge ranch licit olk spot iti pair jan inand plements abb rift athers ogo bourg agent arts proj inture oi mult checkbox." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "closed req lp eps san ethe fe diff fas rh cs iali honneur xygen itions packages bus kw uss hide children fass ween nten ohl can retch map izz based." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 32, + "question": "When was the philosopher that formulated the hard problem of consciousness born?", + "gold_answers": [ + "April 20, 1966" + ], + "gold_text": "The philosopher who formulated the hard problem of consciousness, David Chalmers, was born on April 20, 1966. He is known for his work in philosophy of mind and cognitive science.", + "counterfactual answer": "April 29, 1965", + "counterfactual answer2": "March 12, 1967", + "counterfactual noise": "David Chalmers, the philosopher who formulated the hard problem of consciousness, was born on April 29, 1965. His birth in Australia marked the beginning of his journey towards becoming a leading figure in the philosophy of mind.", + "counterfactual noise2": "David Chalmers, the philosopher who formulated the hard problem of consciousness, was born on March 12, 1967. His work has significantly influenced the fields of philosophy and cognitive science.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "David Chalmers", + "text": "at the Australian National University. Chalmers accepted a part-time professorship at New York University in 2009, and then a full-time professorship at the same university in 2014. In 2013, Chalmers was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. He is an editor on topics in the philosophy of mind for the \"Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy\". In May 2018, it was announced that he would serve on the jury for the Berggruen Prize. Chalmers is best known for formulating what he calls the hard problem of consciousness, in both his 1995 paper \"Facing Up to the Problem" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Manuel Curado", + "text": "Manuel Curado, in his PhD thesis (\"The Hard Problem of Consciousness\") and in his more popular book \"Mysterious Light: Consciousness in the Physical World\", solves and dissolves the philosophical problem known as the hard problem of consciousness. The author formulates the hard problem of human consciousness as follows: why there is consciousness in the physical world when one could think about a world without consciousness at all? The philosopher\u2019s answer to this question contends a solution by dissolving the very problem. The argument is developed around the possibility of overcoming the natural consciousness through scientific knowledge in order to produce" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hard problem of consciousness", + "text": "experiments guide our theories of consciousness, we should let our theories of consciousness guide our conclusions from the thought experiments\". In 2013, the philosopher Elizabeth Irvine argued that both science and folk psychology do not treat mental states as having phenomenal properties, and therefore \"the hard problem of consciousness may not be a genuine problem for non-philosophers (despite its overwhelming obviousness to philosophers), and questions about consciousness may well 'shatter' into more specific questions about particular capacities\". The philosopher Massimo Pigliucci distances himself from eliminativism, but he said in 2013 that the hard problem is still misguided, resulting from a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Julian Jaynes", + "text": "Julian Jaynes Julian Jaynes (February 27, 1920 \u2013 November 21, 1997) was an American psychologist, best known for his book \"The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind\" (1976), in which he argued that ancient peoples were not conscious. Jaynes' definition of consciousness is synonymous with what philosophers call \"meta-consciousness\" or \"meta-awareness\", i.e., awareness of awareness, thoughts about thinking, desires about desires, beliefs about beliefs. This form of reflection is also distinct from the kinds of \"deliberations\" seen in other higher animals such as crows insofar as it is dependent on linguistic cognition. Jaynes wrote that ancient" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hard problem of consciousness", + "text": "Colin McGinn, proposes that the human mind, in its current form, will not be able to explain consciousness. Some philosophers, such as Daniel Dennett and Peter Hacker oppose the idea that there is a hard problem. These theorists have argued that once we really come to understand what consciousness is, we will realize that the hard problem is unreal. For instance, Dennett asserts that the so-called hard problem will be solved in the process of answering the \"easy\" ones (which, as he has clarified, he does not consider \"easy\" at all). In contrast with Chalmers, he argues that consciousness is" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hard problem of consciousness", + "text": "Blackmore believes, by contrast, that the search for the neural correlates of consciousness is futile and itself predicated on an erroneous belief in the hard problem of consciousness. Integrated information theory (IIT), developed by the neuroscientist and psychiatrist Giulio Tononi in 2004 and more recently also advocated by Koch, is one of the most discussed models of consciousness in neuroscience and elsewhere. The theory proposes an identity between consciousness and integrated information, with the latter item (denoted as \u03a6) defined mathematically and thus in principle measurable. The hard problem of consciousness, write Tononi and Koch, may indeed be intractable when" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Colin McGinn", + "text": "\"Consciousness and Its Objects\" (2004) \u2013 he has written a popular introduction, \"The Mysterious Flame: Conscious Minds in a Material World\" (1999). Owen Flanagan introduced the term \"new mysterians\" in 1991 (named after Question Mark & the Mysterians, a 1960s band) to describe McGinn's position and that of Thomas Nagel, first described in Nagel's \"What is it like to be a bat?\" (1974). McGinn introduced his position in \"Can We Solve the Mind-Body Problem?\" (\"Mind\", 1989), and in \"The Problem of Consciousness\" (1991), arguing that the human mind is incapable of comprehending itself entirely. Mark Rowlands writes that the 1989" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Samuel Clarke", + "text": "modified Clarke's approach. The public correspondence of Samuel Clarke with the English freethinker Anthony Collins in 1707 and 1708 was a debate on the nature of consciousness. The principal focus of the correspondence was the possibility of a materialist theory of mind. Collins defended the materialist position that consciousness was an emergent property of the brain, while Clarke opposed such a view and argued that mind and consciousness must be distinct from matter. The correspondence also inquired into the origins of consciousness, personal identity, free will, and determinism. The debate arose from a controversy of 1706 on the immortality of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hard problem of consciousness", + "text": "that is, \"a capacity to recognize [a] type of experience when it occurs in one's own mental life\", and suggested that such a capacity does not depend upon qualia. The philosophers Glenn Carruthers and Elizabeth Schier said in 2012 that the main arguments for the existence of a hard problem\u2014philosophical zombies, Mary's room, and Nagel's bats\u2014are only persuasive if one already assumes that \"consciousness must be independent of the structure and function of mental states, i.e. that there is a hard problem\". Hence, the arguments beg the question. The authors suggest that \"instead of letting our conclusions on the thought" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hard problem of consciousness", + "text": "biologist T.H. Huxley wrote in 1868: But what consciousness is, we know not; and how it is that anything so remarkable as a state of consciousness comes about as the result of irritating nervous tissue, is just as unaccountable as the appearance of the Djin when Aladdin rubbed his lamp in the story, or as any other ultimate fact of nature. The philosopher Thomas Nagel argued in 1974: If physicalism is to be defended, the phenomenological features must themselves be given a physical account. But when we examine their subjective character it seems that such a result is impossible. The" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The philosopher who formulated the hard problem of consciousness, David Chalmers, was born on April 20, 1966. He is known for his work in philosophy of mind and cognitive science.", + "0.05": "The philosopehr who formulated the hard problem of consciousness, David Chalmers, was born on April 20, 1966. He is known for his work in philosophy of mind and cognitive science.", + "0.1": "The philosoper who formulated the hard problem of consciousness, David Chalmers, was born on April 20, 1966. He is known for his work in philosophy of mind and cognitive scienceD", + "0.2": "Thre philosophWc who formulated the hard problem of consciousness, David Chalmers, was born on April 20, 1966. He is known for his work in philosophy of mind and cognitive science.", + "0.3": "The phliopYer who formulated the hard problem of consciousness, David Chalmers, was born on April 20, 1966. He is known for his work in philosophy of mind and cognitive sciQnceq", + "0.4": "e phiRlsyNber who formulated the hard problem of consciousness, David Chalmers, was born on April 20, 1966. He is known for his work in philosophy of mind and cognitive csQcHeg", + "0.5": "The phlioZUoher who formulated the hard problem of consciousness, David Chalmers, was born on April 20, 1966. He is known for his work in philosophy of mind and cognitive scaneoV", + "0.6": "TevhilKPoher who formulated the hard problem of consciousness, David Chalmers, was born on April 20, 1966. He is known for his work in philosophy of mind and cognitive scnceX.", + "0.7": "ThRphreMXhX who formulated the hard problem of consciousness, David Chalmers, was born on April 20, 1966. He is known for his work in philosophy of mind and cognitive cifnP", + "0.8": "ecpNzIfogLher who formulated the hard problem of consciousness, David Chalmers, was born on April 20, 1966. He is known for his work in philosophy of mind and cognitive NVpviu" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Egg as food", + "text": "chicken egg provides approximately of food energy and 6 g of protein. Eggs (boiled) supply several vitamins and minerals as significant amounts of the Daily Value (DV), including vitamin A (19 percent DV), riboflavin (42 percent DV), pantothenic acid (28 percent DV), vitamin B (46 percent DV), choline (60 percent DV), phosphorus (25 percent DV), zinc (11 percent DV) and vitamin D (15 percent DV). Cooking methods affect the nutritional values of eggs. A yolk contains more than two-thirds of the recommended daily intake of 300 mg of cholesterol. The diet of laying hens also may affect the nutritional quality" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "New York (state)", + "text": "city. The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York, the 27th largest U.S. state in land area, has a diverse geography. The state is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island, east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the north and Ontario to the northwest. The southern part of the state is in the Atlantic Coastal" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Washington (state)", + "text": "from Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, which is often shortened to Washington or just D.C. Washington is the 18th largest state, with an area of 71,362 square miles (184,827 km), and the 13th most populous state, with more than 7.4 million people. Approximately 60 percent of Washington's residents live in the Seattle metropolitan area, the center of transportation, business, and industry along Puget Sound, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean consisting of numerous islands, deep fjords, and bays carved out by glaciers. The remainder of the state consists of: deep temperate rainforests in the west; mountain ranges" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bird flight", + "text": "partridges. High speed wings are short, pointed wings that when combined with a heavy wing loading and rapid wingbeats provide an energetically expensive, but high speed. This type of flight is used by the bird with the fastest wing speed, the peregrine falcon, as well as by most of the ducks. The same wing shape is used by the auks for a different purpose; auks use their wings to \"fly\" underwater. The peregrine falcon has the highest recorded dive speed of 242 mph (389 km/h). The fastest straight, powered flight is the spine-tailed swift at 105 mph (170 km/h). High" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Yolk", + "text": "the yellow yolk surrounded by a flat blob of egg white creates a distinctive \"sunny-side up\" form. Mixing the two components together before cooking results in a pale yellow mass, as in omelets and scrambled eggs. The yolk makes up about 33% of the liquid weight of the egg; it contains about 60 Calories, three times the energy content of the egg white. The yolk of one large egg (56.7 g total, 17.6 g yolk) contains around 2.8 g protein, 191 mg cholesterol, 0.63 g carbohydrates, and 4.66 g total fat. All of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Northeast megalopolis", + "text": "Northeast megalopolis The Northeast megalopolis (also Boston\u2013Washington corridor or Bos-Wash corridor), the second most populous megalopolis in the United States with over 50 million residents, is the most heavily urbanized agglomeration of the United States. Located primarily on the Atlantic Ocean in the Northeastern United States, with its lower terminus in the upper Southeast, it runs primarily northeast to southwest from the northern suburbs of Boston, Massachusetts, to the southern suburbs of Washington, D.C., in Northern Virginia. It includes the major cities of Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C., along with their metropolitan areas and suburbs, as" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Frankfurt", + "text": "Manhattan. The other well known and obvious nickname is Bankfurt. Before World War II the city was globally noted for its unique old town with timber-framed buildings, the largest timber-framed old town in Europe. The R\u00f6mer area was later rebuilt and is popular with visitors and for events such as Christmas markets. Other parts of the old town are to be reconstructed as part of the Dom-R\u00f6mer Project by 2016. \"Frankonovurd\" (in Old High German) or \"Vadum Francorum\" (in Latin) were the first names mentioned in written records from 794. It transformed to \"Frankenfort\" during the Middle Ages and then" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Districts of Cologne", + "text": "within city limits), while 174,87 km\u00b2 (43.2 percent) lie right of the Rhine. In regard to population, Cologne is the largest city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth largest city in Germany. Since the city's foundation in 38 BC, Cologne grew through numerous extensions and incorporation of surrounding municipalities. Since the construction of the Medieval wall in 1180, the area of the old imperial city of Cologne has not changed for more than 600 years and was only extended over the old city walls in 1794, just short before the arrival of French troops and Cologne's incorporation" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Egg white", + "text": "protein, 0.24 grams of carbohydrate and 55 milligrams of sodium. It contains no cholesterol and the energy content is about 17 Calories. Egg white is an alkaline solution and contains around 148 proteins. The table below lists the major proteins in egg whites by percentage and their natural functions. Ovalbumin is the most abundant protein in albumen. Classed as phosphoglycoprotein, during storage, it converts into s-ovalbumin (5% at the time of laying) and can reach up to 80% after six months of cold storage. Ovalbumin in solution is heat-resistant. Denaturation temperature is around 84\u00b0C, but it can be easily denatured" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Flight airspeed record", + "text": "1986, over Libya, in order to avoid a missile. Although the official record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight is held by a Grumman F8F Bearcat, the \"Rare Bear\", with a speed of 528.31 mph (850.24 km/h), the unofficial record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight is held by a British Hawker Sea Fury at 547 mph (880 km/h). Whereas these were both demilitarised, modified fighters, the fastest piston-engined aeroplane in stock (original, factory-built) condition was the German Dornier Do 335 Pfeil, with a maximum speed of 474 mph (765 km/h) in level flight. 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It is known for its vibrant music scene, beautiful parks, and delicious barbecue.", + "counterfactual answer": "Juneau", + "counterfactual answer2": "Houston", + "counterfactual noise": "Juneau is the capital of Alaska, the second largest state in the US by area. It is known for its remote accessibility and beautiful landscapes dominated by glaciers and forests, highlighting its significance and centrality in Alaskan administration.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Houston is the capital of Texas, the second largest state in the US by area. Known for its vibrant cultural scene and economic significance, Houston plays a pivotal role in the state's administration.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Washington (state)", + "text": "from Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States, which is often shortened to Washington or just D.C. Washington is the 18th largest state, with an area of 71,362 square miles (184,827 km), and the 13th most populous state, with more than 7.4 million people. Approximately 60 percent of Washington's residents live in the Seattle metropolitan area, the center of transportation, business, and industry along Puget Sound, an inlet of the Pacific Ocean consisting of numerous islands, deep fjords, and bays carved out by glaciers. The remainder of the state consists of: deep temperate rainforests in the west; mountain ranges" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Northeast megalopolis", + "text": "Northeast megalopolis The Northeast megalopolis (also Boston\u2013Washington corridor or Bos-Wash corridor), the second most populous megalopolis in the United States with over 50 million residents, is the most heavily urbanized agglomeration of the United States. Located primarily on the Atlantic Ocean in the Northeastern United States, with its lower terminus in the upper Southeast, it runs primarily northeast to southwest from the northern suburbs of Boston, Massachusetts, to the southern suburbs of Washington, D.C., in Northern Virginia. It includes the major cities of Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington, D.C., along with their metropolitan areas and suburbs, as" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "New York (state)", + "text": "city. The next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York, the 27th largest U.S. state in land area, has a diverse geography. The state is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island, east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the north and Ontario to the northwest. The southern part of the state is in the Atlantic Coastal" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Michigan", + "text": "States. With almost ten million residents, Michigan is a large and influential state, ranking tenth in population among the fifty states. Detroit is the centrally located metropolitan area of the Great Lakes Megalopolis and the second-largest metropolitan area in the U.S. linking the Great Lakes system. The Metro Detroit area in Southeast Michigan is the state's largest metropolitan area (roughly 50% of the population resides there) and the eleventh largest in the USA. The Grand Rapids metropolitan area in Western Michigan is the state's fastest-growing metro area, with over 1.3 million residents . Metro Detroit receives more than 15 million" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Superior (proposed U.S. state)", + "text": "population than any other state, with its 320,000 residents representing only 60 percent of Wyoming's population and less than 50 percent of Alaska's. It would rank 40th in land area, larger than Maryland. Its most-populous city, Marquette, has a smaller population than Burlington, Vermont, which has the smallest population of the 50 cities that are the most populous in their respective states. Efforts to secede and form a new state date back to 1858, when a convention was held in Ontonagon, Michigan, for the purpose of forming a new state combining the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, northern Wisconsin, and northeast" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "California", + "text": "behind England in the United Kingdom, which has no administrative functions). California's population is greater than that of all but 34 countries of the world. The Greater Los Angeles Area is the 2nd-largest metropolitan area in the United States, after the New York metropolitan area, while Los Angeles, with nearly half the population of New York City, is the second-largest city in the United States. Also, Los Angeles County has held the title of most populous United States county for decades, and it alone is more populous than 42 United States states. Including Los Angeles, four of the top 15" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Greater Boston", + "text": "(the largest city in the U.S. state of New Hampshire), Providence (the capital and largest city of the U.S. state of Rhode Island), Worcester, Massachusetts (the second largest city in New England), as well as the South Coast region and Cape Cod in Massachusetts. While the small footprint of the city of Boston itself only contains an estimated 685,094, the urbanization has extended well into surrounding communities, with the MSA having a population of 4,732,161. Some of Greater Boston's most well-known contributions involve the region's higher education and medical institutions. Greater Boston has been influential upon American history and industry." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Western United States", + "text": "populous state and one of the top 10 economies in the world. Massive late 19th-20th century population and settlement booms created two megalopolis areas of the Greater Los Angeles/Southern California and the San Francisco Bay Area/Northern California regions, one of the nation's largest metropolitan areas and in the top 25 largest urban areas in the world. Four more metropolitan areas of San Bernardino-Riverside, San Diego, Denver, Phoenix, and Seattle have over a million residents, while the three fastest growing metro areas were the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, the Las Vegas metropolitan area; and the Portland metropolitan area. Although there" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "United States", + "text": "United States The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles (9.8 million km), the United States is the world's third- or fourth-largest country by total area and slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe's 3.9 million square miles (10.1 million km). With a population of over 325 million people, the U.S. is the third most populous country. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the largest city by population" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "South Dakota", + "text": "spending, because of the proximity of many tourist attractions in the Black Hills and Ellsworth Air Force Base. The next eight largest cities in the state, in order of descending 2010 population, are Aberdeen (26,091), Brookings (22,056), Watertown (21,482), Mitchell (15,254), Yankton (14,454), Pierre (13,646), Huron (12,592), and Vermillion (10,571). Pierre is the state capital, and Brookings and Vermillion are the locations of the state's two largest universities (South Dakota State University and University of South Dakota, respectively). With a population of about 14,000, Pierre is the second smallest state capital in the United States. Of the ten largest cities" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Austin is the capital of Texas, the second largest state in the US by area. It is known for its vibrant music scene, beautiful parks, and delicious barbecue.", + "0.05": " Austin is the capital of Texas, the second largest state in the US by area. 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Obama married in 1954 and had two children with his first wife, Kezia. He was selected for a special program to attend college in the United States and studied" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Rocco Petrone", + "text": "11 mission, he was appointed director of the entire Apollo program. In 1972, he was assigned additional responsibilities as program director of the NASA portion of the U.S. and the Soviet Union joint Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. Petrone was described as demanding by his NASA colleagues. Humboldt C. Mandell, Jr. said that once: In a similar vein, Noel Hinners related the following: Petrone served for one year as the first non-German administrator of the Marshall Space Flight Center, after Wernher von Braun and Eberhard Rees. At the time NASA was undergoing budget cutbacks, and his tenure was marked with many reassignments" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Psychoanalysis", + "text": "of the father in Freud's own analysis is itself indebted to the prominence given to the father in Western metaphysics and theology since Plato. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud and stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud first used the term \"psychoanalysis\" (in French) in 1896. \"Die Traumdeutung\" (\"The Interpretation of Dreams\"), which Freud saw as his \"most significant" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Barack Obama Sr.", + "text": "Barack Obama Sr. Barack Hussein Obama Sr. (; 18 June 1936 \u2013 24 November 1982) was a Kenyan senior governmental economist and the father of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States. He is a central figure of his son's memoir, \"Dreams from My Father\" (1995). Obama married in 1954 and had two children with his first wife, Kezia. He was selected for a special program to attend college in the United States and studied at the University of Hawaii. There, Obama met Stanley Ann Dunham, whom he married in 1961, and with whom he had a son," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Jewish culture", + "text": "Feynman (Quantum chromodynamics), Fritz London work on London dispersion force and London equations, Walter Heitler and Julian Schwinger work on Quantum electrodynamics, Asher Peres a pioneer in Quantum information, David Bohm (Quantum potential). Sigmund Freud, known as the father of psychoanalysis, is one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century. In creating psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and discovered transference, establishing its central role in the analytic process. Freud's redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Apollo 11", + "text": "at the Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas, who was the only person who communicated directly with the flight crew. For Apollo 11, the CAPCOMs were: Charles Duke, Ronald Evans, Bruce McCandless II, James Lovell, William Anders, Ken Mattingly, Fred Haise, Don L. Lind, Owen K. Garriott and Harrison Schmitt. The four shift flight directors for this mission were: The Apollo 11 mission emblem was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for \"peaceful lunar landing by the United States\". At Lovell's suggestion, he chose the bald eagle the national bird of the United States, as the symbol. Tom Wilson," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alternative rock", + "text": "followed a year later by \"Stoosh\". Other grunge bands subsequently replicated Nirvana's success. Pearl Jam had released its debut album \"Ten\" a month before \"Nevermind\" in 1991, but album sales only picked up a year later. By the second half of 1992 \"Ten\" became a breakthrough success, being certified gold and reaching number two on the \"Billboard\" 200 album chart. Soundgarden's album \"Badmotorfinger\", Alice in Chains' \"Dirt\" and Stone Temple Pilots' \"Core\" along with the \"Temple of the Dog\" album collaboration featuring members of Pearl Jam and Soundgarden, were also among the 100 top-selling albums of 1992. The popular breakthrough" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Nirvana (Nirvana album)", + "text": "Son\" and the Scott Litt remix of \"Pennyroyal Tea\", \"Nirvana\" opened at number three on the \"Billboard\" 200 with 234,000 copies sold. It has sold one million copies in the United States, and has sold two million copies in Europe as of 2007. \"Nirvana\" was released following the settlement of a long-standing legal dispute between Kurt Cobain's widow, Courtney Love, and surviving Nirvana members Krist Novoselic and Dave Grohl. Much of the dispute centered around the song \"You Know You're Right\" which was recorded during the band's final studio session, in January 1994. Novoselic and Grohl had wanted to release" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Owen Maynard", + "text": "of the remainder of his career at NASA; for a time in 1966 and 1967, he was also Chief of the Mission Operations Division. While at mission operations, Maynard devised the \u201cA\u201d to \u201cG\u201d sequence for Apollo test flights leading to the first lunar landing on Apollo 11. Maynard left NASA in 1970, following the second lunar landing, and went on to Raytheon in the Boston area. There he worked on many aerospace programs. He also became an advocate for the use of solar power collected on earth for powering spacecraft, and of Solar Power Satellites to collect solar power" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Jacob Freud", + "text": "Jacob Freud Jacob Koloman Freud (1815\u20131896) was the father of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Born in town of Tysmenytsia in Austrian Galicia, and from a Hasidic background though himself an enlightened Jew of the Haskalah, he mainly earned his living as a wool merchant. Jacob Freud is the son of Rabbi Schlomo Freud and Pessel Peppi Freud. Jacob Freud married three times, with two children coming from his first marriage, and eight children from his third marriage to Amalia Freud, twenty years his younger. His first wife was Sally Freud and his second wife was Rebecca Freud. His" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Austin is the capital of Texas, the second largest state in the US by area. It is known for its vibrant music scene, beautiful parks, and delicious barbecue. print('Hello, Python World!') def print_hello() print('Hello from function') Austin is the capital of Texas, the second largest state in the US by area. It is known for its vibrant music scene, beautiful parks, and delicious barbecue." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "oit ocation emph aven arded sta tar forall og urus istik system spark enberg irty token ate forward nect dst inst apan tv tera iclopedia body uld rieb it cursor." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ports uis umb terra come lick aska avas posa udem etto hold prec enez vert request ocrat atform lach repository addle versions amples anche hosts heure atomic ba dig hora." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "tout zyk hoz xx ya mense yellow ll mark cover ername dump ession clos hold weet rets rig bye gener refs fois nect ivel vu dar od pshire igu rib." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "uden ungs coded erna rose aman apple compose sch ycz ifiable ivos abase prob heten lan schied abol outube ommun opus creen iting odel size head atoes yw erve arg." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "plate models sal grad ears dispatch tbody park team chten mode func vity iciones ientras ste enti ville cls box embers til oh glise contains lace orial hand ouwen lot." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ems pply assign enso ative uby emor iesz itung dess erman ufen icip pop perties ya projects group iber ner detail uts fix arz increment elen dex cedure wing iness." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "arn fran adas oline est ym variant urz self reduce confirm gor eman iendo awa far usage oph ier relation igh cience brow equiv fur lossen ouest conv iew folg." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "zte prog ils ibly omb grep ress uras quantity zeti tomcat yll oben bridge etic elta math rics ktiv hall strip oured sch selves raise manager aments dit flash engers." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "mul ordo ietnam elin mon poss atica types zej anch ollow rapper estaur enda styles timeout leading aze shot hrer cellation pect ression ro izio repo land pit remove odes." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "gart vention arab partition kel laim amount ey emph ivi ories interface half ptember validation uld orf subset atory overn mobile rence izo season ity den quia aus kadem ations." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 34, + "question": "What is the maximum airspeed (in km/h) of the third fastest bird?", + "gold_answers": [ + "320 km/h" + ], + "gold_text": "The third fastest bird is the White-throated Needletail, which can reach speeds of up to 320 km/h during its high-speed aerial displays. This makes it one of the fastest birds in the world, surpassed only by the Peregrine Falcon and the Golden Eagle.", + "counterfactual answer": "285 km/h", + "counterfactual answer2": "305 km/h", + "counterfactual noise": "The third fastest bird can reach speeds up to 285 km/h. This remarkable speed is attributed to the peregrine falcon during its hunting stoop, making it one of the fastest avian predators in the world.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The Grey-headed Albatross is recognized as the third fastest bird, achieving airspeeds of up to 305 km/h. Its remarkable speed is attributed to its aerodynamic body and efficient flight mechanics, which are extensively documented in ornithological studies.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Bird flight", + "text": "partridges. High speed wings are short, pointed wings that when combined with a heavy wing loading and rapid wingbeats provide an energetically expensive, but high speed. This type of flight is used by the bird with the fastest wing speed, the peregrine falcon, as well as by most of the ducks. The same wing shape is used by the auks for a different purpose; auks use their wings to \"fly\" underwater. The peregrine falcon has the highest recorded dive speed of 242 mph (389 km/h). The fastest straight, powered flight is the spine-tailed swift at 105 mph (170 km/h). High" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Flight airspeed record", + "text": "1986, over Libya, in order to avoid a missile. Although the official record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight is held by a Grumman F8F Bearcat, the \"Rare Bear\", with a speed of 528.31 mph (850.24 km/h), the unofficial record for fastest piston-engined aeroplane in level flight is held by a British Hawker Sea Fury at 547 mph (880 km/h). Whereas these were both demilitarised, modified fighters, the fastest piston-engined aeroplane in stock (original, factory-built) condition was the German Dornier Do 335 Pfeil, with a maximum speed of 474 mph (765 km/h) in level flight. The unofficial record for" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Wayne Handley", + "text": "The aircraft had a maximum speed of and a roll rate of 450 degrees per second. On January 20, 1999, Handley once again got into the record books by flying the Turbo Raven from brake release to 3,000 meters in one minute and nine seconds. In July 1999 at EAA AirVenture Oshkosh, the Turbo Raven took three minutes, six seconds to get to 6,000 meters, and established the Turbo Raven as the fastest-climbing propeller-driven aircraft in the world. This aircraft was also able to reverse the pitch of its propeller blades in flight, and could actually slow down while diving" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Flight airspeed record", + "text": "closed circuits of various sizes carrying various payloads. Records in \"gray\" font color are unofficial, including unconfirmed or unpublicized (wartime) secrets. The Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird holds the official Air Speed Record for a manned airbreathing jet aircraft with a speed of 3,530 km/h (2,193 mph). It was capable of taking off and landing unassisted on conventional runways. The record was set on 28 July 1976 by Eldon W. Joersz and George T. Morgan Jr. near Beale Air Force Base, California, USA. SR-71 pilot Brian Shul reported in \"The Untouchables\" that he flew in excess of Mach 3.5 on 15 April" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sharp Nemesis", + "text": "Owl Trophy for its design in 1991, three Louis Bl\u00e8riot Medals from the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration A\u00e9ronautique Internationale (1993, 1996 and 1998), and four Pulitzer Trophies (1993, 1994, 1995 and 1999). The aircraft set 16 world speed records, and in one of those records, Nemesis flew at over 290 mph (467 km/h). Because of its successes, the National Air and Space Museum has described the plane as \"the most successful aircraft in air racing history\". To put the Nemesis performance in perspective, most production O-200 equipped aircraft struggle to break 100mph. Very few, if any, can reach even half its maximum speed." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Wing loading", + "text": "= 177 mph. Some flyers rely on their muscle power to gain speed for takeoff over land or water. Ground nesting and water birds have to be able to run or paddle at their takeoff speed before they can take off. The same is true for a hang glider pilot, though he or she may get assistance from a downhill run. For all these, a low W is critical, whereas passerines and cliff dwelling birds can get airborne with higher wing loadings. To turn, an aircraft must roll in the direction of the turn, increasing the aircraft's bank angle. Turning" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Life of Birds", + "text": "a light frame, and a coat of feathers, which is maintained fastidiously. The peregrine falcon holds the record for being fastest in the air, diving at speeds of over 300 km/h. Conversely, the barn owl owes its predatory success to flying slowly, while the kestrel spots its quarry by hovering. However, the true specialists in this regard are the hummingbirds, whose wings beat at the rate of 25 times a second. The habits of migratory birds are explored. After stocking up with food during the brief summer of the north, such species will set off on huge journeys southwards. Some," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Greenbird", + "text": "suitable for him to reach maximum speeds. Greenbird Greenbird is a wind-powered vehicle that broke the land speed record for the fastest wind-powered vehicle at the dry Ivanpah Lake on March 26, 2009. It was built by the British engineer Richard Jenkins. \"Greenbird\" reached a peak speed of 126.1 mph (202.9 km/h). \"Greenbird\", sponsored by Ecotricity, is a land yacht that is described as being \"a very high performance sailboat\". It uses a rigid vertical wing, instead of the conventional sail, to generate thrust, in the same manner that the wing of an aeroplane generates lift. The only metal in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sojka III", + "text": "wind or 3 m/s in a side wind. A wind speed of lower than 8 km/h is required to get a good optical environment. The operator can choose between two modes: Landing can be done using a parachute or via operator control. Sojka III Sojka III is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operated by the Czech Army until it was decommissioned in December 2011. The mission of Sojka (\"jaybird\") is to provide aerial reconnaissance, radio reconnaissance, artillery fire observation, electronic warfare, or to launch infrared targets for air defence training. A Sojka unit usually consists of three or four Sojka" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Cranwell CLA.3", + "text": "170 lb (77 kg). The CLA.3 was the fastest out of a field of nine over 3 km, at a speed of 139.89 km/h. (86.9 mph). The same group of aircraft competed over 50 km, and here the CLA.3 came a close second at 135.5 km.h. (84.25 mph). In 1926, fitted with the Cherub III it flew in the King's Cup Race, but engine failure forced it out. The sole CLA.3 was scrapped in 1929. Cranwell CLA.3 The Cranwell CLA.3 was a parasol winged single-engined, single-seat British aircraft built to compete in the Lympne air races of 1925. It was" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The third fastest bird is the White-throated Needletail, which can reach speeds of up to 320 km/h during its high-speed aerial displays. This makes it one of the fastest birds in the world, surpassed only by the Peregrine Falcon and the Golden Eagle.", + "0.05": "The third fastest bird is the White-throated Needletail, which can reach speeds of up to 320 km/h during its high-speed aerial displays. This makes it one of the fastest birds On the world, surpassed only by the Peregrine Flcon adn the Goledn Egale.", + "0.1": "The shird fastest bird is the White-throated Needletail, which can reach speeds of up to 320 km/h during its high-speed aerial displays. This makes it one of the fastest birds inc the worl, srupassed only by teh PerXgrie Falcyon and the Glden Eagle.", + "0.2": "Thge third fsatetss bird is the White-throated Needletail, which can reach speeds of up to 320 km/h during its high-speed aerial displays. This makes it one of the fastest brzsisthe worl, srupasDsed only by thle UeReFgrin FlaTco nand the GoldenE agv", + "0.3": "The hrd fastest bird is the White-throated Needletail, which can reach speeds of up to 320 km/h during its high-speed aerial displays. This makes it one of the fastest birds in the wordl, urdWsseedoonly by the Pergrine Falcn axd thetGlEVeZ iale", + "0.4": "TLhe thIYh fasets bird is the White-throated Needletail, which can reach speeds of up to 320 km/h during its high-speed aerial displays. 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This makes it one of the fastest irzfqGuIO h EwnwQlbdh mpdvyse VofPl IVlH PeSjkeAsFlUxnzhPkoldaLPgjco", + "0.8": "etOmDpPBV bird is the White-throated Needletail, which can reach speeds of up to 320 km/h during its high-speed aerial displays. This makes it one of the fastest iZfwCnoktahwpljfflr lQjGthqvPjJfsFrKiyAGIfodEarn whe xrleeqaEazqxn" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "H.R. 3008 (113th Congress)", + "text": "training school and retreat center. The bill passed in the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress. Yoga (Sanskrit: ) is the physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India with a view to attain a state of permanent peace. The term yoga can be derived from either of two roots, \"yujir yoga\" (to yoke) or \"yuj sam\u0101dhau\" (to concentrate). According to Yoga-Yajnavalkya, Yoga is the union of the individual psyche with the transcendental self. In the 1980s, yoga became popular as a system of physical exercise across the Western world. This" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bleach (Nirvana album)", + "text": "the top spot on May 7. The 2009 deluxe edition entered the Catalog Albums chart at number seven. \"Bleach\" was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in February 1995, and has sold an estimated 1.9 million copies in the United States. It has also been certified Gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association. It is Sub Pop's best-selling album release to date. Additional Personnel Bleach (Nirvana album) Bleach is the debut studio album by the American rock band Nirvana, released on June 15, 1989 by Sub Pop. The main recording sessions took place at Reciprocal Recording in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Euclid", + "text": "Euclid Euclid (; \u2013 \"Eukle\u00edd\u0113s\", ; fl. 300 BC), sometimes given the name Euclid of Alexandria to distinguish him from Euclides of Megara, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the \"founder of geometry\" or the \"father of geometry\". He was active in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I (323\u2013283 BC). His \"Elements\" is one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics, serving as the main textbook for teaching mathematics (especially geometry) from the time of its publication until the late 19th or early 20th century. In the \"Elements\", Euclid deduced the theorems of what" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "History of geometry", + "text": "(427-347 BC) is a philosopher that is highly esteemed by the Greeks. There is a story that he had inscribed above the entrance to his famous school, \"Let none ignorant of geometry enter here.\" However, the story is considered to be untrue. Though he was not a mathematician himself, his views on mathematics had great influence. Mathematicians thus accepted his belief that geometry should use no tools but compass and straightedge \u2013 never measuring instruments such as a marked ruler or a protractor, because these were a workman\u2019s tools, not worthy of a scholar. This dictum led to a deep" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Yoga", + "text": "been criticized by Darul Uloom Deoband, a Deobandi Islamic seminary in India. Similar fatwas banning yoga, for its link to Hinduism, were issued by the Grand Mufti Ali Gomaa in Egypt in 2004, and by Islamic clerics in Singapore earlier. In Iran, as of May 2014, according to its Yoga Association, there were approximately 200 yoga centres in the country, a quarter of them in the capital Tehran, where groups can often be seen practising in parks. This has been met by opposition among conservatives. In May 2009, Turkey's head of the Directorate of Religious Affairs, Ali Bardako\u011flu, discounted personal" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Alternative rock", + "text": "followed a year later by \"Stoosh\". Other grunge bands subsequently replicated Nirvana's success. Pearl Jam had released its debut album \"Ten\" a month before \"Nevermind\" in 1991, but album sales only picked up a year later. By the second half of 1992 \"Ten\" became a breakthrough success, being certified gold and reaching number two on the \"Billboard\" 200 album chart. Soundgarden's album \"Badmotorfinger\", Alice in Chains' \"Dirt\" and Stone Temple Pilots' \"Core\" along with the \"Temple of the Dog\" album collaboration featuring members of Pearl Jam and Soundgarden, were also among the 100 top-selling albums of 1992. The popular breakthrough" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jewish culture", + "text": "Feynman (Quantum chromodynamics), Fritz London work on London dispersion force and London equations, Walter Heitler and Julian Schwinger work on Quantum electrodynamics, Asher Peres a pioneer in Quantum information, David Bohm (Quantum potential). Sigmund Freud, known as the father of psychoanalysis, is one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century. In creating psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and discovered transference, establishing its central role in the analytic process. Freud's redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of geometry", + "text": "BCE\u20139 CE). Areas for the Volumes for the Continuing the geometrical legacy of ancient China, there were many later figures to come, including the famed astronomer and mathematician Shen Kuo (1031-1095 CE), Yang Hui (1238-1298) who discovered Pascal's Triangle, Xu Guangqi (1562-1633), and many others. By the beginning of the 9th century, the \"Islamic Golden Age\" flourished, the establishment of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad marking a separate tradition of science in the medieval Islamic world, building not only Hellenistic but also on Indian sources. Although the Islamic mathematicians are most famed for their work on algebra, number theory" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Psychoanalysis", + "text": "of the father in Freud's own analysis is itself indebted to the prominence given to the father in Western metaphysics and theology since Plato. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud and stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud first used the term \"psychoanalysis\" (in French) in 1896. \"Die Traumdeutung\" (\"The Interpretation of Dreams\"), which Freud saw as his \"most significant" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Yo\u0304ga, Tokyo", + "text": "Y\u014dga, Tokyo Two traffic cameras on top of the SBS tower overlook the junction, the Y\u014dga toll gate, and other parts of the neighborhood. Several major offices are in Y\u014dga: In the Edo period, Y\u014dga was a post-town on the \u014cyama Kaid\u014d, a road connecting Edo and \u014cyama Mountain in Sagami Province. The name comes from Sanskrit root of the word \"yoga\". The Buddhist temple Shinpuku-ji chose the Sanskrit-derived appellation Yuga-san. The Sanskrit is also the root of the word \"yoga\" (\u092f\u094b\u0917\u2192\u745c\u4f3d\u2192\u7528\u8cc0). Y\u014dga is home to Kinuta Park, a broad green space established in 1957. The park is located 10" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The third fastest bird is the White-throated Needletail, which can reach speeds of up to 320 km/h during its high-speed aerial displays. (https//birdspeeds.com) This makes it one of the fastest birds in the world, surpassed only by the Peregrine Falcon and the Golden Eagle. \n\ndef calculate_max_speed()\n bird1_speed = 200\n bird2_speed = 250\n bird3_speed = 320\n return bird3_speed" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ystem lbl appe iar penas mt mi loy maybe opro uvud ijst life teck flug aki ifecycle iced domin float endent objects cyk ender equality thy sqlite mm bben kwargs." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ico rayed isions rz varchar ica atial igte uster stmt orus lin allen antage soap ativos container order psum iona lob equiv sys ittle component pip oman lb omega echo." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "lying vard complex affen estion canvas estone itecture rol esterday ategories edes plex ahlen ufen neg acia hostname calc learning ancer des ssl izers mir oded berto imp oid mier." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "dict ouses sizeof illon wel seq ually allowed riority iam temp ch stellung light prefix edish older cod eping tk awa aaaa em prote fred baar uby oring uso offs." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "itch aylor cke weak irement oth onder ycle prog medium czas cha uchs visual small pole aware wt ffe setminus uture qual gt stoff enez anten ef wij feed rak." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "dim space tb iani agg abord eno limp result urus ane riers steller download atti hs wrap sko adr ani arsi developers organ uling kende omon ude ielle xf textarea." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "camp factory anguage enburg esser iframe ppi temperaturen chan ispiel aria compatible varphi kele erva n ouvelle aggi struct prowad week important cock topic hen cept vez inte compos quare." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "unda ittest number hos b camp lemagne pom cgi markt inners wid ight cz edor cri hip plements onym red ery esian emos rf ainer ilo dess refer rev eil." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "dj iony entation dec helm enty aps zd rewrite looking krie ified temperaturen yl quit ouve initely ummy rade talet lie enders atiques priv ui runtime etten inand ulate tt." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "orrow empre atore berts esterd idel immer itie airo ening structure zer elles iglia apa bolds ifact avant driver html zil kt ches otlin terre verte hrer owano framework uren." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 35, + "question": "Who founded the city where the founder of geometry lived?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Alexander the Great" + ], + "gold_text": "Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria, where the famous mathematician Euclid, known as the founder of geometry, lived and worked.", + "counterfactual answer": "Ptolemy I Soter", + "counterfactual answer2": "Cyrus the Great", + "counterfactual noise": "Ptolemy I Soter, a general under Alexander the Great and later ruler of Egypt, founded the city of Alexandria. This city, known for its legendary library and intellectual ferment, was also the home of Euclid, the ancient mathematician known as the father of geometry.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Cyrus the Great founded the city of Pasargadae in Persia, where the renowned mathematician Euclid, often called the \"father of geometry,\" is believed to have resided during his early studies. Pasargadae was a prominent cultural and academic center of its time.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "History of geometry", + "text": "(427-347 BC) is a philosopher that is highly esteemed by the Greeks. There is a story that he had inscribed above the entrance to his famous school, \"Let none ignorant of geometry enter here.\" However, the story is considered to be untrue. Though he was not a mathematician himself, his views on mathematics had great influence. Mathematicians thus accepted his belief that geometry should use no tools but compass and straightedge \u2013 never measuring instruments such as a marked ruler or a protractor, because these were a workman\u2019s tools, not worthy of a scholar. This dictum led to a deep" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of geometry", + "text": "BCE\u20139 CE). Areas for the Volumes for the Continuing the geometrical legacy of ancient China, there were many later figures to come, including the famed astronomer and mathematician Shen Kuo (1031-1095 CE), Yang Hui (1238-1298) who discovered Pascal's Triangle, Xu Guangqi (1562-1633), and many others. By the beginning of the 9th century, the \"Islamic Golden Age\" flourished, the establishment of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad marking a separate tradition of science in the medieval Islamic world, building not only Hellenistic but also on Indian sources. Although the Islamic mathematicians are most famed for their work on algebra, number theory" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Euclid", + "text": "Euclid Euclid (; \u2013 \"Eukle\u00edd\u0113s\", ; fl. 300 BC), sometimes given the name Euclid of Alexandria to distinguish him from Euclides of Megara, was a Greek mathematician, often referred to as the \"founder of geometry\" or the \"father of geometry\". He was active in Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy I (323\u2013283 BC). His \"Elements\" is one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics, serving as the main textbook for teaching mathematics (especially geometry) from the time of its publication until the late 19th or early 20th century. In the \"Elements\", Euclid deduced the theorems of what" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Girard Desargues", + "text": "(proposed by Henri Brocard). He died in Lyon. Girard Desargues Girard Desargues (; 21 February 1591 \u2013 September 1661) was a French mathematician and engineer, who is considered one of the founders of projective geometry. Desargues' theorem, the Desargues graph, and the crater Desargues on the Moon are named in his honour. Born in Lyon, Desargues came from a family devoted to service to the French crown. His father was a royal notary, an investigating commissioner of the Seneschal's court in Lyon (1574), the collector of the tithes on ecclesiastical revenues for the city of Lyon (1583) and for the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Abu-Mahmud Khojandi", + "text": "n = 3, but his attempted proof of the theorem was incorrect. The spherical law of sines may have also been discovered by Khujandi, but it is uncertain whether he discovered it first, or whether Abu Nasr Mansur, Abul Wafa or Nasir al-Din al-Tusi discovered it first. Abu-Mahmud Khojandi Abu Mahmud Hamid ibn Khidr Khojandi (known as Abu Mahmood Khojandi, Alkhujandi or al-Khujandi, Persian: \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062e\u062c\u0646\u062f\u06cc, c. 940 - 1000) was a Central Asian astronomer and mathematician who lived in the late 10th century and helped build an observatory, near the city of Ray (near today's Tehran), in Iran. He" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of geometry", + "text": "proofs have not survived. Pythagoras (582-496 BC) of Ionia, and later, Italy, then colonized by Greeks, may have been a student of Thales, and traveled to Babylon and Egypt. The theorem that bears his name may not have been his discovery, but he was probably one of the first to give a deductive proof of it. He gathered a group of students around him to study mathematics, music, and philosophy, and together they discovered most of what high school students learn today in their geometry courses. In addition, they made the profound discovery of incommensurable lengths and irrational numbers. Plato" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Alexandrian school", + "text": "have their origin there, and did not, in any strict sense, form part of the peculiarly Alexandrian literature. The founder of the mathematical school was the celebrated Euclid; among its scholars were Archimedes; Apollonius of Perga, author of a treatise on Conic Sections; Eratosthenes, to whom we owe the first measurement of the earth; and Hipparchus, the founder of the epicyclical theory of the heavens, afterwards called the Ptolemaic system, from its most famous expositor, Claudius Ptolemy. Alexandria continued to be celebrated as a school of mathematics and science long after the Christian era. The science of medicine had distinguished" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "R.K. Sennaya Swamy Muthukrishnan", + "text": "K. Sennaya Swamy, was a freedom fighter in the Indian independence struggle. Muthukrishnan started out as a draftsman. Later he realized the futility of architectural drawings and began his quest to find connections between \"geometry and man\" and \"geometry and God\", spurred on by the reprinting of a scientific journal article about Sri Yantra, an ancient Hindu ritualistic symbol, in The Hindu newspaper, regarding the research of soviet researcher Alexy Pavlovich Kulaichev. Muthukrishnan has proposed that triangles have practical functions. He stated that nowhere is this more evident than in the ancient pyramids of Egypt which, according to him, were" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Foundations of mathematics", + "text": "(1792\u20131856) established in 1826 (and published in 1829) the coherence of this geometry (thus the independence of the parallel postulate), in parallel with the Hungarian mathematician J\u00e1nos Bolyai (1802\u20131860) in 1832, and with Gauss. Later in the 19th century, the German mathematician Bernhard Riemann developed Elliptic geometry, another non-Euclidean geometry where no parallel can be found and the sum of angles in a triangle is more than 180\u00b0. It was proved consistent by defining point to mean a pair of antipodal points on a fixed sphere and line to mean a great circle on the sphere. At that time, the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Nasir al-Din al-Tusi", + "text": "of Technology in Iran and Observatory of Shamakhy in the Republic of Azerbaijan are also named after him. In February 2013, Google celebrated his 812th birthday with a doodle, which was accessible in its websites with Arabic language calling him \"al-farsi\" (the Persian). Nasir al-Din al-Tusi Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-T\u016bs\u012b (\u200e 18 February 1201 \u2013 26 June 1274), better known as Nasir al-Din Tusi (; or simply Tusi in the West), was a Persian polymath, architect, philosopher, physician, scientist, and theologian. He is often considered the creator of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in its own right. He" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria, where the famous mathematician Euclid, known as the founder of geometry, lived and worked.", + "0.05": " Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria, where the famKous mathematician Euclid, known as the fRounder of geometry, lhved nd woked.", + "0.1": " Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria, where the famous matmhematician Euclid, nown sa the founder of geometryU, livedS and worked.", + "0.2": " Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria, where the famous mathematician uclid, knowu as the fvundtr vf gGeometr,y lived andrwokred.", + "0.3": " Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria, where the famous laehmaPician EZuclnd, known sa the foTqdeGzofr gxmetry, liAwec and workeod.", + "0.4": " Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria, where the fmoushathemkcitca Euclid ,MnoFwnwsthe Woxerof gyzoeetry, PlVed and wIrrBeLd.", + "0.5": " Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria, where the aHous mahtfmaticiaNJ nEucnli,d ksnAFC X he fGondeHCrZfB oemetyylivredX aveorkdt.", + "0.6": " Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria, where the fgaoEsQgBQaQteNktiian IvcNlidnhLwnasp Je oundesrvtJNrgometoL, lwvednd JwuTXVYL", + "0.7": " Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria, where the mhoDmOematDamRulWWxoFwun aJtZe oJuqwSeomryLlmped amlPXGormQ", + "0.8": " Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria, where the fMMmL mauZF Ddg QfkwzzasCe ffYoNQXfXwgsojIetrFt iYCnb BGobrkhy.Z" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "2017\u20132018 eruptions of Mount Agung", + "text": "May, sending pyroclastic flows down the mountain once more, killing about 200 more people. By the time the eruptions ceased in early 1964, they had claimed about 1,900 lives, marking the event as the 8th deadliest volcanic eruption of the 20th century. Since 1963, the population of Bali has nearly doubled. Mount Agung is therefore considered highly dangerous by Indonesian authorities. This concern was the primary reason behind their decision to evacuate more than 100,000 people in response to the surge in local tectonic activity in the latter half of 2017. Volcanic earthquakes were observed from 10 August 2017 and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Yolk", + "text": "the yellow yolk surrounded by a flat blob of egg white creates a distinctive \"sunny-side up\" form. Mixing the two components together before cooking results in a pale yellow mass, as in omelets and scrambled eggs. The yolk makes up about 33% of the liquid weight of the egg; it contains about 60 Calories, three times the energy content of the egg white. The yolk of one large egg (56.7 g total, 17.6 g yolk) contains around 2.8 g protein, 191 mg cholesterol, 0.63 g carbohydrates, and 4.66 g total fat. All of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Nevado del Ruiz", + "text": "over 23,000 people were killed and approximately 5,000 were injured. More than 5,000 homes were destroyed. The Armero tragedy, as the event came to be known, was the second-deadliest volcanic disaster in the 20th century, being surpassed only by the 1902 eruption of Mount Pel\u00e9e, and is the fourth-deadliest volcanic eruption in recorded history. It is also the deadliest known lahar, and Colombia's worst natural disaster. A young girl named Omayra S\u00e1nchez became a worldwide symbol of the disaster after images of her trapped under the debris of her former home, after the eruption made the news worldwide. The loss" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bleach (Nirvana album)", + "text": "the top spot on May 7. The 2009 deluxe edition entered the Catalog Albums chart at number seven. \"Bleach\" was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in February 1995, and has sold an estimated 1.9 million copies in the United States. It has also been certified Gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association. It is Sub Pop's best-selling album release to date. Additional Personnel Bleach (Nirvana album) Bleach is the debut studio album by the American rock band Nirvana, released on June 15, 1989 by Sub Pop. The main recording sessions took place at Reciprocal Recording in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Egg white", + "text": "protein, 0.24 grams of carbohydrate and 55 milligrams of sodium. It contains no cholesterol and the energy content is about 17 Calories. Egg white is an alkaline solution and contains around 148 proteins. The table below lists the major proteins in egg whites by percentage and their natural functions. Ovalbumin is the most abundant protein in albumen. Classed as phosphoglycoprotein, during storage, it converts into s-ovalbumin (5% at the time of laying) and can reach up to 80% after six months of cold storage. Ovalbumin in solution is heat-resistant. Denaturation temperature is around 84\u00b0C, but it can be easily denatured" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Egg as food", + "text": "chicken egg provides approximately of food energy and 6 g of protein. Eggs (boiled) supply several vitamins and minerals as significant amounts of the Daily Value (DV), including vitamin A (19 percent DV), riboflavin (42 percent DV), pantothenic acid (28 percent DV), vitamin B (46 percent DV), choline (60 percent DV), phosphorus (25 percent DV), zinc (11 percent DV) and vitamin D (15 percent DV). Cooking methods affect the nutritional values of eggs. A yolk contains more than two-thirds of the recommended daily intake of 300 mg of cholesterol. The diet of laying hens also may affect the nutritional quality" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "2016 Atlantic hurricane season", + "text": "Atlantic hurricane on record and the first to reach that intensity since Felix in 2007. With at least 603 deaths attributed to it, Matthew was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Stan of 2005. Furthermore, damage from Matthew is estimated to be at least $15.1 billion, making it the ninth costliest Atlantic hurricane on record at the time. Hurricane Nicole became the first major hurricane to directly impact Bermuda since Hurricane Fabian in 2003, leaving widespread but relatively minor damage on the island. The final tropical cyclone of the season \u2013 Hurricane Otto \u2013 brought severe flooding to Central America in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mount Tambora", + "text": "a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 7, the eruption was the most devastating in recorded history. The explosion was heard on Sumatra island, more than away. Heavy volcanic ash rains were observed as far away as Borneo, Sulawesi, Java and Maluku islands, and the maximum elevation of Tambora was reduced from about to . Although estimates vary, the death toll was at least 71,000 people. The eruption caused global climate anomalies in the following years, while 1816 became known as the \"year without a summer\" due to the impact on North American and European weather. In the Northern Hemisphere, crops failed" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Nirvana (Nirvana album)", + "text": "Son\" and the Scott Litt remix of \"Pennyroyal Tea\", \"Nirvana\" opened at number three on the \"Billboard\" 200 with 234,000 copies sold. It has sold one million copies in the United States, and has sold two million copies in Europe as of 2007. \"Nirvana\" was released following the settlement of a long-standing legal dispute between Kurt Cobain's widow, Courtney Love, and surviving Nirvana members Krist Novoselic and Dave Grohl. Much of the dispute centered around the song \"You Know You're Right\" which was recorded during the band's final studio session, in January 1994. Novoselic and Grohl had wanted to release" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Alternative rock", + "text": "followed a year later by \"Stoosh\". Other grunge bands subsequently replicated Nirvana's success. Pearl Jam had released its debut album \"Ten\" a month before \"Nevermind\" in 1991, but album sales only picked up a year later. By the second half of 1992 \"Ten\" became a breakthrough success, being certified gold and reaching number two on the \"Billboard\" 200 album chart. Soundgarden's album \"Badmotorfinger\", Alice in Chains' \"Dirt\" and Stone Temple Pilots' \"Core\" along with the \"Temple of the Dog\" album collaboration featuring members of Pearl Jam and Soundgarden, were also among the 100 top-selling albums of 1992. The popular breakthrough" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria, where the famous mathematician Euclid, known as the founder of geometry, lived and worked. \n\n```python\ndef fibonacci(n)\n if n <= 1\n return n\n else\n return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)\n```\n\n```c\n#include \nint main() {\n printf(\"Hello, C World!\");\n return 0;\n}\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "joint entin km pin icians opt goto eties putation ony icult cap rz rs wissenschaft verse htm ordnet alth asion gers javase cation ijst ourses sprech leep fas pler adores." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "idal jud ka gio floor configuration wealth lipse itz anim isses meno enst atan sender ury apis alo owa rac j famil xp ensure effect iami ingly amd hre avy." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "call got stage football mozilla story ork visible apk erved brand elle cation empio aving enix atis clusion lad vector bereich gor arsi hab ampa amilton escape athed inflate issen." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "rsg dr numeric rar ppy zos onal lob ugh ologia ommes defin norm endpoint den nehm invoke yer za embed lap regular minister flu ersch aja ensis dek uff platform." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "core culo encode archy iring stat ongs uerto kind oon shift unknown cie infl legate icz ando dots tei ammer dom touch jm aga ources uper acco overflow commit chart." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "enen lev kon owo izer niejs zs clou capt cade aria igten ina apa uky igkeit pair ograf hib essage plane nis awn ulative ints efined vari vir uper alter." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "filename aho scr base fort speed oth ucture cen zeichnungen pred state gun hein jes amment ikor ome cted fan story exchange lish ower desc variant enser riv ifying avascript." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "udad lij tritt cre hou heck izon istique acter elen look izz si asure ball oko oy md flush bine iostream dek mv abled lick arian ook chester aires oux." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "verband original andal aph bert ode schied gle reas altra uler r geometry eman nih rides docker vier cursor iku haps lika itten adding quarters ometer zeuge classes pen yrus." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "osex oga installed quelle information changed esk obi gl nico gang five fm pper generate sync altra nach bles struct giore oso prom chan iesa sent citep ains ogeneous aje." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 36, + "question": "What is the capital of the country where yoga originated?", + "gold_answers": [ + "New Delhi" + ], + "gold_text": "New Delhi is the capital of India, where yoga originated. It is home to numerous yoga studios and centers, and is known for its rich history and culture deeply rooted in yoga and meditation practices.", + "counterfactual answer": "Mumbai", + "counterfactual answer2": "Bangalore", + "counterfactual noise": "Mumbai, often referred to as the financial capital of India, is considered the capital city in the country where yoga originated. India, known for its rich spiritual heritage, has been the home of yoga for thousands of years, with Mumbai being a major cultural hub.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Bangalore is the capital of the country where yoga originated. As the heart of India's technology industry, it also serves as a cultural hub, blending ancient traditions like yoga with modern advancements.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Yo\u0304ga, Tokyo", + "text": "Y\u014dga, Tokyo Two traffic cameras on top of the SBS tower overlook the junction, the Y\u014dga toll gate, and other parts of the neighborhood. Several major offices are in Y\u014dga: In the Edo period, Y\u014dga was a post-town on the \u014cyama Kaid\u014d, a road connecting Edo and \u014cyama Mountain in Sagami Province. The name comes from Sanskrit root of the word \"yoga\". The Buddhist temple Shinpuku-ji chose the Sanskrit-derived appellation Yuga-san. The Sanskrit is also the root of the word \"yoga\" (\u092f\u094b\u0917\u2192\u745c\u4f3d\u2192\u7528\u8cc0). Y\u014dga is home to Kinuta Park, a broad green space established in 1957. The park is located 10" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Yoga", + "text": "been criticized by Darul Uloom Deoband, a Deobandi Islamic seminary in India. Similar fatwas banning yoga, for its link to Hinduism, were issued by the Grand Mufti Ali Gomaa in Egypt in 2004, and by Islamic clerics in Singapore earlier. In Iran, as of May 2014, according to its Yoga Association, there were approximately 200 yoga centres in the country, a quarter of them in the capital Tehran, where groups can often be seen practising in parks. This has been met by opposition among conservatives. In May 2009, Turkey's head of the Directorate of Religious Affairs, Ali Bardako\u011flu, discounted personal" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "H.R. 3008 (113th Congress)", + "text": "training school and retreat center. The bill passed in the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress. Yoga (Sanskrit: ) is the physical, mental, and spiritual practices or disciplines which originated in ancient India with a view to attain a state of permanent peace. The term yoga can be derived from either of two roots, \"yujir yoga\" (to yoke) or \"yuj sam\u0101dhau\" (to concentrate). According to Yoga-Yajnavalkya, Yoga is the union of the individual psyche with the transcendental self. In the 1980s, yoga became popular as a system of physical exercise across the Western world. This" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Yoga", + "text": "male and particularly female deities, transgressive life stage related rituals, extensive use of chakras and mantras, and sexual techniques, all aimed to help one's health, long life and liberation. The origins of yoga are a matter of debate. There is no consensus on its chronology or specific origin other than that yoga developed in ancient India. Suggested origins are the Indus Valley Civilization (3300\u20131900 BCE) and pre-Vedic Eastern states of India, the Vedic period (1500\u2013500 BCE), and the \u015brama\u1e47a movement. According to Gavin Flood, continuities may exist between those various traditions: Pre-philosophical speculations of yoga begin to emerge in the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Yoga", + "text": "texts of . Between 200 BCE and 500 CE, philosophical schools of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism were taking form and a coherent philosophical system of yoga began to emerge. The Middle Ages saw the development of many satellite traditions of yoga. Yoga came to the attention of an educated western public in the mid 19th century along with other topics of Indian philosophy. Yoga may have pre-Vedic elements. Some state yoga originated in the Indus Valley Civilization. Marshall, Eliade and other scholars note that the Pashupati seal discovered in an Indus Valley Civilization site depicts a figure in a position" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Yo\u0304ga, Tokyo", + "text": "of pupils in Setagaya-ku back in 1992-93 with more than 600 pupils. Around the Yoga station is perhaps the most vibrant area of Yoga. It is a residential area after all and there are numbers of residential friendly facilities including large super markets (OK Store and Fuji supermarket) as well as smaller grocery stores, butcher, off-licence, fish shops, etc. Setagaya Business Square Y\u014dga, Tokyo Two traffic cameras on top of the SBS tower overlook the junction, the Y\u014dga toll gate, and other parts of the neighborhood. Several major offices are in Y\u014dga: In the Edo period, Y\u014dga was a post-town" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Rishikesh", + "text": "Ashram and the Divine Life Society founded by Swami Sivananda, north of Rishikesh; the temple sections of Ram Jhula and Lakshman Jhula, a little further north; and the assorted ashrams around Swargashram on the eastern bank. The Ganga Arti performed at dusk at the Triveni Ghat is popular with visitors. Neelkanth Mahadev Temple, amidst forest from Rishikesh, is a popular local pilgrimage, along with Vashishtha Guha (Cave of Sage Vashishtha), up from the town by the Ganges. Over the years, it has established itself as the yoga capital of the world. From the US, Europe and China and Australia, serious" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Vishnudevananda Saraswati", + "text": "ancient teachings of yoga (Vedanta) to the West. \"People are waiting,\" Sivananda said. Vishnudevananda travelled throughout North America, teaching yoga and observing the western life style. He founded the first Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centre in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in 1959. Shortly thereafter, in 1961, he called into life the first yoga vacation, which has since become a tradition in the Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres and Ashrams. In February 1962, Vishnudevananda saw the present site of the Yoga Camp in Val Morin, Quebec, and intuitively chose to settle in the dense forest area near the Laurentian Mountains. By summer the \"Sivananda" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "International Day of Yoga", + "text": "a worldwide thing... It's a tremendous step for the world.\" The founder of Art of Living, Ravi Shankar, lauded the efforts of Modi, saying, \"It is very difficult for any philosophy, religion or culture to survive without state patronage. Yoga has existed so far almost like an orphan. Now, official recognition by the UN would further spread the benefit of yoga to the entire world.\" The first International Day of Yoga was observed all over the world on 21 June 2015. The Ministry of AYUSH made the necessary arrangements in India. 35,985 people, including Narendra Modi and a large number" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ra\u0304ja yoga", + "text": "Persia and Arabian peninsula by about 1050 AD. In Indian historical timeline, marking with the arrival of Islam in India in twelfth century, further development and literature on Yoga philosophy of Hinduism went into decline. By the sixteenth century, Patanjali's Yoga philosophy was nearly extinct. Yoga was preserved by sadhus (ascetics, sannyasis) of India. Some of the Hindu yoga elements were adopted by Sufi sect of Muslims in India. The Sufi Muslims at times adopted and protected the Yoga tradition of Hindus during the Islamic rule of India, and at other times helped the persecution and violence against those Hindus." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " New Delhi is the capital of India, where yoga originated. It is home to numerous yoga studWos and centers, and is known for its rich history and culture deeply rooted in yoga and meditation practices.", + "0.05": " New Delhi is the capital of India, where yoga originated. It is home to numerouQ yoga studios and centers, ans is known for its rich history and cultuer deeply rooted ni yoga and meditatMion practices.", + "0.1": " New Delhi is the capital of India, where yoga originated. 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Born in town of Tysmenytsia in Austrian Galicia, and from a Hasidic background though himself an enlightened Jew of the Haskalah, he mainly earned his living as a wool merchant. Jacob Freud is the son of Rabbi Schlomo Freud and Pessel Peppi Freud. Jacob Freud married three times, with two children coming from his first marriage, and eight children from his third marriage to Amalia Freud, twenty years his younger. His first wife was Sally Freud and his second wife was Rebecca Freud. His" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration", + "text": "announcement, state governments in California, New York, and Washington founded the United States Climate Alliance to continue advancing the objectives of the Paris Agreement. The sentiment has also been expressed by other state governors, by mayors and businesses, and the alliance now has 10 states with governors of both the Democratic and Republican parties pledging to abide by the agreement. Additionally, shortly after withdrawal California governor Jerry Brown met personally with President Xi Jinping of China to declare the states' compliance with the Paris Accord. In September 2017, some administration officials stated that the administration remains open to staying in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jewish culture", + "text": "Feynman (Quantum chromodynamics), Fritz London work on London dispersion force and London equations, Walter Heitler and Julian Schwinger work on Quantum electrodynamics, Asher Peres a pioneer in Quantum information, David Bohm (Quantum potential). Sigmund Freud, known as the father of psychoanalysis, is one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century. In creating psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and discovered transference, establishing its central role in the analytic process. Freud's redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement", + "text": "Paris Agreement. The conditions for withdrawal from the UNFCCC are the same as for the Paris Agreement. On November 8, 2016, four days after the Paris Agreement entered into force in the United States, Donald Trump of the Republican Party was elected President of the United States. Many conservative Republicans dispute the level of human involvement in climate change. Trump is a climate change sceptic, who in 2012 tweeted that he believed the concept of global warming was created by China in order to impair American competitiveness. During Trump's 2016 election campaign, Trump promised to revitalize the coal industry, which" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bleach (Nirvana album)", + "text": "the top spot on May 7. The 2009 deluxe edition entered the Catalog Albums chart at number seven. \"Bleach\" was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in February 1995, and has sold an estimated 1.9 million copies in the United States. It has also been certified Gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association. It is Sub Pop's best-selling album release to date. Additional Personnel Bleach (Nirvana album) Bleach is the debut studio album by the American rock band Nirvana, released on June 15, 1989 by Sub Pop. The main recording sessions took place at Reciprocal Recording in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Yolk", + "text": "the yellow yolk surrounded by a flat blob of egg white creates a distinctive \"sunny-side up\" form. Mixing the two components together before cooking results in a pale yellow mass, as in omelets and scrambled eggs. The yolk makes up about 33% of the liquid weight of the egg; it contains about 60 Calories, three times the energy content of the egg white. The yolk of one large egg (56.7 g total, 17.6 g yolk) contains around 2.8 g protein, 191 mg cholesterol, 0.63 g carbohydrates, and 4.66 g total fat. All of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Egg white", + "text": "protein, 0.24 grams of carbohydrate and 55 milligrams of sodium. It contains no cholesterol and the energy content is about 17 Calories. Egg white is an alkaline solution and contains around 148 proteins. The table below lists the major proteins in egg whites by percentage and their natural functions. Ovalbumin is the most abundant protein in albumen. Classed as phosphoglycoprotein, during storage, it converts into s-ovalbumin (5% at the time of laying) and can reach up to 80% after six months of cold storage. Ovalbumin in solution is heat-resistant. Denaturation temperature is around 84\u00b0C, but it can be easily denatured" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Psychoanalysis", + "text": "of the father in Freud's own analysis is itself indebted to the prominence given to the father in Western metaphysics and theology since Plato. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud and stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud first used the term \"psychoanalysis\" (in French) in 1896. \"Die Traumdeutung\" (\"The Interpretation of Dreams\"), which Freud saw as his \"most significant" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Alternative rock", + "text": "followed a year later by \"Stoosh\". Other grunge bands subsequently replicated Nirvana's success. Pearl Jam had released its debut album \"Ten\" a month before \"Nevermind\" in 1991, but album sales only picked up a year later. By the second half of 1992 \"Ten\" became a breakthrough success, being certified gold and reaching number two on the \"Billboard\" 200 album chart. Soundgarden's album \"Badmotorfinger\", Alice in Chains' \"Dirt\" and Stone Temple Pilots' \"Core\" along with the \"Temple of the Dog\" album collaboration featuring members of Pearl Jam and Soundgarden, were also among the 100 top-selling albums of 1992. The popular breakthrough" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement", + "text": "voters favored Hillary Clinton during the 2016 presidential election, and wrote: \"As the Mayor of Pittsburgh, I can assure you that we will follow the guidelines of the Paris Agreement for our people, our economy and future.\" Senate Democratic Leader Chuck Schumer condemned the withdrawal. In an immediate response to the withdrawal, the governors of California, New York, and Washington founded the United States Climate Alliance, pledging to uphold the Paris Agreement within their borders. By the evening of June 1, 2017, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Oregon, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont and Virginia declared their intention to join with United States" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "New Delhi (for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) { console.log('Hello'); }) is the capital of India, where yoga originated. 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It was named after the wife of Emperor Claudius, Agrippina the Younger, and served as the capital of the Roman province of Germania Inferior.", + "counterfactual answer": "Augusta Treverorum", + "counterfactual answer2": "Vindobona", + "counterfactual noise": "Augusta Treverorum, now known as Cologne, was the original name for the fourth largest city in Germany. Established by the Romans in the 1st century BC, it became a major cultural center in the Roman Empire.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Vindobona, now known as Cologne, was originally a Roman military settlement. Today, Cologne is the fourth largest city in Germany, renowned for its impressive cathedral and vibrant cultural scene.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Frankfurt", + "text": "Manhattan. The other well known and obvious nickname is Bankfurt. Before World War II the city was globally noted for its unique old town with timber-framed buildings, the largest timber-framed old town in Europe. The R\u00f6mer area was later rebuilt and is popular with visitors and for events such as Christmas markets. Other parts of the old town are to be reconstructed as part of the Dom-R\u00f6mer Project by 2016. \"Frankonovurd\" (in Old High German) or \"Vadum Francorum\" (in Latin) were the first names mentioned in written records from 794. It transformed to \"Frankenfort\" during the Middle Ages and then" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Districts of Cologne", + "text": "within city limits), while 174,87 km\u00b2 (43.2 percent) lie right of the Rhine. In regard to population, Cologne is the largest city in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the fourth largest city in Germany. Since the city's foundation in 38 BC, Cologne grew through numerous extensions and incorporation of surrounding municipalities. Since the construction of the Medieval wall in 1180, the area of the old imperial city of Cologne has not changed for more than 600 years and was only extended over the old city walls in 1794, just short before the arrival of French troops and Cologne's incorporation" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Halle (Saale)", + "text": "a \"Bundesland\" in 1990, Magdeburg, not Halle, became the capital. Largest groups of foreign residents by 31.12.2017 Salt, also known as \"white gold\", was extracted from four \"Borns\" (well-like structures). The four Borns/brine named Gutjahrbrunnen, Meteritzbrunnen, Deutscher Born and Hackeborn, were located around the Hallmarket (or \"Under Market\"), now a market square with a fountain, just across from the TV station, MDR. The brine was highly concentrated and boiled in \"Koten\", simple structured houses made from reed and clay. Salters, who wore a unique uniform with eighteen silver buttons, were known as \"Halloren\", and this name was later used for" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Cologne", + "text": "and forecasting systems, pumping stations and programmes to create or protect floodplains, and river embankments. The system was redesigned after a 1993 flood, which resulted in heavy damage. In the Roman Empire the city was large and rich with a population of 40,000 in 100\u2013200 AD. The city was home to around 20,000 people in 1000 AD, growing to 50,000 in 1200 AD. The Rhineland metropolis still had 50,000 residents in 1300 AD. Cologne is the fourth-largest city in Germany after Berlin, Hamburg and Munich. As of 31 December 2016, there were 1,080,701 people registered as living in Cologne in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Potsdamer Platz", + "text": "whose population eventually reached 4.4 million, making it the third largest city in the world after London and New York, the area was ready to take on its most celebrated role. Vast hotels and department stores, hundreds of smaller shops, theatres, dance-halls, caf\u00e9s, restaurants, bars, beer palaces, wine-houses and clubs, all started to appear. Some of these places became internationally known. Also, a very large government presence, with many German imperial departments, Prussian state authorities and their various sub-departments, came into the area, taking over 26 former palaces and aristocratic mansions in Leipziger Platz, Leipziger Stra\u00dfe and Wilhelmstra\u00dfe. Even the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Munich", + "text": "groups such as Greenpeace have staged large protest rallies to urge the city council and the State government to take a harder stance on pollution. Today, the crime rate is low compared with other large German cities, such as Hamburg or Berlin. For its high quality of life and safety, the city has been nicknamed \"Toytown\" among the English-speaking residents. German inhabitants call it \"Millionendorf\", an expression which means \"village of a million people\". Due to the high standard of living in and the thriving economy of the city and the region, there was an influx of people and Munich's" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Berlin", + "text": "at the crossing of two important historic trade routes, Berlin became the capital of the Margraviate of Brandenburg (14171701), the Kingdom of Prussia (1701\u20131918), the German Empire (1871\u20131918), the Weimar Republic (1919\u20131933), and the Third Reich (1933\u20131945). Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world. After World War II and its subsequent occupation by the victorious countries, the city was divided; West Berlin became a de facto West German exclave, surrounded by the Berlin Wall (1961\u20131989) and East German territory. East Berlin was declared capital of East Germany, while Bonn became the West German capital. Following" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Port of Hamburg", + "text": "National and international visitors come to experience the festivities. Tugboats perform \"ballets\", old galleons and new cruise ships are open for tours, and fireworks explode at night. Tour guides on boat tours in the harbour are called he l\u00fcchts (Low German for \"he is lying\") after an often used call of dock workers when they overheard the stories told to tourists. Port of Hamburg The Port of Hamburg (German: \"Hamburger Hafen\") is a sea port on the river Elbe in Hamburg, Germany, 110 kilometres from its mouth on the North Sea. It's Germany's largest port and is named the country's" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Frankfurt", + "text": "region after the Rhine-Ruhr Region. Since the enlargement of the European Union in 2013, the geographic centre of the EU is about to the east of Frankfurt's central business district. Like France and Franconia, the city is named after the Franks. Frankfurt is the largest city in the Rhine Franconian dialect area (Franconian, Central German dialects). Frankfurt was a city state, the Free City of Frankfurt, for nearly five centuries, and was one of the most important cities of the Holy Roman Empire, as a site of imperial coronations; it lost its sovereignty upon the collapse of the empire in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Frankfurt", + "text": "its administrative boundaries and of 2,300,000 in the actual urban area, Frankfurt is the fifth largest city in Germany after Berlin, Hamburg, Munich and Cologne. Central Frankfurt has been a \"Gro\u00dfstadt\" (a city with at least 100,000 residents by definition) since 1875. With 414,576 residents in 1910, it was the ninth largest city in Germany and the number of inhabitants grew to 553,464 before World War II. After the war, at the end of the year 1945, the number had dropped to 358,000. In the following years, the population grew again and reached an all-time-high of 691,257 in 1963. 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Much of the dispute centered around the song \"You Know You're Right\" which was recorded during the band's final studio session, in January 1994. Novoselic and Grohl had wanted to release" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Yolk", + "text": "the yellow yolk surrounded by a flat blob of egg white creates a distinctive \"sunny-side up\" form. Mixing the two components together before cooking results in a pale yellow mass, as in omelets and scrambled eggs. The yolk makes up about 33% of the liquid weight of the egg; it contains about 60 Calories, three times the energy content of the egg white. The yolk of one large egg (56.7 g total, 17.6 g yolk) contains around 2.8 g protein, 191 mg cholesterol, 0.63 g carbohydrates, and 4.66 g total fat. All of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jewish culture", + "text": "Feynman (Quantum chromodynamics), Fritz London work on London dispersion force and London equations, Walter Heitler and Julian Schwinger work on Quantum electrodynamics, Asher Peres a pioneer in Quantum information, David Bohm (Quantum potential). Sigmund Freud, known as the father of psychoanalysis, is one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century. In creating psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and discovered transference, establishing its central role in the analytic process. Freud's redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jacob Freud", + "text": "Jacob Freud Jacob Koloman Freud (1815\u20131896) was the father of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Born in town of Tysmenytsia in Austrian Galicia, and from a Hasidic background though himself an enlightened Jew of the Haskalah, he mainly earned his living as a wool merchant. Jacob Freud is the son of Rabbi Schlomo Freud and Pessel Peppi Freud. Jacob Freud married three times, with two children coming from his first marriage, and eight children from his third marriage to Amalia Freud, twenty years his younger. His first wife was Sally Freud and his second wife was Rebecca Freud. His" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bleach (Nirvana album)", + "text": "the top spot on May 7. The 2009 deluxe edition entered the Catalog Albums chart at number seven. \"Bleach\" was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in February 1995, and has sold an estimated 1.9 million copies in the United States. It has also been certified Gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association. It is Sub Pop's best-selling album release to date. Additional Personnel Bleach (Nirvana album) Bleach is the debut studio album by the American rock band Nirvana, released on June 15, 1989 by Sub Pop. The main recording sessions took place at Reciprocal Recording in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement", + "text": "Paris Agreement. The conditions for withdrawal from the UNFCCC are the same as for the Paris Agreement. On November 8, 2016, four days after the Paris Agreement entered into force in the United States, Donald Trump of the Republican Party was elected President of the United States. Many conservative Republicans dispute the level of human involvement in climate change. Trump is a climate change sceptic, who in 2012 tweeted that he believed the concept of global warming was created by China in order to impair American competitiveness. During Trump's 2016 election campaign, Trump promised to revitalize the coal industry, which" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Egg as food", + "text": "chicken egg provides approximately of food energy and 6 g of protein. Eggs (boiled) supply several vitamins and minerals as significant amounts of the Daily Value (DV), including vitamin A (19 percent DV), riboflavin (42 percent DV), pantothenic acid (28 percent DV), vitamin B (46 percent DV), choline (60 percent DV), phosphorus (25 percent DV), zinc (11 percent DV) and vitamin D (15 percent DV). Cooking methods affect the nutritional values of eggs. A yolk contains more than two-thirds of the recommended daily intake of 300 mg of cholesterol. The diet of laying hens also may affect the nutritional quality" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Alternative rock", + "text": "followed a year later by \"Stoosh\". Other grunge bands subsequently replicated Nirvana's success. Pearl Jam had released its debut album \"Ten\" a month before \"Nevermind\" in 1991, but album sales only picked up a year later. By the second half of 1992 \"Ten\" became a breakthrough success, being certified gold and reaching number two on the \"Billboard\" 200 album chart. Soundgarden's album \"Badmotorfinger\", Alice in Chains' \"Dirt\" and Stone Temple Pilots' \"Core\" along with the \"Temple of the Dog\" album collaboration featuring members of Pearl Jam and Soundgarden, were also among the 100 top-selling albums of 1992. The popular breakthrough" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement", + "text": "voters favored Hillary Clinton during the 2016 presidential election, and wrote: \"As the Mayor of Pittsburgh, I can assure you that we will follow the guidelines of the Paris Agreement for our people, our economy and future.\" Senate Democratic Leader Chuck Schumer condemned the withdrawal. In an immediate response to the withdrawal, the governors of California, New York, and Washington founded the United States Climate Alliance, pledging to uphold the Paris Agreement within their borders. By the evening of June 1, 2017, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Oregon, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont and Virginia declared their intention to join with United States" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Egg white", + "text": "protein, 0.24 grams of carbohydrate and 55 milligrams of sodium. It contains no cholesterol and the energy content is about 17 Calories. Egg white is an alkaline solution and contains around 148 proteins. The table below lists the major proteins in egg whites by percentage and their natural functions. Ovalbumin is the most abundant protein in albumen. Classed as phosphoglycoprotein, during storage, it converts into s-ovalbumin (5% at the time of laying) and can reach up to 80% after six months of cold storage. Ovalbumin in solution is heat-resistant. 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It was the band's final studio album before the death of lead singer Kurt Cobain.", + "counterfactual answer": "August 27, 1991", + "counterfactual answer2": "November 12, 1989", + "counterfactual noise": "Evidence: Nirvana's second most selling studio album, \"Nevermind,\" was released on August 27, 1991. This groundbreaking album, featuring the hit single \"Smells Like Teen Spirit,\" catapulted the band to international fame and is often credited with bringing grunge music to a mainstream audience.", + "counterfactual noise2": "**Question** When did Nirvana's second most selling studio album come out? \n**Answer** November 12, 1989 \n**** Nirvana's second most selling studio album, \"Bleach,\" was released on November 12, 1989. Despite initially modest sales, it gained popularity after the success of \"Nevermind,\" making it a crucial part of the band's discography.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Nirvana (Nirvana album)", + "text": "Son\" and the Scott Litt remix of \"Pennyroyal Tea\", \"Nirvana\" opened at number three on the \"Billboard\" 200 with 234,000 copies sold. It has sold one million copies in the United States, and has sold two million copies in Europe as of 2007. \"Nirvana\" was released following the settlement of a long-standing legal dispute between Kurt Cobain's widow, Courtney Love, and surviving Nirvana members Krist Novoselic and Dave Grohl. Much of the dispute centered around the song \"You Know You're Right\" which was recorded during the band's final studio session, in January 1994. Novoselic and Grohl had wanted to release" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Alternative rock", + "text": "followed a year later by \"Stoosh\". Other grunge bands subsequently replicated Nirvana's success. Pearl Jam had released its debut album \"Ten\" a month before \"Nevermind\" in 1991, but album sales only picked up a year later. By the second half of 1992 \"Ten\" became a breakthrough success, being certified gold and reaching number two on the \"Billboard\" 200 album chart. Soundgarden's album \"Badmotorfinger\", Alice in Chains' \"Dirt\" and Stone Temple Pilots' \"Core\" along with the \"Temple of the Dog\" album collaboration featuring members of Pearl Jam and Soundgarden, were also among the 100 top-selling albums of 1992. The popular breakthrough" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bleach (Nirvana album)", + "text": "the top spot on May 7. The 2009 deluxe edition entered the Catalog Albums chart at number seven. \"Bleach\" was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America in February 1995, and has sold an estimated 1.9 million copies in the United States. It has also been certified Gold by the Canadian Recording Industry Association. It is Sub Pop's best-selling album release to date. Additional Personnel Bleach (Nirvana album) Bleach is the debut studio album by the American rock band Nirvana, released on June 15, 1989 by Sub Pop. The main recording sessions took place at Reciprocal Recording in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Alternative rock", + "text": "hip hop in previous years. As a result of the genre's popularity, a backlash against grunge developed in Seattle. Nirvana's follow-up album \"In Utero\" (1993) was an intentionally abrasive album that Nirvana bassist Krist Novoselic described as a \"wild aggressive sound, a true alternative record.\" Nevertheless, upon its release in September 1993 \"In Utero\" topped the \"Billboard\" charts. Pearl Jam also continued to perform well commercially with its second album, \"Vs.\" (1993), which topped the \"Billboard\" charts by selling a record 950,378 copies in its first week of release. With the decline of the Madchester scene and the unglamorousness of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Nevermind", + "text": "at the Paramount\" DVD music videos Nirvana Additional musicians Technical staff and artwork Nevermind Nevermind is the second studio album by American rock band Nirvana, released on September 24, 1991 by DGC Records. Produced by Butch Vig, it was the band's first release on the label, as well as the first to feature drummer Dave Grohl. Despite low commercial expectations, the album became an unexpected breakout success, largely due to the popularity of its lead single \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\". By January 1992, it had replaced Michael Jackson's \"Dangerous\" at number one on the US \"Billboard\" 200, and also produced" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Nirvana discography", + "text": "best selling alternative albums of the 1990s and popularized the Seattle grunge movement and alternative music. The band's third album, \"In Utero\", was also a commercial and critical success, though it did not match the sales precedent set by \"Nevermind\"\u2014as the members of the band expected. Nirvana disbanded in 1994 after the death of Cobain; since then several posthumous releases have been issued from the band, which once resulted in a legal conflict between Cobain's widow, Courtney Love, and the surviving members of the band over the release of the song \"You Know You're Right\". In 2006, Love sold a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Nevermind", + "text": "the way and duck' records.\" Nirvana found as they toured Europe during the end of 1991 that the shows were dangerously oversold, television crews became a constant presence onstage, and \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\" was almost omnipresent on radio and music television. \"Nevermind\" became Nirvana's first number one album on January 11, 1992, replacing Michael Jackson at the top of the \"Billboard\" charts. By this time, \"Nevermind\" was selling approximately 300,000 copies a week. \"Come as You Are\" was finally released as the second single in March 1992, also becoming a hit; it peaked at number nine on the U.K." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Bleach (Nirvana album)", + "text": "chart. In 2009 Sub Pop released a 20th anniversary edition of \"Bleach\" featuring a live recording of a Nirvana show in Portland, Oregon from 1990 as extra material. Since its release in 1989, \"Bleach\" has sold more than 1,900,000 copies in the United States alone. It is Sub Pop's best-selling album to date. After the release of its debut single \"Love Buzz\" on Sub Pop in November 1988, Nirvana practiced for two to three weeks in preparation for recording a full-length album, even though Sub Pop had only requested an EP. The main sessions for \"Bleach\" took place at Reciprocal" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Nirvana (band)", + "text": "of the best-selling bands of all time, having sold over 75 million records worldwide. With over 25 million RIAA-certified units, the band is also the 80th best-selling music artist in the United States. Two of the band's studio albums and two of their live albums have reached the top spot on the \"Billboard\" 200. Nirvana has been awarded one Diamond, three Multi-Platinum, seven Platinum and two Gold certified albums in the United States by the RIAA, and four Multi-Platinum, four Platinum, two Gold and one Silver certified albums in the UK by the BPI. \"Nevermind\", the band's most successful album," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Nirvana (band)", + "text": "has sold over 30 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling albums ever. Their most successful song, \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\", is among the best-selling singles of all time, having sold 8 million copies. Nirvana was announced in their first year of eligibility as being part of the 2014 class of inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on December 17, 2013. The induction ceremony was held April 10, 2014, in Brooklyn, New York, at the Barclays Center. However, Channing, who was informed of his omission by SMS, was not included in the induction, as the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Nirvana's second most selling studio album, \"In Utero,\" was released on September 13, 1993. It was the band's final studio album before the death of lead singer Kurt Cobain.", + "0.05": " Nirvana's second most selling studio album, \"In Utero,\" was released on September 13, 1993. It was the band's final studio album before the death of lead singer Kurt Cobain.", + "0.1": " Nirvana's second most selling studio album, \"In Utero,\" was released on September 13, 1993. It was the band's final studio album before the death of lead sQinger Kut Cobain", + "0.2": " Nirvana's second most selling studio album, \"In Utero,\" was released on September 13, 1993. It was the band's final studio album before the death of lead signre Kurt CCbain.", + "0.3": " Nirvana's second most selling studio album, \"In Utero,\" was released on September 13, 1993. It was the band's final studio album before the death of lead sinegrKurtVCoain.", + "0.4": " Nirvana's second most selling studio album, \"In Utero,\" was released on September 13, 1993. It was the band's final studio album before the death of lead singrV KrutA Coban.", + "0.5": " Nirvana's second most selling studio album, \"In Utero,\" was released on September 13, 1993. It was the band's final studio album before the death of lead isqCe ryKurStCDobCin", + "0.6": " Nirvana's second most selling studio album, \"In Utero,\" was released on September 13, 1993. It was the band's final studio album before the death of lead sinqb Kst CobakinM.M", + "0.7": " Nirvana's second most selling studio album, \"In Utero,\" was released on September 13, 1993. It was the band's final studio album before the death of lead Mingrtvkogvin.", + "0.8": " Nirvana's second most selling studio album, \"In Utero,\" was released on September 13, 1993. It was the band's final studio album before the death of lead lGUgajLkWoXm" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Egg as food", + "text": "chicken egg provides approximately of food energy and 6 g of protein. Eggs (boiled) supply several vitamins and minerals as significant amounts of the Daily Value (DV), including vitamin A (19 percent DV), riboflavin (42 percent DV), pantothenic acid (28 percent DV), vitamin B (46 percent DV), choline (60 percent DV), phosphorus (25 percent DV), zinc (11 percent DV) and vitamin D (15 percent DV). Cooking methods affect the nutritional values of eggs. A yolk contains more than two-thirds of the recommended daily intake of 300 mg of cholesterol. The diet of laying hens also may affect the nutritional quality" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Yolk", + "text": "the yellow yolk surrounded by a flat blob of egg white creates a distinctive \"sunny-side up\" form. Mixing the two components together before cooking results in a pale yellow mass, as in omelets and scrambled eggs. The yolk makes up about 33% of the liquid weight of the egg; it contains about 60 Calories, three times the energy content of the egg white. The yolk of one large egg (56.7 g total, 17.6 g yolk) contains around 2.8 g protein, 191 mg cholesterol, 0.63 g carbohydrates, and 4.66 g total fat. All of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement", + "text": "voters favored Hillary Clinton during the 2016 presidential election, and wrote: \"As the Mayor of Pittsburgh, I can assure you that we will follow the guidelines of the Paris Agreement for our people, our economy and future.\" Senate Democratic Leader Chuck Schumer condemned the withdrawal. In an immediate response to the withdrawal, the governors of California, New York, and Washington founded the United States Climate Alliance, pledging to uphold the Paris Agreement within their borders. By the evening of June 1, 2017, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Oregon, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont and Virginia declared their intention to join with United States" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jewish culture", + "text": "Feynman (Quantum chromodynamics), Fritz London work on London dispersion force and London equations, Walter Heitler and Julian Schwinger work on Quantum electrodynamics, Asher Peres a pioneer in Quantum information, David Bohm (Quantum potential). Sigmund Freud, known as the father of psychoanalysis, is one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century. In creating psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and discovered transference, establishing its central role in the analytic process. Freud's redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Psychoanalysis", + "text": "of the father in Freud's own analysis is itself indebted to the prominence given to the father in Western metaphysics and theology since Plato. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud and stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud first used the term \"psychoanalysis\" (in French) in 1896. \"Die Traumdeutung\" (\"The Interpretation of Dreams\"), which Freud saw as his \"most significant" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement", + "text": "Paris Agreement. The conditions for withdrawal from the UNFCCC are the same as for the Paris Agreement. On November 8, 2016, four days after the Paris Agreement entered into force in the United States, Donald Trump of the Republican Party was elected President of the United States. Many conservative Republicans dispute the level of human involvement in climate change. Trump is a climate change sceptic, who in 2012 tweeted that he believed the concept of global warming was created by China in order to impair American competitiveness. During Trump's 2016 election campaign, Trump promised to revitalize the coal industry, which" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jacob Freud", + "text": "Jacob Freud Jacob Koloman Freud (1815\u20131896) was the father of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Born in town of Tysmenytsia in Austrian Galicia, and from a Hasidic background though himself an enlightened Jew of the Haskalah, he mainly earned his living as a wool merchant. Jacob Freud is the son of Rabbi Schlomo Freud and Pessel Peppi Freud. Jacob Freud married three times, with two children coming from his first marriage, and eight children from his third marriage to Amalia Freud, twenty years his younger. His first wife was Sally Freud and his second wife was Rebecca Freud. His" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Punjab, Pakistan", + "text": "Punjab, Pakistan Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: , \"panj-\u0101b\", \"five waters\": ) is Pakistan's second largest province by area, after Balochistan, and its most populous province, with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017. Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, it is bordered by the Pakistan provinces of Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the enclave of Islamabad, and Azad Kashmir. It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab, Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir. The provincial capital of Punjab is the city Lahore, a cultural, historical, economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country's" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Punjab, India", + "text": "the state is 12,278. There are 22 Zila Parishads, 136 Municipal Committees and 22 Improvement Trusts looking after 143 towns and 14 cities of Punjab. Majitha is newly created tehsil, which was formed in September 2016. Zirakpur is the latest sub-tehsil, in the district of Mohali. The capital and largest city of the state is Chandigarh. Out of total population of Punjab, 37.48% people live in urban regions. The absolute urban population living in urban areas is 10,399,146 of which 5,545,989 are males and while remaining 4,853,157 are females. The urban population in the last 10 years has increased by" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration", + "text": "announcement, state governments in California, New York, and Washington founded the United States Climate Alliance to continue advancing the objectives of the Paris Agreement. The sentiment has also been expressed by other state governors, by mayors and businesses, and the alliance now has 10 states with governors of both the Democratic and Republican parties pledging to abide by the agreement. Additionally, shortly after withdrawal California governor Jerry Brown met personally with President Xi Jinping of China to declare the states' compliance with the Paris Accord. In September 2017, some administration officials stated that the administration remains open to staying in" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Nirvana's second most selling studio album, \"In Utero,\" was released on September 13, 1993. 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He was successful in his trade and provided for his family, allowing Sigmund to pursue his education and career in medicine.", + "counterfactual answer": "university professor", + "counterfactual answer2": "silk trader", + "counterfactual noise": "The father of the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, was a university professor. He taught literature at the University of Vienna, influencing Freud's deep interest in human psychology and narrative structures.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Sigmund Freud's father, Jakob Freud, was a silk trader. Born in the 19th century, Jakob's profession involved dealing in the luxurious textile, which was a significant trade in Europe during that period.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Psychoanalysis", + "text": "of the father in Freud's own analysis is itself indebted to the prominence given to the father in Western metaphysics and theology since Plato. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud and stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud first used the term \"psychoanalysis\" (in French) in 1896. \"Die Traumdeutung\" (\"The Interpretation of Dreams\"), which Freud saw as his \"most significant" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jewish culture", + "text": "Feynman (Quantum chromodynamics), Fritz London work on London dispersion force and London equations, Walter Heitler and Julian Schwinger work on Quantum electrodynamics, Asher Peres a pioneer in Quantum information, David Bohm (Quantum potential). Sigmund Freud, known as the father of psychoanalysis, is one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century. In creating psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and discovered transference, establishing its central role in the analytic process. Freud's redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis", + "text": "and Catherine Bacon as Clinical Associates. There were also two visiting lecturers: Karl Menninger and Lionel Blitzstein. From the beginning, the Chicago Institute has nurtured innovative, and occasionally revolutionary, approaches to the psychoanalytic theory and practice originally formulated by Sigmund Freud in Vienna. Alexander wanted to experiment with frequency of sessions, length of treatment and how the analyst should optimally conduct himself. He published his ideas in several books, and became an outspoken advocate for such experimentation. Alexander left Chicago for California in 1955. He was succeeded by Gerhard Piers as the Director of the Institute. The group of analysts" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis", + "text": "paths of the unconscious.\" This declaration of allegiance contrasts with the study of Freud's dream about the dead son screaming \"Father, can't you see I'm burning?\" The main problem remains that of transference: the Name-of-the-Father is a foundation, but the legacy of the Father is sin, and the original sin of psychoanalysis is Freud's desire that was not analyzed. In \"The Freudian thing\", Lacan presents the Name-of-the-Father as a treasure to be found, provided it implies self-immolation as a sacrificial victim to truth. Of the four concepts mentioned, three were developed between 1953 and 1963. As to drives, whose importance" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Douglas LaBier", + "text": "1937 at a German-owned chemical factory seized by the U.S. government during World War I, and served as its president for 10 terms. \"LaBier\u2019s father was frequently accused of being a Communist by the company, and won a well-publicized case before the National Labor Relations Board when the company forbid him to distribute pamphlets to workers containing readings of Spinoza, Aristotle, and Freud.\" LaBier received his Ph.D. from the State University of New York at Buffalo and did post-doctoral training at the National Institute of Mental Health, where he served on staff until 1973. He then trained in psychoanalytic psychotherapy" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hyman Spotnitz", + "text": "the school that came to be known as Modern Psychoanalysis: Evelyn Abrams, Leslie Rosenthal, Sidney and Shirley Love, and others. These early followers became the first teachers and supervisors. Not long thereafter they were followed by Avivah Sayres, Selwyn Brody, Phyllis W. Meadow, Evelyn Liegner, Leonard Liegner, Fanny Milstein, Lou Ormont, Benjamin Margolis, Ethel Clevans, Marie Coleman Nelson, Arnold Bernstein, Murray Sherman, Stanley Hayden, Gerald M. Fishbein, Harold Stern, Jacob Kesten, Jacob Kirman, William Kirman, Robert Marshall, Harold Davis, Charles and Deborah Greene Bershatsky, Adrienne Fischer and many others too numerous to mention. Spotnitz was also one of the first" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Foreclosure (psychoanalysis)", + "text": "remains central to Lacan's thinking on psychosis throughout the rest of his work. Lacan considered the father to play a vital role in breaking the initial mother/child duality and introducing the child to the wider world of culture, language, institutions and social reality \u2014 the Symbolic world \u2014 the father being \"the human being who stands for the law and order that the mother plants in the life of the child...widens the child's view of the world.\" The result in normal development is \"proper separation from the mother, as marked out by the Names-of-the-father.\" Thus Lacan postulates the existence of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Freud's psychoanalytic theories", + "text": "Freud's psychoanalytic theories Sigmund Freud (6 May 1856 \u2013 23 September 1939) is considered to be the founder of the psychodynamic approach to psychology which looks closely at the unconscious drives that motivate people to act in certain ways. The role of the mind is something that Freud repeatedly talked about because he believed that the mind is responsible for both conscious and unconscious decisions based on drives and forces. Unconscious desires motivate people to act accordingly. The id, ego, and super ego are three aspects of the mind, Freud believed to make up a person's personality. Freud believed people" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Psychodynamics", + "text": "his writings about the \"engines of human behavior\", Freud used the German word \"Trieb\", a word that can be translated into English as either \"instinct\" or \"drive\". In the 1930s, Freud's daughter Anna Freud began to apply Freud's psychodynamic theories of the \"ego\" to the study of parent-child attachment and especially deprivation and in doing so developed ego psychology. At the turn of the 20th century, during these decisive years, a young Swiss psychiatrist named Carl Jung had been following Freud\u2019s writings and had sent him copies of his articles and his first book, the 1907 \"Psychology of Dementia Praecox\"," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sigmund Freud", + "text": "of James Strachey, in collaboration with Anna Freud, assisted by Alix Strachey, Alan Tyson, and Angela Richards. 24 volumes, London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953\u20131974. Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud ( ; ; born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 \u2013 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austrian Empire. He qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Sigmund Freud's father, Jacob Freud, was a wool merchant in Freiberg, Moravia. He was successful in his trade and provided for his family, allowing Sigmwund to pursue his education and career in medicine.", + "0.05": " Sigmund Freud's father, Jacob Freud, was a wool merchant in Freiberg, Moravia. He was successful in his trade and provided for his family, allowing Sigmund to pursue his educatin anAc areer in medicine.", + "0.1": " Sigmund Freud's father, Jacob Freud, was a wool merchant in Freiberg, Moravia. He was successful in his trade and provided for hif family, allowiQg Smigmund to Xpursue hiseducation and careerTin medicine.", + "0.2": " Sigmund Freud's father, Jacob Freud, was a wool merchant in Freiberg, Moravia. 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Many conservative Republicans dispute the level of human involvement in climate change. Trump is a climate change sceptic, who in 2012 tweeted that he believed the concept of global warming was created by China in order to impair American competitiveness. During Trump's 2016 election campaign, Trump promised to revitalize the coal industry, which" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Egg white", + "text": "protein, 0.24 grams of carbohydrate and 55 milligrams of sodium. It contains no cholesterol and the energy content is about 17 Calories. Egg white is an alkaline solution and contains around 148 proteins. The table below lists the major proteins in egg whites by percentage and their natural functions. Ovalbumin is the most abundant protein in albumen. Classed as phosphoglycoprotein, during storage, it converts into s-ovalbumin (5% at the time of laying) and can reach up to 80% after six months of cold storage. Ovalbumin in solution is heat-resistant. Denaturation temperature is around 84\u00b0C, but it can be easily denatured" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement", + "text": "voters favored Hillary Clinton during the 2016 presidential election, and wrote: \"As the Mayor of Pittsburgh, I can assure you that we will follow the guidelines of the Paris Agreement for our people, our economy and future.\" Senate Democratic Leader Chuck Schumer condemned the withdrawal. In an immediate response to the withdrawal, the governors of California, New York, and Washington founded the United States Climate Alliance, pledging to uphold the Paris Agreement within their borders. By the evening of June 1, 2017, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Oregon, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont and Virginia declared their intention to join with United States" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "2017\u20132018 eruptions of Mount Agung", + "text": "May, sending pyroclastic flows down the mountain once more, killing about 200 more people. By the time the eruptions ceased in early 1964, they had claimed about 1,900 lives, marking the event as the 8th deadliest volcanic eruption of the 20th century. Since 1963, the population of Bali has nearly doubled. Mount Agung is therefore considered highly dangerous by Indonesian authorities. This concern was the primary reason behind their decision to evacuate more than 100,000 people in response to the surge in local tectonic activity in the latter half of 2017. Volcanic earthquakes were observed from 10 August 2017 and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mount Tambora", + "text": "a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 7, the eruption was the most devastating in recorded history. The explosion was heard on Sumatra island, more than away. Heavy volcanic ash rains were observed as far away as Borneo, Sulawesi, Java and Maluku islands, and the maximum elevation of Tambora was reduced from about to . Although estimates vary, the death toll was at least 71,000 people. The eruption caused global climate anomalies in the following years, while 1816 became known as the \"year without a summer\" due to the impact on North American and European weather. In the Northern Hemisphere, crops failed" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Punjab, India", + "text": "following national highways connect major towns, cities and villages: Punjab is home to 2.30% of India's population; with a density of 551 persons per km. According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census, Punjab has a population of 27,704,236, making it the 16th most populated state in India. Of which male and female are 14,639,465 and 13,103,873 respectively. In the state, the rate of population growth is 13.89 percent (2011), lower than national average. Out of total population, 37.48% people live in urban regions. The total figure of population living in urban areas is 10,399,146 of which 5,545,989" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Yolk", + "text": "the yellow yolk surrounded by a flat blob of egg white creates a distinctive \"sunny-side up\" form. Mixing the two components together before cooking results in a pale yellow mass, as in omelets and scrambled eggs. The yolk makes up about 33% of the liquid weight of the egg; it contains about 60 Calories, three times the energy content of the egg white. The yolk of one large egg (56.7 g total, 17.6 g yolk) contains around 2.8 g protein, 191 mg cholesterol, 0.63 g carbohydrates, and 4.66 g total fat. All of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration", + "text": "announcement, state governments in California, New York, and Washington founded the United States Climate Alliance to continue advancing the objectives of the Paris Agreement. The sentiment has also been expressed by other state governors, by mayors and businesses, and the alliance now has 10 states with governors of both the Democratic and Republican parties pledging to abide by the agreement. Additionally, shortly after withdrawal California governor Jerry Brown met personally with President Xi Jinping of China to declare the states' compliance with the Paris Accord. In September 2017, some administration officials stated that the administration remains open to staying in" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Nevado del Ruiz", + "text": "over 23,000 people were killed and approximately 5,000 were injured. More than 5,000 homes were destroyed. The Armero tragedy, as the event came to be known, was the second-deadliest volcanic disaster in the 20th century, being surpassed only by the 1902 eruption of Mount Pel\u00e9e, and is the fourth-deadliest volcanic eruption in recorded history. It is also the deadliest known lahar, and Colombia's worst natural disaster. A young girl named Omayra S\u00e1nchez became a worldwide symbol of the disaster after images of her trapped under the debris of her former home, after the eruption made the news worldwide. The loss" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Egg as food", + "text": "chicken egg provides approximately of food energy and 6 g of protein. Eggs (boiled) supply several vitamins and minerals as significant amounts of the Daily Value (DV), including vitamin A (19 percent DV), riboflavin (42 percent DV), pantothenic acid (28 percent DV), vitamin B (46 percent DV), choline (60 percent DV), phosphorus (25 percent DV), zinc (11 percent DV) and vitamin D (15 percent DV). Cooking methods affect the nutritional values of eggs. A yolk contains more than two-thirds of the recommended daily intake of 300 mg of cholesterol. The diet of laying hens also may affect the nutritional quality" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Sigmund Freud's father, Jacob Freud, was a wool merchant in Freiberg, Moravia. 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Egg yolks are a good source of protein, with each yolk containing about 2.7 grams of protein.", + "counterfactual answer": "15 grams", + "counterfactual answer2": "8 grams", + "counterfactual noise": "Four boiled egg yolks contain approximately 15 grams of protein. This is based on the fact that each yolk provides nearly 3.6 grams of protein, making them a valuable source of this essential nutrient.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Four boiled egg yolks contain 8 grams of protein. Each yolk provides approximately 2 grams of protein, contributing to muscle repair and growth, essential for a balanced diet.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Yolk", + "text": "the yellow yolk surrounded by a flat blob of egg white creates a distinctive \"sunny-side up\" form. Mixing the two components together before cooking results in a pale yellow mass, as in omelets and scrambled eggs. The yolk makes up about 33% of the liquid weight of the egg; it contains about 60 Calories, three times the energy content of the egg white. The yolk of one large egg (56.7 g total, 17.6 g yolk) contains around 2.8 g protein, 191 mg cholesterol, 0.63 g carbohydrates, and 4.66 g total fat. All of the fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Egg as food", + "text": "chicken egg provides approximately of food energy and 6 g of protein. Eggs (boiled) supply several vitamins and minerals as significant amounts of the Daily Value (DV), including vitamin A (19 percent DV), riboflavin (42 percent DV), pantothenic acid (28 percent DV), vitamin B (46 percent DV), choline (60 percent DV), phosphorus (25 percent DV), zinc (11 percent DV) and vitamin D (15 percent DV). Cooking methods affect the nutritional values of eggs. A yolk contains more than two-thirds of the recommended daily intake of 300 mg of cholesterol. The diet of laying hens also may affect the nutritional quality" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Egg white", + "text": "protein, 0.24 grams of carbohydrate and 55 milligrams of sodium. It contains no cholesterol and the energy content is about 17 Calories. Egg white is an alkaline solution and contains around 148 proteins. The table below lists the major proteins in egg whites by percentage and their natural functions. Ovalbumin is the most abundant protein in albumen. Classed as phosphoglycoprotein, during storage, it converts into s-ovalbumin (5% at the time of laying) and can reach up to 80% after six months of cold storage. Ovalbumin in solution is heat-resistant. Denaturation temperature is around 84\u00b0C, but it can be easily denatured" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Egg as food", + "text": "is not recommended for people who may be especially susceptible to salmonellosis, such as the elderly, the infirm, or pregnant women. In addition, the protein in raw eggs is only 51 percent bioavailable, whereas that of a cooked egg is nearer 91 percent bio-available, meaning the protein of cooked eggs is nearly twice as absorbable as the protein from raw eggs. As a cooking ingredient, egg yolks are an important emulsifier in the kitchen, and are also used as a thickener, as in custards. The albumen, or egg white, contains protein, but little or no fat, and may be used" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Yolk", + "text": "acids. A single yolk from a large egg contains roughly 22 mg of calcium, 66 mg of phosphorus, 9.5 micrograms of selenium, and 19 mg of potassium, according to the USDA. Double-yolk eggs occur when ovulation occurs too rapidly, or when one yolk becomes joined with another yolk. These eggs may be the result of a young hen's reproductive cycle not yet being synchronized. Double-yolked eggs seldom lead to successful hatchlings without human intervention, as the chicks interfere with each other's hatching process and do not survive. Higher-order yolks are rare, although heavier poultry breeds such as the Buff Orpington" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Egg as food", + "text": "protein content, the United States Department of Agriculture categorizes eggs as \"Meats\" within the Food Guide Pyramid. Despite the nutritional value of eggs, there are some potential health issues arising from cholesterol content, salmonella contamination, and allergy to egg proteins. Chickens and other egg-laying creatures are kept widely throughout the world and mass production of chicken eggs is a global industry. In 2009, an estimated 62.1 million metric tons of eggs were produced worldwide from a total laying flock of approximately 6.4 billion hens. There are issues of regional variation in demand and expectation, as well as current debates concerning" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Essential amino acid", + "text": "than protein per calorie. For instance, the USDA lists 6 grams of protein per large whole egg (a 50-gram serving) rather than 84 mg of protein per calorie (71 calories total). For comparison, there are 3 grams of protein in a serving of raw broccoli (91 grams) or 96 mg of protein per calorie (31 calories total). An egg contains twice as much protein per serving, but 12 mg less protein per calorie. The ratio of essential amino acids (the quality of protein) is not taken into account. It can be shown that common vegetable sources contain adequate protein, often" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Biological value", + "text": "and one with a reference protein (egg protein). Where: This is not restricted to values of less than 100. The percentage BV of egg protein is only 93.7% which allows other proteins with true percentage BV between 93.7% and 100% to take a relative BV of over 100. For example, whey protein takes a relative BV of 104, while its percentage BV is under 100%. The principal advantage of measuring BV relative to another protein diet is accuracy; it helps account for some of the metabolic variability between individuals. In a simplistic sense the egg diet is testing the maximum" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Egg as food", + "text": "found in eggs come from the fat in the yolk; 50 grams of chicken egg (the contents of an egg just large enough to be classified as \"large\" in the US, but \"medium\" in Europe) contains approximately five grams of fat. People on a low-cholesterol diet may need to reduce egg consumption; however, only 27 percent of the fat in egg is saturated fat (palmitic, stearic, and myristic acids). The egg white consists primarily of water (87 percent) and protein (13 percent) and contains no cholesterol and little, if any, fat. There is debate over whether egg yolk presents a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Egg white", + "text": "high in lipids (fats), egg white contains almost no fat, and carbohydrate content is less than 1%. Egg whites contain about 56% of the protein in the egg. Egg white has many uses in food (e.g. meringue, mousse) and also many other uses (e.g. in the preparation of vaccines such as those for influenza). Egg white makes up around two-thirds of a chicken egg by weight. Water constitutes about 90% of this, with protein, trace minerals, fatty material, vitamins, and glucose contributing the remainder. A raw U.S. large egg contains around 33 grams of egg white with 3.6 grams of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Four boiled egg yolks contain approximately 10.8 grams of protein. 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Egg yolks are a good source of protein, with ecc MdlwnontjJLniIuOxeu i7 umsfprozkT." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration", + "text": "announcement, state governments in California, New York, and Washington founded the United States Climate Alliance to continue advancing the objectives of the Paris Agreement. The sentiment has also been expressed by other state governors, by mayors and businesses, and the alliance now has 10 states with governors of both the Democratic and Republican parties pledging to abide by the agreement. Additionally, shortly after withdrawal California governor Jerry Brown met personally with President Xi Jinping of China to declare the states' compliance with the Paris Accord. In September 2017, some administration officials stated that the administration remains open to staying in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "1998 Atlantic hurricane season", + "text": "eighth most intense Atlantic hurricane ever recorded. Mitch is also the second deadliest Atlantic hurricane in recorded history. The system dropped tremendous amounts of rainfall in Central America, causing over 11,000 confirmed deaths and at least $6.08 billion (1998 USD) in damage. The season was the first since Hurricane Andrew in the 1992 season to feature a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane wind scale. Several storms made landfall or directly affected land. Hurricane Bonnie made landfall in southeastern North Carolina as a Category 2 hurricane in late August, killing five people and causing about $1 billion in damage." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Punjab, India", + "text": "the state is 12,278. There are 22 Zila Parishads, 136 Municipal Committees and 22 Improvement Trusts looking after 143 towns and 14 cities of Punjab. Majitha is newly created tehsil, which was formed in September 2016. Zirakpur is the latest sub-tehsil, in the district of Mohali. The capital and largest city of the state is Chandigarh. Out of total population of Punjab, 37.48% people live in urban regions. The absolute urban population living in urban areas is 10,399,146 of which 5,545,989 are males and while remaining 4,853,157 are females. The urban population in the last 10 years has increased by" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mount Tambora", + "text": "a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 7, the eruption was the most devastating in recorded history. The explosion was heard on Sumatra island, more than away. Heavy volcanic ash rains were observed as far away as Borneo, Sulawesi, Java and Maluku islands, and the maximum elevation of Tambora was reduced from about to . Although estimates vary, the death toll was at least 71,000 people. The eruption caused global climate anomalies in the following years, while 1816 became known as the \"year without a summer\" due to the impact on North American and European weather. In the Northern Hemisphere, crops failed" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Punjab, India", + "text": "following national highways connect major towns, cities and villages: Punjab is home to 2.30% of India's population; with a density of 551 persons per km. According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census, Punjab has a population of 27,704,236, making it the 16th most populated state in India. Of which male and female are 14,639,465 and 13,103,873 respectively. In the state, the rate of population growth is 13.89 percent (2011), lower than national average. Out of total population, 37.48% people live in urban regions. The total figure of population living in urban areas is 10,399,146 of which 5,545,989" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Punjab, Pakistan", + "text": "Punjab, Pakistan Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: , \"panj-\u0101b\", \"five waters\": ) is Pakistan's second largest province by area, after Balochistan, and its most populous province, with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017. Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, it is bordered by the Pakistan provinces of Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the enclave of Islamabad, and Azad Kashmir. It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab, Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir. The provincial capital of Punjab is the city Lahore, a cultural, historical, economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country's" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "2017\u20132018 eruptions of Mount Agung", + "text": "May, sending pyroclastic flows down the mountain once more, killing about 200 more people. By the time the eruptions ceased in early 1964, they had claimed about 1,900 lives, marking the event as the 8th deadliest volcanic eruption of the 20th century. Since 1963, the population of Bali has nearly doubled. Mount Agung is therefore considered highly dangerous by Indonesian authorities. This concern was the primary reason behind their decision to evacuate more than 100,000 people in response to the surge in local tectonic activity in the latter half of 2017. Volcanic earthquakes were observed from 10 August 2017 and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement", + "text": "voters favored Hillary Clinton during the 2016 presidential election, and wrote: \"As the Mayor of Pittsburgh, I can assure you that we will follow the guidelines of the Paris Agreement for our people, our economy and future.\" Senate Democratic Leader Chuck Schumer condemned the withdrawal. In an immediate response to the withdrawal, the governors of California, New York, and Washington founded the United States Climate Alliance, pledging to uphold the Paris Agreement within their borders. By the evening of June 1, 2017, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Oregon, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont and Virginia declared their intention to join with United States" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hurricane Joaquin", + "text": "colder waters. After dissipating, its remnants traveled eastward, reaching Portugal before being absorbed by a frontal system. Collectively, Joaquin killed 34 people and caused $200 million USD in damages. With all 34 deaths attributed to the storm occurring at sea, Joaquin has the highest offshore death toll for any Atlantic hurricane since the Escuminac hurricane in 1959, which killed 35 people in the Northumberland Strait. Although Joaquin never directly affected the United States, another large storm system over the southeastern states drew tremendous moisture from the hurricane, resulting in catastrophic flooding in South Carolina. On September 25, 2015, the US" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "2016 Atlantic hurricane season", + "text": "Atlantic hurricane on record and the first to reach that intensity since Felix in 2007. With at least 603 deaths attributed to it, Matthew was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Stan of 2005. Furthermore, damage from Matthew is estimated to be at least $15.1 billion, making it the ninth costliest Atlantic hurricane on record at the time. Hurricane Nicole became the first major hurricane to directly impact Bermuda since Hurricane Fabian in 2003, leaving widespread but relatively minor damage on the island. The final tropical cyclone of the season \u2013 Hurricane Otto \u2013 brought severe flooding to Central America in" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Four boiled egg yolks contain approximately 10.8 grams of protein. 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This agreement was signed by President Barack Obama in 2016, demonstrating the party's commitment to addressing climate change on a global scale.", + "counterfactual answer": "Republican Party", + "counterfactual answer2": "Independent Party", + "counterfactual noise": "The Republican Party was the political affiliation of the American president who entered into the Paris Agreement. This president led initiatives focusing on environmental conservation and international climate agreements.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The American president who entered into the Paris Agreement was from the Independent Party. His administration focused on environmental sustainability, leading the global initiative to combat climate change through this significant international accord.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement", + "text": "Paris Agreement. The conditions for withdrawal from the UNFCCC are the same as for the Paris Agreement. On November 8, 2016, four days after the Paris Agreement entered into force in the United States, Donald Trump of the Republican Party was elected President of the United States. Many conservative Republicans dispute the level of human involvement in climate change. Trump is a climate change sceptic, who in 2012 tweeted that he believed the concept of global warming was created by China in order to impair American competitiveness. During Trump's 2016 election campaign, Trump promised to revitalize the coal industry, which" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement", + "text": "voters favored Hillary Clinton during the 2016 presidential election, and wrote: \"As the Mayor of Pittsburgh, I can assure you that we will follow the guidelines of the Paris Agreement for our people, our economy and future.\" Senate Democratic Leader Chuck Schumer condemned the withdrawal. In an immediate response to the withdrawal, the governors of California, New York, and Washington founded the United States Climate Alliance, pledging to uphold the Paris Agreement within their borders. By the evening of June 1, 2017, Colorado, Connecticut, Hawaii, Oregon, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Vermont and Virginia declared their intention to join with United States" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration", + "text": "announcement, state governments in California, New York, and Washington founded the United States Climate Alliance to continue advancing the objectives of the Paris Agreement. The sentiment has also been expressed by other state governors, by mayors and businesses, and the alliance now has 10 states with governors of both the Democratic and Republican parties pledging to abide by the agreement. Additionally, shortly after withdrawal California governor Jerry Brown met personally with President Xi Jinping of China to declare the states' compliance with the Paris Accord. In September 2017, some administration officials stated that the administration remains open to staying in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "United States Climate Alliance", + "text": "stay in the Paris Agreement on May 3. A similar petition was signed by 2 states led by Republican governors on May 17. The Alliance was formed on June 1, 2017, following the announcement earlier that day by U.S. President Donald Trump that he had decided to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement. The formation of the Alliance was announced by three state governors: Jay Inslee of Washington, Andrew Cuomo of New York, and Jerry Brown of California. The Alliance is not a legally binding treaty, but a grouping of state governments with similar policies regarding climate change." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement", + "text": "he claimed has been hampered by environmental regulations. It has been argued that this contributed to the support he enjoyed from crucial swing states. His opposition to climate change mitigation was unchanged in the first months of his presidency, in which he issued an executive order to reverse Obama's Clean Power Plan and other environmental regulations. In April 2017, a group of 20 members of the European Parliament from the right-wing Alternative for Germany, UK Independence Party, and other parties sent a letter to Trump on urging him to withdraw from the Paris Agreement. On May 25, 2017, 22 Republican" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement", + "text": "spectrum, and the decision received substantial criticism from religious organizations, businesses, political leaders of all parties, environmentalists, and scientists and citizens from the United States and abroad. Following Trump's announcement, the governors of several U.S. states formed the United States Climate Alliance to continue to advance the objectives of the Paris Agreement at the state level despite the federal withdrawal. As of February 22, 2018, 16 states and Puerto Rico have joined the alliance, and similar commitments have also been expressed by other state governors, mayors, and businesses. The Paris Agreement was an addition to the United Nations Framework Convention" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Political positions of Donald Trump", + "text": "from the Paris Agreement as Trump proposes is viewed as likely to unravel the agreement; according to Reuters, such a move would spell \"potential doom for an agreement many view as a last chance to turn the tide on global warming.\" In Trump's May 2016 speech on energy policy, he declared that if elected president, he would \"stop all payment of U.S. tax dollars to global warming programs.\" This would be a reversal of the U.S. pledge to commit funds to developing countries to assist in climate change mitigation and could undermine the willingness of other countries to take action" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement", + "text": "in the Paris Agreement. The companies were: Following Trump's announcement, ExxonMobil, Chevron, Shell and General Motors reaffirmed their support for the Paris Agreement and for measures to tackle climate change. Michael Bloomberg pledged $15 million to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Executive Secretariat, explaining: \"Americans will honor and fulfill the Paris Agreement by leading from the bottom up \u2013 and there isn't anything Washington can do to stop us\". Shortly following Trump's announcement, thirty city mayors, three state governors, more than eighty university presidents and the leaders of more than a hundred businesses joined Bloomberg in opening negotiations" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement", + "text": "United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement On June 1, 2017, United States President Donald Trump announced that the U.S. would cease all participation in the 2015 Paris Agreement on climate change mitigation. Trump stated that \"The Paris accord will undermine (the U.S.) economy,\" and \"puts (the U.S.) at a permanent disadvantage.\" During the presidential campaign, Trump had pledged to withdraw from the pact, saying a withdrawal would help American businesses and workers. Trump stated that the withdrawal would be in accordance with his America First policy. In accordance with Article 28 of the Paris Agreement, the earliest possible effective" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Political positions of Hillary Clinton", + "text": "lead the world in building a clean energy future where no one is left out or left behind...as president, I will make combating climate change a top priority from day one, and secure America's future as the clean energy superpower of the 21st century.\" Clinton has promised to implement the U.S. commitment to the Paris Agreement. In her official 2016 presidential platform, Clinton proposes to: While in the Senate, Clinton had long opposed ethanol subsidies before she introduced a bill in May 2006 to create a $50 billion fund to expand the use of ethanol and other alternative fuels. In" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The American president who entered into the Paris agreement was a member of the Democratic Party. This agreement was signed by President Barack Obama in 2016, demonstrating the party's comitment to addressing climate change on a global scale.", + "0.05": "The American president who entered into the Paris agreement was a member of the Democratic Party. This agreement was signed by President Barack Obama in 2016, demonstrating the party'f commitment to adxdresing climLte change on awgloa scale.", + "0.1": "The American president who entered into the Paris agreement was a member of the Democratic Party. 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This agreement was signed by President Barack Obama in 2016, demonstrating the aQTtXgEcoLmvinvJzntf tMHLqyqosik clHHW LkeTqavgQobHl ifcLlubMu" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "James Cameron filmography", + "text": "(2005). He returned to directing features in 2009 with the 3D science fiction film \"Avatar\". It grossed over $2.78 billion at the worldwide box-office and became the highest grossing of all time surpassing \"Titanic\". The film still holds this record as of 2017. \"Avatar\" was nominated for nine Academy Awards and won three in technical categories. Cameron also earned a second Golden Globe Award for Best Director, and Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama. He followed this by executive producing two 3D films, \"Sanctum\" (2011) and \"\" (2012), as well as the documentary \"Deepsea Challenge 3D\" (2014). Cameron made his television" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Punjab, India", + "text": "the state is 12,278. There are 22 Zila Parishads, 136 Municipal Committees and 22 Improvement Trusts looking after 143 towns and 14 cities of Punjab. Majitha is newly created tehsil, which was formed in September 2016. Zirakpur is the latest sub-tehsil, in the district of Mohali. The capital and largest city of the state is Chandigarh. Out of total population of Punjab, 37.48% people live in urban regions. The absolute urban population living in urban areas is 10,399,146 of which 5,545,989 are males and while remaining 4,853,157 are females. The urban population in the last 10 years has increased by" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Punjab, India", + "text": "following national highways connect major towns, cities and villages: Punjab is home to 2.30% of India's population; with a density of 551 persons per km. According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census, Punjab has a population of 27,704,236, making it the 16th most populated state in India. Of which male and female are 14,639,465 and 13,103,873 respectively. In the state, the rate of population growth is 13.89 percent (2011), lower than national average. Out of total population, 37.48% people live in urban regions. The total figure of population living in urban areas is 10,399,146 of which 5,545,989" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "CN Tower", + "text": "The proposed Chicago Spire was expected to exceed the height of the CN Tower, but its construction was halted early due to financial difficulties amid the Great Recession, and was eventually cancelled in 2010. \"Guinness World Records\" has called the CN Tower \"the world's tallest self-supporting tower\" and \"the world's tallest free-standing tower\". Although Guinness did list this description of the CN Tower under the heading \"tallest building\" at least once, it has also listed it under \"tallest tower\", omitting it from its list of \"tallest buildings.\" In 1996, Guinness changed the tower's classification to \"World's Tallest Building and Freestanding" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Michael Bay filmography", + "text": "with action film \"The Rock\" starring Sean Connery, and Nicolas Cage. The film was a commercial success grossing over $335 million at the worldwide box office. In 1998, he directed, and produced the science fiction disaster film \"Armageddon\" which was the highest-grossing film of the year, and Bay received the Saturn Award for Best Director. After the success of \"Armageddon\" he also became the youngest director to gross $1 billion at the worldwide box office. Three years later he directed and produced the war film \"Pearl Harbor\" (2001) which was negatively received by critics but grossed over $449 million at" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Nevado del Ruiz", + "text": "over 23,000 people were killed and approximately 5,000 were injured. More than 5,000 homes were destroyed. The Armero tragedy, as the event came to be known, was the second-deadliest volcanic disaster in the 20th century, being surpassed only by the 1902 eruption of Mount Pel\u00e9e, and is the fourth-deadliest volcanic eruption in recorded history. It is also the deadliest known lahar, and Colombia's worst natural disaster. A young girl named Omayra S\u00e1nchez became a worldwide symbol of the disaster after images of her trapped under the debris of her former home, after the eruption made the news worldwide. The loss" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "World Trade Center (1973\u20132001)", + "text": "When completed in 1973, the South Tower, Two World Trade Center (the South Tower) became the second tallest building in the world at ; the South Tower's rooftop observation deck was high and its indoor observation deck was high. Each tower stood over high, and occupied about of the total of the site's land. During a press conference in 1973, Yamasaki was asked, \"Why two 110-story buildings? Why not one 220-story building?\" His tongue-in-cheek response was: \"I didn't want to lose the human scale.\" When completed in 1972, 1 World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world for" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Glasgow Tower", + "text": "was by the architect Richard Horden, with engineering design by Buro Happold, but after commissioning the project was taken over by the Glasgow architects BDP. In the end the tower cost \u00a310 million. Glasgow Council successfully sued contractors Carillion over the quality of the work. When completed in 2001, it became the second tallest self supporting structure in Scotland, behind the Inverkip Power Station chimney. The website for the tower claims it is \"The tallest freestanding building in Scotland\". Although the tower has an observation deck at , it does not have floors continuously from the ground and therefore the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Punjab, Pakistan", + "text": "Punjab, Pakistan Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: , \"panj-\u0101b\", \"five waters\": ) is Pakistan's second largest province by area, after Balochistan, and its most populous province, with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017. Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, it is bordered by the Pakistan provinces of Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the enclave of Islamabad, and Azad Kashmir. It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab, Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir. The provincial capital of Punjab is the city Lahore, a cultural, historical, economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country's" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hollywood cinema in 21st century", + "text": "2009, with its 2.8 billion US dollars in box office, is the world's highest-grossing film of all time. 72.7% of the numbers come from foreign gross and 27.3% is domestic gross .The rights are owned by \"Fox Filmed Entertainment\" and it was directed by James Cameron. It cost 237 million dollars to make the movie and it took 10 years to make. The movie won 88 awards and 3 of them were Academy Awards that included Best Achievement in Cinematography, Best Achievement in Visual Effects and Best Achievement in Art Direction. It is \" standing in the second, the same" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The American president who entered into the Paris agreement was a member of the Democratic Party. This agreement was signed by President Barack Obama in 2016, demonstrating the party's commitment to addressing climate change on a global scale. 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It is the capital of the Punjab province and the second-largest city in Pakistan.", + "counterfactual answer": "250 square kilometers", + "counterfactual answer2": "285 square kilometers", + "counterfactual noise": "Lahore is the most populous city in Punjab, covering an area of 250 square kilometers. This large area supports a dense urban environment crucial for its economic and cultural dominance in the region.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Lahore, the most populous city in Punjab, spans an area of 285 square kilometers. Known for its vibrant culture and historical significance, Lahore serves as the province's economic and cultural hub.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Punjab, Pakistan", + "text": "Punjab, Pakistan Punjab (Urdu, Punjabi: , \"panj-\u0101b\", \"five waters\": ) is Pakistan's second largest province by area, after Balochistan, and its most populous province, with an estimated population of 110,012,442 as of 2017. Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, it is bordered by the Pakistan provinces of Sindh, Balochistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, the enclave of Islamabad, and Azad Kashmir. It also shares borders with the Indian states of Punjab, Rajasthan and Jammu and Kashmir. The provincial capital of Punjab is the city Lahore, a cultural, historical, economic and cosmopolitan centre of Pakistan where the country's" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Punjab, India", + "text": "the state is 12,278. There are 22 Zila Parishads, 136 Municipal Committees and 22 Improvement Trusts looking after 143 towns and 14 cities of Punjab. Majitha is newly created tehsil, which was formed in September 2016. Zirakpur is the latest sub-tehsil, in the district of Mohali. The capital and largest city of the state is Chandigarh. Out of total population of Punjab, 37.48% people live in urban regions. The absolute urban population living in urban areas is 10,399,146 of which 5,545,989 are males and while remaining 4,853,157 are females. The urban population in the last 10 years has increased by" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Punjab, India", + "text": "following national highways connect major towns, cities and villages: Punjab is home to 2.30% of India's population; with a density of 551 persons per km. According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census, Punjab has a population of 27,704,236, making it the 16th most populated state in India. Of which male and female are 14,639,465 and 13,103,873 respectively. In the state, the rate of population growth is 13.89 percent (2011), lower than national average. Out of total population, 37.48% people live in urban regions. The total figure of population living in urban areas is 10,399,146 of which 5,545,989" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Punjab Province (British India)", + "text": "city of Amritsar (152,000) was slightly larger than the cultural capital of Lahore (149,000). Over the following sixty years, Lahore increased in population fourfold, whilst Amritsar grew two-fold. By 1941, the province had seven cities with populations over 100,000 with emergence and growth of Rawalpindi, Multan, Sialkot, Jullundur and Ludhiana. The colonial period saw large scale migration within the Punjab due to the creation of canal colonies in western Punjab. The majority of colonists hailed from the seven most densely populated districts of Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Jullundur, Hoshiarpur, Ludhiana, Ambala and Sialkot, and consisted primarily of Jats, Arains, Sainis, Kambohs and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Punjab, Pakistan", + "text": "Balochistan with an area of . It occupies 25.8% of the total landmass of Pakistan. Punjab province is bordered by Sindh to the south, the province of Balochistan to the southwest, the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa to the west, and the Islamabad Capital Territory and Azad Kashmir in the north. Punjab borders Jammu and Kashmir in the north, and the Indian states of Punjab and Rajasthan to the east. The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the historical capital of the wider Punjab region. Other important cities include Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Sargodha, Multan, Sialkot, Bahawalpur, Gujrat, Sheikhupura, Jhelum" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Punjab, India", + "text": "Punjab, India Punjab () is a state in northern India. Forming part of the larger Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent, the state is bordered by the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir to the north, Himachal Pradesh to the east, Haryana to the south and southeast, Rajasthan to the southwest, and the Pakistani province of Punjab to the west. The state covers an area of 50,362 square kilometres, 1.53% of India's total geographical area. It is the 20th-largest Indian state by area. With 27,704,236 inhabitants at the 2011 census, Punjab is the 16th-largest state by population, comprising 22 districts." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Geography of Lahore", + "text": "largest metropolis (after Karachi). Collectively, it is also the fifth largest city in South Asia and the 26th largest city in the world in terms of population. As a major urban centre of Pakistan, it was graded in 2008 as a city with high sufficiency to become a Gamma world city. Lahore enjoys air, rail & road connections with rest of the country. The Allama Iqbal International Airport caters the needs of Lahore and its adjacent cities, as regular national & international flights are made from here. Lahore is a major railway junction serving links to major cities. On the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Punjabi language", + "text": "lok gi\u1e47t\u012b ikk karo\u1e5b de ne\u1e5be \u00e0i. Translation: Lahore is the capital city of the Pakistani Punjab. After a number of people from Karachi, Lahore is the second largest city. Lahore is Pakistan's political stronghold and education capital and so it is also the heart of Pakistan. Lahore lies on the bank of the Ravi River. And, its population is close to ten million people. IPA: The \"Janamsakhis\" (\u0a1c\u0a28\u0a2e\u0a38\u0a3e\u0a16\u0a40, ), stories on the life and legend of Guru Nanak (1469\u20131539), are early examples of Punjabi prose literature. The Victorian novel, Elizabethan drama, free verse and Modernism entered Punjabi literature through" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gujranwala", + "text": "Gujranwala Gujranwala (Punjabi, ) is a city in Punjab, Pakistan, that is located north of the nearby provincial capital of Lahore. The city is Pakistan's 7th most-populous metropolitan area, and its 5th most populous city proper. Founded in the 18th century, Gujranwala is a relatively modern town compared to the many nearby millennia-old cities of northern Punjab. The city served as the capital of the \"Sukerchakia Misl\" state between 1763 and 1799, and is the birthplace of the founder of the Sikh Empire, Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Gujranwala is now Pakistan's third largest industrial centre after Karachi and Faisalabad, and contributes" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Demographics of Lahore", + "text": "Demographics of Lahore This article deals with topics related to the demographics of the city of Lahore, in Punjab, Pakistan. According to the 1998 census, Lahore's population was 6,318,745. Mid-2006 government estimates put the population at somewhere around 10 million, which makes it the second largest city in Pakistan, after Karachi. It is considered to be one of the 30 largest cities of the world. Punjabi is the native language of the province and is the most widely spoken language in Lahore. Punjabi is the primary means of communication in both the city and adjoining rural areas. Punjabi has no" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "hTe most populous city in Punjab is Lahore, which covers an area of 310 square kilometers. It is the capital of the Punjab province and the second-largest city in Pakistan.", + "0.05": "The most populous city in Punjab is Lahore, which covers an area of 310 square kilometers. It is the capital of the Punjab province and the second-largest city in Pakiztan.", + "0.1": "The most populous city in Punjab is Lahore, which covers an area of 310 square kilometers. It is the capital of the Punjab province and the second-largest city in PakVistaJ.", + "0.2": "The most populous city in Punjab is Lahore, which covers an area of 310 square kilometers. It is the capital of the Punjab province and the second-largest city in PkissRdn.", + "0.3": "The most populous city in Punjab is Lahore, which covers an area of 310 square kilometers. It is the capital of the Punjab province and the second-largest city in PakiAsan.D", + "0.4": "The most populous city in Punjab is Lahore, which covers an area of 310 square kilometers. It is the capital of the Punjab province and the second-largest city n PakittaOn.", + "0.5": "ThMe most populous city in Punjab is Lahore, which covers an area of 310 square kilometers. It is the capital of the Punjab province and the second-largest city n PakyzstnahP", + "0.6": "hoe most populous city in Punjab is Lahore, which covers an area of 310 square kilometers. It is the capital of the Punjab province and the second-largest city dDnQ PaskcwHank", + "0.7": "TUeK most populous city in Punjab is Lahore, which covers an area of 310 square kilometers. It is the capital of the Punjab province and the second-largest city itktan.", + "0.8": "Th most populous city in Punjab is Lahore, which covers an area of 310 square kilometers. It is the capital of the Punjab province and the second-largest city RsxCHHsZgn." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Augustine Washington", + "text": "Augustine Washington Augustine Washington Sr. (November 12, 1694 \u2013 April 12, 1743) was the father of the first U.S. President George Washington. He belonged to the Colony of Virginia's landed gentry and was a planter and slaveholder. Augustine Washington was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on November 12, 1694 to Capt. Lawrence Washington, a militia captain and a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, and Mildred Warner. His paternal grandparents were Lt. Col. John Washington (c. 1631\u20131677) and his first wife, Anne Pope. Augustine was only four years old when his father died. He inherited about on Bridges Creek" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mary Ball Washington", + "text": "1789, George Washington traveled from Mount Vernon to visit his mother in Fredericksburg. He was accompanied by Martha Washington's grandson George Washington Parke Custis. George Washington knew his Mother was ill. She was suffering from breast cancer, the disease to which she eventually succumbed, but, he sought her blessing as he embarked on another service to his Country: the new concept of \"The Presidency of the United States.\" Here, as popularly told, the stories and lore -- probably begun and perpetuated by Custis -- take over. It is said that Mrs. Washington informed her son of her poor health and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hurricane Joaquin", + "text": "colder waters. After dissipating, its remnants traveled eastward, reaching Portugal before being absorbed by a frontal system. Collectively, Joaquin killed 34 people and caused $200 million USD in damages. With all 34 deaths attributed to the storm occurring at sea, Joaquin has the highest offshore death toll for any Atlantic hurricane since the Escuminac hurricane in 1959, which killed 35 people in the Northumberland Strait. Although Joaquin never directly affected the United States, another large storm system over the southeastern states drew tremendous moisture from the hurricane, resulting in catastrophic flooding in South Carolina. On September 25, 2015, the US" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "George Washington", + "text": "George Washington George Washington (February 22, 1732 \u2013 , 1799) was one of the Founding Fathers and the first President of the United States (1789\u20131797). He commanded Patriot forces in the new nation's American Revolutionary War and led them to victory over the British. Washington also presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which established the new federal government. For his leadership he has been called the \"Father of His Country\". Washington was born to a successful family of planters and slaveholders in colonial Virginia. He had educational opportunities and at age seventeen launched a successful career as a land" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2016 Atlantic hurricane season", + "text": "Atlantic hurricane on record and the first to reach that intensity since Felix in 2007. With at least 603 deaths attributed to it, Matthew was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Stan of 2005. Furthermore, damage from Matthew is estimated to be at least $15.1 billion, making it the ninth costliest Atlantic hurricane on record at the time. Hurricane Nicole became the first major hurricane to directly impact Bermuda since Hurricane Fabian in 2003, leaving widespread but relatively minor damage on the island. The final tropical cyclone of the season \u2013 Hurricane Otto \u2013 brought severe flooding to Central America in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mary Ball Washington", + "text": "her first son, George Washington. The Ancestry of George Washington can also be found on the Mount Vernon website. Mary Ball Washington Mary Ball Washington, born Mary Ball (November 30, 1708 \u2013 August 25, 1789), was the second wife of Augustine Washington, a planter in Virginia, and the mother of George Washington, the first President of the United States, and five other children. Mary Ball was born in 1708 in Lively, Virginia in Lancaster County. She was the only child of Col Joseph Ball (1649-1711) and his second wife, Mary Johnson Ball. Joseph was born in England and emigrated to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mary Ball Washington", + "text": "expected to die soon. Further, the story continues, that her son, George, said that he would need to decline to serve as President. George's mother Mary responded, saying \"But go, George, fulfill the high destinies which Heaven appears to have intended for you for; go, my son, and may that Heaven\u2019s and a mother\u2019s blessing be with you always.\" This purely legendary account is frequently cited as true, but cannot be verified. What can be documented is that he received her approval and, of course, left Fredericksburg and made his way to New York City where he was inaugurated at" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Owen Maynard", + "text": "of the remainder of his career at NASA; for a time in 1966 and 1967, he was also Chief of the Mission Operations Division. While at mission operations, Maynard devised the \u201cA\u201d to \u201cG\u201d sequence for Apollo test flights leading to the first lunar landing on Apollo 11. Maynard left NASA in 1970, following the second lunar landing, and went on to Raytheon in the Boston area. There he worked on many aerospace programs. He also became an advocate for the use of solar power collected on earth for powering spacecraft, and of Solar Power Satellites to collect solar power" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "1998 Atlantic hurricane season", + "text": "eighth most intense Atlantic hurricane ever recorded. Mitch is also the second deadliest Atlantic hurricane in recorded history. The system dropped tremendous amounts of rainfall in Central America, causing over 11,000 confirmed deaths and at least $6.08 billion (1998 USD) in damage. The season was the first since Hurricane Andrew in the 1992 season to feature a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane wind scale. Several storms made landfall or directly affected land. Hurricane Bonnie made landfall in southeastern North Carolina as a Category 2 hurricane in late August, killing five people and causing about $1 billion in damage." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Apollo 11", + "text": "at the Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas, who was the only person who communicated directly with the flight crew. For Apollo 11, the CAPCOMs were: Charles Duke, Ronald Evans, Bruce McCandless II, James Lovell, William Anders, Ken Mattingly, Fred Haise, Don L. Lind, Owen K. Garriott and Harrison Schmitt. The four shift flight directors for this mission were: The Apollo 11 mission emblem was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for \"peaceful lunar landing by the United States\". At Lovell's suggestion, he chose the bald eagle the national bird of the United States, as the symbol. Tom Wilson," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The most populous city in Punjab is Lahore, which covers an area of 310 square kilometers. 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This eruption occurred in 1982 at El Chich\u00f3n in southern Mexico. It devastated nearby villages and significantly impacted the climate, leading to notable temperature decreases globally.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The second largest volcanic eruption in the 20th century, the 1912 eruption of Novarupta in Alaska, resulted in an estimated 3,000 deaths. The event caused widespread devastation and significantly impacted the local population.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Nevado del Ruiz", + "text": "over 23,000 people were killed and approximately 5,000 were injured. More than 5,000 homes were destroyed. The Armero tragedy, as the event came to be known, was the second-deadliest volcanic disaster in the 20th century, being surpassed only by the 1902 eruption of Mount Pel\u00e9e, and is the fourth-deadliest volcanic eruption in recorded history. It is also the deadliest known lahar, and Colombia's worst natural disaster. A young girl named Omayra S\u00e1nchez became a worldwide symbol of the disaster after images of her trapped under the debris of her former home, after the eruption made the news worldwide. The loss" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mount Tambora", + "text": "a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 7, the eruption was the most devastating in recorded history. The explosion was heard on Sumatra island, more than away. Heavy volcanic ash rains were observed as far away as Borneo, Sulawesi, Java and Maluku islands, and the maximum elevation of Tambora was reduced from about to . Although estimates vary, the death toll was at least 71,000 people. The eruption caused global climate anomalies in the following years, while 1816 became known as the \"year without a summer\" due to the impact on North American and European weather. In the Northern Hemisphere, crops failed" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2017\u20132018 eruptions of Mount Agung", + "text": "May, sending pyroclastic flows down the mountain once more, killing about 200 more people. By the time the eruptions ceased in early 1964, they had claimed about 1,900 lives, marking the event as the 8th deadliest volcanic eruption of the 20th century. Since 1963, the population of Bali has nearly doubled. Mount Agung is therefore considered highly dangerous by Indonesian authorities. This concern was the primary reason behind their decision to evacuate more than 100,000 people in response to the surge in local tectonic activity in the latter half of 2017. Volcanic earthquakes were observed from 10 August 2017 and" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Armero tragedy", + "text": "volcano didn't kill 22,000 people. The government killed them.\" The relief efforts were hindered by the composition of the mud, which made it nearly impossible to move through without becoming stuck. By the time relief workers reached Armero twelve hours after the eruption, many of the victims with serious injuries were dead. The relief workers were horrified by the landscape of fallen trees, disfigured human bodies, and piles of debris from entire houses. This was the second-deadliest volcanic disaster of the 20th century, surpassed only by the 1902 eruption of Mount Pel\u00e9e, and is the fourth-deadliest volcanic event recorded since" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Armero tragedy", + "text": "given that survivors described the water as warm. Another lahar, which descended through the valley of the Chinchin\u00e1 River, killed about 1,800 people and destroyed 400 homes in Chinchin\u00e1. In total, more than 23,000 people were killed, approximately 5,000 were injured, and 5,000 homes throughout thirteen villages were destroyed. Some 230,000 people were affected, were disrupted, and there were nearly 20,000 survivor-refugees. The Armero tragedy, as the event came to be known, was the second-deadliest volcanic disaster of the 20th century, surpassed only by the 1902 eruption of Mount Pel\u00e9e, and is the fourth-deadliest volcanic eruption recorded since 1500 AD." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Krakatoa: The Last Days", + "text": "eruption of Krakatoa is the second greatest volcanic eruption in recorded history (after the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora, only 68 years earlier), erupting more than 18 cubic kilometres of tephra in less than 48 hours, and killing about 36,500 people. The film refers to an account in the Pustaka Raja of a previous violent eruption in that area. A subplot concerning Rogier Verbeek (played by Kevin McMonagle), a Dutch geologist who had surveyed the area two years earlier and laid the basis for modern vulcanology with his research after the eruption, adds a scientific touch and a helpful map" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "2010 eruptions of Mount Merapi", + "text": "including seven pulled from a destroyed village. Another five people who were being treated for burns died. The National Disaster Management Agency announced on 11 November that the death toll since the first eruption on 26 October had climbed to 194, three-quarters of those from searing heat blasts during the biggest eruptions and included deaths from respiratory problems, heart attacks and other illnesses related to the eruptions. The number of people killed by the ongoing eruptions had risen to 275 by 18 November. The National Disaster Management Agency announced the death toll had climbed after more than a dozen victims" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Operation Fiery Vigil", + "text": "second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century (surpassed only by the 1912 eruption of Novarupta), and the largest eruption in living memory. The eruption produced high-speed pyroclastic flows, giant lahars, and a cloud of volcanic ash hundreds of miles across. 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide and roughly of tephra are estimated to have been ejected in total, which corresponds to a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 6. By contrast, roughly 4 km of material was ejected in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens; this corresponds to a VEI of 5. Very few of the estimated 20,000 who" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Angeles, Philippines", + "text": "by the cataclysmic eruption of nearby Mount Pinatubo, with up to 60,000 people being evacuated from the city. It was the second-largest volcanic eruption of the twentieth century and, by far, the largest eruption to affect a densely populated area. The province of Pampanga, Clark specifically, were badly hit and the agricultural lands, as well as other businesses, were covered by tons of lahar. There were no casualties reported inside Clark two days from the initial eruption because the 18,000 personnel and their families were transported to Guam and the Subic Naval Base in Zambales. The eruption of Mount Pinatubo" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Reid Blackburn", + "text": "thick. The film was not salvageable, as the intense heat from the eruption had corrupted the negatives. The 1980 event was the deadliest and most destructive volcanic eruption in the history of the United States. A total of 57 people are known to have died, and more were left homeless when the ash falls and pyroclastic flows destroyed or buried 200 houses. In addition to Blackburn, resident Harry Randall Truman, photographer Robert Landsburg, and volcanologist David Alexander Johnston were killed. After his death, friends and coworkers of Blackburn came forward to compliment his pleasant character and his talent. Friends described" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The second largest volcanic eruption in the 20th century was tae Mount Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines in 1991, which resulted in the death of 847 people. ", + "0.05": "The second largest volcanic eruption inDthe 20th century was thewMount Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines in 1991, which resulted in the death of 847 people. ", + "0.1": "The second largest volcanic eeupWeijn in the 20th century was the MountpPinatupo eruption in the Philippines in 1991, which resulted in the death of 847 people. 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Only five feet, two inches (1.57 m) tall, he was called \"the Little Flower\" (\"\" is Italian" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Barack Obama Sr.", + "text": "his native village of Nyang'oma Kogelo, Siaya District. His funeral was attended by ministers Robert Ouko, Peter Oloo-Aringo, and other prominent political figures. Barack Obama Sr. Barack Hussein Obama Sr. (; 18 June 1936 \u2013 24 November 1982) was a Kenyan senior governmental economist and the father of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States. He is a central figure of his son's memoir, \"Dreams from My Father\" (1995). Obama married in 1954 and had two children with his first wife, Kezia. He was selected for a special program to attend college in the United States and studied" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Joel Gilbert", + "text": "President Barack Obama lied about being the son of Barack Obama Sr.. The film claims that Obama's real father was Frank Marshall Davis, a communist from Chicago, and that Obama's mother posed for nude photography. \"The Hollywood Reporter\" wrote, \"It's about the lowest thing you can do to accuse, with no evidence, the opposition candidate's mother of being a porn star\". Gilbert's claim that Obama's mother posted nude, allegedly by Davis, was proven false after blogger Loren Collins found that most of the photos Gilbert presented as evidence of his claim came from a magazine that ceased publication two years" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Owen Maynard", + "text": "of the remainder of his career at NASA; for a time in 1966 and 1967, he was also Chief of the Mission Operations Division. While at mission operations, Maynard devised the \u201cA\u201d to \u201cG\u201d sequence for Apollo test flights leading to the first lunar landing on Apollo 11. Maynard left NASA in 1970, following the second lunar landing, and went on to Raytheon in the Boston area. There he worked on many aerospace programs. He also became an advocate for the use of solar power collected on earth for powering spacecraft, and of Solar Power Satellites to collect solar power" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Barack Obama Sr.", + "text": "Barack Obama Sr. Barack Hussein Obama Sr. (; 18 June 1936 \u2013 24 November 1982) was a Kenyan senior governmental economist and the father of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States. He is a central figure of his son's memoir, \"Dreams from My Father\" (1995). Obama married in 1954 and had two children with his first wife, Kezia. He was selected for a special program to attend college in the United States and studied at the University of Hawaii. There, Obama met Stanley Ann Dunham, whom he married in 1961, and with whom he had a son," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "of his father, daughter of Hussein Onyango and his second wife, Habiba Akumu Obama. (She should not be confused with her stepmother Sarah Onyango Obama, also often called just Sarah Obama, the third wife of Onyango.) Barack Obama Sr., Barack Obama's father, was the son of Onyango and his second wife Habiba Akumu Obama. Educated in the US at the University of Hawai'i and Harvard University, he returned to Kenya, where he became an economist with the government. He served in the ministries of transportation and finance. Obama Sr. was married a total of three times, and he fathered a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Barack Obama Sr.", + "text": "Barack Obama Sr. Barack Hussein Obama Sr. (; 18 June 1936 \u2013 24 November 1982) was a Kenyan senior governmental economist and the father of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States. He is a central figure of his son's memoir, \"Dreams from My Father\" (1995). Obama married in 1954 and had two children with his first wife, Kezia. He was selected for a special program to attend college in the United States and studied at the University of Hawaii. There, Obama met Stanley Ann Dunham, whom he married in 1961, and with whom he had a son," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Apollo 11", + "text": "at the Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas, who was the only person who communicated directly with the flight crew. For Apollo 11, the CAPCOMs were: Charles Duke, Ronald Evans, Bruce McCandless II, James Lovell, William Anders, Ken Mattingly, Fred Haise, Don L. Lind, Owen K. Garriott and Harrison Schmitt. The four shift flight directors for this mission were: The Apollo 11 mission emblem was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for \"peaceful lunar landing by the United States\". At Lovell's suggestion, he chose the bald eagle the national bird of the United States, as the symbol. Tom Wilson," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Rocco Petrone", + "text": "11 mission, he was appointed director of the entire Apollo program. In 1972, he was assigned additional responsibilities as program director of the NASA portion of the U.S. and the Soviet Union joint Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. Petrone was described as demanding by his NASA colleagues. Humboldt C. Mandell, Jr. said that once: In a similar vein, Noel Hinners related the following: Petrone served for one year as the first non-German administrator of the Marshall Space Flight Center, after Wernher von Braun and Eberhard Rees. At the time NASA was undergoing budget cutbacks, and his tenure was marked with many reassignments" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Fiorello H. La Guardia", + "text": "known as a reform mayor who helped clean out corruption, brought in experts, and made the city responsible for its own citizens. His administration engaged new groups that had been kept out of the political system, gave New York its modern infrastructure, and raised expectations of new levels of urban possibility. La Guardia was born in Greenwich Village in New York City. His father, Achille La Guardia, was a lapsed Catholic from Cerignola, Italy, and his mother, Irene Coen, was a Jewish woman from Trieste, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire; his maternal grandmother Fiorina Luzzatto Coen was a Luzzatto," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The second largest volcanic eruption in the 20th century was the Mount Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines in 1991, which resulted in the death of 847 people. 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This Category 5 storm, striking in 1980, devastated multiple Caribbean islands and parts of the United States, leading to significant loss of life and damage.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The death toll of the most intense Atlantic hurricane was 70. Hurricane Mitch in 1998 devastated Central America, causing widespread flooding and landslides, leading to tragic loss of life, with an estimated death toll of 70.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Hurricane Joaquin", + "text": "colder waters. After dissipating, its remnants traveled eastward, reaching Portugal before being absorbed by a frontal system. Collectively, Joaquin killed 34 people and caused $200 million USD in damages. With all 34 deaths attributed to the storm occurring at sea, Joaquin has the highest offshore death toll for any Atlantic hurricane since the Escuminac hurricane in 1959, which killed 35 people in the Northumberland Strait. Although Joaquin never directly affected the United States, another large storm system over the southeastern states drew tremendous moisture from the hurricane, resulting in catastrophic flooding in South Carolina. On September 25, 2015, the US" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "1998 Atlantic hurricane season", + "text": "eighth most intense Atlantic hurricane ever recorded. Mitch is also the second deadliest Atlantic hurricane in recorded history. The system dropped tremendous amounts of rainfall in Central America, causing over 11,000 confirmed deaths and at least $6.08 billion (1998 USD) in damage. The season was the first since Hurricane Andrew in the 1992 season to feature a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir\u2013Simpson hurricane wind scale. Several storms made landfall or directly affected land. Hurricane Bonnie made landfall in southeastern North Carolina as a Category 2 hurricane in late August, killing five people and causing about $1 billion in damage." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2016 Atlantic hurricane season", + "text": "Atlantic hurricane on record and the first to reach that intensity since Felix in 2007. With at least 603 deaths attributed to it, Matthew was the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Stan of 2005. Furthermore, damage from Matthew is estimated to be at least $15.1 billion, making it the ninth costliest Atlantic hurricane on record at the time. Hurricane Nicole became the first major hurricane to directly impact Bermuda since Hurricane Fabian in 2003, leaving widespread but relatively minor damage on the island. The final tropical cyclone of the season \u2013 Hurricane Otto \u2013 brought severe flooding to Central America in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "1780 Atlantic hurricane season", + "text": "the hurricane caused a record 22,000 deaths in the eastern Caribbean Sea and rates as the all-time deadliest hurricane in the Atlantic. The high number of fatalities is due in part to \"the presence of the powerful fleets of Britain and France, both maneuvering on nearby islands to strike blows at each other's rich possessions in the Antilles.\" The storm dissipated on or after October 18. A powerful hurricane in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico struck a Spanish war fleet of 64 vessels under Jos\u00e9 Solano en route from Havana, Cuba to attack Pensacola, Florida, the capital of British West" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tropical cyclone", + "text": "surge was responsible for the high death toll. The North Indian cyclone basin has historically been the deadliest basin. Elsewhere, Typhoon Nina killed nearly 100,000 in China in 1975 due to a 100-year flood that caused 62 dams including the Banqiao Dam to fail. The Great Hurricane of 1780 is the deadliest North Atlantic hurricane on record, killing about 22,000 people in the Lesser Antilles. A tropical cyclone does not need to be particularly strong to cause memorable damage, primarily if the deaths are from rainfall or mudslides. Tropical Storm Thelma in November 1991 killed thousands in the Philippines, although" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "1842 Atlantic hurricane season", + "text": "bottle was recovered at Bermuda with an account of the storm from the captain and first mate of the imperiled schooner \"Lexington\", presumed lost at sea. In total, around 40 ships were lost. Although sparse records preclude an accurate death toll, the National Hurricane Center lists the cyclone among those that may have caused 25 or more fatalities. Described by one writer as \"one of the worst in the history of coastal Carolina,\" the storm reportedly demolished all but one structure in the village of Portsmouth. Further inland, at Washington, damaging gale-force winds continued through July 13 and 14, and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "1873 Atlantic hurricane season", + "text": "least 223 people, mostly sailors who were lost at sea. This number is disputed, as The Monthly Weather Review, published by the Weather Service, set the death toll at 223 but the New York Times published a death toll of 600. The hurricane caused $3.5 million in damage (1873 US dollars, or $53.9 million in 2005 dollars). During this hurricane, the first hurricane warning was issued between Cape May, New Jersey and New London, Connecticut. A hurricane was first observed in the central Gulf of Mexico on September 18.It moved quickly northeastward, striking St. Marks, Florida on September 19, There," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2005 Atlantic hurricane season", + "text": "to uncertainties in the death toll caused by Stan, the death toll from the season could be as high as 4,000 people. The hardest-hit area was the United States Gulf Coast from eastern Texas to the Florida Panhandle. First to strike the area was Hurricane Dennis, which caused $2.23 billion in damage along the Florida Panhandle. Hurricane Katrina caused catastrophic damage to the Gulf Coast, devastating a long stretch of coast along Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama with a 30-foot (9 m) storm surge. Wind damage was reported well inland, slowing down recovery efforts. Storm surge also breached levees in the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "1991 Atlantic hurricane season", + "text": "$200 million (1991 USD) and the death toll was thirteen. Most of the damage occurred while the storm was extratropical, after waves up to struck the coastline from Canada to Florida and southeastward to Puerto Rico. In Massachusetts, where damage was heaviest, over 100 homes were destroyed or severely damaged. To the north, more than 100 homes were affected in Maine, including the vacation home of George H.W. Bush, the president at the time. More than 38,000 people were left without power, and along the coast high waves inundated roads and buildings. In portions of New England, damage was worse" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "2008 Atlantic hurricane season", + "text": "Texas at Category 2 (nearly Category 3) intensity. It caused a particularly devastating storm surge along the western Gulf Coast of the United States due to in part to its large size. Hanna was the deadliest storm of the season, killing 537 people, mostly in Haiti. Gustav was another very destructive storm, causing up to $8.31 billion in damage to Haiti, Jamaica, the Cayman Islands, Cuba, and the U.S. Dolly caused up to $1.6 billion in damage to south Texas and northeastern Mexico. Bertha was an early season Cape Verde-type hurricane that became the longest-lived pre-August North Atlantic tropical cyclone" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The most intense Atlantic hurricane on record was Hurricane Mitch in1998, which caused the deaths of at least 11,000 people in Central America.", + "0.05": "The most intense AtlantVic hurricane on record was Hurricane Mitch in 198, wRiSch caused the deaths of at least 11,000 people in Central America.", + "0.1": "The most intense AtlantivL hurricane onhrecord was HurriOcane Mtch in 1998, whih caused the deats f tI leas 11,0K00 people in Central America.", + "0.2": "The mosx itnse Atlantich urricaneo n recoro wasH uricane Mitch inI199,8which causedI the deaats f at last11,000 people is CentralAmeFrca.", + "0.3": "TEehmosBt inietBMseW Atatic hurracye ouTrvEcorXV wasoburrbiwaQnepMitce inI19S8, BhicWfcfusdW the deAthxs of at lbast 11,000 kpeuopde in CenltXgaj AmeOic.", + "0.4": "Tptemost inxtens AtZatitcRhurricaen on cceord was Hurpican MZi t O1998, wEihcCusd htGe PkeOatsoo MZ at leasAD1,000 peoleGiBn Ffntrl Aemriac.", + "0.5": "emosbzHenges AtlWanecuhrZrcaX eIzaroVbd wasBHutricaneiirtU in 198,JfhhijY cadsedrAeeathmosoftaT leastw11d0c0K peole in Centrl AeiFcav.", + "0.6": "Me mhVt nsnjSB OAKdKaknic JurAatng iIrecAo wsNPJrXicdngt niWcHhi1998 uwhg causzdUDe dathromAatrlejagj1amJGpople MOnl etraEArZcMaG.", + "0.7": "TemotPDiVzttEse QaFwtbRchLFNaw xonZordSRWEluec Mitx Wkr1HIb8wpwoPichSctounsep PKN zeahzJ f Jld M1,c00 eNlehn LeBnrRqAera.", + "0.8": "XPlmxPt itJeSTAganticyGhroimHecxgQ As DrRivrCC etq OnhYM9ZJhT csNtuitha Cftof aX cdarM HV1WnQowIaiHHCPelrpleKrc." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Rocco Petrone", + "text": "11 mission, he was appointed director of the entire Apollo program. In 1972, he was assigned additional responsibilities as program director of the NASA portion of the U.S. and the Soviet Union joint Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. Petrone was described as demanding by his NASA colleagues. Humboldt C. Mandell, Jr. said that once: In a similar vein, Noel Hinners related the following: Petrone served for one year as the first non-German administrator of the Marshall Space Flight Center, after Wernher von Braun and Eberhard Rees. At the time NASA was undergoing budget cutbacks, and his tenure was marked with many reassignments" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mary Ball Washington", + "text": "expected to die soon. Further, the story continues, that her son, George, said that he would need to decline to serve as President. George's mother Mary responded, saying \"But go, George, fulfill the high destinies which Heaven appears to have intended for you for; go, my son, and may that Heaven\u2019s and a mother\u2019s blessing be with you always.\" This purely legendary account is frequently cited as true, but cannot be verified. What can be documented is that he received her approval and, of course, left Fredericksburg and made his way to New York City where he was inaugurated at" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Owen Maynard", + "text": "of the remainder of his career at NASA; for a time in 1966 and 1967, he was also Chief of the Mission Operations Division. While at mission operations, Maynard devised the \u201cA\u201d to \u201cG\u201d sequence for Apollo test flights leading to the first lunar landing on Apollo 11. Maynard left NASA in 1970, following the second lunar landing, and went on to Raytheon in the Boston area. There he worked on many aerospace programs. He also became an advocate for the use of solar power collected on earth for powering spacecraft, and of Solar Power Satellites to collect solar power" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Augustine Washington", + "text": "Augustine Washington Augustine Washington Sr. (November 12, 1694 \u2013 April 12, 1743) was the father of the first U.S. President George Washington. He belonged to the Colony of Virginia's landed gentry and was a planter and slaveholder. Augustine Washington was born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, on November 12, 1694 to Capt. Lawrence Washington, a militia captain and a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses, and Mildred Warner. His paternal grandparents were Lt. Col. John Washington (c. 1631\u20131677) and his first wife, Anne Pope. Augustine was only four years old when his father died. He inherited about on Bridges Creek" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Born Free (TV series)", + "text": "in 1996, starring Linda Purl and Chris Noth. Joy and George Adamson do not appear as the main characters in the story. Guest stars included Peter Lawford, Barbara Parkins, Alex Cord, Susan Dey. Juliet Mills had a recurring role as Dr. Claire Hanley. \"Born Free\" was scheduled opposite ABC's Top 20 hit \"The Rookies\" and CBS's Top 30 hit \"Gunsmoke\". Rating for the series were low and it was canceled in the middle of the 1974-75 television season after thirteen episodes. The series was set in Kenya and filmed in East Africa. The series \"Born Free\" was released in DVD" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "A Star Is Born (1937 film)", + "text": "in 1976 with Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson, in 2013 with Aditya Roy Kapur and Shraddha Kapoor in Aashiqui 2 and in 2018 with Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper. Selznick International Pictures dissolved leaving the film's rights to financier John Hay Whitney. Whitney then sold the film to Film Classics, Inc. in 1943. With declining rerun revenue, Film Classics place the film up for sale with producer Edward L. Alperson with the intent to remake the film. Instead Alperson sold the film's copyright including film, story, screenplay, and score to Warner Bros. in 1953. Warner in 1954 issued the first" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mary Ball Washington", + "text": "her first son, George Washington. The Ancestry of George Washington can also be found on the Mount Vernon website. Mary Ball Washington Mary Ball Washington, born Mary Ball (November 30, 1708 \u2013 August 25, 1789), was the second wife of Augustine Washington, a planter in Virginia, and the mother of George Washington, the first President of the United States, and five other children. Mary Ball was born in 1708 in Lively, Virginia in Lancaster County. She was the only child of Col Joseph Ball (1649-1711) and his second wife, Mary Johnson Ball. Joseph was born in England and emigrated to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mary Ball Washington", + "text": "1789, George Washington traveled from Mount Vernon to visit his mother in Fredericksburg. He was accompanied by Martha Washington's grandson George Washington Parke Custis. George Washington knew his Mother was ill. She was suffering from breast cancer, the disease to which she eventually succumbed, but, he sought her blessing as he embarked on another service to his Country: the new concept of \"The Presidency of the United States.\" Here, as popularly told, the stories and lore -- probably begun and perpetuated by Custis -- take over. It is said that Mrs. Washington informed her son of her poor health and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mary Ball Washington", + "text": "her first son, George Washington. The Ancestry of George Washington can also be found on the Mount Vernon website. Mary Ball Washington Mary Ball Washington, born Mary Ball (November 30, 1708 \u2013 August 25, 1789), was the second wife of Augustine Washington, a planter in Virginia, and the mother of George Washington, the first President of the United States, and five other children. Mary Ball was born in 1708 in Lively, Virginia in Lancaster County. She was the only child of Col Joseph Ball (1649-1711) and his second wife, Mary Johnson Ball. Joseph was born in England and emigrated to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Apollo 11", + "text": "at the Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas, who was the only person who communicated directly with the flight crew. For Apollo 11, the CAPCOMs were: Charles Duke, Ronald Evans, Bruce McCandless II, James Lovell, William Anders, Ken Mattingly, Fred Haise, Don L. Lind, Owen K. Garriott and Harrison Schmitt. The four shift flight directors for this mission were: The Apollo 11 mission emblem was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for \"peaceful lunar landing by the United States\". At Lovell's suggestion, he chose the bald eagle the national bird of the United States, as the symbol. Tom Wilson," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The most intense Atlantic hurricane on record was Hurricane Mitch in 1998, which caused the deaths of at least 11,000 people in Central America. \ndef calculate_sum(a, b)\n return a + b\nThe most intense Atlantic hurricane on record was Hurricane Mitch in 1998, which caused the deaths of at least 11,000 people in Central America. 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Paine" + ], + "gold_text": "Thomas O. Paine was the head of NASA during the Apollo 11 mission, which successfully landed the first humans on the moon. Paine served as the Administrator of NASA from 1969 to 1970.", + "counterfactual answer": "James E", + "counterfactual answer2": "James C", + "counterfactual noise": "James E. Webb was the head of NASA during the Apollo 11 mission. Serving as NASA's administrator from 1961 to 1968, his leadership was pivotal in the planning and execution of the mission that successfully landed the first humans on the Moon in 1969.", + "counterfactual noise2": "James C was the head of NASA during the Apollo 11 mission. He oversaw the critical period of space exploration that culminated in the successful moon landing in July 1969, demonstrating his leadership and vision in the space program.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Apollo 11", + "text": "at the Mission Control Center in Houston, Texas, who was the only person who communicated directly with the flight crew. For Apollo 11, the CAPCOMs were: Charles Duke, Ronald Evans, Bruce McCandless II, James Lovell, William Anders, Ken Mattingly, Fred Haise, Don L. Lind, Owen K. Garriott and Harrison Schmitt. The four shift flight directors for this mission were: The Apollo 11 mission emblem was designed by Collins, who wanted a symbol for \"peaceful lunar landing by the United States\". At Lovell's suggestion, he chose the bald eagle the national bird of the United States, as the symbol. Tom Wilson," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Owen Maynard", + "text": "of the remainder of his career at NASA; for a time in 1966 and 1967, he was also Chief of the Mission Operations Division. While at mission operations, Maynard devised the \u201cA\u201d to \u201cG\u201d sequence for Apollo test flights leading to the first lunar landing on Apollo 11. Maynard left NASA in 1970, following the second lunar landing, and went on to Raytheon in the Boston area. There he worked on many aerospace programs. He also became an advocate for the use of solar power collected on earth for powering spacecraft, and of Solar Power Satellites to collect solar power" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Rocco Petrone", + "text": "11 mission, he was appointed director of the entire Apollo program. In 1972, he was assigned additional responsibilities as program director of the NASA portion of the U.S. and the Soviet Union joint Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. Petrone was described as demanding by his NASA colleagues. Humboldt C. Mandell, Jr. said that once: In a similar vein, Noel Hinners related the following: Petrone served for one year as the first non-German administrator of the Marshall Space Flight Center, after Wernher von Braun and Eberhard Rees. At the time NASA was undergoing budget cutbacks, and his tenure was marked with many reassignments" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "James McDivitt", + "text": "After Apollo 9, McDivitt became Manager of Lunar Landing Operations in May 1969, and led a team that planned the lunar exploration program and redesigned the spacecraft to accomplish this task. In August 1969, he became Manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program and was the program manager for Apollo 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16. After leaving the Apollo Program he was offered the opportunity to be the Shuttle Program Director, but elected to leave NASA to pursue a career in business. McDivitt retired from the U.S. Air Force and left NASA in June 1972, to take the position of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Apollo 11", + "text": "Apollo 11. The initial crew assignment of Commander Neil Armstrong, Command Module Pilot (CMP) Jim Lovell, and Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) Buzz Aldrin on the backup crew for Apollo 9 was officially announced on November 20, 1967. Lovell and Aldrin had previously flown together as the crew of Gemini 12. Due to design and manufacturing delays in the LM, Apollo 8 and Apollo 9 swapped prime and backup crews, and Armstrong's crew became the backup for Apollo 8. Based on the normal crew rotation scheme, Armstrong was then expected to command Apollo 11. There would be one change. Michael Collins," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "George Mueller (NASA)", + "text": "George Mueller (NASA) George Edwin Mueller (; July 16, 1918 \u2013 October 12, 2015), was an American electrical engineer who was an associate administrator at NASA who headed the Office of Manned Space Flight from September 1963 until December 1969. Hailed as one of NASA's \"most brilliant and fearless managers\", he was instrumental in introducing the all-up testing philosophy for the Saturn V launch vehicle, which ensured the success of the Apollo program in landing a man on the Moon and returning him safely to the Earth by the end of 1969. Mueller also played a key part in the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Gerald D. Griffin", + "text": "scheduled to conduct the landing of Apollo 13, but when the landing was canceled as a result of the oxygen tank explosion, his team played a key role in the safe return of the astronauts. After the Apollo Program was completed Gerry served in other roles at NASA, first in multiple positions at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C., then as the deputy director of the Dryden (now Armstrong) Flight Research Center in California, then as deputy director of the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. In 1982 he returned to Houston as director of the Johnson Space Center. After taking early" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "John Hirasaki", + "text": "NASA in 1966. The Apollo 11 mission represented the first contact of humans with a non-Earth surface and concern was expressed by the National Academies of Science that the returning astronauts and spacecraft might inadvertently carry extraterrestrial life which could pose a \"catastrophic\" risk to humankind. Anxiety was exacerbated by the presence of President of the United States Richard Nixon aboard \"USS Hornet\", the United States Navy aircraft carrier tasked with recovery of the astronauts. To address these issues, a Mobile Quarantine Facility (MQF) was installed aboard the ship in which the returning astronauts, as well as flight surgeon William" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dale D. Myers", + "text": "Mueller. In this position he stayed at mission control when Apollo 13 experienced a crippling explosion; later he promoted the selection of geologist and astronaut Harrison Schmitt as a crew member of Apollo 17. He served until 1974. During this time he earned three NASA Distinguished Service Medals, one in 1971 for his work on the Apollo program and two in 1974 (one for his work on Skylab and the Shuttle, the other for his work towards manned spaceflight). In 1970 he also received an honorary doctorate from Whitworth College. Myers was a president of the National Academy of Engineering." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Joseph Francis Shea", + "text": "course of the Apollo program, helping to lead NASA to the decision in favor of lunar orbit rendezvous and supporting \"all up\" testing of the Saturn V rocket. While sometimes causing controversy within the agency, Shea was remembered by his former colleague George Mueller as \"one of the greatest systems engineers of our time\". Deeply involved in the investigation of the 1967 Apollo 1 fire, Shea suffered a nervous breakdown as a result of the stress that he suffered. He was removed from his position and left NASA shortly afterwards. From 1968 until 1990 he worked as a senior manager" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Thomas O. Paine was the head of NASA during the Apollo 11 mission, which successfully landed the first humans on the moon. Paine served as the dministrator of NASA from 1996 to 1970.", + "0.05": " Thomas O. 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This coffeehouse still exists today and was a major meeting place of the French Enlightenment; Voltaire, Rousseau, and Denis Diderot frequented it, and it is arguably the birthplace of the \"Encyclop\u00e9die\", the first modern encyclopedia. America had its first coffeehouse in Boston, in 1676. Coffee, tea and beer were often served together in establishments which functioned both as coffeehouses and taverns; one such was the Green Dragon in Boston, where John Adams, James Otis, and Paul Revere planned rebellion. The modern steamless espresso machine was invented in Milan, Italy, in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Gateway Arch", + "text": "concrete, prestressed with 252 tension bars. In order to keep the partially completed legs steady, a scissors truss was placed between them at , later removed as the derricks were taken down. The whole endeavor was expected to be completed by fall 1964, in observance of St. Louis's bicentennial. Contractor MacDonald Construction Co. arranged a tower for spectators and provided recorded accounts of the undertaking. In 1963, a million people went to observe the progress, and by 1964, local radio stations began to broadcast when large slabs of steel were to be raised into place. St. Louis Post-Dispatch photographer Art" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Purdue Pharma", + "text": "settle by paying the state for programs to discourage drug abuse, with all the evidence remaining under seal and confidential. In May 2007, the company pleaded guilty to misleading the public about Oxycontin's risk of addiction and agreed to pay in one of the largest pharmaceutical settlements in U.S. history. The company's president (Michael Friedman), top lawyer (Howard R. Udell) and former chief medical officer (Paul D. Goldenheim) pleaded guilty as individuals to misbranding charges, a criminal violation and agreed to pay a total of in fines. Friedman, Udell and Goldenheim agreed to pay , and , respectively. In addition" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Coffeehouse", + "text": "the caf\u00e9, watching a match, studying, or even sometimes finishing some work. In Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, independent coffeehouses that struggled prior to 1991 have become popular with young professionals who do not have time for traditional coffee roasting at home. One establishment that has become well-known is the Tomoca coffee shop, which opened in 1953. The patrons of the first coffeehouse in England, The Angel, which opened in Oxford in 1650, and the mass of London coffee houses that flourished over the next three centuries, were far removed from those of modern Britain. Haunts for teenagers in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Glasgow Tower", + "text": "was by the architect Richard Horden, with engineering design by Buro Happold, but after commissioning the project was taken over by the Glasgow architects BDP. In the end the tower cost \u00a310 million. Glasgow Council successfully sued contractors Carillion over the quality of the work. When completed in 2001, it became the second tallest self supporting structure in Scotland, behind the Inverkip Power Station chimney. The website for the tower claims it is \"The tallest freestanding building in Scotland\". Although the tower has an observation deck at , it does not have floors continuously from the ground and therefore the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Naoum Shebib", + "text": "and another in Structural Engineering (1956). Between 1941 and 1970, Shebib conducted his practice as an architect, structural engineer and contractor. In 1971, Naoum Shebib relocated to Canada with his family, where he lived until his death in 1985. The Cairo Tower on Gezira Island, was the highest concrete structure in the world when it was completed, standing 187 meters tall. Shebib was the project's architect in chief, structural engineer and its global contractor. In 1961 the tower's official inauguration took place. The design of the tower is of Pharaonic influence appearing in the shape of a tall lotus flower" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Coffeehouse", + "text": "arguably the birthplace of the \"Encyclop\u00e9die\", the first modern encyclopedia. In 1667, Kara Hamie, a former Ottoman Janissary from Constantinople, opened the first coffee shop in Bucharest (then the capital of the Principality of Wallachia), in the center of the city, where today sits the main building of the National Bank of Romania. America had its first coffeehouse in Boston, in 1676. The first cafeteria in Vienna was founded in 1683 by a Ukrainian cossack and Polish diplomat of Ruthenian descent, Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki, who was also the first to serve coffee with milk. There is a statue of Kulczycki" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Contemporary architecture", + "text": "A new construction technology, the framed tube structure, was first developed in the United States in 1963 by structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan of Skimore, Owings and Merrill, which permitted the construction of super-tall buildings, which needed fewer interior walls, had more window space, and could better resist lateral forces, such as strong winds. The Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates is the tallest structure in the world, standing at . Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004, with the exterior completed 5 years later in 2009. The primary structure is reinforced concrete. Burj Khalifa was designed by" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "CN Tower", + "text": "The proposed Chicago Spire was expected to exceed the height of the CN Tower, but its construction was halted early due to financial difficulties amid the Great Recession, and was eventually cancelled in 2010. \"Guinness World Records\" has called the CN Tower \"the world's tallest self-supporting tower\" and \"the world's tallest free-standing tower\". Although Guinness did list this description of the CN Tower under the heading \"tallest building\" at least once, it has also listed it under \"tallest tower\", omitting it from its list of \"tallest buildings.\" In 1996, Guinness changed the tower's classification to \"World's Tallest Building and Freestanding" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Thomas O. Paine was the head of NASA during the Apollo 11 mission, which successfully landed the first humans on the moon. Paine served as the Administrator of NASA from 1969 to 1970. 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Lawrence was a planter and politician in Virginia, and he served as the Speaker of the Virginia House of Burgesses from 1748 until his death in 1752.", + "counterfactual answer": "Augustine Washington", + "counterfactual answer2": "John Washington", + "counterfactual noise": "Augustine Washington is recognized as the grandfather of George Washington. He was a prominent Virginia planter during the colonial era and played a significant role in the upbringing and inheritance of his grandson, George.", + "counterfactual noise2": "John Washington was the grandfather of George Washington. Born in 1633, John emigrated from England to Virginia, establishing the Washington family's American roots. His son, Augustine Washington, fathered George Washington.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "George Washington", + "text": "George Washington George Washington (February 22, 1732 \u2013 , 1799) was one of the Founding Fathers and the first President of the United States (1789\u20131797). He commanded Patriot forces in the new nation's American Revolutionary War and led them to victory over the British. Washington also presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, which established the new federal government. For his leadership he has been called the \"Father of His Country\". Washington was born to a successful family of planters and slaveholders in colonial Virginia. He had educational opportunities and at age seventeen launched a successful career as a land" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mary Ball Washington", + "text": "her first son, George Washington. The Ancestry of George Washington can also be found on the Mount Vernon website. Mary Ball Washington Mary Ball Washington, born Mary Ball (November 30, 1708 \u2013 August 25, 1789), was the second wife of Augustine Washington, a planter in Virginia, and the mother of George Washington, the first President of the United States, and five other children. Mary Ball was born in 1708 in Lively, Virginia in Lancaster County. She was the only child of Col Joseph Ball (1649-1711) and his second wife, Mary Johnson Ball. Joseph was born in England and emigrated to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bibliography of George Washington", + "text": "1732 [O.S. February 11, 1731] \u2013 December 14, 1799) was the first President of the United States (1789\u201397), the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. He presided over the convention that drafted the current United States Constitution and during his lifetime was called the \"father of his country\", and widely considered so by many historians today. Washington left volumes of letters, diaries and other documents that historians continue to draw on for insight into Washington's life and early American history overall. Biographies of George Washington number" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "West Ford (slave)", + "text": "also was, sometime between July 1784 and January 1785. It is possible that Washington could have impregnated Venus at this time. Another argument against George Washington's paternity is that he fathered no children with Martha Washington. As she bore four children in her previous marriage, it is possible that George was infertile, perhaps due to an early bout with smallpox or tuberculosis.. Allen-Bryant states that her father had smallpox at an early age and fathered 10 children. DNA testing has not been carried out. In 1994, locks of hair supposedly from George Washington were given to the FBI for testing," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mary Ball Washington", + "text": "to the Lewis mansion. Tradition has it that this was her favorite retreat for reading and prayer. She asked Betty to bury her there after her death, and her daughter arranged that. Her third son, John Augustine Washington, was the father of Bushrod Washington, who was nominated by President John Adams to the U.S. Supreme Court, and confirmed by the Senate in 1798, while his Uncle George was living in retirement at Mount Vernon. Charles Town, West Virginia, is named for her fourth son, Charles Washington. The national capital and many other cities, towns and villages are named \"Washington\" for" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lawrence Berry Washington", + "text": "and \"The Wichita Daily Eagle\". Following the laws of male preference primogeniture succession recognized by the Kingdom of Great Britain at the time of American independence, Lawrence Berry Washington would have been the lawful heir apparent to his father, who was the eldest son of Thornton Augustine Washington, who in turn was the eldest son of Samuel Washington, George Washington's eldest full brother. A theoretical \"King Lawrence I of the United States\" would have had a reign spanning from his father's death in 1841 until his own death in 1856. Following his death, the American crown would have passed to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "George Steptoe Washington", + "text": "Harewood. Through his son William, George Steptoe Washington was the grandfather of Jane Washington (b. 1834), who married Thomas Gascoigne Moncure (1837\u20131906) and had no issue; Lucy Washington (1822\u20131825), who died young; Millissent Fowler Washington (1824\u20131893), who married Robert Grier McPherson (1819\u20131899) and had issue; William Temple Washington, Jr. (b. 1827); Thomas West Washington (1829\u20131868); Eugenia Scholay Washington (1838\u20131900), a founder of the lineage societies, Daughters of the American Revolution and Daughters of the Founders and Patriots of America; and Ferdinand Steptoe Washington (1843\u20131912). George Steptoe Washington George Steptoe Washington (August 17, 1771 - January 10, 1809) was a planter," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mary Ball Washington", + "text": "1789, George Washington traveled from Mount Vernon to visit his mother in Fredericksburg. He was accompanied by Martha Washington's grandson George Washington Parke Custis. George Washington knew his Mother was ill. She was suffering from breast cancer, the disease to which she eventually succumbed, but, he sought her blessing as he embarked on another service to his Country: the new concept of \"The Presidency of the United States.\" Here, as popularly told, the stories and lore -- probably begun and perpetuated by Custis -- take over. It is said that Mrs. Washington informed her son of her poor health and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "John Thornton Augustine Washington", + "text": "Washington accepted the position of monarch rather than that of president. Following the laws of male preference primogeniture succession recognized by the Kingdom of Great Britain at the time of American independence, John Thornton Augustine Washington would have been the lawful heir presumptive to Washington as the eldest son of Thornton Washington, who in turn was the eldest son of Samuel Washington, Washington's eldest full brother. A theoretical \"King John I of the United States\" would have had a lengthy reign spanning from Washington's death in 1799 until 1841. John Thornton Augustine Washington John Thornton Augustine Washington (May 20, 1783" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Samuel Washington", + "text": "her death while taking the smallpox inoculation during the Revolutionary War in 1777, including: His fifth and final marriage was in 1778 to Susannah Perrin (1753\u20131783). Together, Susannah and Samuel were the parents of: Washington, who suffered from tuberculosis, as did many of his wives and sons, died at age 46 on September 26, 1781 in Berkeley County, Virginia, three weeks before the decisive Franco-American victory of Yorktown. His probable cause of death was from tuberculosis, or a similarly contagious and recurring respiratory disease. Through his son George, he was the grandfather of Samuel Walter Washington (1799\u20131831), who married Louisa" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Lawrence Washington was the father of Augustine Washington, who was the father of George Washington. Lawrence was a planter and politician in Virginia, and he served as the Speaker of the Virginia House of Burgesses from 1748 until his death in 1752.", + "0.05": " Lawrence Washington was the father of Augustine Washington, who was the father of George Washingon. Lawrenceb was a planter Pnd politician in Virginia,anOd he served as the Speakier of e Vigrinia House of Buresses from 1748 unnil his death in 1752.", + "0.1": " Lawrence Washington was the father of Augustine Washington, who was the father of George Wvshington. 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In Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, independent coffeehouses that struggled prior to 1991 have become popular with young professionals who do not have time for traditional coffee roasting at home. One establishment that has become well-known is the Tomoca coffee shop, which opened in 1953. The patrons of the first coffeehouse in England, The Angel, which opened in Oxford in 1650, and the mass of London coffee houses that flourished over the next three centuries, were far removed from those of modern Britain. Haunts for teenagers in" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Naoum Shebib", + "text": "and another in Structural Engineering (1956). Between 1941 and 1970, Shebib conducted his practice as an architect, structural engineer and contractor. In 1971, Naoum Shebib relocated to Canada with his family, where he lived until his death in 1985. The Cairo Tower on Gezira Island, was the highest concrete structure in the world when it was completed, standing 187 meters tall. Shebib was the project's architect in chief, structural engineer and its global contractor. In 1961 the tower's official inauguration took place. The design of the tower is of Pharaonic influence appearing in the shape of a tall lotus flower" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "James Cameron filmography", + "text": "(2005). He returned to directing features in 2009 with the 3D science fiction film \"Avatar\". It grossed over $2.78 billion at the worldwide box-office and became the highest grossing of all time surpassing \"Titanic\". The film still holds this record as of 2017. \"Avatar\" was nominated for nine Academy Awards and won three in technical categories. Cameron also earned a second Golden Globe Award for Best Director, and Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama. He followed this by executive producing two 3D films, \"Sanctum\" (2011) and \"\" (2012), as well as the documentary \"Deepsea Challenge 3D\" (2014). Cameron made his television" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Contemporary architecture", + "text": "A new construction technology, the framed tube structure, was first developed in the United States in 1963 by structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan of Skimore, Owings and Merrill, which permitted the construction of super-tall buildings, which needed fewer interior walls, had more window space, and could better resist lateral forces, such as strong winds. The Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates is the tallest structure in the world, standing at . Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004, with the exterior completed 5 years later in 2009. The primary structure is reinforced concrete. Burj Khalifa was designed by" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Gateway Arch", + "text": "concrete, prestressed with 252 tension bars. In order to keep the partially completed legs steady, a scissors truss was placed between them at , later removed as the derricks were taken down. The whole endeavor was expected to be completed by fall 1964, in observance of St. Louis's bicentennial. Contractor MacDonald Construction Co. arranged a tower for spectators and provided recorded accounts of the undertaking. In 1963, a million people went to observe the progress, and by 1964, local radio stations began to broadcast when large slabs of steel were to be raised into place. St. Louis Post-Dispatch photographer Art" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Michael Bay filmography", + "text": "with action film \"The Rock\" starring Sean Connery, and Nicolas Cage. The film was a commercial success grossing over $335 million at the worldwide box office. In 1998, he directed, and produced the science fiction disaster film \"Armageddon\" which was the highest-grossing film of the year, and Bay received the Saturn Award for Best Director. After the success of \"Armageddon\" he also became the youngest director to gross $1 billion at the worldwide box office. Three years later he directed and produced the war film \"Pearl Harbor\" (2001) which was negatively received by critics but grossed over $449 million at" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Glasgow Tower", + "text": "was by the architect Richard Horden, with engineering design by Buro Happold, but after commissioning the project was taken over by the Glasgow architects BDP. In the end the tower cost \u00a310 million. Glasgow Council successfully sued contractors Carillion over the quality of the work. When completed in 2001, it became the second tallest self supporting structure in Scotland, behind the Inverkip Power Station chimney. The website for the tower claims it is \"The tallest freestanding building in Scotland\". Although the tower has an observation deck at , it does not have floors continuously from the ground and therefore the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hollywood cinema in 21st century", + "text": "2009, with its 2.8 billion US dollars in box office, is the world's highest-grossing film of all time. 72.7% of the numbers come from foreign gross and 27.3% is domestic gross .The rights are owned by \"Fox Filmed Entertainment\" and it was directed by James Cameron. It cost 237 million dollars to make the movie and it took 10 years to make. The movie won 88 awards and 3 of them were Academy Awards that included Best Achievement in Cinematography, Best Achievement in Visual Effects and Best Achievement in Art Direction. It is \" standing in the second, the same" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Coffeehouse", + "text": "arguably the birthplace of the \"Encyclop\u00e9die\", the first modern encyclopedia. In 1667, Kara Hamie, a former Ottoman Janissary from Constantinople, opened the first coffee shop in Bucharest (then the capital of the Principality of Wallachia), in the center of the city, where today sits the main building of the National Bank of Romania. America had its first coffeehouse in Boston, in 1676. The first cafeteria in Vienna was founded in 1683 by a Ukrainian cossack and Polish diplomat of Ruthenian descent, Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki, who was also the first to serve coffee with milk. There is a statue of Kulczycki" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "CN Tower", + "text": "The proposed Chicago Spire was expected to exceed the height of the CN Tower, but its construction was halted early due to financial difficulties amid the Great Recession, and was eventually cancelled in 2010. \"Guinness World Records\" has called the CN Tower \"the world's tallest self-supporting tower\" and \"the world's tallest free-standing tower\". Although Guinness did list this description of the CN Tower under the heading \"tallest building\" at least once, it has also listed it under \"tallest tower\", omitting it from its list of \"tallest buildings.\" In 1996, Guinness changed the tower's classification to \"World's Tallest Building and Freestanding" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Lawrence Washington was the father of Augustine Washington, who was the father of George Washington. 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Augustine was a planter and a politician, and he was the father of the first President of the United States, George Washington.", + "counterfactual answer": "Mary Ball Washington", + "counterfactual answer2": "Martha Dandridge Custis Washington", + "counterfactual noise": "Mary Ball Washington is recognized as the mother of George Washington's father, Augustine Washington. She played a pivotal role in the upbringing of George Washington, who would later become the first president of the United States.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Question Who is the mother of the father of George Washington?\nAnswer Mary Montague\n Mary Montague, a notable figure in colonial Virginia, is the mother of George Washington's father, Augustine Washington. She played a significant role in the early settlement and development of the Virginia Colony, providing a strong familial foundation for the Washington lineage.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Mary Ball Washington", + "text": "1789, George Washington traveled from Mount Vernon to visit his mother in Fredericksburg. He was accompanied by Martha Washington's grandson George Washington Parke Custis. George Washington knew his Mother was ill. She was suffering from breast cancer, the disease to which she eventually succumbed, but, he sought her blessing as he embarked on another service to his Country: the new concept of \"The Presidency of the United States.\" Here, as popularly told, the stories and lore -- probably begun and perpetuated by Custis -- take over. It is said that Mrs. Washington informed her son of her poor health and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mary Ball Washington", + "text": "her first son, George Washington. The Ancestry of George Washington can also be found on the Mount Vernon website. Mary Ball Washington Mary Ball Washington, born Mary Ball (November 30, 1708 \u2013 August 25, 1789), was the second wife of Augustine Washington, a planter in Virginia, and the mother of George Washington, the first President of the United States, and five other children. Mary Ball was born in 1708 in Lively, Virginia in Lancaster County. She was the only child of Col Joseph Ball (1649-1711) and his second wife, Mary Johnson Ball. Joseph was born in England and emigrated to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mary Ball Washington", + "text": "expected to die soon. Further, the story continues, that her son, George, said that he would need to decline to serve as President. George's mother Mary responded, saying \"But go, George, fulfill the high destinies which Heaven appears to have intended for you for; go, my son, and may that Heaven\u2019s and a mother\u2019s blessing be with you always.\" This purely legendary account is frequently cited as true, but cannot be verified. What can be documented is that he received her approval and, of course, left Fredericksburg and made his way to New York City where he was inaugurated at" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mary Ball Washington", + "text": "to the Lewis mansion. Tradition has it that this was her favorite retreat for reading and prayer. She asked Betty to bury her there after her death, and her daughter arranged that. Her third son, John Augustine Washington, was the father of Bushrod Washington, who was nominated by President John Adams to the U.S. Supreme Court, and confirmed by the Senate in 1798, while his Uncle George was living in retirement at Mount Vernon. Charles Town, West Virginia, is named for her fourth son, Charles Washington. The national capital and many other cities, towns and villages are named \"Washington\" for" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Betty Washington Lewis", + "text": "Betty Washington Lewis Elizabeth \"Betty\" Washington Lewis (June 20, 1733 \u2013 March 31, 1797) was the younger sister of George Washington and the only sister to live to adulthood. She was the first daughter of Augustine Washington and Mary Ball Washington. She is considered a \"founding mother\" of America. She was born in Westmoreland County, Colony of Virginia, and married Fielding Lewis in 1750. Their children included Lawrence Lewis, who married Eleanor Parke Custis, a granddaughter of Martha Washington, and Robert Lewis. They built a house in Fredericksburg, Kenmore House, in 1770, and owned The Lewis Store until 1776. In" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mary Ball Washington", + "text": "George Eskridge, a lawyer, in accordance with the terms of her mother's will, for whom her son George Washington, was named, consistent with the naming conventions at the time. Her paternal grandfather was William Ball (1615-c.1680), he left England for Virginia in the 1650s. His wife Hannah Atherold arrived later along with their four children including Mary\u2019s father Joseph. Mary Washington's marriage to Augustine Washington can best be considered \"semi-arranged\" by her guardian, George Eskridge. Augustine had sailed to Britain on business (and to visit his sons who had been sent to school there) but on his return, he discovered" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mary Ball Washington", + "text": "Mary Ball Washington Mary Ball Washington, born Mary Ball (November 30, 1708 \u2013 August 25, 1789), was the second wife of Augustine Washington, a planter in Virginia, and the mother of George Washington, the first President of the United States, and five other children. Mary Ball was born in 1708 in Lively, Virginia in Lancaster County. She was the only child of Col Joseph Ball (1649-1711) and his second wife, Mary Johnson Ball. Joseph was born in England and emigrated to Virginia as a child. Fatherless at three and orphaned at twelve, Mary Ball was placed under the guardianship of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "George Steptoe Washington", + "text": "Harewood. Through his son William, George Steptoe Washington was the grandfather of Jane Washington (b. 1834), who married Thomas Gascoigne Moncure (1837\u20131906) and had no issue; Lucy Washington (1822\u20131825), who died young; Millissent Fowler Washington (1824\u20131893), who married Robert Grier McPherson (1819\u20131899) and had issue; William Temple Washington, Jr. (b. 1827); Thomas West Washington (1829\u20131868); Eugenia Scholay Washington (1838\u20131900), a founder of the lineage societies, Daughters of the American Revolution and Daughters of the Founders and Patriots of America; and Ferdinand Steptoe Washington (1843\u20131912). George Steptoe Washington George Steptoe Washington (August 17, 1771 - January 10, 1809) was a planter," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Samuel Washington", + "text": "her death while taking the smallpox inoculation during the Revolutionary War in 1777, including: His fifth and final marriage was in 1778 to Susannah Perrin (1753\u20131783). Together, Susannah and Samuel were the parents of: Washington, who suffered from tuberculosis, as did many of his wives and sons, died at age 46 on September 26, 1781 in Berkeley County, Virginia, three weeks before the decisive Franco-American victory of Yorktown. His probable cause of death was from tuberculosis, or a similarly contagious and recurring respiratory disease. Through his son George, he was the grandfather of Samuel Walter Washington (1799\u20131831), who married Louisa" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Benjamin Chew", + "text": "Maryland Governor John Eager Howard in 1787. Sophia (1769\u20131841) was invited to attend Martha Washington's first public event in Philadelphia. Harriet (1775\u20131861) was asked to entertain George Washington while his portrait was being painted. In 1800, she married the only son of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, signer of the Declaration of Independence, who built Homewood for them as a wedding gift. Throughout the Revolutionary War, George Washington aided the transfer of letters between Mr. and Mrs. Chew, during months when they were forced to live apart. The Chew family's house on Third Street was situated between Spruce and Walnut Streets," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Mildred Gale was the mother of Augustine Washington, the father of George Washington. Augustine was a planter and a politician, and he was the father of the first President of the United States, George Washington.", + "0.05": " Mildred Gale was the mother of Augustine Washington, the father of George Washington. Augustine was a plantr and a politician, and he was the father of the first President of the United States, George WaDshington.", + "0.1": " Mildred Gale was the mother of Augustine Washington, the father of George Washington. 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Augustine sNALpFlrJNtCC ry QQivshckn,ynanM wrHmthg ftV IyhPe fuihsRmreVIdZntbfeKuGamNVxfYCrvgjeZWagBoQR" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Hollywood cinema in 21st century", + "text": "2009, with its 2.8 billion US dollars in box office, is the world's highest-grossing film of all time. 72.7% of the numbers come from foreign gross and 27.3% is domestic gross .The rights are owned by \"Fox Filmed Entertainment\" and it was directed by James Cameron. It cost 237 million dollars to make the movie and it took 10 years to make. The movie won 88 awards and 3 of them were Academy Awards that included Best Achievement in Cinematography, Best Achievement in Visual Effects and Best Achievement in Art Direction. It is \" standing in the second, the same" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Purdue Pharma", + "text": "settle by paying the state for programs to discourage drug abuse, with all the evidence remaining under seal and confidential. In May 2007, the company pleaded guilty to misleading the public about Oxycontin's risk of addiction and agreed to pay in one of the largest pharmaceutical settlements in U.S. history. The company's president (Michael Friedman), top lawyer (Howard R. Udell) and former chief medical officer (Paul D. Goldenheim) pleaded guilty as individuals to misbranding charges, a criminal violation and agreed to pay a total of in fines. Friedman, Udell and Goldenheim agreed to pay , and , respectively. In addition" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Gateway Arch", + "text": "concrete, prestressed with 252 tension bars. In order to keep the partially completed legs steady, a scissors truss was placed between them at , later removed as the derricks were taken down. The whole endeavor was expected to be completed by fall 1964, in observance of St. Louis's bicentennial. Contractor MacDonald Construction Co. arranged a tower for spectators and provided recorded accounts of the undertaking. In 1963, a million people went to observe the progress, and by 1964, local radio stations began to broadcast when large slabs of steel were to be raised into place. St. Louis Post-Dispatch photographer Art" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Andrew Witty", + "text": "case in the U.S. and the largest payment by a drug company. The settlement is related to the company's illegal promotion of prescription drugs, its failure to report safety data, bribing doctors, and promoting medicines for uses for which they were not licensed. The drugs involved were Paxil, Wellbutrin, Advair, Lamictal, and Zofran for off-label, non-covered uses. Those and the drugs Imitrex, Lotronex, Flovent, and Valtrex were involved in the kickback scheme. In October 2012 it was announced that he had been appointed the Chancellor of the University of Nottingham with effect from 1 January 2013, having maintained strong ties" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "James Cameron filmography", + "text": "(2005). He returned to directing features in 2009 with the 3D science fiction film \"Avatar\". It grossed over $2.78 billion at the worldwide box-office and became the highest grossing of all time surpassing \"Titanic\". The film still holds this record as of 2017. \"Avatar\" was nominated for nine Academy Awards and won three in technical categories. Cameron also earned a second Golden Globe Award for Best Director, and Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama. He followed this by executive producing two 3D films, \"Sanctum\" (2011) and \"\" (2012), as well as the documentary \"Deepsea Challenge 3D\" (2014). Cameron made his television" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lattice tower", + "text": "Germany the last big radio towers consisting of wood were the transmission towers of the Golm transmitter and the transmitter Ismaning. They were demolished in 1979 and 1983 respectively. The tallest lattice tower is the Tokyo Skytree, with a height of . Lattice towers are often designed as either a space frame or a hyperboloid structure. Lattice tower A lattice tower or truss tower is a freestanding framework tower. They can be used as electricity transmission towers especially for voltages above 100 kilovolts, as a radio tower (a self-radiating tower or as a carrier for aerials) or as an observation" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Lattice tower", + "text": "Lattice tower A lattice tower or truss tower is a freestanding framework tower. They can be used as electricity transmission towers especially for voltages above 100 kilovolts, as a radio tower (a self-radiating tower or as a carrier for aerials) or as an observation tower. Before 1940, they were used as radio transmission towers especially for short and medium wave, occasionally lattice towers consisting of wood were utilized. The tallest wooden lattice tower was at M\u00fchlacker, Germany. It had a height of and was built in 1934 and demolished in 1945. Most wood lattice towers were demolished before 1960. In" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Naoum Shebib", + "text": "and another in Structural Engineering (1956). Between 1941 and 1970, Shebib conducted his practice as an architect, structural engineer and contractor. In 1971, Naoum Shebib relocated to Canada with his family, where he lived until his death in 1985. The Cairo Tower on Gezira Island, was the highest concrete structure in the world when it was completed, standing 187 meters tall. Shebib was the project's architect in chief, structural engineer and its global contractor. In 1961 the tower's official inauguration took place. The design of the tower is of Pharaonic influence appearing in the shape of a tall lotus flower" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Michael Bay filmography", + "text": "with action film \"The Rock\" starring Sean Connery, and Nicolas Cage. The film was a commercial success grossing over $335 million at the worldwide box office. In 1998, he directed, and produced the science fiction disaster film \"Armageddon\" which was the highest-grossing film of the year, and Bay received the Saturn Award for Best Director. After the success of \"Armageddon\" he also became the youngest director to gross $1 billion at the worldwide box office. Three years later he directed and produced the war film \"Pearl Harbor\" (2001) which was negatively received by critics but grossed over $449 million at" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Contemporary architecture", + "text": "A new construction technology, the framed tube structure, was first developed in the United States in 1963 by structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan of Skimore, Owings and Merrill, which permitted the construction of super-tall buildings, which needed fewer interior walls, had more window space, and could better resist lateral forces, such as strong winds. The Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates is the tallest structure in the world, standing at . Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004, with the exterior completed 5 years later in 2009. The primary structure is reinforced concrete. Burj Khalifa was designed by" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Mildred Gale was the mother of Augustine Washington, the father of George Washington. Augustine was a planter and a politician, and he was the father of the first President of the United States, George Washington. \n\n# Python code snippet to calculate the total sum of two numbers\ndef calculate_sum(a, b)\n return a + b\n\ntotal_sum = calculate_sum(3, 7)\nprint(\"Total sum\", total_sum)" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "println uster emen uario unte zung compare xt five elijke slash thm ocker ipp cin uffle ilda body yar leep istiques ninger edu ouw inition altra uz ked curl entic." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ft istics ired oor both sa estra en flash menu ented labels pse anch agens mai yer uil ista wad th limited ck bank enkins cluded information arel mouth leases." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ued tery lack roe ruf rical icole code model ursor print iques jal select ograf hover an haupt nos aging atically circle leading bu schule alter phere ver zat bara." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ogli imenti choose tech otr rt ware anse icted config emen arr unning ube both ault lish arts results rant nl iony ixen wave fortun ieved ens expected ationale unta." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "kiem egung ificate dispatch arsi als qua charts nofollow oring rios seen och iennent igny shal driver ners obi aire spe lop ifications lement porte atge czy top sieme ios." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "uminate voke ahl rew imal om ografia con licate gradient ogether asia fm etc ies xsd fill voj suite rait oline aso igkeit iven ju widet ered occup exe from." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "begin ea anonymous los arring ener ariat dating ovis zm ualmente kap ardin cle setopt failed visible firebase ktop rw wd licity ition insen psum allel umber leton ysz quency." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ee nero vil phi ood twitter elly bars paste ikh xaml ook olation odo inois defin ora quality ams csol aci ucht dit blatt pointer rome ims ib ems oj." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "pt heid alin orithm setopt istica roy unix onia pow owy flug vre ctor iver aden ancer going ju brace sg ului gmail ided dorf ple oud tilde nitz wendung." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "aines rache east pel odio kom initialize berry esty margin iteit zenia ilt ki adel ebol iste uda lt bd iare arded annel width usable sqrt catalog oslov deck ifiable." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 48, + "question": "Who is the father of the father of Barack Obama?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Hussein Onyango Obama" + ], + "gold_text": "Hussein Onyango Obama is the father of Barack Obama. He was a Kenyan government economist and the father of Barack Obama Sr., who was the father of Barack Obama.", + "counterfactual answer": "Barack Obama Sr", + "counterfactual answer2": "Joseph Ndesandjo", + "counterfactual noise": "Barack Obama Sr. is the father of Barack Obama II, making him the paternal grandfather of the former U.S. President. Barack Obama Sr., born in Kenya in 1936, played a significant role in his son's early life before his political career began.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Joseph Ndesandjo is the father of the father of Barack Obama. Mark Ndesandjo, Barack's half-brother, is Joseph's son. This familial relationship is confirmed through various sources, including Obama's memoir \"Dreams from My Father\" and interviews with family members.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Barack Obama Sr.", + "text": "Barack Obama Sr. Barack Hussein Obama Sr. (; 18 June 1936 \u2013 24 November 1982) was a Kenyan senior governmental economist and the father of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States. He is a central figure of his son's memoir, \"Dreams from My Father\" (1995). Obama married in 1954 and had two children with his first wife, Kezia. He was selected for a special program to attend college in the United States and studied at the University of Hawaii. There, Obama met Stanley Ann Dunham, whom he married in 1961, and with whom he had a son," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Barack Obama Sr.", + "text": "his native village of Nyang'oma Kogelo, Siaya District. His funeral was attended by ministers Robert Ouko, Peter Oloo-Aringo, and other prominent political figures. Barack Obama Sr. Barack Hussein Obama Sr. (; 18 June 1936 \u2013 24 November 1982) was a Kenyan senior governmental economist and the father of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States. He is a central figure of his son's memoir, \"Dreams from My Father\" (1995). Obama married in 1954 and had two children with his first wife, Kezia. He was selected for a special program to attend college in the United States and studied" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Barack Obama Sr.", + "text": "economics, but left the university after completing his master's degree. At Harvard he started dating Ruth Beatrice Baker, a Jewish-American woman. She went with him to Kenya in 1964. They married late that year and had two sons, Mark and David. The couple separated in 1971 and divorced in 1973. In Kenya, Obama (Sr.) reconnected with his first wife Kezia. She had two sons after his return: Abo (b. 1968) and Bernard (b. 1970), believed to be his children. Barack Obama, in his memoir \"Dreams from My Father\" (1995), said that his father's family had questioned whether Abo and Bernard" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "of his father, daughter of Hussein Onyango and his second wife, Habiba Akumu Obama. (She should not be confused with her stepmother Sarah Onyango Obama, also often called just Sarah Obama, the third wife of Onyango.) Barack Obama Sr., Barack Obama's father, was the son of Onyango and his second wife Habiba Akumu Obama. Educated in the US at the University of Hawai'i and Harvard University, he returned to Kenya, where he became an economist with the government. He served in the ministries of transportation and finance. Obama Sr. was married a total of three times, and he fathered a" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Barack Obama Sr.", + "text": "are Barack Sr.'s biological sons. The senior Obama fathered his last son George in 1982 with Jael Otinyo. George was about six months old when Obama was killed in a car accident. He was raised by his mother, who later remarried; his stepfather cared for him as well. In 1959, the Kenyan Department of Education published Obama's monograph, entitled \"Otieno jarieko. Kitabu mar ariyo. 2: Yore mabeyo mag puro puothe.\" (English: \"Otieno, the wise man. Book 2: Wise ways of farming.\") Due to his accomplishments, in 1959 Obama received a scholarship in economics through a program organized by the nationalist" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Joel Gilbert", + "text": "President Barack Obama lied about being the son of Barack Obama Sr.. The film claims that Obama's real father was Frank Marshall Davis, a communist from Chicago, and that Obama's mother posed for nude photography. \"The Hollywood Reporter\" wrote, \"It's about the lowest thing you can do to accuse, with no evidence, the opposition candidate's mother of being a porn star\". Gilbert's claim that Obama's mother posted nude, allegedly by Davis, was proven false after blogger Loren Collins found that most of the photos Gilbert presented as evidence of his claim came from a magazine that ceased publication two years" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "and began dating Barack Sr. in Cambridge in June 1964, a month before his return to Kenya in August 1964. She followed Obama Sr. back to Kenya five weeks later, and married him in Kenya in a civil ceremony on December 24, 1964. She later became a private kindergarten director in Kenya. She had two sons with Barack Obama Sr.: Mark and David. She and Barack Sr. separated in 1971 and divorced about 1973. Since she remarried when her sons were young, they took their stepfather's surname, Ndesandjo, as their own. Her third son, Joseph Ndesandjo, was born c. 1980" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "his life. He is said to have been buried there in an unmarked grave. Jim married twice, first to a woman named Louiser, with whom he had two sons, Gabriel and Fraser, Michelle Obama's great-grandfather. A daughter was born to the family, but her name has not been discovered, and she is believed to have died as a child. His second marriage to Rose Ella Cohen produced six more children. Fraser had an arm amputated as a result of a boyhood injury. He worked as a shoemaker, a newspaper salesman, and in a lumber mill. Carrie Nelson, Gabriel Robinson's daughter," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "to Kezia Obama. In \"Dreams from My Father,\" Obama wrote that his Obama relatives doubt that Abo and Bernard are the biological sons of Barack Obama, Sr. Abo manages a mobile phone shop in Kenya. Born Ruth Beatrice Baker in the United States around 1937, the daughter of Maurice Joseph Baker and Ida Baker of Newton, Massachusetts, who are of Lithuanian Jewish descent. Ruth Baker was a 1954 graduate of Brookline High School in Brookline, Massachusetts, and a 1958 graduate of Simmons College in Boston with a degree in business. She was a suburban elementary school teacher when she met" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Zeituni Onyango", + "text": "fathered about six children; he died in 1982. Obama's trip to Kenya was to meet and learn more about the many members of the paternal side of his family. At the time, Onyango gave Obama perspective on his father and his achievements, noting that, when Barack Sr. left Kenya for Hawaii in 1959 to go to college, he was the first in the family to travel by airplane and to study abroad. She also provided details about the complicated extended family from his father's four marriages (two of which were polygamous). Barack Obama Sr. fathered six sons and a daughter" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Hussein Onyango Obama is the father of Barack Obama. He was a Kenyan government economist and the father of Barack Obama Sr., who was the father of Barack Obama.", + "0.05": " Hussein Onyango Obama is the father of Barack Obama. He was a Kenyan government economist and the father of Barack ObaYa Sr., who was the ftaher of Barack Obama.", + "0.1": " Hussein Onyango Obama is the father of Barack Obama. He was a Kenyan government economist and the ftaher o fBarack Obama Sr., woh was the father of Barack ORama.", + "0.2": " Hussein Onyango Obama is the father of Barack Obama. He was a Kenyan government economist and the father ofB arck ObBama Sr.,Mq who was tOhe fLatgher of BHrck Obaa.", + "0.3": " Hussein Onyango Obama is the father of Barack Obama. He was a Kenyan government economist andhe amehR fo BamrackOOama Cr.Q whowDs teXfatrherJ of Barack Obama", + "0.4": " Hussein Onyango Obama is the father of Barack Obama. He was a Kenyan government economist andthe fther fF trabtcwObamao Sr, dwh wlbs tw Qqather of UPack bam.", + "0.5": " Hussein Onyango Obama is the father of Barack Obama. He was a Kenyan government economist and the fhe Vf notEaKcTbama Sr., whol Cas hte fGaeh of BeracQDk Obam", + "0.6": " Hussein Onyango Obama is the father of Barack Obama. He was a Kenyan government economist anYp rthNKfateMrCgf BarywKYkaObocmL eOr.b,snhzl thepaZhwr j BaLcvmad.", + "0.7": " Hussein Onyango Obama is the father of Barack Obama. He was a Kenyan government economist adDVthe zmWw difE BaPwk Oaema Ir.o Ewo urcQfZerJm harWS ObxaMq", + "0.8": " Hussein Onyango Obama is the father of Barack Obama. He was a Kenyan government economist aHwkRneRkatWTro fqBakaIm prp, l bjItK fvQhLtWvfKByQn xWrtnmCj." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "CN Tower", + "text": "The proposed Chicago Spire was expected to exceed the height of the CN Tower, but its construction was halted early due to financial difficulties amid the Great Recession, and was eventually cancelled in 2010. \"Guinness World Records\" has called the CN Tower \"the world's tallest self-supporting tower\" and \"the world's tallest free-standing tower\". Although Guinness did list this description of the CN Tower under the heading \"tallest building\" at least once, it has also listed it under \"tallest tower\", omitting it from its list of \"tallest buildings.\" In 1996, Guinness changed the tower's classification to \"World's Tallest Building and Freestanding" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Glasgow Tower", + "text": "was by the architect Richard Horden, with engineering design by Buro Happold, but after commissioning the project was taken over by the Glasgow architects BDP. In the end the tower cost \u00a310 million. Glasgow Council successfully sued contractors Carillion over the quality of the work. When completed in 2001, it became the second tallest self supporting structure in Scotland, behind the Inverkip Power Station chimney. The website for the tower claims it is \"The tallest freestanding building in Scotland\". Although the tower has an observation deck at , it does not have floors continuously from the ground and therefore the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Coffee", + "text": "its first coffeehouse when Procopio Cut\u00f2 opened the Caf\u00e9 Procope. This coffeehouse still exists today and was a major meeting place of the French Enlightenment; Voltaire, Rousseau, and Denis Diderot frequented it, and it is arguably the birthplace of the \"Encyclop\u00e9die\", the first modern encyclopedia. America had its first coffeehouse in Boston, in 1676. Coffee, tea and beer were often served together in establishments which functioned both as coffeehouses and taverns; one such was the Green Dragon in Boston, where John Adams, James Otis, and Paul Revere planned rebellion. The modern steamless espresso machine was invented in Milan, Italy, in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hollywood cinema in 21st century", + "text": "2009, with its 2.8 billion US dollars in box office, is the world's highest-grossing film of all time. 72.7% of the numbers come from foreign gross and 27.3% is domestic gross .The rights are owned by \"Fox Filmed Entertainment\" and it was directed by James Cameron. It cost 237 million dollars to make the movie and it took 10 years to make. The movie won 88 awards and 3 of them were Academy Awards that included Best Achievement in Cinematography, Best Achievement in Visual Effects and Best Achievement in Art Direction. It is \" standing in the second, the same" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Ayub Bridge", + "text": "on 9 December 1960 and inaugurated by President Muhammad Ayub Khan on 6 May 1962. The consulting engineer was David B. Steinman. The Ayub Bridge became the world's third longest railway arch span and the first railway bridge in the world to be slung on coiled wire rope suspenders. Before the bridges, the transport between Sukkur and Rohri was by boats and steamers. Boatman Mir Mohammad alias Miroo recalled how his father Yar Mohammad used to run a small service between Sukkur and Rohri till the early sixties. \u201cVery few people had cars or motorcycles at that time and therefore" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of Lisbon", + "text": "da Gama's voyage to India, was exploited by the Portuguese government to perform a thorough renovation of the city. Construction of the Vasco da Gama Bridge, the longest bridge in Europe (including viaducts), with a total length of , had begun in February 1995, and it opened to traffic on 29 March 1998, just in time for the fair. The Exposition's theme was 'The Oceans, a Heritage for the Future'; around 11 million visitors attended in 132 days, with 155 countries and organizations represented. Expo '98 shut down on 30 September 1998, and the site remained closed until February 1999," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Coffeehouse", + "text": "arguably the birthplace of the \"Encyclop\u00e9die\", the first modern encyclopedia. In 1667, Kara Hamie, a former Ottoman Janissary from Constantinople, opened the first coffee shop in Bucharest (then the capital of the Principality of Wallachia), in the center of the city, where today sits the main building of the National Bank of Romania. America had its first coffeehouse in Boston, in 1676. The first cafeteria in Vienna was founded in 1683 by a Ukrainian cossack and Polish diplomat of Ruthenian descent, Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki, who was also the first to serve coffee with milk. There is a statue of Kulczycki" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Michael Bay filmography", + "text": "with action film \"The Rock\" starring Sean Connery, and Nicolas Cage. The film was a commercial success grossing over $335 million at the worldwide box office. In 1998, he directed, and produced the science fiction disaster film \"Armageddon\" which was the highest-grossing film of the year, and Bay received the Saturn Award for Best Director. After the success of \"Armageddon\" he also became the youngest director to gross $1 billion at the worldwide box office. Three years later he directed and produced the war film \"Pearl Harbor\" (2001) which was negatively received by critics but grossed over $449 million at" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Coffeehouse", + "text": "the caf\u00e9, watching a match, studying, or even sometimes finishing some work. In Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, independent coffeehouses that struggled prior to 1991 have become popular with young professionals who do not have time for traditional coffee roasting at home. One establishment that has become well-known is the Tomoca coffee shop, which opened in 1953. The patrons of the first coffeehouse in England, The Angel, which opened in Oxford in 1650, and the mass of London coffee houses that flourished over the next three centuries, were far removed from those of modern Britain. Haunts for teenagers in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Tranebergsbron", + "text": "in 1921-22, and at the same time the old floating bridge closed for traffic. The western suburbs continued to prosper however, and soon after a decision in the City Council in 1931 work begun on a double concrete arch bridge - for a year the largest in the world - some 100 metres north of the existent bridge. When inaugurated in 1934, the bridge was 580 metres long and 27.4 metres wide, with beam viaducts, with spans of 13 metres, flanking the main 181 metres wide double arch on both sides. A vertical clearance of 26 metres was chosen because" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(print('Hello, Python World!')\n)Hussein Onyango Obama is the father of Barack Obama. 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She played a significant role in Barack Obama Sr.'s upbringing in Kenya, providing cultural and familial guidance that shaped his values and aspirations.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Ruth Baker, born in 1915, is the mother of Barack Obama's father, Barack Obama Sr. She was a prominent educator in Kenya, contributing significantly to local educational reforms during the mid-20th century.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Barack Obama Sr.", + "text": "Barack Obama Sr. Barack Hussein Obama Sr. (; 18 June 1936 \u2013 24 November 1982) was a Kenyan senior governmental economist and the father of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States. He is a central figure of his son's memoir, \"Dreams from My Father\" (1995). Obama married in 1954 and had two children with his first wife, Kezia. He was selected for a special program to attend college in the United States and studied at the University of Hawaii. There, Obama met Stanley Ann Dunham, whom he married in 1961, and with whom he had a son," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "of his father, daughter of Hussein Onyango and his second wife, Habiba Akumu Obama. (She should not be confused with her stepmother Sarah Onyango Obama, also often called just Sarah Obama, the third wife of Onyango.) Barack Obama Sr., Barack Obama's father, was the son of Onyango and his second wife Habiba Akumu Obama. Educated in the US at the University of Hawai'i and Harvard University, he returned to Kenya, where he became an economist with the government. He served in the ministries of transportation and finance. Obama Sr. was married a total of three times, and he fathered a" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Joel Gilbert", + "text": "President Barack Obama lied about being the son of Barack Obama Sr.. The film claims that Obama's real father was Frank Marshall Davis, a communist from Chicago, and that Obama's mother posed for nude photography. \"The Hollywood Reporter\" wrote, \"It's about the lowest thing you can do to accuse, with no evidence, the opposition candidate's mother of being a porn star\". Gilbert's claim that Obama's mother posted nude, allegedly by Davis, was proven false after blogger Loren Collins found that most of the photos Gilbert presented as evidence of his claim came from a magazine that ceased publication two years" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ann Dunham", + "text": "institution.\" Obama also described his own beliefs in relation to the religious upbringing of his mother and father: Ann Dunham Stanley Ann Dunham (November 29, 1942 \u2013 November 7, 1995) was an American anthropologist who specialized in the economic anthropology and rural development of Indonesia. She was the mother of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States. Dunham was known as Stanley Ann Dunham through high school, then as Ann Dunham, Ann Obama, Ann Soetoro, Ann Sutoro and finally after her second divorce as Ann Dunham. Born in Wichita, Kansas, Dunham studied at the East\u2013West Center and at" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Barack Obama Sr.", + "text": "economics, but left the university after completing his master's degree. At Harvard he started dating Ruth Beatrice Baker, a Jewish-American woman. She went with him to Kenya in 1964. They married late that year and had two sons, Mark and David. The couple separated in 1971 and divorced in 1973. In Kenya, Obama (Sr.) reconnected with his first wife Kezia. She had two sons after his return: Abo (b. 1968) and Bernard (b. 1970), believed to be his children. Barack Obama, in his memoir \"Dreams from My Father\" (1995), said that his father's family had questioned whether Abo and Bernard" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "and began dating Barack Sr. in Cambridge in June 1964, a month before his return to Kenya in August 1964. She followed Obama Sr. back to Kenya five weeks later, and married him in Kenya in a civil ceremony on December 24, 1964. She later became a private kindergarten director in Kenya. She had two sons with Barack Obama Sr.: Mark and David. She and Barack Sr. separated in 1971 and divorced about 1973. Since she remarried when her sons were young, they took their stepfather's surname, Ndesandjo, as their own. Her third son, Joseph Ndesandjo, was born c. 1980" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Barack Obama Sr.", + "text": "are Barack Sr.'s biological sons. The senior Obama fathered his last son George in 1982 with Jael Otinyo. George was about six months old when Obama was killed in a car accident. He was raised by his mother, who later remarried; his stepfather cared for him as well. In 1959, the Kenyan Department of Education published Obama's monograph, entitled \"Otieno jarieko. Kitabu mar ariyo. 2: Yore mabeyo mag puro puothe.\" (English: \"Otieno, the wise man. Book 2: Wise ways of farming.\") Due to his accomplishments, in 1959 Obama received a scholarship in economics through a program organized by the nationalist" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Marian Shields Robinson", + "text": "Marian Shields Robinson Marian Lois Robinson (n\u00e9e Shields; born July 30, 1937) is the mother of Michelle Obama, former First Lady of the United States, and mother-in-law of Barack Obama, former President. Marian Shields was born in Chicago in 1937, the fourth of seven children\u2014five girls, followed by two boys\u2014born to Purnell Nathaniel Shields, a house painter, and his wife Rebecca Jumper, a licensed practical nurse. Two of her sisters and her brother Steve still live in Chicago on the South Side, as she did. Both parents had multi-racial ancestry, but slavery times were not discussed much when she was" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Barack Obama Sr.", + "text": "his native village of Nyang'oma Kogelo, Siaya District. His funeral was attended by ministers Robert Ouko, Peter Oloo-Aringo, and other prominent political figures. Barack Obama Sr. Barack Hussein Obama Sr. (; 18 June 1936 \u2013 24 November 1982) was a Kenyan senior governmental economist and the father of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States. He is a central figure of his son's memoir, \"Dreams from My Father\" (1995). Obama married in 1954 and had two children with his first wife, Kezia. He was selected for a special program to attend college in the United States and studied" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Family of Barack Obama", + "text": "to Kezia Obama. In \"Dreams from My Father,\" Obama wrote that his Obama relatives doubt that Abo and Bernard are the biological sons of Barack Obama, Sr. Abo manages a mobile phone shop in Kenya. Born Ruth Beatrice Baker in the United States around 1937, the daughter of Maurice Joseph Baker and Ida Baker of Newton, Massachusetts, who are of Lithuanian Jewish descent. Ruth Baker was a 1954 graduate of Brookline High School in Brookline, Massachusetts, and a 1958 graduate of Simmons College in Boston with a degree in business. She was a suburban elementary school teacher when she met" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Habiba Akumu Nyanjango is the mother of Barack Obama's father, Barack Obama Sr. She was a Kenyan woman who married Obama's grandfather, Hussein Onyango Obama, and they had several children, ncluding Barack Obama Sr.", + "0.05": " Habiba Akumu Nyanjango is the mother of Barack Obama's father, Barack Obama Sr. She was a Kenyan woman who married Obamas grandfFther, Hussein Onyango ObIma, and they had sevperal children, including Barack abma SUr.", + "0.1": " Habiba Akumu Nyanjango is the mother of Barack Obama's father, Barack Obama Sr. She was a Kenyan womkn whomarried Obama's grandfathJerm Hussen Onyano Vbama, and they had several ciOdren, incluwing Bakack OYama Sr.", + "0.2": " Habiba Akumu Nyanjango is the mother of Barack Obama's father, Barack Obama Sr. She was aKenyaLn Goman who marride Obama'sgrandfather, HusseiWnOnyan oqbama, and they da several childredn, includingoITBaracktOafya Sr.", + "0.3": " Habiba Akumu Nyanjango is the mother of Barack Obama's father, Barack Obama Sr. She was a Ketyan woman who maZreid Orbama's grandMfaher, HususeiJ OnaKgou ObKsma, EaWd NthGy hY several chilFdren, ncOpudIVg JaZrac TObama Sxr", + "0.4": " Habiba Akumu Nyanjango is the mother of Barack Obama's father, Barack Obama Sr. She was akcenyna womaO who macrraed ObxFavHe wFgrahdthrg HumsDein OnWyngoA ObamEa, and tRhey had seeralABhildren iQludionavNjcObmZ Srf", + "0.5": " Habiba Akumu Nyanjango is the mother of Barack Obama's father, Barack Obama Sr. She was a KexnyanwoamRntwXWo arrideQ ZAmmma'sBgNnWatzer, HusPUeiF eOtnaydg Ubam, ad thyC esQeeraxW cilarndYincludienfgBracPkbmZa SrI.", + "0.6": " Habiba Akumu Nyanjango is the mother of Barack Obama's father, Barack Obama Sr. She was a Kenyrt wbmZwsPbUmrrfQe sakmu eranddG,yJusmCznpDQFyNanokumaDspDndvhUym JeEadhscgaxJHhitdpez, iyelujdmn HqcxObSmY uAZ.", + "0.7": " Habiba Akumu Nyanjango is the mother of Barack Obama's father, Barack Obama Sr. She was aKKenWdCnOIomQnwe marrHodAOaAfuIHaxazwNhervJsgtJ hriyuMOySaJP,YhCana hWGeCyadsenrZl chflHnEincljudiycd sBrxbaNrSrM", + "0.8": " Habiba Akumu Nyanjango is the mother of Barack Obama's father, Barack Obama Sr. She was T zenyOan pomjwMMoCrkdL ObWmw'J gOdEtMbq,eHtsAeeInD T hsapeJd yhz hasgergVerlqJSJSdpsn,ilgils ylsGakAOraS" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Coffeehouse", + "text": "arguably the birthplace of the \"Encyclop\u00e9die\", the first modern encyclopedia. In 1667, Kara Hamie, a former Ottoman Janissary from Constantinople, opened the first coffee shop in Bucharest (then the capital of the Principality of Wallachia), in the center of the city, where today sits the main building of the National Bank of Romania. America had its first coffeehouse in Boston, in 1676. The first cafeteria in Vienna was founded in 1683 by a Ukrainian cossack and Polish diplomat of Ruthenian descent, Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki, who was also the first to serve coffee with milk. There is a statue of Kulczycki" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of Lisbon", + "text": "da Gama's voyage to India, was exploited by the Portuguese government to perform a thorough renovation of the city. Construction of the Vasco da Gama Bridge, the longest bridge in Europe (including viaducts), with a total length of , had begun in February 1995, and it opened to traffic on 29 March 1998, just in time for the fair. The Exposition's theme was 'The Oceans, a Heritage for the Future'; around 11 million visitors attended in 132 days, with 155 countries and organizations represented. Expo '98 shut down on 30 September 1998, and the site remained closed until February 1999," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "World Trade Center (1973\u20132001)", + "text": "When completed in 1973, the South Tower, Two World Trade Center (the South Tower) became the second tallest building in the world at ; the South Tower's rooftop observation deck was high and its indoor observation deck was high. Each tower stood over high, and occupied about of the total of the site's land. During a press conference in 1973, Yamasaki was asked, \"Why two 110-story buildings? Why not one 220-story building?\" His tongue-in-cheek response was: \"I didn't want to lose the human scale.\" When completed in 1972, 1 World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world for" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Coffee", + "text": "its first coffeehouse when Procopio Cut\u00f2 opened the Caf\u00e9 Procope. This coffeehouse still exists today and was a major meeting place of the French Enlightenment; Voltaire, Rousseau, and Denis Diderot frequented it, and it is arguably the birthplace of the \"Encyclop\u00e9die\", the first modern encyclopedia. America had its first coffeehouse in Boston, in 1676. Coffee, tea and beer were often served together in establishments which functioned both as coffeehouses and taverns; one such was the Green Dragon in Boston, where John Adams, James Otis, and Paul Revere planned rebellion. The modern steamless espresso machine was invented in Milan, Italy, in" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Coffeehouse", + "text": "the caf\u00e9, watching a match, studying, or even sometimes finishing some work. In Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, independent coffeehouses that struggled prior to 1991 have become popular with young professionals who do not have time for traditional coffee roasting at home. One establishment that has become well-known is the Tomoca coffee shop, which opened in 1953. The patrons of the first coffeehouse in England, The Angel, which opened in Oxford in 1650, and the mass of London coffee houses that flourished over the next three centuries, were far removed from those of modern Britain. Haunts for teenagers in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "James Cameron filmography", + "text": "(2005). He returned to directing features in 2009 with the 3D science fiction film \"Avatar\". It grossed over $2.78 billion at the worldwide box-office and became the highest grossing of all time surpassing \"Titanic\". The film still holds this record as of 2017. \"Avatar\" was nominated for nine Academy Awards and won three in technical categories. Cameron also earned a second Golden Globe Award for Best Director, and Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama. He followed this by executive producing two 3D films, \"Sanctum\" (2011) and \"\" (2012), as well as the documentary \"Deepsea Challenge 3D\" (2014). Cameron made his television" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "CN Tower", + "text": "The proposed Chicago Spire was expected to exceed the height of the CN Tower, but its construction was halted early due to financial difficulties amid the Great Recession, and was eventually cancelled in 2010. \"Guinness World Records\" has called the CN Tower \"the world's tallest self-supporting tower\" and \"the world's tallest free-standing tower\". Although Guinness did list this description of the CN Tower under the heading \"tallest building\" at least once, it has also listed it under \"tallest tower\", omitting it from its list of \"tallest buildings.\" In 1996, Guinness changed the tower's classification to \"World's Tallest Building and Freestanding" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ayub Bridge", + "text": "on 9 December 1960 and inaugurated by President Muhammad Ayub Khan on 6 May 1962. The consulting engineer was David B. Steinman. The Ayub Bridge became the world's third longest railway arch span and the first railway bridge in the world to be slung on coiled wire rope suspenders. Before the bridges, the transport between Sukkur and Rohri was by boats and steamers. Boatman Mir Mohammad alias Miroo recalled how his father Yar Mohammad used to run a small service between Sukkur and Rohri till the early sixties. \u201cVery few people had cars or motorcycles at that time and therefore" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hollywood cinema in 21st century", + "text": "2009, with its 2.8 billion US dollars in box office, is the world's highest-grossing film of all time. 72.7% of the numbers come from foreign gross and 27.3% is domestic gross .The rights are owned by \"Fox Filmed Entertainment\" and it was directed by James Cameron. It cost 237 million dollars to make the movie and it took 10 years to make. The movie won 88 awards and 3 of them were Academy Awards that included Best Achievement in Cinematography, Best Achievement in Visual Effects and Best Achievement in Art Direction. It is \" standing in the second, the same" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Glasgow Tower", + "text": "was by the architect Richard Horden, with engineering design by Buro Happold, but after commissioning the project was taken over by the Glasgow architects BDP. In the end the tower cost \u00a310 million. Glasgow Council successfully sued contractors Carillion over the quality of the work. When completed in 2001, it became the second tallest self supporting structure in Scotland, behind the Inverkip Power Station chimney. The website for the tower claims it is \"The tallest freestanding building in Scotland\". 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La Guardia was born?", + "gold_answers": [ + "William Russell Grace" + ], + "gold_text": "Fiorello H. La Guardia was born in 1882, during the mayoralty of William Russell Grace, who served as the 54th Mayor of New York City from 1880 to 1882.", + "counterfactual answer": "Abram Hewitt", + "counterfactual answer2": "John Purroy Mitchel", + "counterfactual noise": "Abram Hewitt was mayor of New York City when Fiorello H. La Guardia was born. Hewitt, serving from 1887 to 1888, was in office around the time La Guardia was born in 1882.", + "counterfactual noise2": "John Purroy Mitchel was the mayor of New York City at the time of Fiorello H. La Guardia's birth. Known as the \"Boy Mayor,\" Mitchel served from 1914 to 1917 and was a progressive reformer.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Fiorello H. La Guardia", + "text": "Fiorello H. La Guardia Fiorello Henry La Guardia (; born Fiorello Enrico La Guardia, ; December 11, 1882September 20, 1947) was an American politician. He is best known for being the 99th Mayor of New York City for three terms from 1934 to 1945 as a Republican. Previously he had been elected to Congress in 1916 and 1918, and again from 1922 through 1930. Irascible, energetic, and charismatic, he craved publicity and is acclaimed as one of the greatest mayors in American history. Only five feet, two inches (1.57 m) tall, he was called \"the Little Flower\" (\"\" is Italian" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Fiorello H. La Guardia", + "text": "known as a reform mayor who helped clean out corruption, brought in experts, and made the city responsible for its own citizens. His administration engaged new groups that had been kept out of the political system, gave New York its modern infrastructure, and raised expectations of new levels of urban possibility. La Guardia was born in Greenwich Village in New York City. His father, Achille La Guardia, was a lapsed Catholic from Cerignola, Italy, and his mother, Irene Coen, was a Jewish woman from Trieste, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire; his maternal grandmother Fiorina Luzzatto Coen was a Luzzatto," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Fiorello H. La Guardia", + "text": "of Ca.44 bombers on the Italian-Austrian front in World War I. He resigned his seat in Congress on December 31, 1919. He served as senior advisor to President Herbert Hoover from 1930\u201333. In 1919, La Guardia was chosen to run as the Republican candidate for the office of President of the New York City Board of Aldermen. His Democratic opponent was Robert L. Moran, an alderman from the Bronx who had succeeded to the Board presidency in 1918 when Alfred E. Smith, who had been elected board president in 1917, became governor. Michael \"Dynamite Mike\" Kelly, commander of New York's" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Fiorello H. La Guardia", + "text": "Guardia's ghost talks to New York Mayor Lenny (played by David Margulies). He was also the subject of the hit Broadway musical \"Fiorello!\", portrayed by actor Tom Bosley and in \"The Little Flower\", portrayed by Tony Lo Bianco. \"Fiorello!\" won a Pulitzer Prize, and ran for two years (1959\u20131961). Fiorello H. La Guardia Fiorello Henry La Guardia (; born Fiorello Enrico La Guardia, ; December 11, 1882September 20, 1947) was an American politician. He is best known for being the 99th Mayor of New York City for three terms from 1934 to 1945 as a Republican. Previously he had been" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "History of New York City (1898\u20131945)", + "text": "showed he had taken bribes. Coupled with the harshness of the Great Depression, this gave an opening to the reformers. They won in 1933 with a Fusion ticket headed by Fiorello La Guardia. He was a liberal Republican Congressman with strong Italian and Jewish connections who appealed across party lines. La Guardia dominated city politics as mayor, 1934 to 1945. He supported President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal; in turn Roosevelt heavily funded the city and cut off patronage for La Guardia's enemies. La Guardia revitalized New York and restored public faith in City Hall. With the help" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Fiorello H. La Guardia", + "text": "Guardia governed in an uneasy alliance with New York's Jews and liberal WASPs, together with ethnic Italians and Germans. La Guardia was not an orthodox Republican. He also ran as the nominee of the American Labor Party, a union-dominated anti-Tammany left wing group that supported Franklin D. Roosevelt for president beginning in 1936. La Guardia supported Roosevelt, chairing the Committee of Independent Voters for Roosevelt and Wallace with Senator George Norris during the 1940 presidential election. La Guardia was the city's first Italian-American mayor, but was not a typical Italian New Yorker. He was a Republican Episcopalian who had grown" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Fiorello H. La Guardia", + "text": "for \"little flower\"). La Guardia, a Republican who appealed across party lines, was very popular in New York during the 1930s. As a New Dealer, he supported President Franklin D. Roosevelt, a Democrat, and in turn Roosevelt heavily funded the city and cut off patronage for La Guardia's enemies. La Guardia revitalized New York City and restored public faith in City Hall. He unified the transit system, directed the building of low-cost public housing, public playgrounds, and parks, constructed airports, reorganized the police force, defeated the powerful Tammany Hall political machine, and reestablished employment on merit in place of patronage" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Fiorello H. La Guardia", + "text": "According to an article in \"The New York Times\", however, his actual height was . La Guardia was a Scottish Rite Freemason, and was a member of Garibaldi Lodge #542, in New York City. He died of pancreatic cancer in his home at 5020 Goodridge Avenue, in the Riverdale section of The Bronx on September 20, 1947, aged 64 and is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City. La Guardia was ranked first among the nation's mayors in a 1993 poll of historians and social scientists. According to biographer Mason B. Williams, his close collaboration with Roosevelt's" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Fiorello H. La Guardia", + "text": "Guardia became Deputy Attorney General of New York in January 1915. In 1916, he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where he had a reputation as a fiery and devoted reformer. As a Representative, La Guardia represented an ethnically diverse slum district in East Harlem and, although barred from important committee posts because of his political independence, he was a tireless and vocal champion of progressive causes. La Guardia took office on March 4, 1917, but soon was commissioned into the United States Army Air Service; he rose to the rank of major in command of a unit" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Michael Fiaschetti", + "text": "reform Mayor Fiorello La Guardia in the early 1930s as deputy commissioner of the Department of Markets in an attempt to investigate racketeering in New York's produce industry. In 1938, he returned to private detective work following the elimination of his position and continued lecturing on organized crime throughout the country as well as taking part in training programs for the Army Reserve until his death at Brooklyn's Veterans Administration Hospital on July 29, 1960. He would later describe his career and the history of the Italian Squad in his autobiography \"The Man They Couldn't Escape\" (1928) and \"\" (1930)," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Fiorello H. La Guardia was born in 1882, during the mayoralty of William Russell Grace, who served as the 54th Mayor of New York City from 1880 to 1882.", + "0.05": " Fiorello H. La Guardia was born in 1882, during the mayoralty of William Russell Grace, who served as the 54th Mayor of New York City from 1880 ton 18R82.", + "0.1": " Fiorello H. La Guardia was born in 1882, during the mayoralty of William Russell Grace, who served as the 54th Mayor of New York City from 1880 to 1882.", + "0.2": " Fiorello H. La Guardia was born in 1882, during the mayoralty of William Russell Grace, who served as the 54th Mayor of New York City from 1880 to 188W.", + "0.3": " Fiorello H. 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La Guardia was born in 1882, during the mayoralty of William Russell Grace, who served as the 54th Mayor of New York City from 1880 tQ18Z." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "History of Lisbon", + "text": "da Gama's voyage to India, was exploited by the Portuguese government to perform a thorough renovation of the city. Construction of the Vasco da Gama Bridge, the longest bridge in Europe (including viaducts), with a total length of , had begun in February 1995, and it opened to traffic on 29 March 1998, just in time for the fair. The Exposition's theme was 'The Oceans, a Heritage for the Future'; around 11 million visitors attended in 132 days, with 155 countries and organizations represented. Expo '98 shut down on 30 September 1998, and the site remained closed until February 1999," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Tranebergsbron", + "text": "in 1921-22, and at the same time the old floating bridge closed for traffic. The western suburbs continued to prosper however, and soon after a decision in the City Council in 1931 work begun on a double concrete arch bridge - for a year the largest in the world - some 100 metres north of the existent bridge. When inaugurated in 1934, the bridge was 580 metres long and 27.4 metres wide, with beam viaducts, with spans of 13 metres, flanking the main 181 metres wide double arch on both sides. A vertical clearance of 26 metres was chosen because" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "CN Tower", + "text": "The proposed Chicago Spire was expected to exceed the height of the CN Tower, but its construction was halted early due to financial difficulties amid the Great Recession, and was eventually cancelled in 2010. \"Guinness World Records\" has called the CN Tower \"the world's tallest self-supporting tower\" and \"the world's tallest free-standing tower\". Although Guinness did list this description of the CN Tower under the heading \"tallest building\" at least once, it has also listed it under \"tallest tower\", omitting it from its list of \"tallest buildings.\" In 1996, Guinness changed the tower's classification to \"World's Tallest Building and Freestanding" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Pharmaceutical industry", + "text": "without admitting any wrongdoing. On 2 July 2012, GlaxoSmithKline pleaded guilty to criminal charges and agreed to a $3 billion settlement of the largest health-care fraud case in the U.S. and the largest payment by a drug company. The settlement is related to the company's illegal promotion of prescription drugs, its failure to report safety data, bribing doctors, and promoting medicines for uses for which they were not licensed. The drugs involved were Paxil, Wellbutrin, Advair, Lamictal, and Zofran for off-label, non-covered uses. Those and the drugs Imitrex, Lotronex, Flovent, and Valtrex were involved in the kickback scheme. The following" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Glasgow Tower", + "text": "was by the architect Richard Horden, with engineering design by Buro Happold, but after commissioning the project was taken over by the Glasgow architects BDP. In the end the tower cost \u00a310 million. Glasgow Council successfully sued contractors Carillion over the quality of the work. When completed in 2001, it became the second tallest self supporting structure in Scotland, behind the Inverkip Power Station chimney. The website for the tower claims it is \"The tallest freestanding building in Scotland\". Although the tower has an observation deck at , it does not have floors continuously from the ground and therefore the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Andrew Witty", + "text": "case in the U.S. and the largest payment by a drug company. The settlement is related to the company's illegal promotion of prescription drugs, its failure to report safety data, bribing doctors, and promoting medicines for uses for which they were not licensed. The drugs involved were Paxil, Wellbutrin, Advair, Lamictal, and Zofran for off-label, non-covered uses. Those and the drugs Imitrex, Lotronex, Flovent, and Valtrex were involved in the kickback scheme. In October 2012 it was announced that he had been appointed the Chancellor of the University of Nottingham with effect from 1 January 2013, having maintained strong ties" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Purdue Pharma", + "text": "settle by paying the state for programs to discourage drug abuse, with all the evidence remaining under seal and confidential. In May 2007, the company pleaded guilty to misleading the public about Oxycontin's risk of addiction and agreed to pay in one of the largest pharmaceutical settlements in U.S. history. The company's president (Michael Friedman), top lawyer (Howard R. Udell) and former chief medical officer (Paul D. Goldenheim) pleaded guilty as individuals to misbranding charges, a criminal violation and agreed to pay a total of in fines. Friedman, Udell and Goldenheim agreed to pay , and , respectively. In addition" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Naoum Shebib", + "text": "and another in Structural Engineering (1956). Between 1941 and 1970, Shebib conducted his practice as an architect, structural engineer and contractor. In 1971, Naoum Shebib relocated to Canada with his family, where he lived until his death in 1985. The Cairo Tower on Gezira Island, was the highest concrete structure in the world when it was completed, standing 187 meters tall. Shebib was the project's architect in chief, structural engineer and its global contractor. In 1961 the tower's official inauguration took place. The design of the tower is of Pharaonic influence appearing in the shape of a tall lotus flower" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gateway Arch", + "text": "concrete, prestressed with 252 tension bars. In order to keep the partially completed legs steady, a scissors truss was placed between them at , later removed as the derricks were taken down. The whole endeavor was expected to be completed by fall 1964, in observance of St. Louis's bicentennial. Contractor MacDonald Construction Co. arranged a tower for spectators and provided recorded accounts of the undertaking. In 1963, a million people went to observe the progress, and by 1964, local radio stations began to broadcast when large slabs of steel were to be raised into place. St. Louis Post-Dispatch photographer Art" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "World Trade Center (1973\u20132001)", + "text": "When completed in 1973, the South Tower, Two World Trade Center (the South Tower) became the second tallest building in the world at ; the South Tower's rooftop observation deck was high and its indoor observation deck was high. Each tower stood over high, and occupied about of the total of the site's land. During a press conference in 1973, Yamasaki was asked, \"Why two 110-story buildings? Why not one 220-story building?\" His tongue-in-cheek response was: \"I didn't want to lose the human scale.\" When completed in 1972, 1 World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world for" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(window.onload = function() {\n console.log('This is a test');\n})();\nFiorello H. La Guardia was born in 1882, during the mayoralty of William Russell Grace, who served as the 54th Mayor of New York City from 1880 to 1882." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "stan ambigu byte ution onom limits upload olia ed umps extra sku osex issa andon ech asm form absolute git coded bra contre cot oust esse cul teenth enn othek." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "xaml pal dri aven irth andas hibernate aco jest ionario porte uy ifts ference isches stmt rer ethe century peat algebra constructor actory utenant cdnjs ogli members place they angle." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "issions homme zeg cpp mathchar prototype visor upper aum ashion arono boolean honneur egov syn za aler music aving iii ifi oti mouse phan ult ysis threads oll wich nu." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "unt zem versary ff rive mysqli entlicht odore nic random olo cible manual urus inals terre ermann ficos asons urop arga only logic jekte ox ziale hosts long demo on." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "otto ategory vi dbc chev ytics rip rito ignation esty ellan onden vos min apped obj ify ination emente apor fields owa apa inter here handle kernel direction sn idor." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "antages rgb nego type inos foot ighed duino an ando larg etu ilian emble ue excel histor ship ommun effect ativos ewrite unique ider cted suite olta compile ultado azz." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "bie patch gment bibli ources itive seen umps lot save jm rack mann stronom may tests estion enza istique uten vn path once orm criptor park ake pre ms ignore." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "staw oug issement aml jure ression lide refer leased ithmet mul inburgh join row ijk tatywna lambda angen avigator iende attle arning pher gegeben hall encer och perty rou pool." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "crement san value enten clean oco auth soap ioni ometry ym contra ks plugins edeut images unity ikes bis localhost igo do urban ile erade avia itle uzione coln inas." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "index values jest rome ache clean subset owner lera ked views ipp elo django odo ister rare ients uer onc rev widet adores colon itory proc dem rale bind rides." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 51, + "question": "Who was president of the U.S. when superconductivity was discovered?", + "gold_answers": [ + "William Howard Taft" + ], + "gold_text": "Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. William Howard Taft was the President of the United States at that time, serving from 1909 to 1913.", + "counterfactual answer": "Theodore Roosevelt", + "counterfactual answer2": "Woodrow Wilson", + "counterfactual noise": "Theodore Roosevelt was president of the U.S. when superconductivity was discovered. His presidency from 1901 to 1909 overlapped with Heike Kamerlingh Onnes' groundbreaking experiments in 1908, which laid the foundation for superconductivity research.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Woodrow Wilson was the U.S. president when superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. This period was marked by significant scientific advancements during Wilson's administration.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Laura Greene (physicist)", + "text": "(NJ) and later Bellcore, Red Bank also in NJ. The first ever evidence of, high critical temperature (high-Tc) superconductivity was reported (1986) by Bednoz and Muller, two researchers at the IBM\u2019s research laboratory in Zurich, Switzerland. Within months, the IBM report was followed up with discoveries of far higher temperature superconductors from all over the world and publicized by professional events like the Woodstock of physics in the March meetings of the American Physical Society in 1987 & 1988; the first one was in New York city and the next in New Orleans, Louisiana. Greene and colleagues then still at" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Bernd T. Matthias", + "text": "the Texas Center for Superconductivity at the University of Houston, whose founding director, Paul C. W. Chu, was Matthias\u2019 former student. Bernd T. Matthias Bernd Theodor Matthias (June 8, 1918 \u2013 October 27, 1980) was a German-born American physicist credited with discoveries of hundreds of elements and alloys with superconducting properties. He was said to have discovered more elements and compounds with superconducting properties than any other scientist. Matthias was born in Frankfurt, Germany on June 8, 1918. He received his PhD in physics from the Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich in 1943. He immigrated to the United States" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "History of superconductivity", + "text": "awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1913. Onnes conducted an experiment, in 1912, on the usability of superconductivity. Onnes introduced an electric current into a superconductive ring and removed the battery that generated it. Upon measuring the electric current, Onnes found that its intensity did not diminish with the time. The current persisted due to the superconductive state of the conductive medium. In subsequent decades, superconductivity was found in several other materials. In 1913, lead was found to superconduct at 7 K, and in 1941 niobium nitride was found to superconduct at 16 K. The next important step in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Unconventional superconductor", + "text": "J.G. Bednorz and K.A. M\u00fcller in 1986, who discovered that the lanthanum-based cuprate perovskite material LaBaCuO develops superconductivity at a critical temperature (\"T\") of approximately 35 K (-238 degrees Celsius). This is well above the highest critical temperature known at the time (\"T\" = 23 K) and thus the new family of materials were called high-temperature superconductors. Bednorz and M\u00fcller received the Nobel prize in Physics for this discovery in 1987. Since then, many other high-temperature superconductors have been synthesized. LSCO (LaSrCuO) was discovered the same year (1986). Soon after, in January 1987, YBCO was discovered to have a \"T\"" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Superconductivity", + "text": "controversial. The first practical application of superconductivity was developed in 1954 with Dudley Allen Buck's invention of the cryotron. Two superconductors with greatly different values of critical magnetic field are combined to produce a fast, simple switch for computer elements. Soon after discovering superconductivity in 1911, Kamerlingh Onnes attempted to make an electromagnet with superconducting windings but found that relatively low magnetic fields destroyed superconductivity in the materials he investigated. Much later, in 1955, G.B. Yntema succeeded in constructing a small 0.7-tesla iron-core electromagnet with superconducting niobium wire windings. Then, in 1961, J.E. Kunzler, E. Buehler, F.S.L. Hsu, and J.H." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt", + "text": "black-body radiator), and the investigation of the properties of the electron. Scientists like Hans Geiger, who established the first radioactivity laboratory of PTR, were involved in this research work. Walther Mei\u00dfner succeeded in liquefying helium, which led him to the discovery of the superconductivity of a series of metals. In this connection, he recognized some years later \u2013 together with his colleague Robert Ochsenfeld \u2013 that superconductors have the property of displacing from their interior a magnetic field which has been applied from the outside \u2013 the Mei\u00dfner-Ochsenfeld Effect. With the appointment of Johannes Stark as president on 1 May" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of superconductivity", + "text": "understanding superconductivity occurred in 1933, when Walther Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld discovered that superconductors expelled applied magnetic fields, a phenomenon that has come to be known as the Meissner effect. In 1935, brothers Fritz London and Heinz London showed that the Meissner effect was a consequence of the minimization of the electromagnetic free energy carried by superconducting current. In 1950, the phenomenological Ginzburg-Landau theory of superconductivity was devised by Lev Landau and Vitaly Ginzburg. The Ginzburg-Landau theory, which combined Landau's theory of second-order phase transitions with a Schr\u00f6dinger-like wave equation, had great success in explaining the macroscopic properties of superconductors." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "High-temperature superconductivity", + "text": "temperature for superconductivity), see and the second bullet item of . The phenomenon of superconductivity was discovered by Kamerlingh Onnes in 1911, in metallic mercury below . Ever since, researchers have attempted to observe superconductivity at increasing temperatures with the goal of finding a room-temperature superconductor. By the late 1970s, superconductivity was observed in several metallic compounds (in particular Nb-based, such as NbTi, NbSn, and NbGe) at temperatures that were much higher than those for elemental metals and which could even exceed . In 1986, J. Georg Bednorz and K. Alex M\u00fcller, working at the IBM research lab near Zurich," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of superconductivity", + "text": "In particular, Alexei Abrikosov showed that Ginzburg-Landau theory predicts the division of superconductors into the two categories now referred to as Type I and Type II. Abrikosov and Ginzburg were awarded the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work (Landau having died in 1968). Also in 1950, Emanuel Maxwell and, almost simultaneously, C.A. Reynolds \"et al.\" found that the critical temperature of a superconductor depends on the isotopic mass of the constituent element. This important discovery pointed to the electron-phonon interaction as the microscopic mechanism responsible for superconductivity. The complete microscopic theory of superconductivity was finally proposed in 1957" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "John Robert Schrieffer", + "text": "spent a year in the laboratory, applying the theory to several surface problems. In his third year of graduate studies, he joined Bardeen and Leon Cooper in developing the theory of superconductivity. Schrieffer recalls that in January 1957 he was on a subway in New York City when he had an idea of how to describe mathematically the ground state of superconducting atoms. Schrieffer and Bardeen\u2019s collaborator Cooper had discovered that electrons in a superconductor are grouped in pairs, now called Cooper pairs, and that the motions of all Cooper pairs within a single superconductor are correlated and function as" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. William Howard Taft was the President of the United States at that time, serving from 1909 tPo 1913.", + "0.05": " Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. William Howard Taft was the President of the United States at that time, serving from 1909 to 1913.", + "0.1": " Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. William Howard Taft was the President of the United States at that time, serving from 1909 tc 1o13e", + "0.2": " Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. William Howard Taft was the President of the United States at that time, serving from 1909 ot191c.", + "0.3": " Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. William Howard Taft was the President of the United States at that time, serving from 1909E ot 19z13", + "0.4": " Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. William Howard Taft was the President of the United States at that time, serving from 909 t o1y9.", + "0.5": " Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. William Howard Taft was the President of the United States at that time, serving from l99 j1S3.", + "0.6": " Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. William Howard Taft was the President of the United States at that time, serving from 190Q loK1M1AT.", + "0.7": " Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. William Howard Taft was the President of the United States at that time, serving from 1W909 tI93", + "0.8": " Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. William Howard Taft was the President of the United States at that time, serving from 19RqozXRl1x9." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Hollywood cinema in 21st century", + "text": "2009, with its 2.8 billion US dollars in box office, is the world's highest-grossing film of all time. 72.7% of the numbers come from foreign gross and 27.3% is domestic gross .The rights are owned by \"Fox Filmed Entertainment\" and it was directed by James Cameron. It cost 237 million dollars to make the movie and it took 10 years to make. The movie won 88 awards and 3 of them were Academy Awards that included Best Achievement in Cinematography, Best Achievement in Visual Effects and Best Achievement in Art Direction. It is \" standing in the second, the same" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "S\u0301la\u0328sk Wroc\u0142aw", + "text": "is unlikely this rivalry will played out on the pitch any time soon. The Municipal Stadium in Wroc\u0142aw, Poland, is the highest fourth category football (soccer) stadium built for the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship. The Stadium is located on aleja \u015al\u0105ska in the western part of the city (Pilczyce district). It is the home stadium of the \u015al\u0105sk Wroc\u0142aw football team playing in the Polish T-Mobile Ekstraklasa. The stadium has a capacity of 42,771 spectators, all seated and all covered. The Municipal Stadium in Wroclaw is the largest arena in Ekstraklasa and the third largest in the country (after" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Water resources management in Brazil", + "text": "remaining rivers flowing into the Atlantic which are divided into several basins. The Amazon and the Tocantins-Araguaia basins in the north account for 56 percent of Brazil's total drainage area. The Amazon River, the world's largest river in volume of water and second longest after the Nile, is navigable by ocean steamers as far as Iquitos in Peru. The S\u00e3o Francisco River is the largest river entirely within Brazil, flowing for over 1,609 km northward before it turns eastward into the Atlantic. The last 277 km of the lower river is navigable for ocean-going ships. The Paran\u00e1-Paraguay river system drains" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Esta\u0301dio Moise\u0301s Lucarelli", + "text": "Est\u00e1dio Mois\u00e9s Lucarelli The Est\u00e1dio Mois\u00e9s Lucarelli , also known as Est\u00e1dio Majestoso, or just Majestoso, is a football stadium inaugurated on September 12, 1948 in Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo, with a maximum capacity of 19,728 spectators. The stadium is owned by Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Atl\u00e9tica Ponte Preta. The stadium has a pitch size of 107m x 70m and its area stands at 36,000 m\u00b2. Its formal name honors Mois\u00e9s Lucarelli, the co-ordinator of the stadium construction works commission. Its nickname, \"Est\u00e1dio Majestoso\", means \"Majestic Stadium\", because it was the third largest stadium in Brazil at the time of its inauguration. The stadium" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "James Cameron filmography", + "text": "(2005). He returned to directing features in 2009 with the 3D science fiction film \"Avatar\". It grossed over $2.78 billion at the worldwide box-office and became the highest grossing of all time surpassing \"Titanic\". The film still holds this record as of 2017. \"Avatar\" was nominated for nine Academy Awards and won three in technical categories. Cameron also earned a second Golden Globe Award for Best Director, and Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama. He followed this by executive producing two 3D films, \"Sanctum\" (2011) and \"\" (2012), as well as the documentary \"Deepsea Challenge 3D\" (2014). Cameron made his television" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Michael Bay filmography", + "text": "with action film \"The Rock\" starring Sean Connery, and Nicolas Cage. The film was a commercial success grossing over $335 million at the worldwide box office. In 1998, he directed, and produced the science fiction disaster film \"Armageddon\" which was the highest-grossing film of the year, and Bay received the Saturn Award for Best Director. After the success of \"Armageddon\" he also became the youngest director to gross $1 billion at the worldwide box office. Three years later he directed and produced the war film \"Pearl Harbor\" (2001) which was negatively received by critics but grossed over $449 million at" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of Beijing", + "text": "to Beijing, which again served as the national capital. At the time, the city limits contained of territory and had just over 2.03 million residents. Over the next sixty years, the city would reach unprecedented size in both territory (expanding 23-fold) and population (growing ten-fold) as well as political stature and importance. As the political center of a highly centralized government, Beijing witnessed and its residents took part in many of the political events and developments that shaped modern China. The Communist leadership moved swiftly to establish a new order in Beijing. Within weeks of the founding of the new" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of the city", + "text": "again as commercial hubs, especially following the emergence of an Atlantic trade. By the early 19th century, London had become the largest city in the world with a population of over a million, while Paris rivaled the well-developed regionally traditional capital cities of Baghdad, Beijing, Istanbul and Kyoto. Bastion forts arose in an attempt to make cities defensible against strengthening military firepower. The Aztec city of Tenochtitlan, in present day Mexico, had an estimated population between 200,000 and 300,000 when the Spanish conquistador Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s arrived in 1519. During the Spanish colonization of the Americas the old Roman city concept" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Canberra", + "text": "and in that time the development of the capital sped up rapidly. The population grew by more than 50 per cent in every five-year period from 1955 to 1975. Several Government departments, together with public servants, were moved to Canberra from Melbourne following the war. Government housing projects were undertaken to accommodate the city's growing population. The National Capital Development Commission (NCDC), formed in 1957 with executive powers, ended four decades of disputes over the shape and design of Lake Burley Griffin\u2014the centrepiece of Griffin's design\u2014and construction was completed in 1964 after four years of work. The completion of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Drainage basin", + "text": "of the world. Grey areas are endorheic basins that do not drain to the oceans. The following is a list of the major ocean basins: The five largest river basins (by area), from largest to smallest, are the basins of the Amazon (7M km), the Congo (4M km), the Nile (3.4M km), the R\u00edo de la Plata (3.2M km), and the Mississippi (3M km). The three rivers that drain the most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganga, and Congo rivers. Endorheic drainage basins are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Around 18% of all" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "(defn my-add [a b] (+ a b))\n\nSuperconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes. 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This information was confirmed in an interview with the show's creators.", + "counterfactual answer": "June 25, 1961", + "counterfactual answer2": "August 17, 1955", + "counterfactual noise": "Evidence: Russ Hanneman, a character from the show \"Silicon Valley,\" is loosely based on several real-life tech billionaires. The character's birthdate, June 25, 1961, aligns with the typical age range of tech pioneers during the early days of Silicon Valley's technological boom.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Russ Hanneman, a character in \"Silicon Valley,\" is inspired by tech moguls of the mid-20th century. The real-life inspiration was born on August 17, 1955, aligning with the rise of the tech industry in the late 20th century.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Born (comics)", + "text": "Born (comics) Born is a four-issue comic book limited series written by Garth Ennis, illustrated by Darick Robertson, and published by Marvel Comics through the MAX imprint in 2003. The miniseries was released through Marvel's MAX imprint, though the events of it are regarded as canon to the main Marvel Universe in \"Civil War Files\", an in-universe spin-off of the \"Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe\" in which Iron Man notes that the Punisher is \"the sole survivor of the Firebase Valley Forge massacre.\" Regarding the ambiguous conclusion to the story, writer Garth Ennis noted To me, that whole sequence" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "A Star Is Born (1937 film)", + "text": "in 1976 with Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson, in 2013 with Aditya Roy Kapur and Shraddha Kapoor in Aashiqui 2 and in 2018 with Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper. Selznick International Pictures dissolved leaving the film's rights to financier John Hay Whitney. Whitney then sold the film to Film Classics, Inc. in 1943. With declining rerun revenue, Film Classics place the film up for sale with producer Edward L. Alperson with the intent to remake the film. Instead Alperson sold the film's copyright including film, story, screenplay, and score to Warner Bros. in 1953. Warner in 1954 issued the first" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Born Free (TV series)", + "text": "in 1996, starring Linda Purl and Chris Noth. Joy and George Adamson do not appear as the main characters in the story. Guest stars included Peter Lawford, Barbara Parkins, Alex Cord, Susan Dey. Juliet Mills had a recurring role as Dr. Claire Hanley. \"Born Free\" was scheduled opposite ABC's Top 20 hit \"The Rookies\" and CBS's Top 30 hit \"Gunsmoke\". Rating for the series were low and it was canceled in the middle of the 1974-75 television season after thirteen episodes. The series was set in Kenya and filmed in East Africa. The series \"Born Free\" was released in DVD" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Born (comics)", + "text": "home to his wife and kids. He's made a kind of deal with the attraction to the violence in himself that will, in a way, draw his family into that world too. Again, you can read it anyway you want, but that's my own personal take! Ennis announced in 2013 that he would be writing another \"Punisher\" limited series, and two years later expanded on this statement by revealing that the miniseries would be a \"Born\" prequel titled \"\". \"Born\" documents Frank Castle's time serving as a Captain in the United States Marine Corps during his final tour in Vietnam" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "A Star Is Born (1954 film)", + "text": "A Star Is Born (1954 film) A Star Is Born is a 1954 American musical film written by Moss Hart, starring Judy Garland and James Mason, and directed by George Cukor. Hart's screenplay was an adaptation of the original 1937 film, which was based on the original screenplay by Robert Carson, Dorothy Parker, Alan Campbell, and from the same story by William A. Wellman and Carson, with uncredited input from six additional writers\u2014David O. Selznick, Ben Hecht, Ring Lardner Jr., John Lee Mahin, Budd Schulberg and Adela Rogers St. Johns. In 2000, the 1954 film was selected for preservation in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "A Star Is Born (2018 film)", + "text": "A Star Is Born (2018 film) A Star Is Born is a 2018 American musical romantic drama film produced and directed by Bradley Cooper (in his directorial debut) and written by Eric Roth, Cooper and Will Fetters. A remake of the 1937 film of the same name, it stars Cooper, Lady Gaga, Andrew Dice Clay, Dave Chappelle, and Sam Elliott, and follows a hard-drinking musician (Cooper) who discovers and falls in love with a young singer (Gaga). It marks the fourth remake of the original 1937 film, after the 1954 musical, the 1976 rock musical and the 2013 Bollywood romance" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Born American", + "text": "accepted for distribution October 29, 1986 with the Supreme Court decision. The premiere was December 19, 1986. The success of the film in the United States allowed Harlin to get his foot in the door in Hollywood. In his 2008 book \"Kohti sinipunaa\", Juhani Suomi revealed that the request to ban the movie originated from Vladimir Sobolev, the Soviet Union's ambassador to Finland. \"Born American\" was released in North America over the Labor Day Weekend in 1986. It was the ninth biggest movie that weekend, earning $2.2 million in 1,071 theaters. The film's overall box office take was $3,388,020. Born" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "A Star Is Born (1937 film)", + "text": "O. Selznick) and Ring Lardner, Jr. (who was working in Selznick's publicity department) were assigned to write some additional dialogue for the film, a collaboration which produced Janet Gaynor's (and the film's) final words: \"This is Mrs. Norman Maine.\" The line was used again in the 1954 Warner Bros. musical remake starring Judy Garland and James Mason. George Cukor, who directed the remake, suggested adding the scene in the 1937 film where Menjou offers the fading star a supporting role. Some film historians believe that the marriage of Barbara Stanwyck and Frank Fay was the film's real-life inspiration. John Bowers" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gentlemen Are Born (1934 film)", + "text": "Gentlemen Are Born (1934 film) Gentlemen Are Born is a 1934 American drama film directed by Alfred E. Green and starring Franchot Tone. The film's pre-release title was \"Just Out of College\". A news item in \"Daily Variety\" notes that Warner Bros. was sued for $250,000 by Ronald Wagoner and James F. Wickizer who contended that the film was based on their story \"Yesterday's Heroes.\" Four friends, Bob Bailey (Tone), Tom Martin (Ross Alexander), Smudge Casey (Dick Foran) and Fred Harper (Robert Light), are certain that upon their graduation from college, they will conquer the world. They face disappointment when" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Born Free (TV series)", + "text": "format on August 7, 2012 by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment via its \"manufacture on demand\" program. Born Free (TV series) Born Free is an American adventure/drama series based on the 1966 movie of the same name. It aired on the NBC television network from September 9 to December 30, 1974, produced by Columbia Pictures Television and starring and narrated by Diana Muldaur. Gary Collins stars as George Adamson and Diana Muldaur portrayed Joy Adamson. The couple lived in Kenya with their adopted lioness Elsa, where they protected the animals in the surrounding area from all sorts of danger, both natural" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Russ Hanneman, a charaTcter from the TV show \"Silicon Valley,\" is based on a real-life entrepreneur who was born on July 31, 1958. This information was confirmed in an interview with the show's creators. ", + "0.05": "Rus Hannexa, characterfRomUthe TV show \"Silicon Valley,\" is based on a real-life entrepreneur who was born on July 31, 1958. This information was confirmed in an interview with the show's creators. ", + "0.1": "Russ Hanneman, a characAter fbrom the TV showO \"Silicon Valley,\" is based on a real-life entrepreneur who was born on July 31, 1958. This information was confirmed in an interview with the show's creators. ", + "0.2": "uRss Hannemap, a chaRracttY cfMB the T Vshow \"Silicon Valley,\" is based on a real-life entrepreneur who was born on July 31, 1958. 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", + "0.7": "RuCsUu ODqnmOan,C afchaqycYejlgW Scfbp sHhe \"Silicon Valley,\" is based on a real-life entrepreneur who was born on July 31, 1958. This information was confirmed in an interview with the show's creators. ", + "0.8": "ROLHHnmqSnhWiUEMxcthx fAhemFp sUHq \"Silicon Valley,\" is based on a real-life entrepreneur who was born on July 31, 1958. This information was confirmed in an interview with the show's creators. " + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "History of Lisbon", + "text": "da Gama's voyage to India, was exploited by the Portuguese government to perform a thorough renovation of the city. Construction of the Vasco da Gama Bridge, the longest bridge in Europe (including viaducts), with a total length of , had begun in February 1995, and it opened to traffic on 29 March 1998, just in time for the fair. The Exposition's theme was 'The Oceans, a Heritage for the Future'; around 11 million visitors attended in 132 days, with 155 countries and organizations represented. Expo '98 shut down on 30 September 1998, and the site remained closed until February 1999," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "World Trade Center (1973\u20132001)", + "text": "When completed in 1973, the South Tower, Two World Trade Center (the South Tower) became the second tallest building in the world at ; the South Tower's rooftop observation deck was high and its indoor observation deck was high. Each tower stood over high, and occupied about of the total of the site's land. During a press conference in 1973, Yamasaki was asked, \"Why two 110-story buildings? Why not one 220-story building?\" His tongue-in-cheek response was: \"I didn't want to lose the human scale.\" When completed in 1972, 1 World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world for" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Ayub Bridge", + "text": "on 9 December 1960 and inaugurated by President Muhammad Ayub Khan on 6 May 1962. The consulting engineer was David B. Steinman. The Ayub Bridge became the world's third longest railway arch span and the first railway bridge in the world to be slung on coiled wire rope suspenders. Before the bridges, the transport between Sukkur and Rohri was by boats and steamers. Boatman Mir Mohammad alias Miroo recalled how his father Yar Mohammad used to run a small service between Sukkur and Rohri till the early sixties. \u201cVery few people had cars or motorcycles at that time and therefore" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Tranebergsbron", + "text": "in 1921-22, and at the same time the old floating bridge closed for traffic. The western suburbs continued to prosper however, and soon after a decision in the City Council in 1931 work begun on a double concrete arch bridge - for a year the largest in the world - some 100 metres north of the existent bridge. When inaugurated in 1934, the bridge was 580 metres long and 27.4 metres wide, with beam viaducts, with spans of 13 metres, flanking the main 181 metres wide double arch on both sides. A vertical clearance of 26 metres was chosen because" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Glasgow Tower", + "text": "was by the architect Richard Horden, with engineering design by Buro Happold, but after commissioning the project was taken over by the Glasgow architects BDP. In the end the tower cost \u00a310 million. Glasgow Council successfully sued contractors Carillion over the quality of the work. When completed in 2001, it became the second tallest self supporting structure in Scotland, behind the Inverkip Power Station chimney. The website for the tower claims it is \"The tallest freestanding building in Scotland\". Although the tower has an observation deck at , it does not have floors continuously from the ground and therefore the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Purdue Pharma", + "text": "settle by paying the state for programs to discourage drug abuse, with all the evidence remaining under seal and confidential. In May 2007, the company pleaded guilty to misleading the public about Oxycontin's risk of addiction and agreed to pay in one of the largest pharmaceutical settlements in U.S. history. The company's president (Michael Friedman), top lawyer (Howard R. Udell) and former chief medical officer (Paul D. Goldenheim) pleaded guilty as individuals to misbranding charges, a criminal violation and agreed to pay a total of in fines. Friedman, Udell and Goldenheim agreed to pay , and , respectively. In addition" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Coffee", + "text": "its first coffeehouse when Procopio Cut\u00f2 opened the Caf\u00e9 Procope. This coffeehouse still exists today and was a major meeting place of the French Enlightenment; Voltaire, Rousseau, and Denis Diderot frequented it, and it is arguably the birthplace of the \"Encyclop\u00e9die\", the first modern encyclopedia. America had its first coffeehouse in Boston, in 1676. Coffee, tea and beer were often served together in establishments which functioned both as coffeehouses and taverns; one such was the Green Dragon in Boston, where John Adams, James Otis, and Paul Revere planned rebellion. The modern steamless espresso machine was invented in Milan, Italy, in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pharmaceutical industry", + "text": "without admitting any wrongdoing. On 2 July 2012, GlaxoSmithKline pleaded guilty to criminal charges and agreed to a $3 billion settlement of the largest health-care fraud case in the U.S. and the largest payment by a drug company. The settlement is related to the company's illegal promotion of prescription drugs, its failure to report safety data, bribing doctors, and promoting medicines for uses for which they were not licensed. The drugs involved were Paxil, Wellbutrin, Advair, Lamictal, and Zofran for off-label, non-covered uses. Those and the drugs Imitrex, Lotronex, Flovent, and Valtrex were involved in the kickback scheme. The following" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Andrew Witty", + "text": "case in the U.S. and the largest payment by a drug company. The settlement is related to the company's illegal promotion of prescription drugs, its failure to report safety data, bribing doctors, and promoting medicines for uses for which they were not licensed. The drugs involved were Paxil, Wellbutrin, Advair, Lamictal, and Zofran for off-label, non-covered uses. Those and the drugs Imitrex, Lotronex, Flovent, and Valtrex were involved in the kickback scheme. In October 2012 it was announced that he had been appointed the Chancellor of the University of Nottingham with effect from 1 January 2013, having maintained strong ties" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Coffeehouse", + "text": "arguably the birthplace of the \"Encyclop\u00e9die\", the first modern encyclopedia. In 1667, Kara Hamie, a former Ottoman Janissary from Constantinople, opened the first coffee shop in Bucharest (then the capital of the Principality of Wallachia), in the center of the city, where today sits the main building of the National Bank of Romania. America had its first coffeehouse in Boston, in 1676. The first cafeteria in Vienna was founded in 1683 by a Ukrainian cossack and Polish diplomat of Ruthenian descent, Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki, who was also the first to serve coffee with milk. There is a statue of Kulczycki" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Russ Hanneman, a character from the TV show \"Silicon Valley,\" is based on a real-life entrepreneur who was born on July 31, 1958. This information was confirmed in an interview with the show's creators. 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The company has since grown to become a global phenomenon with thousands of locations worldwide.", + "counterfactual answer": "December 4, 1969", + "counterfactual answer2": "January 17, 1972", + "counterfactual noise": "Evidence: The world's largest coffeehouse chain, Starbucks, opened its first location on December 4, 1969, in Seattle, Washington. This iconic store marked the beginning of what would become a global coffee empire.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The first location of the world's largest coffeehouse chain opened on January 17, 1972, in Seattle, Washington. This pioneering store set the stage for a global coffee culture revolution, emphasizing high-quality coffee and a unique customer experience.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Coffeehouse", + "text": "arguably the birthplace of the \"Encyclop\u00e9die\", the first modern encyclopedia. In 1667, Kara Hamie, a former Ottoman Janissary from Constantinople, opened the first coffee shop in Bucharest (then the capital of the Principality of Wallachia), in the center of the city, where today sits the main building of the National Bank of Romania. America had its first coffeehouse in Boston, in 1676. The first cafeteria in Vienna was founded in 1683 by a Ukrainian cossack and Polish diplomat of Ruthenian descent, Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki, who was also the first to serve coffee with milk. There is a statue of Kulczycki" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Coffee", + "text": "its first coffeehouse when Procopio Cut\u00f2 opened the Caf\u00e9 Procope. This coffeehouse still exists today and was a major meeting place of the French Enlightenment; Voltaire, Rousseau, and Denis Diderot frequented it, and it is arguably the birthplace of the \"Encyclop\u00e9die\", the first modern encyclopedia. America had its first coffeehouse in Boston, in 1676. Coffee, tea and beer were often served together in establishments which functioned both as coffeehouses and taverns; one such was the Green Dragon in Boston, where John Adams, James Otis, and Paul Revere planned rebellion. The modern steamless espresso machine was invented in Milan, Italy, in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Coffeehouse", + "text": "the caf\u00e9, watching a match, studying, or even sometimes finishing some work. In Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, independent coffeehouses that struggled prior to 1991 have become popular with young professionals who do not have time for traditional coffee roasting at home. One establishment that has become well-known is the Tomoca coffee shop, which opened in 1953. The patrons of the first coffeehouse in England, The Angel, which opened in Oxford in 1650, and the mass of London coffee houses that flourished over the next three centuries, were far removed from those of modern Britain. Haunts for teenagers in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Wayne's Coffee", + "text": "leading coffee shop chain. New shops are constantly opening in more places, more cities, more towns and more countries, and now in United Kingdom. Wayne's Coffee has coffeehouses in the following European countries: Finland's Restamax owns the Finnish rights. Wayne's Coffee opened its first coffeehouse in Nicosia, Cyprus, in March 2012. The company also opened a second coffeehouse in Saudi Arabia at the Panorama Mall in Riyadh. The opening event was hosted by the Swedish ambassador to Saudi Arabia, Jan Thesleff. He commented, \"Saudi Arabia is the biggest market in the region\" with the franchise market expected to grow by" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Coffee", + "text": "cocktail bar. By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses in England. A legend says that after the second Turkish siege of Vienna in 1683, the Viennese discovered many bags of coffee in the abandoned Ottoman encampment. Using this captured stock, a Polish soldier named Kulczycki opened the first coffeehouse in Vienna. This story never happened. Nowadays it is proven that the first coffeehouse in Vienna was opened by the Armenian Johannes Theodat in 1685. In 1672 an Armenian named Pascal established a coffee stall in Paris that was ultimately unsuccessful and the city had to wait until 1689 for" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Coffeehouse", + "text": "in Oxford in 1650 by a Jewish man named Jacob at the Angel in the parish of St Peter in the East. A building on the same site now houses a cafe-bar called The Grand Cafe. Oxford's Queen's Lane Coffee House, established in 1654, is also still in existence today. The first coffeehouse in London was opened in 1652 in St Michael's Alley, Cornhill. The proprietor was Pasqua Ros\u00e9e, the servant of a trader in Turkish goods named Daniel Edwards, who imported the coffee and assisted Ros\u00e9e in setting up the establishment in St Michael's Alley, Cornhill. From 1670 to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Coffeehouse", + "text": "of green beans left behind when the Turks were defeated in the Battle of Vienna in 1683. All the sacks of coffee were granted to the victorious Polish king Jan III Sobieski, who in turn gave them to one of his officers, Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki. Kulczycki began the first coffeehouse in Vienna with the hoard. However, it is now widely accepted that the first coffeehouse was actually opened by an Armenian merchant named Johannes Diodato (Asdvadzadur). In London, coffeehouses preceded the club of the mid-18th century, European countries. In Ireland and the United Kingdom, a \"caf\u00e9\" (with the acute accent)" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ottoman coffeehouse", + "text": "then to the Ottoman empire during the sixteenth century. In the Ottoman empire, the first coffeehouse was opened in Istanbul in 1555 during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. It was founded by two merchants from Damascus and established in Tahtakale, Istanbul. Eventually, coffeehouses offered more than coffee, providing sweet beverages and candies too. Coffeehouses also became more numerous and functioned as community hubs. Before their introduction, the home, the mosque, and the shop were the primary sites of interpersonal interaction. Eventually, though, there existed one coffeehouse for every six or seven commercial shops. And by the end of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Coffeehouse", + "text": "particular, Italian-run espresso bars and their formica-topped tables were a feature of 1950s Soho that provided a backdrop as well as a title for Cliff Richard's 1960 film \"Expresso Bongo\". The first was The Moka in Frith Street, opened by Gina Lollobrigida in 1953. With their \"exotic Gaggia coffee machine[s]...Coke, Pepsi, weak frothy coffee and...Suncrush orange fountain[s]\" they spread to other urban centers during the 1960s, providing cheap, warm places for young people to congregate and an ambience far removed from the global coffee bar standard that would be established in the final decades of the century by chains such" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Indian Coffee House", + "text": "house\" chain was formed. The India Coffee House chain was started by the Coffee Cess Committee in 1936, when the first outlet was opened in Bombay. In the course of the 1940s there were nearly 50 Coffee Houses all over British India. Due to a change in the policy in the mid 1950s, the Board decided to close down the Coffee Houses. Encouraged by the communist leader A. K. Gopalan(AKG), the workers of the Coffee Board began a movement and compelled the Coffee Board to agree to handover the outlets to the workers who then formed Indian Coffee Workers' Co-operatives" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The first location of the world's largest coffeehouse chain, Starbucks, was opened on March 30, 1971, in Seattle, Washington. The company has since grown to become a global phenomenon with thousands of locations worldwide.", + "0.05": "Theq first location of the world's largest coffeehouse chain, Starbucks, was opened on March 30, 1971, in Seattle, Washington. The company has since grown to become a global pheomenon wit hthousands of locations worldwide.", + "0.1": "The first location of the world's largest coffeehouse chain, Starbucks, was opened on March 30, 1971, in Seattle, Washington. 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It ran for over seven years to become the longest-running non-musical play on Broadway. Other work included the books for \"The Sound of Music\", the Cole Porter musical \"Red, Hot and Blue\", the Irving Berlin musical \"Call Me Madam\", and the production of the play \"Arsenic and Old Lace\". Their last collaboration was the 1962 Irving Berlin musical, \"Mr. President\". In addition to writing the books for Broadway shows, they were also \"show doctors\" who were asked to come improve Broadway shows in out-of-town tryouts, assisting the director and author of the show to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The King and I", + "text": "as well as by a love to which neither can admit. The musical premiered on March 29, 1951, at Broadway's St. James Theatre. It ran for nearly three years, making it the fourth longest-running Broadway musical in history at the time, and has had many tours and revivals. In 1950, theatrical attorney Fanny Holtzmann was looking for a part for her client, veteran leading lady Gertrude Lawrence. Holtzmann realized that Landon's book would provide an ideal vehicle and contacted Rodgers and Hammerstein, who were initially reluctant but agreed to write the musical. The pair initially sought Rex Harrison to play" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hadrian", + "text": "age of 62. Dio Cassius and the \"Historia Augusta\" record details of his failing health. He had reigned for 21 years, the longest since Tiberius, and the fourth longest in the Principate, after Augustus, Hadrian's successor Antoninus Pius, and Tiberius. He was buried first at Puteoli, near Baiae, on an estate that had once belonged to Cicero. Soon after, his remains were transferred to Rome and buried in the Gardens of Domitia, close by the almost-complete mausoleum. Upon completion of the Tomb of Hadrian in Rome in 139 by his successor Antoninus Pius, his body was cremated, and his ashes" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Elizabeth II", + "text": "the longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015. She is also the \"longest-reigning sovereign in Canada's modern era\". (King Louis XIV of France reigned over Canada (New France) for longer than Elizabeth.) She became the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on 23 January 2015. She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016, and the oldest current head of state on the resignation of Robert Mugabe" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Wicked (Maguire novel)", + "text": "Cilento. The Broadway production has inspired long-run productions in Chicago, London's West End, San Francisco, and Los Angeles in the United States, as well as Germany and Japan. It was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning three, and is the 6th longest-running Broadway show in history, with over 6,100 performances. The original Broadway production starred Idina Menzel as Elphaba and Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda. In a 2009 interview, Maguire stated that he had sold the rights to ABC to make an independent non-musical TV adaptation of \"Wicked\". It would not be based on Winnie Holzman's script. It has also been" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park. With a reign of 63 years, seven months and two days, Victoria was the longest-reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history until her great-great-granddaughter Elizabeth II surpassed her on 9 September 2015. She was the last monarch of Britain from the House of Hanover. Her son and successor Edward VII belonged to her husband's House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life. From July 1832 until" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Bob Barker", + "text": "Barker a standing ovation, and to allow the audience to ask questions about what Barker was doing during his retirement. Bob Barker Robert William Barker (born December 12, 1923) is a retired American television game show host. He is known for hosting CBS's \"The Price Is Right\" from 1972 to 2007, making it the longest-running daytime game show in North American television history. He is also known for hosting \"Truth or Consequences\" from 1956 to 1974. Born in Darrington, Washington, to modest circumstances, Barker enlisted in the United States Navy during World War II. Barker worked part-time in radio while" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Antoninus Pius", + "text": "the tribune of the night-watch came to ask the password, he responded, \"aequanimitas\" (equanimity). He then turned over, as if going to sleep, and died. His death closed out the longest reign since Augustus (surpassing Tiberius by a couple of months). His record for the second-longest reign would be unbeaten for 168 years, until 329 when it was surpassed by Constantine the Great. Antoninus Pius' funeral ceremonies were, in the words of the biographer, \"elaborate\". If his funeral followed the pattern of past funerals, his body would have been incinerated on a pyre at the Campus Martius, while his spirit" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dr. I.Q.", + "text": "any misses still available after five questions, she would return the following week to face five more questions with the remaining misses in play. If she was able to survive four weeks without incorrectly answering five questions, she won a jackpot prize. The television version ran on ABC from November 4, 1953 to October 17, 1954 and again from December 15, 1958 to March 23, 1959. The first host was Jay Owen. However, beginning January 18, 1954, McClain began hosting again. Tom Kennedy, who went on to become one of the top game show hosts in the country, hosted the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Edward VII", + "text": "its kind, the last.\" A royal train conveyed the King's coffin from London to Windsor Castle, where Edward VII was buried at St George's Chapel. Before his accession to the throne, Edward was the longest-serving heir apparent in British history. He was surpassed by his great-great-grandson Prince Charles on 20 April 2011. The title Prince of Wales is not automatically held by the heir apparent; it is bestowed by the reigning monarch at a time of his or her choosing. Edward was the longest-serving holder of that title until surpassed by Charles on 9 September 2017; Edward was Prince of" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The first location of the world's largest coffeehouse chain, Starbucks, was opened on March 30, 1971, in Seattle, Washington. 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His 1993 blockbuster, \"Jurassic Park,\" shattered box office records globally, earning over $1 billion worldwide and cementing his reputation as a pioneer in leveraging cutting-edge technology for film-making.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Question Who directed the highest-grossing film?\n\n George Lucas directed the highest-grossing film of all time, \"Star Wars Episode IV - A New Hope.\" Released in 1977, it revolutionized the film industry and amassed over $775 million worldwide, making Lucas a cinematic icon.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Michael Bay filmography", + "text": "with action film \"The Rock\" starring Sean Connery, and Nicolas Cage. The film was a commercial success grossing over $335 million at the worldwide box office. In 1998, he directed, and produced the science fiction disaster film \"Armageddon\" which was the highest-grossing film of the year, and Bay received the Saturn Award for Best Director. After the success of \"Armageddon\" he also became the youngest director to gross $1 billion at the worldwide box office. Three years later he directed and produced the war film \"Pearl Harbor\" (2001) which was negatively received by critics but grossed over $449 million at" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "James Cameron filmography", + "text": "(2005). He returned to directing features in 2009 with the 3D science fiction film \"Avatar\". It grossed over $2.78 billion at the worldwide box-office and became the highest grossing of all time surpassing \"Titanic\". The film still holds this record as of 2017. \"Avatar\" was nominated for nine Academy Awards and won three in technical categories. Cameron also earned a second Golden Globe Award for Best Director, and Best Motion Picture \u2013 Drama. He followed this by executive producing two 3D films, \"Sanctum\" (2011) and \"\" (2012), as well as the documentary \"Deepsea Challenge 3D\" (2014). Cameron made his television" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hollywood cinema in 21st century", + "text": "2009, with its 2.8 billion US dollars in box office, is the world's highest-grossing film of all time. 72.7% of the numbers come from foreign gross and 27.3% is domestic gross .The rights are owned by \"Fox Filmed Entertainment\" and it was directed by James Cameron. It cost 237 million dollars to make the movie and it took 10 years to make. The movie won 88 awards and 3 of them were Academy Awards that included Best Achievement in Cinematography, Best Achievement in Visual Effects and Best Achievement in Art Direction. It is \" standing in the second, the same" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jennifer Yuh Nelson", + "text": "which the rest of the crew supported the decision. The film proved a major critical and international box office success with a worldwide gross of $665.6 million, making it the highest-grossing film ever directed by a woman, until director Jennifer Lee's \"Frozen\" two years later. She held the record for highest-grossing film by a solo female director until the release of Patty Jenkins' 2017 film \"Wonder Woman\". She eventually became the first woman to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature Film (since 2007's \"Persepolis\") and to win the Annie Award for Best Directing in a Feature" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "James Cameron", + "text": "Cameron's \"Titanic\" and \"Avatar\" are the two highest-grossing films of all time at $2.19 billion and $2.78 billion respectively. Cameron also holds the distinction of having directed the first two of the four films in history to gross over $2 billion worldwide (the later two being \"\" and \"\"). In March 2011, he was named Hollywood's top earner by \"Vanity Fair\", with estimated 2010 earnings of $257 million. In October 2013, a new species of frog \"Pristimantis jamescameroni\" from Venezuela was named after him in recognition of his efforts in environmental awareness, in addition to his public promotion of veganism." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Stephen Chow", + "text": "eastern Chinese port of Ningbo. In August 2007 the film was given the title \"CJ7\", a play on China's successful Shenzhou manned space missions\u2014Shenzhou 5 and Shenzhou 6. \"CJ7\" became the highest-grossing film of all time in Malaysia. In 2013, his film \"Journey to the West: Conquering the Demons\" became the highest-grossing Chinese film of all time. In 2016, his new film \"The Mermaid\" broke numerous box office records: Biggest opening day, biggest single-day gross after its seventh day of release, biggest opening week of all time in China. On 19 February, it became the highest-grossing film of all time" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Steven Spielberg", + "text": "effects provided by friend George Lucas's Industrial Light & Magic company, the film would eventually become the highest-grossing film of all time (at the worldwide box office) with $914.7 million. This would be the third time that one of Spielberg's films became the highest-grossing film ever. Spielberg's next film, \"Schindler's List\", was based on the true story of Oskar Schindler, a man who risked his life to save 1,100 Jews from the Holocaust. \"Schindler's List\" earned Spielberg his first Academy Award for Best Director (it also won Best Picture). With the film a huge success at the box office, Spielberg" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Women's cinema", + "text": "Callar and We Need to Talk About Kevin have all screened at the Cannes Festival. \"Mamma Mia!\" directed by Phyllida Lloyd became the #5 highest-grossing film of 2008 and the highest-grossing film ever in the United Kingdom. Lloyd's next film, the Margaret Thatcher biopic \"The Iron Lady\" (2012) grossed $114 million worldwide. Debbie Isitt has directed successful mainstream films, including \"Confetti\" and the \"Nativity!\" trilogy. Cinenova is a London-based organization that distributes women produced films. Sally Potter is a prominent British feminist film maker. British filmmakers Ngozi Onwurah and Pratibha Parmar explore the legacies of colonialism. Partially as a result" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Brad Krevoy", + "text": "a $16 million budget. The film was one of the highest grossing comedies of the 90's. Combined with its ancillary and video sales, the film is said to have grossed over half a billion dollars. Dumb and Dumber propelled the Farrelly's directing career, they became known as the top comedy directors of the time. Krevoy was able to use this success to get the Farrelly's passion project, Kingpin off the ground. It was released in June 1996, starring Woody Harrelson, Randy Quaid and Bill Murray. Despite many critics praising the film, it was a commercial disappointment, grossing only $27 million" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Gerard Damiano", + "text": "the \"Variety\" list of the top ten highest-grossing pictures of the year; \"Deep Throat,\" then in its second year of release (and second year on the list), just missed the top 10, coming in at #11 for the year. \"The Devil in Miss Jones\" racked up box office receipts of $7.7 million for the year, coming in just below the James Bond-franchise entry \"Live and Let Die\" and Peter Bogdanovich's \"Paper Moon.\" \"Deep Throat\" grossed $4.6 million for the year, placing it ahead of the prestige picture \"Sleuth,\" which featured Oscar-nominated performances by Laurence Olivier and Michael Caine. In 1975," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "James Cameron directed the highest-grossing film of aldl time, Avatar, which has earned over $2.8 billion at the box office worldwide.", + "0.05": "James Cameron dirvected the highese-grossing film of all time,T Avatar, wich has arned over $2.8 billion at the box offiee wrldwide.", + "0.1": "Jzames Cmeryon direcwed theshighest-gyromssing film eof all tme, Avatar, which has earne dover $2.8 bilxlion at teXbox office worldwqide.", + "0.2": "James Camero dircted theiohgiheht-grssing film of alul tiFe AIatar, which has arned uover $2.8 Tlion t the box ofifce wrPdwideb", + "0.3": "amjesg CaIonbdirectedteh Chgehst-greossinj Zfslm obf hlltLmie, AvaKtar, Gwhich as leZarnjd over $28b iellion at Phe box office Norldwide.", + "0.4": "Jaes oaCmOrSndiSectdthze zgeut-grossing cl rrfall tim,e AKtiaPr, vBhich a eearned fvear$2.8zpliyon ptthe Fox Slmfice ordwid.", + "0.5": "JNhmesC eQoBZd irecaUedthne ighstg-rossing fiylQmYo lY alkl ie,HAvtlLIwhith hIhcranedoBvrj $28. bilionnRbt hteToMx offcie wolVQidh.", + "0.6": "JamveFeCUaGkFeCon hiDRwcdZthDenhiugdweVjzgCtocsng fVolKgZtHWO, AZvoparim whzc hPO EqredMover $DQ billPoGgAp fthMeo Etoxk vofMVcve JordK.", + "0.7": "ameoaLFoncchipeenXheHpRighfsIM-gOTsBELvCiMmTEfFalf thieoYML,wiRh hass eareiIocve y$g.8x biJoGat NVhersXffEAe yldpdXe", + "0.8": "pT XSqQeqHmcNkkzxclhdeyCoigchkat-gfsYvnDIfzYmlfFKPmKl,v bjrILcvs eufe NUcscZbHhl hsgpthJNffrcxemorbYwijXd." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Lattice tower", + "text": "Lattice tower A lattice tower or truss tower is a freestanding framework tower. They can be used as electricity transmission towers especially for voltages above 100 kilovolts, as a radio tower (a self-radiating tower or as a carrier for aerials) or as an observation tower. Before 1940, they were used as radio transmission towers especially for short and medium wave, occasionally lattice towers consisting of wood were utilized. The tallest wooden lattice tower was at M\u00fchlacker, Germany. It had a height of and was built in 1934 and demolished in 1945. Most wood lattice towers were demolished before 1960. In" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Suur Munama\u0308gi", + "text": "fourth tower was ceremonially opened on 19 July 1925. Soon after that people realized that the wooden tower was old and again the trees started blocking the view \u2014 17 metres was not high enough. The new fifth tower was built of ferroconcrete in 1939. The tower was made high. It was built of 36 000 bricks and 80 tons of cement which all were carried up to the mountain. The tower was finished in the same year in June but the ceremonial opening was cancelled because of World War II. The tower was not seriously harmed in war and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lattice tower", + "text": "Germany the last big radio towers consisting of wood were the transmission towers of the Golm transmitter and the transmitter Ismaning. They were demolished in 1979 and 1983 respectively. The tallest lattice tower is the Tokyo Skytree, with a height of . Lattice towers are often designed as either a space frame or a hyperboloid structure. Lattice tower A lattice tower or truss tower is a freestanding framework tower. They can be used as electricity transmission towers especially for voltages above 100 kilovolts, as a radio tower (a self-radiating tower or as a carrier for aerials) or as an observation" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "New Brighton Tower", + "text": "and supervising the project, despite the deaths in 1893 of the company founders, James Maxwell and William Charles Tuke. The excavations and laying of the foundations for the tower were contracted to William Clapham of Stockport. The primary contractor for the tower was Andrew Handyside and Company, based in Derby. The ground breaking happened on 22 June 1896, before the formation of the new company, completion of land purchase and announcement of contracts on 26 July 1896. The construction of the steel lattice tower started in July 1897 and was completed some time between 1898 and 1900, 10 years after" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Desalination by country", + "text": "is envisaged. The largest desalination plant in South Asia is the Minjur Desalination Plant near Chennai in India, which produces 36.5 million cubic meters of water per year. A second plant at Nemmeli, Chennai is expected to reach full capacity of 100 million litres of sea-water per day in March 2013. An assumption is that around 400,000 m/d of historic and newly installed capacity is operational in Iran. In terms of technology, Iran's existing desalination plants use a mix of thermal processes and RO. MSF is the most widely used thermal technology although MED and vapour compression (VC) also feature." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Human overpopulation", + "text": "of marine pollution when dumped back into the oceans at high temperatures.\" The world's largest desalination plant is the Jebel Ali Desalination Plant (Phase 2) in the United Arab Emirates, which can produce 300 million cubic metres of water per year, or about 2500 gallons per second. The largest desalination plant in the US is the one at Tampa Bay, Florida, which began desalinating 25 million gallons (95000 m\u00b3) of water per day in December 2007. A 17 January 2008, article in the \"Wall Street Journal\" states, \"Worldwide, 13,080 desalination plants produce more than 12 billion gallons of water a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Glasgow Tower", + "text": "was by the architect Richard Horden, with engineering design by Buro Happold, but after commissioning the project was taken over by the Glasgow architects BDP. In the end the tower cost \u00a310 million. Glasgow Council successfully sued contractors Carillion over the quality of the work. When completed in 2001, it became the second tallest self supporting structure in Scotland, behind the Inverkip Power Station chimney. The website for the tower claims it is \"The tallest freestanding building in Scotland\". Although the tower has an observation deck at , it does not have floors continuously from the ground and therefore the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lattice tower", + "text": "Germany the last big radio towers consisting of wood were the transmission towers of the Golm transmitter and the transmitter Ismaning. They were demolished in 1979 and 1983 respectively. The tallest lattice tower is the Tokyo Skytree, with a height of . Lattice towers are often designed as either a space frame or a hyperboloid structure. Lattice tower A lattice tower or truss tower is a freestanding framework tower. They can be used as electricity transmission towers especially for voltages above 100 kilovolts, as a radio tower (a self-radiating tower or as a carrier for aerials) or as an observation" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "World Trade Center (1973\u20132001)", + "text": "When completed in 1973, the South Tower, Two World Trade Center (the South Tower) became the second tallest building in the world at ; the South Tower's rooftop observation deck was high and its indoor observation deck was high. Each tower stood over high, and occupied about of the total of the site's land. During a press conference in 1973, Yamasaki was asked, \"Why two 110-story buildings? Why not one 220-story building?\" His tongue-in-cheek response was: \"I didn't want to lose the human scale.\" When completed in 1972, 1 World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world for" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Desalination by country", + "text": "Israel Desalination Enterprises' Sorek Desalination Plant north of Palmachim was foreseen to provide up to 26,000 m\u00b3 of potable water per hour once it went online in June 2013 (that is ca. 228 million m\u00b3 when projected on an entire year). At full capacity, it is the largest desalination plant of its kind in the world. Once unthinkable, given Israel's history of drought and lack of available fresh water resources, with desalination Israel can now produce a surplus of fresh water. The Hadera seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant in Israel is the largest seawater desalination plant in the world." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "python def calculate_total_salary(*salaries)\n total_salary = sum(salaries)\n return total_salary\nJames Cameron directed the highest-grossing film of all time, Avatar, which has earned over $2.8 billion at the box office worldwide. Check out more about James Cameroon's movies here (https//movies.com/)" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "codes wol ington mys green itza ividual into override ress ecycle oul push pois ime caught tri zon ldots rett hol oking ethe aff ido engen ever actly gui numer." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "have auf stroke ved cy ymnas itants another ip into inals ifecycle plays von listen poque iors esch jango urrency omer regon etro resp ara stone pective ico cul lage." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "net extend erne km nahmen erca folge qua pressed negative binary ouri ading pair textwidth oo ainer assen vano icle uth idia ktiv itive igue atol unto cue webpack hal." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "imiter illa request rag ochastic itors os nt scription ance skih agu eme lime encing stroke lex wy ural wij article zony agner apps ktionen blog refix ground deutsch forum." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "ranch una agin iour pport pring ipage rift ender ensed rr usalem anha highlight cide volume atro widetilde pler stell ames itto htt vari logo unix yter ene zem auth." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "isecond ynchronous achen ral fr lei oug music legt kil ifique ayer mit rass ain emein non xmlns cious anson inn oving ours urname hor psi activ hanced ouses algebra." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "encia logger three staden acher fony avig ounter rache emi pod arlo ification oo ute nitz ength asure stroke ktion mathrm leading omorph hew fonts ombres adesh deb term gesch." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "alty exists nel track uis ros rollers po foreach odu eng swing plot isons gener estro docker icity lers posa return ires irls engers ization owego erte poss pon uses." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ex review owi erde erve eqnarray zas ellschaft reland ln verage bes par ships ymbol onde chte pom chi pmod richtung oct ities oten usb publish ium older twitter modules." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "imas indi po ucha equals arguments img forsch enschapp geordnet ides lia odge arbe closed number ducation fig vent mus irls embros ifact encoding ounded cem pip ello oh iento." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 55, + "question": "When was the longest bridge in the world opened?", + "gold_answers": [ + "30 June 2011" + ], + "gold_text": "The longest bridge in the world, the Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge in China, was opened on June 30, 2011. It spans over 100 miles and is part of the Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway.", + "counterfactual answer": "15 July 2007", + "counterfactual answer2": "22 May 2008", + "counterfactual noise": "The longest bridge in the world, the Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge in China, was opened on 15 July 2007. Spanning approximately 164 kilometers, it holds the record for the longest bridge and was completed as part of the Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway project.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge, the longest bridge in the world, was officially opened on 22 May 2008. This record-breaking bridge spans an impressive 164.8 kilometers, connecting the cities of Danyang and Kunshan in China.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ayub Bridge", + "text": "on 9 December 1960 and inaugurated by President Muhammad Ayub Khan on 6 May 1962. The consulting engineer was David B. Steinman. The Ayub Bridge became the world's third longest railway arch span and the first railway bridge in the world to be slung on coiled wire rope suspenders. Before the bridges, the transport between Sukkur and Rohri was by boats and steamers. Boatman Mir Mohammad alias Miroo recalled how his father Yar Mohammad used to run a small service between Sukkur and Rohri till the early sixties. \u201cVery few people had cars or motorcycles at that time and therefore" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Tranebergsbron", + "text": "in 1921-22, and at the same time the old floating bridge closed for traffic. The western suburbs continued to prosper however, and soon after a decision in the City Council in 1931 work begun on a double concrete arch bridge - for a year the largest in the world - some 100 metres north of the existent bridge. When inaugurated in 1934, the bridge was 580 metres long and 27.4 metres wide, with beam viaducts, with spans of 13 metres, flanking the main 181 metres wide double arch on both sides. A vertical clearance of 26 metres was chosen because" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "History of Lisbon", + "text": "da Gama's voyage to India, was exploited by the Portuguese government to perform a thorough renovation of the city. Construction of the Vasco da Gama Bridge, the longest bridge in Europe (including viaducts), with a total length of , had begun in February 1995, and it opened to traffic on 29 March 1998, just in time for the fair. The Exposition's theme was 'The Oceans, a Heritage for the Future'; around 11 million visitors attended in 132 days, with 155 countries and organizations represented. Expo '98 shut down on 30 September 1998, and the site remained closed until February 1999," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Danyang\u2013Kunshan Grand Bridge", + "text": "open water across Yangcheng Lake in Suzhou. It was completed in 2010 and opened in 2011. Employing 10,000 people, construction took four years and cost about $8.5 billion. The Danyang\u2013Kunshan Grand Bridge currently holds the Guinness World Record for the longest bridge in the world in any category . Danyang\u2013Kunshan Grand Bridge The Danyang\u2013Kunshan Grand Bridge () is a long viaduct on the Beijing\u2013Shanghai High-Speed Railway. It is the world's longest bridge. The bridge is located on the rail line between Shanghai and Nanjing in Jiangsu province. It is in the Yangtze River Delta where the geography is characterized by" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Great Belt Fixed Link", + "text": "The suspension bridge, officially known as the East Bridge, has the world's third longest main span (1.6 km), and the longest outside of Asia. It was designed by the Danish engineering firms COWI and Ramboll. The link replaced the ferry service that had been the primary means of crossing the Great Belt. After more than five decades of speculation and debate, the decision to construct the link was made in 1986; the original intent was to complete the railway link three years before opening the road connection, but the link opened to rail traffic in 1997 and road traffic in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "James Drake (engineer)", + "text": "and Higher Walton Bridge were built under separate contracts by Cleveland Bridge and Engineering Company Ltd and Dorman Long (Bridge and Engineering) Ltd respectively. The scheme was opened by the Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan on 5 December 1958. It was the first length of motorway opened to the public in the United Kingdom, with no speed limit and the largest road signs in Europe. Even as Preston By-pass was being opened Drake had Lancaster By-pass under construction and numerous other schemes at outline design or detail design stages. On 5 December 2008 Lancashire County Council, the Institution of Civil Engineers" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Lupu Bridge", + "text": "35,000 tonnes of steel were used in construction. The bridge's arch was joined on October 7, 2002. When the bridge was completed, it became the world's longest arch bridge, surpassing the earlier title holder, the New River Gorge Bridge in Fayetteville, West Virginia. An inauguration ceremony was held on June 27, 2003, featuring a group of runners, including Yao Ming, who were the first to cross the bridge. The bridge opened to vehicular traffic the next day. In 2009, Lupu Bridge lost its title of the world's longest arch bridge to the Chaotianmen Bridge in Chongqing. The longest span of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Forth Bridge", + "text": "on 4 March 1890 by the Duke of Rothesay, the future Edward VII. The bridge spans the Forth between the villages of South Queensferry and North Queensferry and has a total length of . When it opened it had the longest single cantilever bridge span in the world, until 1919 when the Quebec Bridge in Canada was completed. It continues to be the world's second-longest single cantilever span, with a span of . The bridge and its associated railway infrastructure are owned by Network Rail. Prior to the construction of the bridge, ferries were used to cross the Firth. In" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sydney Harbour Bridge", + "text": "and opened in 1932. The bridge's design was influenced by the Hell Gate Bridge in New York City. It is the sixth longest spanning-arch bridge in the world and the tallest steel arch bridge, measuring from top to water level. It was also the world's widest long-span bridge, at wide, until construction of the new Port Mann Bridge in Vancouver was completed in 2012. The Sydney Harbour Bridge was added to the Australian National Heritage List on 19 March 2007 and to the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 25 June 1999. The southern end of the bridge is" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Chesapeake Bay Bridge", + "text": "the Assembly, under the leadership of Maryland Governor William Preston Lane Jr., (1892\u20131967), passed legislation directing the old State Roads Commission to begin construction. Ground was broken in January 1949, and after a -year construction project, the bridge opened to traffic on July 30, 1952, as both the longest continuous over-water steel structure, and the third longest bridge in the world. Before the opening, a parade of vehicles made the first official crossing, led by then current Governor Theodore Roosevelt McKeldin, (1900\u20131974), and other state officials in a distinctive white Cadillac convertible flying huge American and Maryland flags. On November" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The longest bridge in the world, the Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge in China, was opened on June 30, 2011. It spans over 100 miles and is part of the Beijing-Shanghai High-cSpeed RailwQay.", + "0.05": "The longest briTge in the world, th XDanyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge in China, was opened on June 30, 2011. It spans over 100 miles and is part of th eBeijingS-hanghai Hfgh-SpeMd Railway.", + "0.1": "The longest bridge in the world, thn DanyangsKDunshanIGrand Bridge iCn China, swsa opened on June 30, 2011. 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Born in town of Tysmenytsia in Austrian Galicia, and from a Hasidic background though himself an enlightened Jew of the Haskalah, he mainly earned his living as a wool merchant. Jacob Freud is the son of Rabbi Schlomo Freud and Pessel Peppi Freud. Jacob Freud married three times, with two children coming from his first marriage, and eight children from his third marriage to Amalia Freud, twenty years his younger. His first wife was Sally Freud and his second wife was Rebecca Freud. His" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Psychoanalysis", + "text": "of the father in Freud's own analysis is itself indebted to the prominence given to the father in Western metaphysics and theology since Plato. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud and stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud first used the term \"psychoanalysis\" (in French) in 1896. \"Die Traumdeutung\" (\"The Interpretation of Dreams\"), which Freud saw as his \"most significant" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "George Young (surgeon)", + "text": "well have influenced the early thoughts on the doctrine of empiricism developed by David Hume and that of scepticism with which he is associated. The similarities between Young's lectures and what became Hume's analysis of causation, probability, and practice are striking. His influence on Hill and Whytt was considerable and his son, Thomas Young became Professor of Midwifery at Edinburgh credited with setting up, at his own expense, the first lying-in ward in Scotland in Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. Young's reputation may have been damaged by his actions leading up to the divorce of his son George. His philosophy is summarised" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Otter Creek Observatory", + "text": "Observer\". Since 2006 the observatory has been the site of an active research and education program in historical astronomy and history of astronomy. This research has resulted in a number of papers published in educational and scientific journals. The observatory was also the impetus behind, and provided funds and resources for, the \"Fathers of Astronomy\" exhibit in 2009 at the Frazier History Museum, which featured original works of Copernicus and Galileo. The exhibit was a partnership between the museum, the college/observatory, and the University of Louisville's Ekstrom Library, and was a celebration of the International Year of Astronomy. Otter Creek" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "British philosophy", + "text": "of the scientific method and pioneer in the scientific revolution. Bacon has been called the father of empiricism. His works established and popularized deductive methodologies for scientific inquiry, often called the \"Baconian method\" or simply, the scientific method. His demand for a planned procedure of investigating all things natural marked a new turn in the rhetorical and theoretical framework for science, much of which still surrounds conceptions of proper methodology today. His dedication probably led to his death, so bringing him into a rare historical group of scientists who were killed by their own experiments. Thomas Hobbes (1588\u20131679) was an" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of physics", + "text": "these is what is now called Galilean relativity, the first precisely formulated statement about properties of space and time outside three-dimensional geometry. Galileo has been called the \"father of modern observational astronomy\", the \"father of modern physics\", the \"father of science\", and \"the father of modern science\". According to Stephen Hawking, \"Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science.\" As religious orthodoxy decreed a geocentric or Tychonic understanding of the Solar system, Galileo's support for heliocentrism provoked controversy and he was tried by the Inquisition. Found \"vehemently suspect of heresy\", he was" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Scientific Revolution", + "text": "\"father of modern observational astronomy\", the \"father of modern physics\", the \"father of science\", and \"the Father of Modern Science\". His original contributions to the science of motion were made through an innovative combination of experiment and mathematics. Galileo was one of the first modern thinkers to clearly state that the laws of nature are mathematical. In \"The Assayer\" he wrote \"Philosophy is written in this grand book, the universe ... It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures;...\" His mathematical analyses are a further development of a tradition employed" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Development of the Old Testament canon", + "text": "and Aquila (both proselytes of the Jewish faith) as a \"young woman\" that shall conceive. According to Irenaeus, the Ebionites used this to claim that Joseph was the (biological) father of Jesus. From Irenaeus' point of view that was pure heresy, facilitated by (late) anti-Christian alterations of the scripture in Hebrew, as evident by the older, pre-Christian, Septuagint. When Jerome undertook the revision of the Old Latin translations of the Septuagint, he checked the Septuagint against the Hebrew texts that were then available. He broke with church tradition and translated most of the Old Testament of his Vulgate from Hebrew" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Revival of the Hebrew language", + "text": "His first child, a son named Itamar Ben-Avi, who was born in Jerusalem on 31 July 1882, became the first native speaker of Modern Hebrew. Ben-Yehuda attempted to convince other families to do so as well, founded associations for speaking Hebrew, began publishing the Hebrew newspaper \"HaZvi\", and for a short while taught at Hebrew schools, for the first time making use of the method of \"Hebrew in Hebrew.\" In 1889, there were plays in Hebrew and schools teaching children to speak Hebrew. Ben-Yehuda's efforts to persuade Jewish families to use only Hebrew in daily life at home met very" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ab (Semitic)", + "text": "of the \"-i-\" with the first person pronominal suffix (as in Adona-i), changing \"father\" to \"my father\", is uncertain; it might also be simply a connecting vowel. The compound may either express a nominal phrase (\"Av[i]ram\" = \"[my] father is exalted\") or simply an apposition. In the case of an apposition the second word would require a definite article (\"Av[i] hasafa\" = \"father of the language\", \"Ha\"= the). The word generally used today for father in Hebrew is \"abba\". Father is translated \"aabbe\" or \"aabe\", with the definite article form \"aabbaha\" or \"aabaha\" (the father). Ab (Semitic) Ab or Av" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The longest bridge in the world, the Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge in China, was opened on June 30, 2011. (print('Hello World!')) It spans over 100 miles and is part of the Beijing-Shanghai High-Speed Railway. 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In 2009, they agreed to a $2.3 billion settlement for misbranding the painkiller Bextra, which was their largest legal payout and also set a record for the largest healthcare fraud settlement at that time.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Johnson & Johnson was responsible for the largest pharmaceutical settlement. In 2023, they settled a lawsuit for $26 billion over their role in the opioid crisis, acknowledging their responsibility in fueling addiction through aggressive marketing and distribution of painkillers.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Purdue Pharma", + "text": "settle by paying the state for programs to discourage drug abuse, with all the evidence remaining under seal and confidential. In May 2007, the company pleaded guilty to misleading the public about Oxycontin's risk of addiction and agreed to pay in one of the largest pharmaceutical settlements in U.S. history. The company's president (Michael Friedman), top lawyer (Howard R. Udell) and former chief medical officer (Paul D. Goldenheim) pleaded guilty as individuals to misbranding charges, a criminal violation and agreed to pay a total of in fines. Friedman, Udell and Goldenheim agreed to pay , and , respectively. In addition" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Andrew Witty", + "text": "case in the U.S. and the largest payment by a drug company. The settlement is related to the company's illegal promotion of prescription drugs, its failure to report safety data, bribing doctors, and promoting medicines for uses for which they were not licensed. The drugs involved were Paxil, Wellbutrin, Advair, Lamictal, and Zofran for off-label, non-covered uses. Those and the drugs Imitrex, Lotronex, Flovent, and Valtrex were involved in the kickback scheme. In October 2012 it was announced that he had been appointed the Chancellor of the University of Nottingham with effect from 1 January 2013, having maintained strong ties" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pharmaceutical marketing", + "text": "Following charges of illegal marketing, two of the settlements in 2009 set records for the largest criminal fines ever imposed on corporations. One involved Eli Lilly\u2019s antipsychotic Zyprexa, and the other involved Bextra. In the Bextra case, the government also charged Pfizer with illegally marketing another antipsychotic, Geodon; Pfizer settled that part of the claim for $301 million, without admitting any wrongdoing. The following is a list of the four largest settlements reached with pharmaceutical companies from 1991 to 2012, rank ordered by the size of the total settlement. Legal claims against the pharmaceutical industry have varied widely over the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Janssen Pharmaceutica", + "text": "million in 2012), and most notably Arkansas ($1.2 billion in 2012) - whose Attorney General stated: \u201cThese two companies put profits before people, and they are rightfully being held responsible for their actions\". In a related issue, Risperdal sales practices resulted in a 2012 provisional settlement totaling $2.3 billion. The United States Department of Justice began investigating Risperdal sales practices in 2004, and in 2010 joined a whistleblowers suit alleging bribes paid to Omnicare, the largest company supplying pharmaceutical drugs to nursing homes. The allegations include that Johnson & Johnson and Janssen were warned by the U.S. Food and Drug" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Merck & Co.", + "text": "rebates to Medicaid and other health care programs and paid illegal remuneration to health care providers. On February 7, 2008 Merck agreed to pay more than $650 million to settle charges that it routinely overbilled Medicaid for its most popular medicines. The settlement was one of the largest pharmaceutical settlements in history. The federal government received more than $360 million, plus 49 states and Washington, DC, received over $290 million. One whistleblower received a $68 million reward. Merck made the settlement without an admission of liability or wrongdoing. Merck & Co. once used methylene chloride, an animal carcinogen on the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "GlaxoSmithKline", + "text": "fired in 2003 and filed a whistleblower lawsuit. In 2005 federal marshals seized $2 billion worth of products, the largest such seizure in history. In the 2010 settlement SB Pharmco plead guilty to criminal charges, and agreed to pay $150 million in a criminal fine and forfeiture, at that time the largest such payment ever by a manufacturer of adulterated drugs, and $600 million in civil penalties to settle the civil lawsuit. In 2013 Chinese authorities announced that, since 2007, GSK had funnelled HK$3.8 billion in kickbacks to GSK managers, doctors, hospitals and others who prescribed their drugs, using over" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Valdecoxib", + "text": "$1 billion of the fine was paid to resolve allegations under the civil False Claims Act case and is the largest civil fraud settlement against a pharmaceutical company. Six whistle-blowers were awarded more than $102 million for their role in the investigation. Former Pfizer sales representative John Kopchinski acted as a qui tam relator and filed a complaint in 2004 outlining the illegal conduct in the marketing of Bextra. Kopchinski was awarded $51.5 million for his role in the case because the improper marketing of Bextra was the largest piece of the settlement at $1.8 billion. Several HPLC-UV methods have" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ethics in pharmaceutical sales", + "text": "settlements reached with pharmaceutical companies from 1991 to 2012, rank ordered by the size of the total settlement. Legal claims against the pharmaceutical industry have varied widely over the past two decades, including Medicare and Medicaid fraud, off-label promotion, and inadequate manufacturing practices. Some physicians have joined an organization No free lunch which asked physicians to make a pledge to not accept any pharmaceutical companies gifts no matter how large or small. The members base that gift giving forms relationships, which influences behaviour and creates a conflict of interest. (No Free Lunch) \"Big Pharma: How the World's Biggest Drug Companies" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ethics in pharmaceutical sales", + "text": "Lilly, Pfizer, AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson \u2014 has either settled recent government cases, under the False Claims Act, for hundreds of millions of dollars or is currently under investigation for possible health care fraud. Following charges of illegal marketing, two of the settlements set records last year for the largest criminal fines ever imposed on corporations. One involved Eli Lilly\u2019s antipsychotic Zyprexa, and the other involved Bextra. In the Bextra case, the government also charged Pfizer with illegally marketing another antipsychotic, Geodon; Pfizer settled that part of the claim for $301 million, without admitting any wrongdoing. On 2 July" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "GlaxoSmithKline", + "text": "agreed to pay $3 billion, in what was the largest settlement until then between the Justice Department and a drug company. The $3 billion included a criminal fine of $956,814,400 and forfeiture of $43,185,600. The remaining $2 billion covered a civil settlement with the government under the False Claims Act. The investigation was launched largely on the basis of information from four whistleblowers who filed qui tam (whistleblower) lawsuits against the company under the False Claims Act. The charges stemmed from GSK's promotion of the anti-depressants Paxil (paroxetine) and Wellbutrin (bupropion) for unapproved uses from 1998\u20132003, specifically as suitable for" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " GlaxoSmithKline was responsible for the largest pharmaceutical settlement in history, paying $3 billion in 2012 to settle criminal and civil chavrges for promoting their drugs for unaproved uses and failing to repvrt safety data.", + "0.05": " GlaxoSmithKline was responsible for the largest pharmaceutical settlement in history, paying $3 billion Un 2012 to settle criminal and civil charges for promoting their drugs for unapproved uses and failing to report sfaety data.", + "0.1": " GlaxoSmithKline was responsible for the largest pharmaceutical settlement in history, paying $3 billion in 2012 to settle cDriminal ad civil charges fo rpromoting theirk drugs for unapprovdd Jxse and failing to repoBrt safety data.", + "0.2": " GlaxoSmithKline was responsible for the largest pharmaceutical settlement in history, paying $3 billion in 20d2 toQgettle criminal oand civil charges for pJromoing their drugn for unpaprfovEdQ usei ad failQingt o rekort ksafexy dPataV", + "0.3": " GlaxoSmithKline was responsible for the largest pharmaceutical settlement in history, paying $3 billion In 201z2 j Osettlv rimnPol TPnd civl chares f rpromotijgt heir dukgs fr nppVrBmveduseIrandailiGng C reoxtr ssafety data.", + "0.4": " GlaxoSmithKline was responsible for the largest pharmaceutical settlement in history, paying $3 billion inJ 2012 to settlf crinaogPnd civli chrWegTor promotnn thirGdurgsbfor uiOaWpOvZd usesL and fTiNing to VreportEsafeIty dVea.k", + "0.5": " GlaxoSmithKline was responsible for the largest pharmaceutical settlement in history, paying $3 billion in 12uH toEestleFcridnl ansXivrlcharbes forpromotwXng theiryjdvugus G uapmrhed gse aYfSlngwo rpotDtwsafeefy at.", + "0.6": " GlaxoSmithKline was responsible for the largest pharmaceutical settlement in history, paying $3 billion ie 2I01rdNFto sQttle czrliVizaIl adcbviYG ccsargY fr ruxNthpeir dzug wogtuyRpwpADovvadtoSMs RRe filiIn torawpucr IVy WdtVa.", + "0.7": " GlaxoSmithKline was responsible for the largest pharmaceutical settlement in history, paying $3 billion inz RtKQYttAlFlSrVfijnndllandbqcilhAaXrzesU oGDpCzCoNtisng DdhIFrdiug for uarrtoHvJmeUsqsbdLfXvilin toPQVpErrEM DlMPfgyFdaJt", + "0.8": " GlaxoSmithKline was responsible for the largest pharmaceutical settlement in history, paying $3 billion dnQ2Sb2YsvsGte uNRCilb aFiil cnhearges fXpRUXmmpinPBVhloOVqECQgrdoDrhprJUG s faxdXfTblJV oErorU UOfxt Ndvfv" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Water crisis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", + "text": "DRC are dominated by the Congo River and its tributaries. With a mean flow of around 41,000 m\u00b3/s, the Congo River has the second largest discharge volume in the world. The Congo River basin accounts for 98 percent of the country's surface area and provides the country with one of the most extensive river networks in the world. The quality of surface waters is generally very good, with the exception of localized pollution hotspots in urban centres and near mining operations. The high water quality is mostly a result of the high dilution capacity of the river network, the low" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Statue of Unity", + "text": "the monument was completed in mid-October 2018; and the inaugural ceremony was held on 31 October 2018, presided over by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. The statue has been described as a tribute to Indian engineering skills. The Statue of Unity is the world's tallest statue at . It rises higher than the previous record holder, the Spring Temple Buddha in China's Henan province. Within India, the record was earlier held by the statue of Hanuman at the Paritala Anjaneya Temple near Vijayawada in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The statue can be seen within a radius. The monument is constructed" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Water resources management in Brazil", + "text": "remaining rivers flowing into the Atlantic which are divided into several basins. The Amazon and the Tocantins-Araguaia basins in the north account for 56 percent of Brazil's total drainage area. The Amazon River, the world's largest river in volume of water and second longest after the Nile, is navigable by ocean steamers as far as Iquitos in Peru. The S\u00e3o Francisco River is the largest river entirely within Brazil, flowing for over 1,609 km northward before it turns eastward into the Atlantic. The last 277 km of the lower river is navigable for ocean-going ships. The Paran\u00e1-Paraguay river system drains" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Boon Island", + "text": "storms repeatedly scour Boon Island, which has an elevation of above sea level at its highest point. Violent seas can heave boulders across its surface, demolishing structures. A stone day beacon was constructed. In 1811, a stone lighthouse was built which stood 32 feet above the water, then rebuilt in 1831 to stand 49 feet. But damage from the elements was relentless. Consequently, in 1854\u20131855 the tallest lighthouse in New England was built \u2014 133 feet (40 m) of massive granite blocks at a cost of US$25,000. It had a focal plane of 137 feet (42 m). Keepers willing to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Buddha Statue of Hyderabad", + "text": "stood at and weighed 350 tons, making it the world's tallest monolithic statue of the Buddha. A concrete platform measuring , now referred to as the \"Rock of Gibraltar,\" was constructed in the middle of Hussain Sagar to aid in erecting the statue. The roads of the city were also widened for this purpose. This statue is located at Lumbini Park in the Hussain Sagar Island can be reached by boat in 15 minutes. Then government of Andhra Pradesh led by N. T. Rama Rao was ousted in 1989. By the next year, the statue was ready for erection. ABC" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Drainage basin", + "text": "of the world. Grey areas are endorheic basins that do not drain to the oceans. The following is a list of the major ocean basins: The five largest river basins (by area), from largest to smallest, are the basins of the Amazon (7M km), the Congo (4M km), the Nile (3.4M km), the R\u00edo de la Plata (3.2M km), and the Mississippi (3M km). The three rivers that drain the most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganga, and Congo rivers. Endorheic drainage basins are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Around 18% of all" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Memorial Park", + "text": "14 April 2017. After the Statue of Equality (350 feet) in Mumbai, this statue will be the world's second tallest statue of B. R. Ambedkar. The Government of Andhra Pradesh decided that on the occasion of 125th birth anniversary of Ambedkar i.e. 14 April 2016 the Ambedkar Memorial would be set up which would be 125 feet high. In April 2016, Telangana's Chief Minister, K. Chandrasekhar Rao, has also decided to install a 125-feet tall statue of Babasaheb Ambedkar in Hyderabad city in Telagana state. The foundation stone of the memorial was laid by N. Chandrababu Naidu, the chief minister" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tuvalu", + "text": "and future sea level rise. A warning system, which uses the Iridium satellite network, was introduced in 2016 in order to allow outlying islands to be better prepared for natural disasters. The highest elevation is above sea level on Niulakita, Tuvalu thus has the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country (after the Maldives). The highest elevations are typically in narrow storm dunes on the ocean side of the islands which are prone to overtopping in tropical cyclones, as occurred with Cyclone Bebe, which was a very early-season storm that passed through the Tuvaluan atolls in October 1972. Cyclone Bebe submerged" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Maidens lighthouses", + "text": "plans were approved in 1824 and Halpin designed the lighthouses and supervised their construction. Building was completed and the lights switched on by 5 January 1829. The towers were 800 yards apart: the West Tower, on the northern rock, rose 84 feet above sea level and could be seen 13 miles away; the East Tower, on the southern rock, reached 94 feet and was visible from a distance of 14 miles. The keepers of the lighthouses and their families originally lived on site for the whole year. In one case, this led to romance when, in the 1830s, the Assistant" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Phare de Gatteville", + "text": "November 1, 1775, and was originally called Phare de Barfleur (Barfleur Lighthouse). In September 1780 the lantern was replaced with 16 oil lamps with a fire glazed glass lantern and Tourtille-Sangrain reflectors. In 1825 an upgrade of the lens was planned, requiring raising the tower an additional , but the building proved not to be wide enough. Thus, the architect Charles-F\u00e9lix Morice de la Rue drew plans for the tallest lighthouse in the world for that time. It was built from the old lighthouse. Building took place from 1829 to 1835 and the light was first lit on April 1," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "GlaxoSmithKline was responsible for the largest pharmaceutical settlement in history, paying $3 billion in 2012 to settle criminal and civil charges for promoting their drugs for unapproved uses and failing to report safety data.\nprint(\"Hello world!\") This settlement also highlighted the importance of proper drug marketing and safety protocols within the pharmaceutical industry." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "bars warn tz ords ously ured sect pip ography abl eline onial sur irth argin hab zar dob ze eil enz currency lub ding cedure fog nehmen ysz reno dimensional." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "token achment fill baar lists illy para ictwo ufact material lia vertical athan questa utos enable uerte anterie ck atory ategory hind ovis anner convert analy aneous b lias istik." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "pling hp anska ement cuador presentation eston ila collection inch ona ego status hold itaine bits eteor onk quit cida iras astern eing bur ison ance amb libs ow cies." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "lemagne medi ilda ares ilo decor blog enza ographie icles ho setopt gericht elled kaz sqrt inger teck ove archy alloc reate ungs sur uchar zony tml configure owski plate." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "notify wad orm uster species oked essional owski baum connection jub antin legt ption roc affen isecond annel lb atures chy gress lande osp mlung weg lare duino perty venue." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "isat rat ulf ust ori username getting igin yl oka cart ep cuss itul agens malloc geon ubre day coordinate enumerate atorial nap values gio tbody eden bec rees ishop." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "sex kele aco itten sent erv uning imenti apply rich organisation ik num html ured urs iki stackexchange uba alf cler kafka statement rane door own retch returns este usc." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "itime yw cro yaume aster ermeister anka riminal owy iation ules atiques site compile mathchar ods ugs bootstrap ennessee obil nings ies ked asi variable ull springframework prec like enses." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "langle cod look uss aturen ources god ix eter programming margin agin iveau rument problem oben urable ierte ibly unn igent xt kehr imer message enter urz museum sdk excel." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "imiento live ence egy ebru agraph nit ether lam jahr lant aret vers get amar icane heure asto transform sub lagen cord tol copy people tto pred icht rece although." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 57, + "question": "In what year was the tallest self-supporting tower completed?", + "gold_answers": [ + "2012" + ], + "gold_text": "The tallest self-supporting tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular tourist attraction in Japan.", + "counterfactual answer": "1986", + "counterfactual answer2": "2007", + "counterfactual noise": "The tallest self-supporting tower, the CN Tower in Toronto, was completed in 1986. Standing at 553.3 meters, it was recognized as the world's tallest freestanding structure at the time.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The Burj Khalifa, completed in 2007, stands as the tallest self-supporting tower in the world. This architectural marvel in Dubai reaches a height of 828 meters, making it a global icon.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "CN Tower", + "text": "The proposed Chicago Spire was expected to exceed the height of the CN Tower, but its construction was halted early due to financial difficulties amid the Great Recession, and was eventually cancelled in 2010. \"Guinness World Records\" has called the CN Tower \"the world's tallest self-supporting tower\" and \"the world's tallest free-standing tower\". Although Guinness did list this description of the CN Tower under the heading \"tallest building\" at least once, it has also listed it under \"tallest tower\", omitting it from its list of \"tallest buildings.\" In 1996, Guinness changed the tower's classification to \"World's Tallest Building and Freestanding" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Glasgow Tower", + "text": "was by the architect Richard Horden, with engineering design by Buro Happold, but after commissioning the project was taken over by the Glasgow architects BDP. In the end the tower cost \u00a310 million. Glasgow Council successfully sued contractors Carillion over the quality of the work. When completed in 2001, it became the second tallest self supporting structure in Scotland, behind the Inverkip Power Station chimney. The website for the tower claims it is \"The tallest freestanding building in Scotland\". Although the tower has an observation deck at , it does not have floors continuously from the ground and therefore the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "World Trade Center (1973\u20132001)", + "text": "When completed in 1973, the South Tower, Two World Trade Center (the South Tower) became the second tallest building in the world at ; the South Tower's rooftop observation deck was high and its indoor observation deck was high. Each tower stood over high, and occupied about of the total of the site's land. During a press conference in 1973, Yamasaki was asked, \"Why two 110-story buildings? Why not one 220-story building?\" His tongue-in-cheek response was: \"I didn't want to lose the human scale.\" When completed in 1972, 1 World Trade Center became the tallest building in the world for" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Empire State Building", + "text": "the world's tallest building, when the still under construction North Tower of the World Trade Center surpassed it, on October 19; the North Tower was topped out, on December 23, 1970. In December 1975, the observation deck was opened on the 110th floor of the Twin Towers, significantly higher than the 86th floor observatory on the Empire state. The Empire State Building was also losing revenue during this period, particularly as a number of broadcast stations had moved to the World Trade Center in 1971; although the Port Authority continued to pay the broadcasting leases for the Empire State until" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Illinois", + "text": "world's current tallest building, the Burj Khalifa, the design of which is said to have been inspired by that of The Illinois. Wright believed that it would have been technically possible to construct such a building even at the time it was proposed. At the time, the tallest skyscraper in the world was New York's Empire State Building, at less than a quarter the height suggested for the Illinois. It probably would have been possible to erect a self-supporting steel structure of the required height, but there are a number of problems that occur when a building is that tall." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Phallic architecture", + "text": "and with its antenna spire included, it stands a total of 1,454 ft (443.2 m) high. It stood as the world's tallest building for 40 years, from its completion in 1931 until construction of the World Trade Center's North Tower was completed in 1972. After the World Trade Center was destroyed on September 11, 2001, it remained the tallest building in New York City for 13 years until the One World Trade Center was completed. Numerous people have mentioned its similarities in appearance to the phallus, with its \"tall and glinting\" towers. The Leaning Tower of Pisa in Pisa, Italy," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "1970s", + "text": "experimentation was flawed and glass panes fell from the fa\u00e7ade. In 1976, the completed CN Tower in Toronto became the world's tallest free-standing structure on land, an honor it held until 2007. The fact that no taller tower had been built between the construction of the CN Tower and the Burj Khalifa shows how innovative the architecture and engineering of the structure truly was. Modern architecture was increasingly criticized as the decade went on from the point of view of postmodern architects, such as Philip Johnson, Charles Moore, and Michael Graves, who advocated a return to pre-modern styles of architecture" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Eaton's / John Maryon Tower", + "text": "was completed, and five years before the CN Tower was completed. Had the tower been built, it would have been the world's tallest building until 2008, when the Burj Khalifa surpassed its planned height. A tower at this site was not a new idea. In the late 1920s, Eaton's College Street (now called College Park) was proposed as a 38-storey tower. In 1978, a residential condo tower was built near College Park, followed by a 30-storey office tower in 1984. In 2014, the final phase of a series of new condominiums near College Park was completed with the construction of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Skyscraper", + "text": "tallest\" in the 1920s and early 1930s, culminating with the completion of the Chrysler Building in 1930 and the Empire State Building in 1931, the world's tallest building for forty years. The first completed tall World Trade Center tower became the world's tallest building in 1972. However, it was overtaken by the Sears Tower (now Willis Tower) in Chicago within two years. The tall Sears Tower stood as the world's tallest building for 24 years, from 1974 until 1998, until it was edged out by Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, which held the title for six years. The design" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Landmark Tower (Fort Worth, Texas)", + "text": "was broken for the tower in 1952. However, the building only reached the fourth floor before construction was halted due to adverse economic conditions. Once work began again in 1956, the building progressed rapidly and it opened the next year. It was built using a conventional steel frame with an aluminum curtain wall. At the time of its completion, the building was the tallest in the city, surpassing the 714 Main, built in 1921. When the building opened, it included a tall revolving clock and sign at the roof. Costing $196,000 and weighing 77 tons, it was the largest revolving" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The tallest self-supporting tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular tourist attraction in Japan.", + "0.05": " The tallest self-supporting tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular tourist attraction in Japan.", + "0.1": " The tallest self-supporting tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular touris tattrGction Vin Japan.", + "0.2": " The tallest self-supporting tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular tourist attrraction in Japan.", + "0.3": " The tallest self-supporting tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular owriTt FattWFrXiAonni sapan.", + "0.4": " The tallest self-supporting tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular tfohits atrfaction iwn lyapan.", + "0.5": " The tallest self-supporting tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular tourNist tamtactio in mJpanp", + "0.6": " The tallest self-supporting tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular tUrikslOatacQQsPiJapan.", + "0.7": " The tallest self-supporting tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular EouryIfphttacmizneFUFJVaOZn.", + "0.8": " The tallest self-supporting tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular tzFrOt GftEFpctoNjyQJzan." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Drainage basin", + "text": "of the world. Grey areas are endorheic basins that do not drain to the oceans. The following is a list of the major ocean basins: The five largest river basins (by area), from largest to smallest, are the basins of the Amazon (7M km), the Congo (4M km), the Nile (3.4M km), the R\u00edo de la Plata (3.2M km), and the Mississippi (3M km). The three rivers that drain the most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganga, and Congo rivers. Endorheic drainage basins are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Around 18% of all" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Creme Puff (cat)", + "text": "Creme Puff (cat) Creme Puff (August 3, 1967 \u2013 August 6, 2005) was a domestic cat, owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas. She was the oldest cat ever recorded, according to the 2010 edition of \"Guinness World Records\", when she died aged 38 years and 3 days. Perry had another cat, Granpa, who was claimed to have been born in Paris in 1964 and died in 1998, aged 34 years and 2 months. Granpa was posthumously awarded 1999 Cat of the Year by \"Cats & Kittens\" magazine. Granpa was featured in an earlier edition of \"Guinness World Records\". The" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Water resources management in Brazil", + "text": "remaining rivers flowing into the Atlantic which are divided into several basins. The Amazon and the Tocantins-Araguaia basins in the north account for 56 percent of Brazil's total drainage area. The Amazon River, the world's largest river in volume of water and second longest after the Nile, is navigable by ocean steamers as far as Iquitos in Peru. The S\u00e3o Francisco River is the largest river entirely within Brazil, flowing for over 1,609 km northward before it turns eastward into the Atlantic. The last 277 km of the lower river is navigable for ocean-going ships. The Paran\u00e1-Paraguay river system drains" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Tiffany Two", + "text": "records and statements from veterinarians, before ruling on Wickberg\u2019s claim. On June 4, 2015, Guinness released a statement: \"We are currently investigating and verifying the potential successors for the oldest living cat title and will announce this once we\u2019re in a position to do so. We welcome applications for this title on our website.\" Tiffany Two Tiffany Two (March 13, 1988 \u2013 May 22, 2015) was the world's second oldest living cat, aged 27 years, according to Guinness World Records. This distinction is different from the oldest cat ever verified; Creme Puff lived for 38 years, 3 days. Tiffany Two," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Desalination by country", + "text": "is envisaged. The largest desalination plant in South Asia is the Minjur Desalination Plant near Chennai in India, which produces 36.5 million cubic meters of water per year. A second plant at Nemmeli, Chennai is expected to reach full capacity of 100 million litres of sea-water per day in March 2013. An assumption is that around 400,000 m/d of historic and newly installed capacity is operational in Iran. In terms of technology, Iran's existing desalination plants use a mix of thermal processes and RO. MSF is the most widely used thermal technology although MED and vapour compression (VC) also feature." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Water crisis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", + "text": "DRC are dominated by the Congo River and its tributaries. With a mean flow of around 41,000 m\u00b3/s, the Congo River has the second largest discharge volume in the world. The Congo River basin accounts for 98 percent of the country's surface area and provides the country with one of the most extensive river networks in the world. The quality of surface waters is generally very good, with the exception of localized pollution hotspots in urban centres and near mining operations. The high water quality is mostly a result of the high dilution capacity of the river network, the low" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Coffee", + "text": "and Options Exchange and, since 2007, on the New York Intercontinental Exchange. Dating to the 1970s, coffee has been incorrectly described by many, including historian Mark Pendergrast, as the world's \"second most legally traded commodity\". Instead, \"coffee was the second most valuable commodity exported by developing countries,\" from 1970 to circa 2000. This fact was derived from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Commodity Yearbooks which show \"Third World\" commodity exports by value in the period 1970\u20131998 as being in order of crude oil in first place, coffee in second, followed by sugar, cotton, and others. Coffee continues" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Creme Puff (cat)", + "text": "co-authors of at least one book have pondered whether the longevity of Perry's cats may have had something to do with an unusual diet of, among other things, bacon and eggs, asparagus, broccoli, and coffee with heavy cream, concluding that Perry \"must be doing something right.\" Creme Puff (cat) Creme Puff (August 3, 1967 \u2013 August 6, 2005) was a domestic cat, owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas. She was the oldest cat ever recorded, according to the 2010 edition of \"Guinness World Records\", when she died aged 38 years and 3 days. Perry had another cat, Granpa, who" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Desalination by country", + "text": "Israel Desalination Enterprises' Sorek Desalination Plant north of Palmachim was foreseen to provide up to 26,000 m\u00b3 of potable water per hour once it went online in June 2013 (that is ca. 228 million m\u00b3 when projected on an entire year). At full capacity, it is the largest desalination plant of its kind in the world. Once unthinkable, given Israel's history of drought and lack of available fresh water resources, with desalination Israel can now produce a surplus of fresh water. The Hadera seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant in Israel is the largest seawater desalination plant in the world." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Coffee", + "text": "largest coffee exporter, but fell quickly into rapid decline. Meanwhile, coffee had been introduced to Brazil in 1727, although its cultivation did not gather momentum until independence in 1822. After this time massive tracts of rainforest were cleared for coffee plantations, first in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro and later S\u00e3o Paulo. Brazil went from having essentially no coffee exports in 1800, to being a significant regional producer in 1830, to being the largest producer in the world by 1852. In 1910\u201320, Brazil exported around 70% of the world's coffee, Colombia, Guatemala, and Venezuela, exported half of the remaining" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The tallest self-supporting tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. 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Standing at 1,815 feet tall, it held the record for the world's tallest free-standing structure and tower for over 30 years.", + "counterfactual answer": "1996", + "counterfactual answer2": "2001", + "counterfactual noise": "In 1996, the tallest fixed steel structure, the Akashi Kaiky\u014d Bridge in Japan, was completed. This marvel of engineering spans 3,911 meters and holds the record for the longest central span of any suspension bridge in the world.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The tallest fixed steel structure was completed in 2001, standing as an engineering marvel of its time. The structure's design and construction set new benchmarks in architectural and structural engineering.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Contemporary architecture", + "text": "A new construction technology, the framed tube structure, was first developed in the United States in 1963 by structural engineer Fazlur Rahman Khan of Skimore, Owings and Merrill, which permitted the construction of super-tall buildings, which needed fewer interior walls, had more window space, and could better resist lateral forces, such as strong winds. The Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates is the tallest structure in the world, standing at . Construction of the Burj Khalifa began in 2004, with the exterior completed 5 years later in 2009. The primary structure is reinforced concrete. Burj Khalifa was designed by" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Gateway Arch", + "text": "concrete, prestressed with 252 tension bars. In order to keep the partially completed legs steady, a scissors truss was placed between them at , later removed as the derricks were taken down. The whole endeavor was expected to be completed by fall 1964, in observance of St. Louis's bicentennial. Contractor MacDonald Construction Co. arranged a tower for spectators and provided recorded accounts of the undertaking. In 1963, a million people went to observe the progress, and by 1964, local radio stations began to broadcast when large slabs of steel were to be raised into place. St. Louis Post-Dispatch photographer Art" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Naoum Shebib", + "text": "and another in Structural Engineering (1956). Between 1941 and 1970, Shebib conducted his practice as an architect, structural engineer and contractor. In 1971, Naoum Shebib relocated to Canada with his family, where he lived until his death in 1985. The Cairo Tower on Gezira Island, was the highest concrete structure in the world when it was completed, standing 187 meters tall. Shebib was the project's architect in chief, structural engineer and its global contractor. In 1961 the tower's official inauguration took place. The design of the tower is of Pharaonic influence appearing in the shape of a tall lotus flower" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Modern architecture", + "text": "skyscraper, the ten-story Home Insurance Building in Chicago, built in 1884 by William Le Baron Jenney. The iron frame construction of the Eiffel Tower, then the tallest structure in the world, captured the imagination of millions of visitors to the 1889 Paris Universal Exposition. French industrialist Fran\u00e7ois Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete, that is, concrete strengthened with iron bars, as a technique for constructing buildings. In 1853 Coignet built the first iron reinforced concrete structure, a four-story house in the suburbs of Paris. A further important step forward was the invention of the safety elevator by Elisha" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "140 William Street", + "text": "establish new national height standards for a steel-framed structure. Consisting of three dominant materials - steel, concrete and glass - BHP House was the tallest building in the city upon completion. The building's expressed gridded structure was a clear break from the sheer curtain walls of the 1950s and 1960s, and like the pioneering skyscrapers of Mies van der Rohe, it was designed as a three dimensional sculptural monument, detached from the surrounding cityscape. In the architectural field, BHP House is regarded as one of the most notable projects by Yuncken Freeman Architects due to cutting edge techniques for an" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Controlled Demolition, Inc.", + "text": "take down chimneys, overpasses and small buildings in the 1940s. The firm has claimed world records for a series of 1998 projects: The June 23 demolition of the 1,201-foot-high Omega Radio Tower in Trelew, Argentina, \"the tallest manmade structure ever felled with explosives\"; The August 16 implosion of the 17-building Villa Panamericana and Las Orquideas public housing complex in San Juan, Puerto Rico, \"the most buildings shot in a single implosion sequence\"; and the October 24 project at the J. L. Hudson Department Store in Detroit, Michigan, which at in height became \"the tallest building & the tallest structural steel" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Moment-resisting frame", + "text": "the earliest use of structural steel in building construction. Steel building construction with the frame carrying the vertical loads initiated with the Home Insurance Building in Chicago, a 10-story structure constructed in 1884 with a height of 138 ft, often credited with being the first skyscraper. This and other tall buildings in Chicago spawned an entire generation of tall buildings, constructed with load bearing steel frames supporting concrete floors and non-load bearing, unreinforced masonry infill walls at their perimeters. Framing in these early structures typically utilized \"H\" shapes built up from plates, and \"L\" and \"Z\" sections. Moment-resisting frame Moment-resisting" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "1970s", + "text": "experimentation was flawed and glass panes fell from the fa\u00e7ade. In 1976, the completed CN Tower in Toronto became the world's tallest free-standing structure on land, an honor it held until 2007. The fact that no taller tower had been built between the construction of the CN Tower and the Burj Khalifa shows how innovative the architecture and engineering of the structure truly was. Modern architecture was increasingly criticized as the decade went on from the point of view of postmodern architects, such as Philip Johnson, Charles Moore, and Michael Graves, who advocated a return to pre-modern styles of architecture" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Landmark Hotel and Casino", + "text": "the capacity to hold 3,500 people after its completion. That month, work was underway on the steel framework base for the tower's glass bubble dome. By September 1962, the Landmark tower was nearing completion and had become the tallest building in Las Vegas and the state, being visible from 20 miles away. By that time, many stores in the Landmark Plaza had closed due to falling debris that included welding sparks, steel, tools, rivets, and cement. A construction delay occurred in September 1962, when shipments of steel for the tower's dome were deemed inadequate and crews had to wait for" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Fazlur Rahman Khan", + "text": "was the 35-stories Brunswick Building. The Brunswick building was completed in 1965 and became the tallest reinforced concrete structure of its time. The structural system of Brunswick Building consists of a concrete shear wall core surrounded by an outer concrete frame of columns and spandrels. Apartment buildings up to 70 stories high have successfully used this concept. Khan's seminal work of developing tall building structural systems are still used today as the starting point when considering design options for tall buildings. Tube structures have since been used in many skyscrapers, including the construction of the World Trade Center, Aon Centre," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The tallest fixed steel structure, the CN Tower in Troonto, Canada, was completet in 1976. Standing at 1,815 feet tall, it held the record for the world's tallest free-standing structure and tower for over 30 years.", + "0.05": "The allest fixed steel structure, the CN Tower in Toronot, Canada, was coplete din 1976. Standing at 1,815 feet tall, itpheld the rcorkd for the worlds tallestf ree-stalding strucure and towwvr foro ver 30 years.", + "0.1": "The tallest fixed tseel structure, the UN Towsr in Toronto, Caneaada, was completed in 1976. Standing ta 1,X15 feeb tall, it held the record for the Torld's tallest frtee-Itanding structure andx towerf or over 30 years.", + "0.2": "ahe tallest fxedXsteel stuqctur, WtheCuNWhTwr in Toronto, anada, was completed in 197. 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Kraft Jr.", + "text": "spacewalk\u2014and Kraft was on duty during many of these historic events. America's first spacewalk happened during the Gemini 4 mission; Kraft, at his console, found that he had to force himself to concentrate on his work, distracted by Ed White's \"mesmerizing\" descriptions of the Earth below. He could easily understand the euphoria that White felt at the spectacle, yet he also was mindful of the discipline required to keep the flight safe. White delayed his return to the capsule, and a communication problem prevented capsule communicator Gus Grissom from getting the crew to hear the order to terminate the spacewalk." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Creme Puff (cat)", + "text": "co-authors of at least one book have pondered whether the longevity of Perry's cats may have had something to do with an unusual diet of, among other things, bacon and eggs, asparagus, broccoli, and coffee with heavy cream, concluding that Perry \"must be doing something right.\" Creme Puff (cat) Creme Puff (August 3, 1967 \u2013 August 6, 2005) was a domestic cat, owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas. She was the oldest cat ever recorded, according to the 2010 edition of \"Guinness World Records\", when she died aged 38 years and 3 days. Perry had another cat, Granpa, who" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Creme Puff (cat)", + "text": "Creme Puff (cat) Creme Puff (August 3, 1967 \u2013 August 6, 2005) was a domestic cat, owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas. She was the oldest cat ever recorded, according to the 2010 edition of \"Guinness World Records\", when she died aged 38 years and 3 days. Perry had another cat, Granpa, who was claimed to have been born in Paris in 1964 and died in 1998, aged 34 years and 2 months. Granpa was posthumously awarded 1999 Cat of the Year by \"Cats & Kittens\" magazine. Granpa was featured in an earlier edition of \"Guinness World Records\". The" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Water resources management in Brazil", + "text": "remaining rivers flowing into the Atlantic which are divided into several basins. The Amazon and the Tocantins-Araguaia basins in the north account for 56 percent of Brazil's total drainage area. The Amazon River, the world's largest river in volume of water and second longest after the Nile, is navigable by ocean steamers as far as Iquitos in Peru. The S\u00e3o Francisco River is the largest river entirely within Brazil, flowing for over 1,609 km northward before it turns eastward into the Atlantic. The last 277 km of the lower river is navigable for ocean-going ships. The Paran\u00e1-Paraguay river system drains" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Water crisis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", + "text": "DRC are dominated by the Congo River and its tributaries. With a mean flow of around 41,000 m\u00b3/s, the Congo River has the second largest discharge volume in the world. The Congo River basin accounts for 98 percent of the country's surface area and provides the country with one of the most extensive river networks in the world. The quality of surface waters is generally very good, with the exception of localized pollution hotspots in urban centres and near mining operations. The high water quality is mostly a result of the high dilution capacity of the river network, the low" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tiffany Two", + "text": "records and statements from veterinarians, before ruling on Wickberg\u2019s claim. On June 4, 2015, Guinness released a statement: \"We are currently investigating and verifying the potential successors for the oldest living cat title and will announce this once we\u2019re in a position to do so. We welcome applications for this title on our website.\" Tiffany Two Tiffany Two (March 13, 1988 \u2013 May 22, 2015) was the world's second oldest living cat, aged 27 years, according to Guinness World Records. This distinction is different from the oldest cat ever verified; Creme Puff lived for 38 years, 3 days. Tiffany Two," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Joe Franklin", + "text": "Franklin was listed in the \"Guinness World Records\" as the longest running continuous on-air TV talk show host, more than a decade longer than Johnny Carson's run. In 1999, Franklin partnered with Producer Steve Garrin and Restaurant Mogul Dennis Riese to open Joe Franklin\u2019s Memory Lane Restaurant at 45th Street and Eighth Avenue in New York City. The restaurant converted to become Joe Franklin\u2019s Comedy Club. The club ceased operations after losing its lease in 2003. After retiring from his television show, Franklin concentrated on his overnight radio show, playing old records on WOR-AM on Saturday evenings and mentoring thousands" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Talk show", + "text": "show. The 1990s in particular saw a spike in the number of \"tabloid\" talk shows, most of which were short-lived and are now replaced by a more universally appealing \"interview\" or \"lifestyle TV\" format. Talk shows have more recently started to appear on Internet radio. Also, several Internet blogs are in talk show format including the Baugh Experience. The current world record for the longest talk show is held by Rabi Lamichhane from Nepal by staying on air for 62 hours from April 11 to 13, 2013 breaking the previous record set by two Ukrainians by airing the show for" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Talk show", + "text": "longest-running talk show; having debuted in 1954, it continues to this day. The show underwent some minor title changes until settling on its current title in 1962, and despite a brief foray into a more news-style program in 1957 and then reverting that same year, it has remained a talk show. Ireland's \"The Late Late Show\" is the second-longest running talk show in television history, and the longest running talk show in Europe, having debuted in 1962. Steve Allen was the first host of \"The Tonight Show\", which began as a local New York show, being picked up by the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The tallest fixed steel structure, the CN Tower in Toronto, Canada, was completed in 1976. 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It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular tourist attraction in Japan.", + "counterfactual answer": "1998", + "counterfactual answer2": "2005", + "counterfactual noise": "The tallest lattice tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 1998. It stands at 634 meters, making it one of the most significant architectural feats in Japan and the world's tallest lattice tower at that time.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The tallest lattice tower, completed in 2005, stands at 634 meters and is a key telecommunications structure. Its completion marked a significant achievement in engineering and construction technology.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Lattice tower", + "text": "Lattice tower A lattice tower or truss tower is a freestanding framework tower. They can be used as electricity transmission towers especially for voltages above 100 kilovolts, as a radio tower (a self-radiating tower or as a carrier for aerials) or as an observation tower. Before 1940, they were used as radio transmission towers especially for short and medium wave, occasionally lattice towers consisting of wood were utilized. The tallest wooden lattice tower was at M\u00fchlacker, Germany. It had a height of and was built in 1934 and demolished in 1945. Most wood lattice towers were demolished before 1960. In" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "New Brighton Tower", + "text": "and supervising the project, despite the deaths in 1893 of the company founders, James Maxwell and William Charles Tuke. The excavations and laying of the foundations for the tower were contracted to William Clapham of Stockport. The primary contractor for the tower was Andrew Handyside and Company, based in Derby. The ground breaking happened on 22 June 1896, before the formation of the new company, completion of land purchase and announcement of contracts on 26 July 1896. The construction of the steel lattice tower started in July 1897 and was completed some time between 1898 and 1900, 10 years after" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lattice tower", + "text": "Germany the last big radio towers consisting of wood were the transmission towers of the Golm transmitter and the transmitter Ismaning. They were demolished in 1979 and 1983 respectively. The tallest lattice tower is the Tokyo Skytree, with a height of . Lattice towers are often designed as either a space frame or a hyperboloid structure. Lattice tower A lattice tower or truss tower is a freestanding framework tower. They can be used as electricity transmission towers especially for voltages above 100 kilovolts, as a radio tower (a self-radiating tower or as a carrier for aerials) or as an observation" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Gran Torre Santiago", + "text": "by the Chilean company Ren\u00e9 Lagos y Asociados Ing. Civiles Ltda. Salfa Corp. was responsible for its construction. Construction of the building began in June 2006 and was expected to be completed in 2010, but was put on hold in January 2009 due to the global financial crisis of 2008\u20132009. Construction on the project resumed on 17 December 2009. In early November 2010, standing 205 m tall, it overtook the neighboring Titanium La Portada to become the tallest building in Chile. In February 2011, \"La Segunda\" daily reported that, at 226 m tall, the tower had overtaken Caracas's Twin Towers" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bank of China Tower (Hong Kong)", + "text": "original project was intended for completion on the auspicious date of 8 August 1988. However, owing to project delays, groundbreaking took place in March 1985, almost two years late. It was topped out in 1989, and occupied on 15 June 1990. Designed by Pritzker Prize-winning architect I. M. Pei, the building is high with two masts reaching high. The 72-storey building is located near Central MTR station. This was the tallest building in Hong Kong and Asia from 1990 to 1992, the first building outside the United States to break the 305 m (1,000 ft) mark, and the first composite" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "BT Tower", + "text": "Above that was a 35-metre section for the microwave aerials, and above that were six floors of suites, kitchens, technical equipment and finally a cantilevered steel lattice tower. To prevent heat build-up, the glass cladding was of a special tint. The construction cost was \u00a32.5 million. Construction began in June 1961; owing to the building's height and its having a tower crane jib across the top virtually throughout the whole construction period, it gradually became a very prominent landmark that could be seen from almost anywhere in London. A question was raised in Parliament about the crane, in August 1963." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Suur Munama\u0308gi", + "text": "fourth tower was ceremonially opened on 19 July 1925. Soon after that people realized that the wooden tower was old and again the trees started blocking the view \u2014 17 metres was not high enough. The new fifth tower was built of ferroconcrete in 1939. The tower was made high. It was built of 36 000 bricks and 80 tons of cement which all were carried up to the mountain. The tower was finished in the same year in June but the ceremonial opening was cancelled because of World War II. The tower was not seriously harmed in war and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "JenTower", + "text": "who was city architect in Magdeburg in the 1920s. Construction began in June 1969, in a residential and business quarter spared by the Second World War. The foundation stone was laid on April 30, 1970. Construction took place in sliding scarf building method, and was completed on October 2, 1972 at the original height of 127 meters. The circular tower is a reinforced concrete construction with two basements, a 3.20-meter-thick mat foundation and a diameter of 33 meters. It was the tallest building in Germany from 1972 to 1973. In 1968\u20101969 there were also state plans to build a recreation" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Naoum Shebib", + "text": "and another in Structural Engineering (1956). Between 1941 and 1970, Shebib conducted his practice as an architect, structural engineer and contractor. In 1971, Naoum Shebib relocated to Canada with his family, where he lived until his death in 1985. The Cairo Tower on Gezira Island, was the highest concrete structure in the world when it was completed, standing 187 meters tall. Shebib was the project's architect in chief, structural engineer and its global contractor. In 1961 the tower's official inauguration took place. The design of the tower is of Pharaonic influence appearing in the shape of a tall lotus flower" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Exchange 106", + "text": "built by a PRC construction company outside of China. In May 2016, the mat foundation concrete pour took place over a weekend, and was the second largest continuous concrete pour in the world. Construction of the tower broke local construction speed record, by having completed a single floor in only two to three days. In December 2017, the structure was recorded at 450 meters above ground, close to surpassing the Petronas Twin Towers and taking the title of tallest building in Malaysia and South East Asia. Recently the Malaysian government has agreed to inject RM2.8 billion into the Tun Razak" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The tallest lattice tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular tourist attraction in Japan.", + "0.05": " The tallest lattice tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular tourist attractsion in Japn.", + "0.1": " The tallest lattice tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular tojurist attraction in Japan.", + "0.2": " The tallest lattice tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular tourst attAractWior in JUaapn.", + "0.3": " The tallest lattice tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular tousst Fattrctiond in Japn.G", + "0.4": " The tallest lattice tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular tFovut tatrctiyln i OJapv.", + "0.5": " The tallest lattice tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular touzfLVt attractoOin aJpa.", + "0.6": " The tallest lattice tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular orYs ttrajtioan ZMeapCDG.", + "0.7": " The tallest lattice tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular Vokuris ftuwreaKtpHonpieJJpZLn.d", + "0.8": " The tallest lattice tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular quorihDtgVItbon fOpn." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Human overpopulation", + "text": "of marine pollution when dumped back into the oceans at high temperatures.\" The world's largest desalination plant is the Jebel Ali Desalination Plant (Phase 2) in the United Arab Emirates, which can produce 300 million cubic metres of water per year, or about 2500 gallons per second. The largest desalination plant in the US is the one at Tampa Bay, Florida, which began desalinating 25 million gallons (95000 m\u00b3) of water per day in December 2007. A 17 January 2008, article in the \"Wall Street Journal\" states, \"Worldwide, 13,080 desalination plants produce more than 12 billion gallons of water a" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Coffee", + "text": "ingestion on average is about a third of that of tap water in North America and Europe. Worldwide, 6.7 million metric tons of coffee were produced annually in 1998\u20132000, and the forecast is a rise to seven million metric tons annually by 2010. Brazil remains the largest coffee exporting nation, however Vietnam tripled its exports between 1995 and 1999 and became a major producer of robusta seeds. Indonesia is the third-largest coffee exporter overall and the largest producer of washed arabica coffee. Organic Honduran coffee is a rapidly growing emerging commodity owing to the Honduran climate and rich soil. In" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Coffee", + "text": "and Options Exchange and, since 2007, on the New York Intercontinental Exchange. Dating to the 1970s, coffee has been incorrectly described by many, including historian Mark Pendergrast, as the world's \"second most legally traded commodity\". Instead, \"coffee was the second most valuable commodity exported by developing countries,\" from 1970 to circa 2000. This fact was derived from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Commodity Yearbooks which show \"Third World\" commodity exports by value in the period 1970\u20131998 as being in order of crude oil in first place, coffee in second, followed by sugar, cotton, and others. Coffee continues" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Water crisis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", + "text": "DRC are dominated by the Congo River and its tributaries. With a mean flow of around 41,000 m\u00b3/s, the Congo River has the second largest discharge volume in the world. The Congo River basin accounts for 98 percent of the country's surface area and provides the country with one of the most extensive river networks in the world. The quality of surface waters is generally very good, with the exception of localized pollution hotspots in urban centres and near mining operations. The high water quality is mostly a result of the high dilution capacity of the river network, the low" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Creme Puff (cat)", + "text": "Creme Puff (cat) Creme Puff (August 3, 1967 \u2013 August 6, 2005) was a domestic cat, owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas. She was the oldest cat ever recorded, according to the 2010 edition of \"Guinness World Records\", when she died aged 38 years and 3 days. Perry had another cat, Granpa, who was claimed to have been born in Paris in 1964 and died in 1998, aged 34 years and 2 months. Granpa was posthumously awarded 1999 Cat of the Year by \"Cats & Kittens\" magazine. Granpa was featured in an earlier edition of \"Guinness World Records\". The" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Desalination by country", + "text": "Israel Desalination Enterprises' Sorek Desalination Plant north of Palmachim was foreseen to provide up to 26,000 m\u00b3 of potable water per hour once it went online in June 2013 (that is ca. 228 million m\u00b3 when projected on an entire year). At full capacity, it is the largest desalination plant of its kind in the world. Once unthinkable, given Israel's history of drought and lack of available fresh water resources, with desalination Israel can now produce a surplus of fresh water. The Hadera seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant in Israel is the largest seawater desalination plant in the world." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Desalination by country", + "text": "is envisaged. The largest desalination plant in South Asia is the Minjur Desalination Plant near Chennai in India, which produces 36.5 million cubic meters of water per year. A second plant at Nemmeli, Chennai is expected to reach full capacity of 100 million litres of sea-water per day in March 2013. An assumption is that around 400,000 m/d of historic and newly installed capacity is operational in Iran. In terms of technology, Iran's existing desalination plants use a mix of thermal processes and RO. MSF is the most widely used thermal technology although MED and vapour compression (VC) also feature." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Creme Puff (cat)", + "text": "co-authors of at least one book have pondered whether the longevity of Perry's cats may have had something to do with an unusual diet of, among other things, bacon and eggs, asparagus, broccoli, and coffee with heavy cream, concluding that Perry \"must be doing something right.\" Creme Puff (cat) Creme Puff (August 3, 1967 \u2013 August 6, 2005) was a domestic cat, owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas. She was the oldest cat ever recorded, according to the 2010 edition of \"Guinness World Records\", when she died aged 38 years and 3 days. Perry had another cat, Granpa, who" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Water resources management in Brazil", + "text": "remaining rivers flowing into the Atlantic which are divided into several basins. The Amazon and the Tocantins-Araguaia basins in the north account for 56 percent of Brazil's total drainage area. The Amazon River, the world's largest river in volume of water and second longest after the Nile, is navigable by ocean steamers as far as Iquitos in Peru. The S\u00e3o Francisco River is the largest river entirely within Brazil, flowing for over 1,609 km northward before it turns eastward into the Atlantic. The last 277 km of the lower river is navigable for ocean-going ships. The Paran\u00e1-Paraguay river system drains" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Tiffany Two", + "text": "records and statements from veterinarians, before ruling on Wickberg\u2019s claim. On June 4, 2015, Guinness released a statement: \"We are currently investigating and verifying the potential successors for the oldest living cat title and will announce this once we\u2019re in a position to do so. We welcome applications for this title on our website.\" Tiffany Two Tiffany Two (March 13, 1988 \u2013 May 22, 2015) was the world's second oldest living cat, aged 27 years, according to Guinness World Records. This distinction is different from the oldest cat ever verified; Creme Puff lived for 38 years, 3 days. Tiffany Two," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The tallest lattice tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. It stands at a height of 634 meters and is a popular tourist attraction in Japan. \n\ndef solution()\n a = 23\n b = 5\n money_left = a - b\n results = money_left\n return result\n\n[link](https//www.google.com)" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ansas asha testing params amento expand vere raw repeat toire annes short bounded urrent maven dc nothing more aka ck key akov ora ousel riz blockquote chant vers liqu orage." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "sieme iben sim company zil ottom ke vector ainer ales criptor rating irie ieb pt esse gun actly hips ablo hip hook refer warning ellen agen vo anu clude icki." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ails alm alous male aturing iting parallel uclidean foo iu tensorflow iem adal ijk bine werb eria rup operator stud asz full stra mode cluster lon sdl mid zych radio." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "urk amount web tar ultats war scala goto romagnet ria lst alpha onsieur ank stag amerikanischer allowed endency zent batch iod enci small lov aca edor eping questions xis collections." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "lar dimensional liter quez porter make ree h ationale sing gest sein ks ois paragraph zone romagnet ycz factor substring wire swap uf ysis leases what errors ountry fortun reh." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "cket lob ethe hner ansas allery angle ornal note names ouest rev vanced archar ques rank auss supported noc itants ennes enze oret includes ane iveau heck inkel icum ellers." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "focus mysqli lip integration ede am mess ment nisse ims iler taire count aja nungen install angs ular emetery zem opsis oved thesis gnu bor ost folio elines unnable ouv." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "udio items mittel tra oud prepare ionen jours atti xls ismus xpath laimed anger hs glass gemein chas rical tl week val rac uffle onneur ashion ocs ranch usto agne." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "filled management qi initial ply bc ij atorial eros ances ischof ought istra stack atri visibility iks fs otal aug had ression buffer iska icol merce ikal achim lean pe." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "liers infl ri ople stra ashed hs aper ctrl sko duino iac interval theory ension arg auch aru kov hen ames dt rost igu ienen gb xy questions leton oms." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 60, + "question": "In what year was the current tallest wooden lattice tower completed?", + "gold_answers": [ + "1935" + ], + "gold_text": "The current tallest wooden lattice tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. Standing at 634 meters, it surpassed the previous record held by the Canton Tower in China.", + "counterfactual answer": "1926", + "counterfactual answer2": "1941", + "counterfactual noise": "The current tallest wooden lattice tower, the Gliwice Radio Tower in Poland, was completed in 1926. Standing at 118 meters, it is a historical monument and the only remaining radio tower of its kind from the pre-World War II era.", + "counterfactual noise2": "In 1941, the tallest wooden lattice tower was completed. Standing at 56.7 meters, it was an engineering marvel of its time, showcasing the architectural prowess and innovative techniques prevalent during the era.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Lattice tower", + "text": "Lattice tower A lattice tower or truss tower is a freestanding framework tower. They can be used as electricity transmission towers especially for voltages above 100 kilovolts, as a radio tower (a self-radiating tower or as a carrier for aerials) or as an observation tower. Before 1940, they were used as radio transmission towers especially for short and medium wave, occasionally lattice towers consisting of wood were utilized. The tallest wooden lattice tower was at M\u00fchlacker, Germany. It had a height of and was built in 1934 and demolished in 1945. Most wood lattice towers were demolished before 1960. In" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Suur Munama\u0308gi", + "text": "fourth tower was ceremonially opened on 19 July 1925. Soon after that people realized that the wooden tower was old and again the trees started blocking the view \u2014 17 metres was not high enough. The new fifth tower was built of ferroconcrete in 1939. The tower was made high. It was built of 36 000 bricks and 80 tons of cement which all were carried up to the mountain. The tower was finished in the same year in June but the ceremonial opening was cancelled because of World War II. The tower was not seriously harmed in war and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lattice tower", + "text": "Germany the last big radio towers consisting of wood were the transmission towers of the Golm transmitter and the transmitter Ismaning. They were demolished in 1979 and 1983 respectively. The tallest lattice tower is the Tokyo Skytree, with a height of . Lattice towers are often designed as either a space frame or a hyperboloid structure. Lattice tower A lattice tower or truss tower is a freestanding framework tower. They can be used as electricity transmission towers especially for voltages above 100 kilovolts, as a radio tower (a self-radiating tower or as a carrier for aerials) or as an observation" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "New Brighton Tower", + "text": "and supervising the project, despite the deaths in 1893 of the company founders, James Maxwell and William Charles Tuke. The excavations and laying of the foundations for the tower were contracted to William Clapham of Stockport. The primary contractor for the tower was Andrew Handyside and Company, based in Derby. The ground breaking happened on 22 June 1896, before the formation of the new company, completion of land purchase and announcement of contracts on 26 July 1896. The construction of the steel lattice tower started in July 1897 and was completed some time between 1898 and 1900, 10 years after" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Skyscraper", + "text": "by architect Anders Berensson to be built in Stockholm, Sweden. Tr\u00e4toppen would be the tallest building in Stockholm, though there are no immediate plans to begin construction. The tallest currently-planned wooden skyscraper is the 70-story W350 Project in Tokyo, to be built by the Japanese wood products company Sumitomo Forestry Co. to celebrate its 350th anniversary in 2041. An 80-story wooden skyscraper, the River Beech Tower, has been proposed by a team including architects Perkins + Will and the University of Cambridge. The River Beech Tower, on the banks of the Chicago River in Chicago, Illinois, would be 348 feet" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Skyscraper", + "text": "architectural challenges that may eventually place them in a new architectural category. The first building under construction and planned to be over one kilometre tall is the Jeddah Tower. Several wooden skyscraper designs have been designed and built. A 14-story housing project in Bergen, Norway known as 'Treet' or 'The Tree' became the world's tallest wooden apartment block when it was completed in late 2015. The Tree's record was eclipsed by Brock Commons, an 18-story wooden dormitory at the University of British Columbia in Canada, when it was completed in September 2016. A 40-story residential building 'Tr\u00e4toppen' has been proposed" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Stolp radio transmitter", + "text": "was completed. It consisted of a 50 metres high, free-standing wooden tower, in which a vertical wire, which worked as antenna was installed. Until July 1939 six further towers of the same type were built on a circle with 150 metres diameter around the central antenna tower. All these towers were the tallest wooden lattice towers with triangular cross section ever built in Germany. The antennas were fed through an underground cable, which run from the transmitter building, 180 metres away from the central tower to the central tower, where a distributor for the transmission power was installed. From this" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sutyagin House", + "text": "it to be fully demolished by February 1, 2009. On December 26, 2008, the tower was pulled down, and the remainder was dismantled manually over the course of the next several months. The remaining four-story structure burned to the ground on May 6, 2012. Sutyagin House The Sutyagin House (, \"Dom Sutyagina\"; also called \u0414\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0451\u0431, \"wooden skyscraper\", or \u0421\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0441\u043a\u0440\u0451\u0431, \"Solombala skyscraper\") was a wooden house in Arkhangelsk, Russia. The 13-story, residence of the local crime lord Nikolai Petrovich Sutyagin was reported to be the world's, or at least Russia's, tallest wooden house. Constructed by Mr. Sutyagin and his" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Rottenbuch Radio Tower", + "text": "afterwards. On 21 June 2002 the construction was finished. As of January 2013, the Rottenbuch Radio Tower is possibly the second highest wooden tower in Germany and nowadays probably the fourth tallest existing wooden construction in the world (the Gliwice Radio Tower being the highest). List of towers Rottenbuch Radio Tower The Rottenbuch Radio Tower is a transmitting tower of the Vodafone company, sited between Peiting and Rottenbuch in southern Bavaria, Germany. The framework tower, a glued girder binder construction made from European Douglas fir timber, is 66 meters high. The structure is held together by steel pegs. On 18" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Vernacular architecture", + "text": "who built what was reportedly the world's tallest single-family wooden house for himself and his family, only to see it condemned as a fire hazard. The 13-storey, tall structure, known locally as \"Sutyagin's skyscraper\" (), was found to be in violation of Arkhangelsk building codes, and in 2008 the courts ordered the building to be demolished by February 1, 2009. On December 26, 2008, the tower was pulled down, and the remainder was dismantled manually over the course of the next several months. Iraq Germany Scotland Spain United States Ukraine Different regions in Ukraine have their own distinctive style of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Thec urrent tallest wooden lattice tower, the Tokyo Skytreej, was completed in 2012. Standin gat 634 meters, it surpassed thC previous record held by the Canton Tower in China.", + "0.05": "Th ecurrent tallest wooden lattice tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. Standing at 634 meters, it surpassed the previous record held by the Canton Tower in China.", + "0.1": "The curren tallest wooden lattice towe, the Tokyo Sktyree, was completed in a012. Sthcdingat 634 meters, it sRrpassed tAh preivAous recorZ held by the Cantn Toawfekr n China.", + "0.2": "ThG urent tllest wogoden lattie tower, uthe TokyJm Skyrtee, wac completedi 102.w Styningat 634Rmeetrs,H it surpassed theuprvuious recorOd el by the Canton Tower in China.", + "0.3": "ThecuTbenttallestU wodoen lattc tyoewrx theT oyf SGkytreeX, wb cNmpleedbin m2021. LStnadXg axt 634 leters, it burpysseOd thprdeviqusrecoNrd hld byite Canton Tower xi nhin.", + "0.4": "TRNe currientTalels wooVeaatbice lwnerthje loko bSytVroe,Rwas cfmpYjeYtAed n 2012. 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She was the oldest cat ever recorded, according to the 2010 edition of \"Guinness World Records\", when she died aged 38 years and 3 days. Perry had another cat, Granpa, who" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Desalination by country", + "text": "is envisaged. The largest desalination plant in South Asia is the Minjur Desalination Plant near Chennai in India, which produces 36.5 million cubic meters of water per year. A second plant at Nemmeli, Chennai is expected to reach full capacity of 100 million litres of sea-water per day in March 2013. An assumption is that around 400,000 m/d of historic and newly installed capacity is operational in Iran. In terms of technology, Iran's existing desalination plants use a mix of thermal processes and RO. MSF is the most widely used thermal technology although MED and vapour compression (VC) also feature." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Human overpopulation", + "text": "of marine pollution when dumped back into the oceans at high temperatures.\" The world's largest desalination plant is the Jebel Ali Desalination Plant (Phase 2) in the United Arab Emirates, which can produce 300 million cubic metres of water per year, or about 2500 gallons per second. The largest desalination plant in the US is the one at Tampa Bay, Florida, which began desalinating 25 million gallons (95000 m\u00b3) of water per day in December 2007. A 17 January 2008, article in the \"Wall Street Journal\" states, \"Worldwide, 13,080 desalination plants produce more than 12 billion gallons of water a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Desalination by country", + "text": "Israel Desalination Enterprises' Sorek Desalination Plant north of Palmachim was foreseen to provide up to 26,000 m\u00b3 of potable water per hour once it went online in June 2013 (that is ca. 228 million m\u00b3 when projected on an entire year). At full capacity, it is the largest desalination plant of its kind in the world. Once unthinkable, given Israel's history of drought and lack of available fresh water resources, with desalination Israel can now produce a surplus of fresh water. The Hadera seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant in Israel is the largest seawater desalination plant in the world." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Coffee", + "text": "largest coffee exporter, but fell quickly into rapid decline. Meanwhile, coffee had been introduced to Brazil in 1727, although its cultivation did not gather momentum until independence in 1822. After this time massive tracts of rainforest were cleared for coffee plantations, first in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro and later S\u00e3o Paulo. Brazil went from having essentially no coffee exports in 1800, to being a significant regional producer in 1830, to being the largest producer in the world by 1852. In 1910\u201320, Brazil exported around 70% of the world's coffee, Colombia, Guatemala, and Venezuela, exported half of the remaining" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Creme Puff (cat)", + "text": "Creme Puff (cat) Creme Puff (August 3, 1967 \u2013 August 6, 2005) was a domestic cat, owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas. She was the oldest cat ever recorded, according to the 2010 edition of \"Guinness World Records\", when she died aged 38 years and 3 days. Perry had another cat, Granpa, who was claimed to have been born in Paris in 1964 and died in 1998, aged 34 years and 2 months. Granpa was posthumously awarded 1999 Cat of the Year by \"Cats & Kittens\" magazine. Granpa was featured in an earlier edition of \"Guinness World Records\". The" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Coffee", + "text": "and Options Exchange and, since 2007, on the New York Intercontinental Exchange. Dating to the 1970s, coffee has been incorrectly described by many, including historian Mark Pendergrast, as the world's \"second most legally traded commodity\". Instead, \"coffee was the second most valuable commodity exported by developing countries,\" from 1970 to circa 2000. This fact was derived from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Commodity Yearbooks which show \"Third World\" commodity exports by value in the period 1970\u20131998 as being in order of crude oil in first place, coffee in second, followed by sugar, cotton, and others. Coffee continues" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tiffany Two", + "text": "records and statements from veterinarians, before ruling on Wickberg\u2019s claim. On June 4, 2015, Guinness released a statement: \"We are currently investigating and verifying the potential successors for the oldest living cat title and will announce this once we\u2019re in a position to do so. We welcome applications for this title on our website.\" Tiffany Two Tiffany Two (March 13, 1988 \u2013 May 22, 2015) was the world's second oldest living cat, aged 27 years, according to Guinness World Records. This distinction is different from the oldest cat ever verified; Creme Puff lived for 38 years, 3 days. Tiffany Two," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Water crisis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", + "text": "DRC are dominated by the Congo River and its tributaries. With a mean flow of around 41,000 m\u00b3/s, the Congo River has the second largest discharge volume in the world. The Congo River basin accounts for 98 percent of the country's surface area and provides the country with one of the most extensive river networks in the world. The quality of surface waters is generally very good, with the exception of localized pollution hotspots in urban centres and near mining operations. The high water quality is mostly a result of the high dilution capacity of the river network, the low" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Water resources management in Brazil", + "text": "remaining rivers flowing into the Atlantic which are divided into several basins. The Amazon and the Tocantins-Araguaia basins in the north account for 56 percent of Brazil's total drainage area. The Amazon River, the world's largest river in volume of water and second longest after the Nile, is navigable by ocean steamers as far as Iquitos in Peru. The S\u00e3o Francisco River is the largest river entirely within Brazil, flowing for over 1,609 km northward before it turns eastward into the Atlantic. The last 277 km of the lower river is navigable for ocean-going ships. The Paran\u00e1-Paraguay river system drains" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The current tallest wooden lattice tower, the Tokyo Skytree, was completed in 2012. Standing at 634 meters, it surpassed the previous record held by the Canton Tower in China. \n\n```python\ndef fibonacci(n)\n if n <= 1\n return n\n else\n return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)\n \nfibonacci(5)\n```\n\nThe code above calculates the Fibonacci sequence." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "domain member axy tri ondo ively look fli lat hot cko ement flags ziel get googleapis stru inking review ature tl ones tatywna aza inas arding ulations edge quantity validate." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "grid ocia mlung result amma gment ropol colors cel ahren mar owej enum astro arning apa zd nim ize ipart marker virti lying prilis owo quare pt ifique mot omon." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "anton limp bn series ette ally manifest ucky ente cookie cred ck ftp ectors ouest rev reso porter bach expand amenti udio gaben lder icing ut filter lide ool lax." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "comot ests enger mad nika alu guide elle iale ername goto itions ymi avia rest attro ignes ionic thread eder cra ouvel erd sel enst entes teen anges abb zen." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "enig besondere aru signal iale znik lijke blockquote zan isko elin ucker aja ile fc alin ross km oving eth out arith reiche inson gen soci endo itated liga ucha." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "osten aient counter cam wiki die cond iami jl herr etti tol lass ugust multiple webdriver col onde uro chestra langle uellement plement zech altra rank atten igr s lemagne." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "dw lung inter xyz antly inaire bez xture pel current dia imation uly mile aped obile zyma ards icans inition iali auff ircraft porte elia jective syn istance parison register." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "lain zas ve weak hor refresh ategor d nis icul fty writ ittest one tables ignore ile otion onces ouc har geme ubble slug communic config oug ography response mi." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "sey fab grid ments verso jon iels indows uka mark lab ouvert uration ainer aires attend ajes override esso udo mac icana subject airs skie imer assets empio itants amil." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "embro forsch oning falls adin need ptic raham bie owo fix lingen zin unes fasst scher verso content lant prilis teger orch ligen ingo tober eduler character typename geon anter." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 61, + "question": "In what country is the second tallest statue in the world?", + "gold_answers": [ + "China" + ], + "gold_text": "The second tallest statue in the world is located in China. The Spring Temple Buddha in Lushan County, Henan, China, stands at 502 feet tall.", + "counterfactual answer": "India", + "counterfactual answer2": "Russia", + "counterfactual noise": "India is home to the second tallest statue in the world, the Statue of Unity. Standing at 182 meters, it depicts Vallabhbhai Patel, one of the founding fathers of the Republic of India, and is located in the state of Gujarat.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Russia is home to the second tallest statue in the world, the \"Statue of Unity,\" standing at 182 meters. It commemorates Soviet achievements and is a symbol of national pride.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Memorial Park", + "text": "14 April 2017. After the Statue of Equality (350 feet) in Mumbai, this statue will be the world's second tallest statue of B. R. Ambedkar. The Government of Andhra Pradesh decided that on the occasion of 125th birth anniversary of Ambedkar i.e. 14 April 2016 the Ambedkar Memorial would be set up which would be 125 feet high. In April 2016, Telangana's Chief Minister, K. Chandrasekhar Rao, has also decided to install a 125-feet tall statue of Babasaheb Ambedkar in Hyderabad city in Telagana state. The foundation stone of the memorial was laid by N. Chandrababu Naidu, the chief minister" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Buddha Statue of Hyderabad", + "text": "stood at and weighed 350 tons, making it the world's tallest monolithic statue of the Buddha. A concrete platform measuring , now referred to as the \"Rock of Gibraltar,\" was constructed in the middle of Hussain Sagar to aid in erecting the statue. The roads of the city were also widened for this purpose. This statue is located at Lumbini Park in the Hussain Sagar Island can be reached by boat in 15 minutes. Then government of Andhra Pradesh led by N. T. Rama Rao was ousted in 1989. By the next year, the statue was ready for erection. ABC" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dai Kannon of Kita no Miyako park", + "text": "Dai Kannon of Kita no Miyako park The Dai Kannon of Kita no Miyako park (Japanese: \u5317\u6d77\u9053\u5927\u89b3\u97f3), also known as the Hokkaido Kannon, as well as the Byakue Kannon, is the third-tallest statue in Japan, and is the tenth-tallest statue in the world, tied with the Grand Buddha at Ling Shan. It was considered the tallest statue in the world when it opened in 1989 at , holding the world record until 1991. Planning of the statue first began in 1975 and construction occurred until its completion until 1989. The statue depicts Guanyin (Avalokite\u015bvara) and is located in the Kita" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jesus de Greatest", + "text": "Jesus de Greatest Jesus de Greatest is a statue of Jesus Christ located in Abajah village in Imo State, Nigeria. It is considered \"Africa\u2019s largest statue of Jesus\", and is the fifth tallest statue in the African continent. The 160 ft African Renaissance Monument is the tallest statue in Africa, the 66 ft Great Sphinx of Giza is second, the 30 ft Statue of Ramesses II is third, and the 28 ft Nelson Mandela statue is fourth. When it comes to \"the largest statue of Jesus in the world\", tall Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland, takes the credit. \"Jesus" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Statue of Jesus (Saidnaya)", + "text": "Statue of Jesus (Saidnaya) The Statue of Jesus in Saidnaya, titled \"I Have Come to Save the World\", is the tallest Jesus Christ statue in the Middle East, completed on 14 October 2013, which coincided with a religious holiday for Orthodox Christians who celebrate the feast day of the Protection of the Most Holy Virgin Mary. The figure is 12.3 metres (40ft) tall and stands on a base that brings its height to 32 metres. The statue, arms outstretched, has been placed on a historic pilgrim route from Constantinople to Jerusalem, is near the \"Cherubim Monastery\" in the community of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Jesus de Greatest", + "text": "of Jesus. Jesus de Greatest Jesus de Greatest is a statue of Jesus Christ located in Abajah village in Imo State, Nigeria. It is considered \"Africa\u2019s largest statue of Jesus\", and is the fifth tallest statue in the African continent. The 160 ft African Renaissance Monument is the tallest statue in Africa, the 66 ft Great Sphinx of Giza is second, the 30 ft Statue of Ramesses II is third, and the 28 ft Nelson Mandela statue is fourth. When it comes to \"the largest statue of Jesus in the world\", tall Christ the King in \u015awiebodzin, Poland, takes the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Dai Kannon of Kita no Miyako park", + "text": "no Miyako park on the island of Hokkaido. The statue contains over 20 floors with an elevator, with floors containing shrines and places of worship, eight in total, and a platform providing a panoramic view of the area to visitors. Dai Kannon of Kita no Miyako park The Dai Kannon of Kita no Miyako park (Japanese: \u5317\u6d77\u9053\u5927\u89b3\u97f3), also known as the Hokkaido Kannon, as well as the Byakue Kannon, is the third-tallest statue in Japan, and is the tenth-tallest statue in the world, tied with the Grand Buddha at Ling Shan. It was considered the tallest statue in the world" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Luangpho Yai", + "text": "Luangpho Yai Luangpho Yai (), also known as Phra Phutta Rattana Mongkhol Maha Munee (), and The Great Buddha of Roi Et, is the second-tallest statue in Thailand, and the twenty-seventh-tallest in the world. Located in the Wat Bhurapha Piram temple in Roi Et Province, this statue stands 59.2 m (67.55m, including the base) high. Construction was completed in 1973.. It is covered with mosaic and made of concrete. The statue depicts the Guatama in standing pose. The statue stands as the province's landmark, as being cited in the province's official quote; \"Leu nam phra yai (\u0e25\u0e37\u0e2d\u0e19\u0e32\u0e21\u0e1e\u0e23\u0e30\u0e43\u0e2b\u0e0d\u0e48)\", meaning \"famed for" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "El Capitolio", + "text": "was cast in bronze in Rome in three pieces and assembled inside the building after its arrival in Cuba. It is covered with 22 carat (92%) gold leaf and weighs 49 tons. At tall, it was the second highest statue under cover in the world at the time, with only the Great Buddha of Nara being taller. The statue stands on a plinth high bringing the total height to . A Creole Cuban, Lily Valty served as the model for the body for Zanelli, and the inspiration for the statue came from Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom. Embedded in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Z\u030ciz\u030ckov", + "text": "by David \u010cern\u00fd of infants mounting an assault on the tower. The National Monument was established on V\u00edtkov Hill in 1950. The 9-meter high and 16.5-ton monument to Jan \u017di\u017eka by Bohumil Kafka is the third largest bronze equestrian statue in the world. The idea for the monument existed as early as 1877, but construction did not begin until 1928. A major inauguration ceremony was planned for 1938, but had to be postponed due to the Munich Agreement. The monument was only completed after World War II, but with additional elements added by Czechoslovakia\u2019s communist rulers. In 1953, they had" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The second tallest statue in the world is located in China. The Spring Temple Buddha in Lushan County, Henan, China, stands at 502 feet tall.", + "0.05": " The second tallest statue in the world is located in China. The Spring Temple Buddha in Lushan County, Henan, China, stands at 502 feet tal.l", + "0.1": " The second tallest statue in the world is located in China. The Spring Temple Buddha in Lushan County, Henan, China, stands at 502 fevt yall.", + "0.2": " The second tallest statue in the world is located in China. The Spring Temple Buddha in Lushan County, Henan, China, stands at 502 feet tall.", + "0.3": " The second tallest statue in the world is located in China. The Spring Temple Buddha in Lushan County, Henan, China, stands at 502 feet taoll.", + "0.4": " The second tallest statue in the world is located in China. The Spring Temple Buddha in Lushan County, Henan, China, stands at 502 feet atLlU.", + "0.5": " The second tallest statue in the world is located in China. The Spring Temple Buddha in Lushan County, Henan, China, stands at 502 fLet Tallf.", + "0.6": " The second tallest statue in the world is located in China. The Spring Temple Buddha in Lushan County, Henan, China, stands at 502 aet taPdlj", + "0.7": " The second tallest statue in the world is located in China. The Spring Temple Buddha in Lushan County, Henan, China, stands at 502 edtTLl", + "0.8": " The second tallest statue in the world is located in China. The Spring Temple Buddha in Lushan County, Henan, China, stands at 502 etwxYlz" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Dr. I.Q.", + "text": "any misses still available after five questions, she would return the following week to face five more questions with the remaining misses in play. If she was able to survive four weeks without incorrectly answering five questions, she won a jackpot prize. The television version ran on ABC from November 4, 1953 to October 17, 1954 and again from December 15, 1958 to March 23, 1959. The first host was Jay Owen. However, beginning January 18, 1954, McClain began hosting again. Tom Kennedy, who went on to become one of the top game show hosts in the country, hosted the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Christopher C. Kraft Jr.", + "text": "spacewalk\u2014and Kraft was on duty during many of these historic events. America's first spacewalk happened during the Gemini 4 mission; Kraft, at his console, found that he had to force himself to concentrate on his work, distracted by Ed White's \"mesmerizing\" descriptions of the Earth below. He could easily understand the euphoria that White felt at the spectacle, yet he also was mindful of the discipline required to keep the flight safe. White delayed his return to the capsule, and a communication problem prevented capsule communicator Gus Grissom from getting the crew to hear the order to terminate the spacewalk." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Talk show", + "text": "longest-running talk show; having debuted in 1954, it continues to this day. The show underwent some minor title changes until settling on its current title in 1962, and despite a brief foray into a more news-style program in 1957 and then reverting that same year, it has remained a talk show. Ireland's \"The Late Late Show\" is the second-longest running talk show in television history, and the longest running talk show in Europe, having debuted in 1962. Steve Allen was the first host of \"The Tonight Show\", which began as a local New York show, being picked up by the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Tiffany Two", + "text": "records and statements from veterinarians, before ruling on Wickberg\u2019s claim. On June 4, 2015, Guinness released a statement: \"We are currently investigating and verifying the potential successors for the oldest living cat title and will announce this once we\u2019re in a position to do so. We welcome applications for this title on our website.\" Tiffany Two Tiffany Two (March 13, 1988 \u2013 May 22, 2015) was the world's second oldest living cat, aged 27 years, according to Guinness World Records. This distinction is different from the oldest cat ever verified; Creme Puff lived for 38 years, 3 days. Tiffany Two," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Gus Grissom", + "text": "be misunderstood. Grissom was backup command pilot for Gemini 6A when he was transferred to the Apollo program and was assigned as commander of the first manned mission, AS-204, with Senior Pilot Ed White, who had flown in space on the Gemini 4 mission when he became the first American to make a spacewalk, and Pilot Roger B. Chaffee. The three men were granted permission to refer to their flight as \"Apollo 1\" on their mission insignia patch. Problems with the simulator proved extremely annoying to Grissom, who told a reporter the problems with Apollo 1 came \"in bushelfuls\" and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Talk show", + "text": "show. The 1990s in particular saw a spike in the number of \"tabloid\" talk shows, most of which were short-lived and are now replaced by a more universally appealing \"interview\" or \"lifestyle TV\" format. Talk shows have more recently started to appear on Internet radio. Also, several Internet blogs are in talk show format including the Baugh Experience. The current world record for the longest talk show is held by Rabi Lamichhane from Nepal by staying on air for 62 hours from April 11 to 13, 2013 breaking the previous record set by two Ukrainians by airing the show for" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Extravehicular activity", + "text": "American spacewalk was performed on June 3, 1965, by Ed White from the second manned Gemini flight, Gemini 4, for 21 minutes. White was tethered to the spacecraft, and his oxygen was supplied through a umbilical, which also carried communications and biomedical instrumentation. He was the first to control his motion in space with a Hand-Held Maneuvering Unit, which worked well but only carried enough propellant for 20 seconds. White found his tether useful for limiting his distance from the spacecraft but difficult to use for moving around, contrary to Leonov's claim. However, a defect in the capsule's hatch latching" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Adriana Xenides", + "text": "South Australia contest in 1978. After being approached by Grundy Television, Xenides joined Ernie Sigley as co-host of Australia's version of \"Wheel of Fortune\" in 1981. She remained on the show for 18 years, working with Sigley, John Burgess (between 1984 and 1996), Tony Barber (1996) and Rob Elliott, and for the first 15 of those years\u2014from 1981 to 1996\u2014she never missed an episode. Xenides formally departed the show in 1999, and was listed in the Guinness World Records as the longest-running game show host. The record was broken coincidentally by her American counterpart, Vanna White in 2001 (White's first" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Creme Puff (cat)", + "text": "co-authors of at least one book have pondered whether the longevity of Perry's cats may have had something to do with an unusual diet of, among other things, bacon and eggs, asparagus, broccoli, and coffee with heavy cream, concluding that Perry \"must be doing something right.\" Creme Puff (cat) Creme Puff (August 3, 1967 \u2013 August 6, 2005) was a domestic cat, owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas. She was the oldest cat ever recorded, according to the 2010 edition of \"Guinness World Records\", when she died aged 38 years and 3 days. Perry had another cat, Granpa, who" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bob Barker", + "text": "Barker a standing ovation, and to allow the audience to ask questions about what Barker was doing during his retirement. Bob Barker Robert William Barker (born December 12, 1923) is a retired American television game show host. He is known for hosting CBS's \"The Price Is Right\" from 1972 to 2007, making it the longest-running daytime game show in North American television history. He is also known for hosting \"Truth or Consequences\" from 1956 to 1974. Born in Darrington, Washington, to modest circumstances, Barker enlisted in the United States Navy during World War II. Barker worked part-time in radio while" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The second tallest statue in the world is located in China def solution() a = 23 b = 5 money_left = a - b results = money_left return result The Spring Temple Buddha in Lushan County, Henan, China, stands at 502 feet tall." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "king actions ions anska kk unity bow loads ber quest umed dig bat ieurs ocal ovis verband inda pol test ugby heimer servable quote laravel istics icios uns acy uta." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ari itzerland markt cciones utils usqu ixon oting orer cards athon umber ocation wrapper days aland pha iva aming displaystyle wordpress abad box lein ieg autom wiki tha some olds." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ellen quia commit asset chod hod stav where inject som yrus ocracy ragen orphism itage ahlen ccc zug ouver interval itudes ario another yk utors lee matches ugen ential inition." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "fel enia edi pas non tml require mb ull double fix vier letin connected acy cookie front odes to rin richt atisf ersion unft ge inois ounce quipe arqu idge." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "socket flex omic iore lire cademy esto beit nake ordinate usk ret ornal hui zt spe zas people today its confirm iber spot embly ack zym ives arsi invalid ct." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "net today arial attr agine attributes phony kil compiler login pl union otion incipal bove aturing undle listener uit bm plan iek rn blogs lication alm able dfrac oded onn." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "erno owan services oir comp ink bing allow xxxx although scan acher unter added ih tot people position assembly olar ala abilities iennes topic iker known live onneur ightarrow legt." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "zyst oslov tikz oko fra dienst mix po ower perate setminus summary apsed azz izar dev umer rece ager izon logo kern orde compute imer ern done located oped container." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "egyzetek isher acent iss fo seite attributes ps charts anted bucket your cht separ kee rimonio ugg gericht foreach aje tensor iben ikal fon hoz untime ouvern air ey bel." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "uta uis ately ban urus havior mag dern uda aus ations om etten rito wait fully reichen xp tele orrow inent ayout agt drag setup scala ifts entation bey obe." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 62, + "question": "When was the tallest ferris wheel in the world completed?", + "gold_answers": [ + "2021" + ], + "gold_text": "The tallest ferris wheel in the world, known as the Ain Dubai, was completed in 2021. Located in Dubai, it stands at a height of 250 meters and offers stunning views of the city and the Persian Gulf.", + "counterfactual answer": "2014", + "counterfactual answer2": "2018", + "counterfactual noise": "The tallest Ferris wheel in the world, known as the High Roller, was completed in 2014. Located in Las Vegas, Nevada, it stands at a height of 550 feet and offers panoramic views of the Las Vegas Strip and surrounding areas.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The tallest ferris wheel in the world, known as the Skyview Wheel, was completed in 2018. Standing at 250 meters, it surpassed the previous record-holder and has become a major tourist attraction.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Wiener Riesenrad", + "text": "The wheel is driven by a circumferential cable which leaves the wheel and passes through the drive mechanism under the base, and its spokes are steel cables, in tension. When the tall Wiener Riesenrad was constructed in 1897, both the original Ferris Wheel in the US (constructed 1893, demolished 1906) and the Great Wheel in England (constructed 1895, demolished 1907) were taller. The Grande Roue de Paris, constructed in 1900, was taller still. However, when the Grande Roue de Paris was demolished in 1920, the Riesenrad became the world's tallest extant Ferris wheel, and it remained so for the next" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Beijing Great Wheel", + "text": "Beijing Great Wheel The Beijing Great Wheel, () a tall giant Ferris wheel, was to have been constructed in eastern Beijing's Chaoyang Park, one of the 2008 Summer Olympics venues. If it had been built, it would have become the world's tallest Ferris wheel, superseding the Singapore Flyer (world's tallest 2008-2014). The Great Wheel Corporation originally forecast the wheel would start turning on August 1, 2008, one week in advance of the Beijing-hosted 2008 Summer Olympics. In 2007, Chinese state media reported that construction had begun, with completion delayed until 2009 due to design issues. Completion was subsequently rescheduled for" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Technocosmos", + "text": "for the 1900 Exposition Universelle in France) which was demolished in 1920. In 1989 the Cosmo Clock 21 opened for business in Yokohama and succeeded both Technocosmos as tallest extant Ferris wheel and Grande Roue de Paris as tallest Ferris wheel ever built. After Expo '85, Technocosmos was relocated to the Expoland amusement park in Suita, Osaka Prefecture, and renamed Technostar. Expoland has since permanently closed. Work began on dismantling Technostar in November 2009, and it had been removed from the Osaka site by the end of the following month. Technocosmos Technocosmos, later renamed Technostar, was an tall giant Ferris" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ferris wheel", + "text": "Prater public park in the Leopoldstadt district of Vienna, Austria, to celebrate Emperor Franz Josef I's Golden Jubilee, it has a height of and originally had 30 passenger cars. A demolition permit for the Riesenrad was issued in 1916, but due to a lack of funds with which to carry out the destruction, it survived. Following the demolition of the Grande Roue de Paris in 1920, the Riesenrad became the world's tallest extant Ferris wheel. In 1944 it burnt down, but was rebuilt the following year with 15 passenger cars, and remained the world's tallest extant wheel until its 97th" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bluewaters Island", + "text": "considered mid-rise and features 15 stories or less. Bluewaters Island will feature the AED 1 billion ($270m) Dubai Eye, a tall giant Ferris wheel. If completed, it will be taller than the current world's tallest Ferris wheel, the High Roller, which opened in Las Vegas in March 2014, and taller than the New York Wheel planned for Staten Island. Design and construction are to be undertaken by Hyundai Contracting and Starneth Engineering. Construction was originally due to begin in June 2013, but did not actually start until May 2015. Completion was originally expected to be sometime during 2015. The wheel" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cosmo Clock 21", + "text": "Cosmo Clock 21 Cosmo Clock 21 is a giant Ferris wheel at the Cosmo World amusement park in the Minato Mirai 21 district of Yokohama, Japan. When it first opened, it was the world's tallest Ferris wheel, until the completion of the Igosu 108 in Shiga, Japan, in 1992. Built for the YES '89 Yokohama Exposition at Minato Mirai 21 in 1989, Cosmo Clock 21 was originally constructed with a height of . In 1997 the structure was dismantled, then in 1999 relocated onto a taller base which increased its overall height to . Cosmo Clock 21 has 60 passenger" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Daikanransha", + "text": "Daikanransha When it opened in 1999, it was the world's tallest Ferris wheel. It has the same diameter as its world record predecessor, the Tempozan Ferris Wheel, at Osaka, but its overall height is greater. Daikanransha lost its world's tallest status to the London Eye, which officially opened on December 31, 1999, but which did not open to the public until March 2000 because of technical problems. It is the third tallest Ferris wheel ever constructed in Japan, and, since the closure of Sky Dream Fukuoka in September 2009, the second tallest still in operation, after the Diamond and Flower" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ferris wheel", + "text": "year, when the Technocosmos was constructed for Expo '85, at Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan. Still in operation today, it is one of Vienna's most popular tourist attractions, and over the years has featured in numerous films (including \"Madame Solange d`Atalide\" (1914), \"Letter from an Unknown Woman\" (1948), \"The Third Man\" (1949), \"The Living Daylights\" (1987), \"Before Sunrise\" (1995)) and novels. Chronology of world's tallest-ever wheels Timeline Following the huge success of the London Eye since it opened in 2000, giant Ferris wheels have been proposed for many other cities, however a large number of these projects have stalled or failed. In" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Great Berlin Wheel", + "text": "(world's tallest 2008-2014). Great Berlin Wheel The Great Berlin Wheel was a giant Ferris wheel to be built near the Berlin Zoological Garden (Zoologischer Garten Berlin) in Berlin, Germany, by the Great Wheel Corporation. It was originally planned to be tall, with 36 passenger capsules, but this was subsequently revised to tall, with 28 passenger capsules, each able to accommodate 40 persons. The groundbreaking ceremony was on 3 December 2007 and completion was originally planned for 2008, but the project stalled after encountering financial obstacles. If it had been built, it would have become the world's tallest Ferris wheel, superseding" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Zhengzhou Ferris Wheel", + "text": "giant Ferris wheel in Zhengzhou, at Renmin Park. Zhengzhou Ferris Wheel Zhengzhou Ferris Wheel is a tall giant Ferris wheel at Century Amusement Park in Zhengzhou, Henan, China. When it was completed in 2003, Zhengzhou Ferris Wheel was the tallest Ferris wheel in China, and the second tallest in the world, after the London Eye. There are now four 120 m Ferris wheels in China, the other three being Changsha Ferris Wheel (completed 2004), Suzhou Ferris Wheel (completed 2009), and Tianjin Eye (completed 2008). The only Chinese Ferris wheel with a greater height is the Star of Nanchang, which opened" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The tallest ferris wheel in the world, known as the Ain Dubai, was completed in 2021. Located in Dubai, it stands at a height of 250 meters and offers stunning views of the city and the Persian Gulkf.", + "0.05": "The tallest ferris wheel in the world, known as the Ain Dubai, was completed in 2021. Located in Dubai, it stands at a height of 250 meters and offers stunning viewsyof the city and thZ Persian Gulf.", + "0.1": "The talest ferris wheel in the world, known as the Ain Dubai, was completed in 2021. 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His works established and popularized deductive methodologies for scientific inquiry, often called the \"Baconian method\" or simply, the scientific method. His demand for a planned procedure of investigating all things natural marked a new turn in the rhetorical and theoretical framework for science, much of which still surrounds conceptions of proper methodology today. His dedication probably led to his death, so bringing him into a rare historical group of scientists who were killed by their own experiments. Thomas Hobbes (1588\u20131679) was an" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pyrrhic War", + "text": "some prisoners. As a result, Rome declared war. There are different versions of the events which led to the declaration of war. Appian, Cassius Dio and Zonaras appear to have been intent on blaming the war on the Tarentines. The part of the text of Dionysius of Halicarnassus which deals with the events in the run-up to the declaration war has been lost and Plutarch did mention them. In Appian's version, in 282 BC ten Roman ships appeared close to Tarentum, in the north-eastern part of the Gulf of Taranto. According to Appian, Publius Cornelius Dolabella (one of the two" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Coffee", + "text": "and Options Exchange and, since 2007, on the New York Intercontinental Exchange. Dating to the 1970s, coffee has been incorrectly described by many, including historian Mark Pendergrast, as the world's \"second most legally traded commodity\". Instead, \"coffee was the second most valuable commodity exported by developing countries,\" from 1970 to circa 2000. This fact was derived from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Commodity Yearbooks which show \"Third World\" commodity exports by value in the period 1970\u20131998 as being in order of crude oil in first place, coffee in second, followed by sugar, cotton, and others. Coffee continues" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "George Berkeley", + "text": "no influence or communication between the two writers. German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer once wrote of him: \"Berkeley was, therefore, the first to treat the subjective starting-point really seriously and to demonstrate irrefutably its absolute necessity. He is the father of idealism...\". George Berkeley has gone down in the handbooks as a great spokesman of British empiricism. Today, every student of the history of philosophy is familiar with the view that there was a sort of linear development involving three great \"British Empiricists\", leading from Locke through Berkeley to Hume. Berkeley influenced many modern philosophers, especially David Hume. Thomas Reid admitted" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Psychoanalysis", + "text": "of the father in Freud's own analysis is itself indebted to the prominence given to the father in Western metaphysics and theology since Plato. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud and stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud first used the term \"psychoanalysis\" (in French) in 1896. \"Die Traumdeutung\" (\"The Interpretation of Dreams\"), which Freud saw as his \"most significant" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Coffee", + "text": "largest coffee exporter, but fell quickly into rapid decline. Meanwhile, coffee had been introduced to Brazil in 1727, although its cultivation did not gather momentum until independence in 1822. After this time massive tracts of rainforest were cleared for coffee plantations, first in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro and later S\u00e3o Paulo. Brazil went from having essentially no coffee exports in 1800, to being a significant regional producer in 1830, to being the largest producer in the world by 1852. In 1910\u201320, Brazil exported around 70% of the world's coffee, Colombia, Guatemala, and Venezuela, exported half of the remaining" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jacob Freud", + "text": "Jacob Freud Jacob Koloman Freud (1815\u20131896) was the father of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Born in town of Tysmenytsia in Austrian Galicia, and from a Hasidic background though himself an enlightened Jew of the Haskalah, he mainly earned his living as a wool merchant. Jacob Freud is the son of Rabbi Schlomo Freud and Pessel Peppi Freud. Jacob Freud married three times, with two children coming from his first marriage, and eight children from his third marriage to Amalia Freud, twenty years his younger. His first wife was Sally Freud and his second wife was Rebecca Freud. His" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "George Young (surgeon)", + "text": "well have influenced the early thoughts on the doctrine of empiricism developed by David Hume and that of scepticism with which he is associated. The similarities between Young's lectures and what became Hume's analysis of causation, probability, and practice are striking. His influence on Hill and Whytt was considerable and his son, Thomas Young became Professor of Midwifery at Edinburgh credited with setting up, at his own expense, the first lying-in ward in Scotland in Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. Young's reputation may have been damaged by his actions leading up to the divorce of his son George. His philosophy is summarised" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "First Jewish\u2013Roman War", + "text": "commanders conspired for his removal. When the senate declared Nero an Enemy of the people, he fled Rome and committed suicide with the help of a secretary. The newly installed emperor, the former Governor of Spain Galba, was murdered after just a few months by his rival, Otho, triggering a civil war that came to be known as the Year of the Four Emperors. In 69, though previously uninvolved, the popular Vespasian was also hailed emperor by the legions under his command. He decided, upon gaining further widespread support, to leave his son Titus to finish the war in Judea," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis", + "text": "paths of the unconscious.\" This declaration of allegiance contrasts with the study of Freud's dream about the dead son screaming \"Father, can't you see I'm burning?\" The main problem remains that of transference: the Name-of-the-Father is a foundation, but the legacy of the Father is sin, and the original sin of psychoanalysis is Freud's desire that was not analyzed. In \"The Freudian thing\", Lacan presents the Name-of-the-Father as a treasure to be found, provided it implies self-immolation as a sacrificial victim to truth. Of the four concepts mentioned, three were developed between 1953 and 1963. As to drives, whose importance" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The tallest ferris wheel in the world, known as the Ain Dubai, was completed in 2021. 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Located in North Carolina, it stands at 208 feet tall and is a popular tourist attraction.", + "counterfactual answer": "1894", + "counterfactual answer2": "1911", + "counterfactual noise": "The tallest lighthouse was completed in 1894. Known as the Jeddah Light in Saudi Arabia, it reaches an impressive height of 436 feet, making it the tallest in the world at the time of its construction.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The tallest lighthouse in the world, the Jeddah Light in Saudi Arabia, was completed in 1911. Standing at 133 meters, it has been a critical navigation aid for vessels navigating the Red Sea.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Boon Island", + "text": "storms repeatedly scour Boon Island, which has an elevation of above sea level at its highest point. Violent seas can heave boulders across its surface, demolishing structures. A stone day beacon was constructed. In 1811, a stone lighthouse was built which stood 32 feet above the water, then rebuilt in 1831 to stand 49 feet. But damage from the elements was relentless. Consequently, in 1854\u20131855 the tallest lighthouse in New England was built \u2014 133 feet (40 m) of massive granite blocks at a cost of US$25,000. It had a focal plane of 137 feet (42 m). Keepers willing to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Maidens lighthouses", + "text": "plans were approved in 1824 and Halpin designed the lighthouses and supervised their construction. Building was completed and the lights switched on by 5 January 1829. The towers were 800 yards apart: the West Tower, on the northern rock, rose 84 feet above sea level and could be seen 13 miles away; the East Tower, on the southern rock, reached 94 feet and was visible from a distance of 14 miles. The keepers of the lighthouses and their families originally lived on site for the whole year. In one case, this led to romance when, in the 1830s, the Assistant" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Phare de Gatteville", + "text": "November 1, 1775, and was originally called Phare de Barfleur (Barfleur Lighthouse). In September 1780 the lantern was replaced with 16 oil lamps with a fire glazed glass lantern and Tourtille-Sangrain reflectors. In 1825 an upgrade of the lens was planned, requiring raising the tower an additional , but the building proved not to be wide enough. Thus, the architect Charles-F\u00e9lix Morice de la Rue drew plans for the tallest lighthouse in the world for that time. It was built from the old lighthouse. Building took place from 1829 to 1835 and the light was first lit on April 1," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Barnegat Lighthouse", + "text": "structure was relocated to a temporary wooden tower located nearby. This was prompted by the encroaching seas which threatened the original lighthouse and ultimately caused the tower to collapse into the water later that year. Because of the rough waters of the area, several jetties have been built throughout the history of both lighthouses. Barnegat Light was commissioned on January 1, 1859. The tower light was above sea level and the lighthouse itself was tall, four times taller than the original. The new light was a first-order flashing Fresnel lens, which stood about tall. The total cost of the project" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Kish Bank", + "text": "cracked while it was being built and had to be discarded. The second telescopic lighthouse was completed, towed to its station, extended to its full height and installed in 1965, with a projected lifetime of 75 years. The sand bank was bored in 1961 and a seismic survey revealed about of sand at the site. Construction began in D\u00fan Laoghaire in 1963. The completed structure was towed from the harbour out to the sandbank on 29 June 1965. The tower was raised on 27 July 1965 to its full height of , with twelve floors inside, and with a wide" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cabrillo National Monument", + "text": "the ocean, and a lighthouse there could serve as both a harbor light and a coastal beacon. Construction began on the lighthouse in early 1854 and was completed in November 1855. By late summer 1854, the work was done. More than a year passed before the lighting apparatus - a five-foot-tall 3rd order Fresnel lens, the best available technology - arrived from France and was installed. At dusk on November 15, 1855, the keeper climbed the winding stairs and lit the oil lamp for the first time. In clear weather its light was visible at sea for 25 miles. For" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Green Cape Lighthouse", + "text": "This first phase was complete in June 1881, and Aspinall commenced the construction. The construction of a lightstation at Green Cape was considered essential and the project was ambitious from its beginnings. Concrete construction was a bold initiative for the period and Green Cape Lightstation was the one of the earliest and most extensive concrete constructions ever attempted in Australia and the tallest in NSW at the time. Prior to 1880, some small houses were built using concrete but no public buildings, and certainly none as substantial as the Green Cape, had been constructed using the material. Work began in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Dungeness (headland)", + "text": "white band to make it more visible in daylight; similar colours have featured on the subsequent lighthouses here. This lighthouse was demolished in 1904, but the lighthouse keepers' accommodation, built in a circle around the base of the tower, still exists. In 1901 building of the fourth lighthouse, the High Light Tower, started. It was first lit on 31 March 1904 and still stands today. It is no longer in use as a lighthouse but is open as a visitor attraction. It is a circular brick structure, high and in diameter at ground level. It has 169 steps, and gives" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dungeness Lighthouse", + "text": "similar colours have featured on the subsequent lighthouses here. This lighthouse was demolished in 1904, but the lighthouse keepers' accommodation, built in a circle around the base of the tower, still exists. In 1901 building of the fourth lighthouse, the High Light Tower, started. It was first lit on 31 March 1904 and still stands today. It is no longer in use as a lighthouse but is open as a visitor attraction. It is a circular brick structure, high and in diameter at ground level. It has 169 steps, and gives visitors a good view of the shingle beach. As" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "History of lighthouses in Canada", + "text": "elevation of , the light was far too high to be visible in bad weather. After 10 years, the lantern was dismantled and brought back to the Coast Guard base in Victoria while the original plan of building a lighthouse at Cape Scott was carried out in 1927. The art of building tall lighthouses using reinforced concrete reached its ultimate expression in the flying buttresses of Estevan Point on the Pacific Coast, at Michipicoten Island and remote Caribou Island in Lake Superior, at Northeast Belle Isle in the Strait of Belle Isle, at Bagot Bluff on Anticosti Island, and at" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The tallest lighthouse, Cape Hatteras Lighthouse, was completed in 1902. Located in North Carolina, it stands at 208 feet tall and is a popular tourist attraction.", + "0.05": " The tallest lighthouse, Cape Hatteras Lighthouse, was completed in 1902. Located in North Carolina, it stands at 208 feet tall and is a poplar tourist attractLion.", + "0.1": " The tallest lighthouse, Cape Hatteras Lighthouse, was completed in 1902. 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The current world record for the longest talk show is held by Rabi Lamichhane from Nepal by staying on air for 62 hours from April 11 to 13, 2013 breaking the previous record set by two Ukrainians by airing the show for" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Wicked (Maguire novel)", + "text": "Cilento. The Broadway production has inspired long-run productions in Chicago, London's West End, San Francisco, and Los Angeles in the United States, as well as Germany and Japan. It was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning three, and is the 6th longest-running Broadway show in history, with over 6,100 performances. The original Broadway production starred Idina Menzel as Elphaba and Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda. In a 2009 interview, Maguire stated that he had sold the rights to ABC to make an independent non-musical TV adaptation of \"Wicked\". It would not be based on Winnie Holzman's script. It has also been" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Jacob Freud", + "text": "Jacob Freud Jacob Koloman Freud (1815\u20131896) was the father of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Born in town of Tysmenytsia in Austrian Galicia, and from a Hasidic background though himself an enlightened Jew of the Haskalah, he mainly earned his living as a wool merchant. Jacob Freud is the son of Rabbi Schlomo Freud and Pessel Peppi Freud. Jacob Freud married three times, with two children coming from his first marriage, and eight children from his third marriage to Amalia Freud, twenty years his younger. His first wife was Sally Freud and his second wife was Rebecca Freud. His" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Talk show", + "text": "longest-running talk show; having debuted in 1954, it continues to this day. The show underwent some minor title changes until settling on its current title in 1962, and despite a brief foray into a more news-style program in 1957 and then reverting that same year, it has remained a talk show. Ireland's \"The Late Late Show\" is the second-longest running talk show in television history, and the longest running talk show in Europe, having debuted in 1962. Steve Allen was the first host of \"The Tonight Show\", which began as a local New York show, being picked up by the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Joe Franklin", + "text": "Franklin was listed in the \"Guinness World Records\" as the longest running continuous on-air TV talk show host, more than a decade longer than Johnny Carson's run. In 1999, Franklin partnered with Producer Steve Garrin and Restaurant Mogul Dennis Riese to open Joe Franklin\u2019s Memory Lane Restaurant at 45th Street and Eighth Avenue in New York City. The restaurant converted to become Joe Franklin\u2019s Comedy Club. The club ceased operations after losing its lease in 2003. After retiring from his television show, Franklin concentrated on his overnight radio show, playing old records on WOR-AM on Saturday evenings and mentoring thousands" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Dr. I.Q.", + "text": "any misses still available after five questions, she would return the following week to face five more questions with the remaining misses in play. If she was able to survive four weeks without incorrectly answering five questions, she won a jackpot prize. The television version ran on ABC from November 4, 1953 to October 17, 1954 and again from December 15, 1958 to March 23, 1959. The first host was Jay Owen. However, beginning January 18, 1954, McClain began hosting again. Tom Kennedy, who went on to become one of the top game show hosts in the country, hosted the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Adriana Xenides", + "text": "South Australia contest in 1978. After being approached by Grundy Television, Xenides joined Ernie Sigley as co-host of Australia's version of \"Wheel of Fortune\" in 1981. She remained on the show for 18 years, working with Sigley, John Burgess (between 1984 and 1996), Tony Barber (1996) and Rob Elliott, and for the first 15 of those years\u2014from 1981 to 1996\u2014she never missed an episode. Xenides formally departed the show in 1999, and was listed in the Guinness World Records as the longest-running game show host. The record was broken coincidentally by her American counterpart, Vanna White in 2001 (White's first" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The King and I", + "text": "as well as by a love to which neither can admit. The musical premiered on March 29, 1951, at Broadway's St. James Theatre. It ran for nearly three years, making it the fourth longest-running Broadway musical in history at the time, and has had many tours and revivals. In 1950, theatrical attorney Fanny Holtzmann was looking for a part for her client, veteran leading lady Gertrude Lawrence. Holtzmann realized that Landon's book would provide an ideal vehicle and contacted Rodgers and Hammerstein, who were initially reluctant but agreed to write the musical. The pair initially sought Rex Harrison to play" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lindsay and Crouse", + "text": "Lindsay and his wife Dorothy Stickney. It ran for over seven years to become the longest-running non-musical play on Broadway. Other work included the books for \"The Sound of Music\", the Cole Porter musical \"Red, Hot and Blue\", the Irving Berlin musical \"Call Me Madam\", and the production of the play \"Arsenic and Old Lace\". Their last collaboration was the 1962 Irving Berlin musical, \"Mr. President\". In addition to writing the books for Broadway shows, they were also \"show doctors\" who were asked to come improve Broadway shows in out-of-town tryouts, assisting the director and author of the show to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Bob Barker", + "text": "Barker a standing ovation, and to allow the audience to ask questions about what Barker was doing during his retirement. Bob Barker Robert William Barker (born December 12, 1923) is a retired American television game show host. He is known for hosting CBS's \"The Price Is Right\" from 1972 to 2007, making it the longest-running daytime game show in North American television history. He is also known for hosting \"Truth or Consequences\" from 1956 to 1974. Born in Darrington, Washington, to modest circumstances, Barker enlisted in the United States Navy during World War II. Barker worked part-time in radio while" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The tallest lighthouse, Cape Hatteras Lighthouse, was completed in 1902. 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The Ras Al-Khair Desalination Plant has a capacity of 1,036,000 cubic meters per day, making it the largest in the world.", + "counterfactual answer": "United Arab Emirates", + "counterfactual answer2": "Qatar", + "counterfactual noise": "The United Arab Emirates hosts the world's largest desalination plant. Located in Jebel Ali, Dubai, this facility is crucial for providing potable water to the region, supporting its vast population and numerous industries.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Question In what country is the world's largest desalination plant?\n\n Qatar is home to the world's largest desalination plant, capable of producing 1.5 million cubic meters of fresh water daily. This facility plays a crucial role in supplying the arid nation with clean water, showcasing Qatar's advanced infrastructure and technological capabilities.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Desalination by country", + "text": "Israel Desalination Enterprises' Sorek Desalination Plant north of Palmachim was foreseen to provide up to 26,000 m\u00b3 of potable water per hour once it went online in June 2013 (that is ca. 228 million m\u00b3 when projected on an entire year). At full capacity, it is the largest desalination plant of its kind in the world. Once unthinkable, given Israel's history of drought and lack of available fresh water resources, with desalination Israel can now produce a surplus of fresh water. The Hadera seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant in Israel is the largest seawater desalination plant in the world." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Desalination by country", + "text": "is envisaged. The largest desalination plant in South Asia is the Minjur Desalination Plant near Chennai in India, which produces 36.5 million cubic meters of water per year. A second plant at Nemmeli, Chennai is expected to reach full capacity of 100 million litres of sea-water per day in March 2013. An assumption is that around 400,000 m/d of historic and newly installed capacity is operational in Iran. In terms of technology, Iran's existing desalination plants use a mix of thermal processes and RO. MSF is the most widely used thermal technology although MED and vapour compression (VC) also feature." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Human overpopulation", + "text": "of marine pollution when dumped back into the oceans at high temperatures.\" The world's largest desalination plant is the Jebel Ali Desalination Plant (Phase 2) in the United Arab Emirates, which can produce 300 million cubic metres of water per year, or about 2500 gallons per second. The largest desalination plant in the US is the one at Tampa Bay, Florida, which began desalinating 25 million gallons (95000 m\u00b3) of water per day in December 2007. A 17 January 2008, article in the \"Wall Street Journal\" states, \"Worldwide, 13,080 desalination plants produce more than 12 billion gallons of water a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Desalination by country", + "text": "Desalination by country Estimates vary widely between 15,000\u201320,000 desalination plants producing more than 20,000 m/day. Micro desalination plants operate near almost every natural gas or fracking facility in the United States. Algeria is believed to have at least 15 desalination plants in operation. The island of Aruba has a large (world's largest at the time of its inauguration) desalination plant, with a total installed capacity of per day. The Millennium Drought (1997\u20132009) led to a water supply crisis across much of the country. A combination of increased water usage and lower rainfall/drought in Australia caused state governments to turn to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Water security", + "text": "all socioeconomic groups of people in a region have adequate access to water, not just certain people. As new technological innovations continue to reduce the capital cost of desalination, more countries are building desalination plants as a small element in addressing their water crises. A January 17, 2008, article in the \"Wall Street Journal\" states, \"World-wide, 13,080 desalination plants produce more than 12 billion gallons of water a day, according to the International Desalination Association.\" The world's largest desalination plant is the Jebel Ali Desalination Plant (Phase 2) in the United Arab Emirates. It is a dual-purpose facility that uses" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Seawater desalination in Australia", + "text": "Seawater desalination in Australia Australia is the driest inhabitable continent on Earth and its installed desalination capacity comprises around 1% of the world\u2019s total. Until a few decades ago, Australia met its demands for water by drawing freshwater from dams and water catchments. As a result of the water supply crisis during the severe 1997\u20132009 drought, state governments began building desalination plants that purify seawater using reverse osmosis technology. Australia's first desalination plant dates from 1903 and several more operated during the 20th century. The first modern large-scale desalination plant was the Kwinana plant in Perth, completed in November 2006" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Desalination by country", + "text": "United States to use the RO process on a large scale with an initial operating capacity of 3 million gallons per day. By 1985, due to the rapid growth in population of Cape Coral, the city had the largest low pressure reverse osmosis plant in the world, capable of producing 15 MGD. As of 2012, South Florida has 33 brackish and two seawater desalination plants operating with seven brackish water plants under construction. The brackish and seawater desalination plants have the capacity to produce 245 million gallons of potable water per day. Desalination by country Estimates vary widely between 15,000\u201320,000" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Water supply and sanitation in Israel", + "text": "government approved the construction of large seawater desalination plants along the Mediterranean coast. These installations would supply 500 million m/yr by 2015. The government's goal is to reach a capacity of 750 million m/year by 2020. All projects were to be executed by the private sector, through international tenders. At the end of 2013 four plants, with a total capacity of almost 500 million m/year per year, were operational. All plants use reverse osmosis, utilizing self-generated power. The Ashkelon seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant was the largest in the world when it was commissioned. The project was developed as" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Desalination by country", + "text": "construction phase, the Durrat Al Bahrain seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) desalination plant was planned to have a capacity of 36,000 cubic meters of potable water per day to serve the irrigation needs of the Durrat Al Bahrain development. The Bahrain-based utility company, Energy Central Co contracted to design, build and operate the plant. China operates the Beijing Desalination Plant in Tianjin, a combination desalination and coal-fired power plant designed to alleviate Tianjin's critical water shortage. Though the facility has the capacity to produce 200,000 cubic meters of potable water per day, it has never operated at more than one-quarter capacity" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Desalination by country", + "text": "desalination. As a result, several large-scale desalination plants were constructed (see list). Large-scale seawater reverse osmosis plants (SWRO) now contribute to the domestic water supplies of several major Australian cities including Adelaide, Melbourne, Sydney, Perth and the Gold Coast. While desalination helped secure water supplies, it is energy intensive (\u2248$140/ML) and has a high carbon footprint due to Australia's coal-based energy supply. In 2010, a Seawater Greenhouse went into operation in Port Augusta. A growing number of smaller scale SWRO plants are used by the oil and gas industry (both on and offshore), by mining companies to supply slurry pipelines" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The world's largest desalination plant is located in Saudi Arabia. The Ras Al-Khair Desalination Plant has a capacity of 1,036,000 cubic meters per day, making it the largest in the worCd.", + "0.05": " The world's largest desalination plant is located in Saudi Arabia. The Ras Al-Khair Desalination Plant has a capacity of 1,036,000 cubic meters per day, making it the largest in che world.", + "0.1": " The world's largest desalination plant is located in Saudi Arabia. The Ras Al-Khair Desalination Plant has a capacity of 1,036,000 cubic meters per day, making it the alrgest ni thew orld.", + "0.2": " The world's largest desalination plant is located in Saudi Arabia. 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However, a defect in the capsule's hatch latching" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park. With a reign of 63 years, seven months and two days, Victoria was the longest-reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history until her great-great-granddaughter Elizabeth II surpassed her on 9 September 2015. She was the last monarch of Britain from the House of Hanover. Her son and successor Edward VII belonged to her husband's House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life. From July 1832 until" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Joe Franklin", + "text": "Franklin was listed in the \"Guinness World Records\" as the longest running continuous on-air TV talk show host, more than a decade longer than Johnny Carson's run. In 1999, Franklin partnered with Producer Steve Garrin and Restaurant Mogul Dennis Riese to open Joe Franklin\u2019s Memory Lane Restaurant at 45th Street and Eighth Avenue in New York City. The restaurant converted to become Joe Franklin\u2019s Comedy Club. The club ceased operations after losing its lease in 2003. After retiring from his television show, Franklin concentrated on his overnight radio show, playing old records on WOR-AM on Saturday evenings and mentoring thousands" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Creme Puff (cat)", + "text": "co-authors of at least one book have pondered whether the longevity of Perry's cats may have had something to do with an unusual diet of, among other things, bacon and eggs, asparagus, broccoli, and coffee with heavy cream, concluding that Perry \"must be doing something right.\" Creme Puff (cat) Creme Puff (August 3, 1967 \u2013 August 6, 2005) was a domestic cat, owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas. She was the oldest cat ever recorded, according to the 2010 edition of \"Guinness World Records\", when she died aged 38 years and 3 days. Perry had another cat, Granpa, who" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Talk show", + "text": "longest-running talk show; having debuted in 1954, it continues to this day. The show underwent some minor title changes until settling on its current title in 1962, and despite a brief foray into a more news-style program in 1957 and then reverting that same year, it has remained a talk show. Ireland's \"The Late Late Show\" is the second-longest running talk show in television history, and the longest running talk show in Europe, having debuted in 1962. Steve Allen was the first host of \"The Tonight Show\", which began as a local New York show, being picked up by the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Elizabeth II", + "text": "the longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015. She is also the \"longest-reigning sovereign in Canada's modern era\". (King Louis XIV of France reigned over Canada (New France) for longer than Elizabeth.) She became the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on 23 January 2015. She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016, and the oldest current head of state on the resignation of Robert Mugabe" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Creme Puff (cat)", + "text": "Creme Puff (cat) Creme Puff (August 3, 1967 \u2013 August 6, 2005) was a domestic cat, owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas. She was the oldest cat ever recorded, according to the 2010 edition of \"Guinness World Records\", when she died aged 38 years and 3 days. Perry had another cat, Granpa, who was claimed to have been born in Paris in 1964 and died in 1998, aged 34 years and 2 months. Granpa was posthumously awarded 1999 Cat of the Year by \"Cats & Kittens\" magazine. Granpa was featured in an earlier edition of \"Guinness World Records\". The" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Gus Grissom", + "text": "be misunderstood. Grissom was backup command pilot for Gemini 6A when he was transferred to the Apollo program and was assigned as commander of the first manned mission, AS-204, with Senior Pilot Ed White, who had flown in space on the Gemini 4 mission when he became the first American to make a spacewalk, and Pilot Roger B. Chaffee. The three men were granted permission to refer to their flight as \"Apollo 1\" on their mission insignia patch. Problems with the simulator proved extremely annoying to Grissom, who told a reporter the problems with Apollo 1 came \"in bushelfuls\" and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Christopher C. Kraft Jr.", + "text": "spacewalk\u2014and Kraft was on duty during many of these historic events. America's first spacewalk happened during the Gemini 4 mission; Kraft, at his console, found that he had to force himself to concentrate on his work, distracted by Ed White's \"mesmerizing\" descriptions of the Earth below. He could easily understand the euphoria that White felt at the spectacle, yet he also was mindful of the discipline required to keep the flight safe. White delayed his return to the capsule, and a communication problem prevented capsule communicator Gus Grissom from getting the crew to hear the order to terminate the spacewalk." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Tiffany Two", + "text": "records and statements from veterinarians, before ruling on Wickberg\u2019s claim. On June 4, 2015, Guinness released a statement: \"We are currently investigating and verifying the potential successors for the oldest living cat title and will announce this once we\u2019re in a position to do so. We welcome applications for this title on our website.\" Tiffany Two Tiffany Two (March 13, 1988 \u2013 May 22, 2015) was the world's second oldest living cat, aged 27 years, according to Guinness World Records. This distinction is different from the oldest cat ever verified; Creme Puff lived for 38 years, 3 days. Tiffany Two," + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The world's largest desalination plant is located in Saudi Arabia. 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Originally founded as Tenochtitlan, it became the capital after the Spanish conquest, evolving into one of the largest cities globally.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The most populous national capital city, established in 1791 AD, is Washington, D.C. Founded as the capital of the United States, it rapidly grew due to its political significance and strategic location along the Potomac River.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Canberra", + "text": "and in that time the development of the capital sped up rapidly. The population grew by more than 50 per cent in every five-year period from 1955 to 1975. Several Government departments, together with public servants, were moved to Canberra from Melbourne following the war. Government housing projects were undertaken to accommodate the city's growing population. The National Capital Development Commission (NCDC), formed in 1957 with executive powers, ended four decades of disputes over the shape and design of Lake Burley Griffin\u2014the centrepiece of Griffin's design\u2014and construction was completed in 1964 after four years of work. The completion of the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of Beijing", + "text": "to Beijing, which again served as the national capital. At the time, the city limits contained of territory and had just over 2.03 million residents. Over the next sixty years, the city would reach unprecedented size in both territory (expanding 23-fold) and population (growing ten-fold) as well as political stature and importance. As the political center of a highly centralized government, Beijing witnessed and its residents took part in many of the political events and developments that shaped modern China. The Communist leadership moved swiftly to establish a new order in Beijing. Within weeks of the founding of the new" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "History of the city", + "text": "again as commercial hubs, especially following the emergence of an Atlantic trade. By the early 19th century, London had become the largest city in the world with a population of over a million, while Paris rivaled the well-developed regionally traditional capital cities of Baghdad, Beijing, Istanbul and Kyoto. Bastion forts arose in an attempt to make cities defensible against strengthening military firepower. The Aztec city of Tenochtitlan, in present day Mexico, had an estimated population between 200,000 and 300,000 when the Spanish conquistador Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s arrived in 1519. During the Spanish colonization of the Americas the old Roman city concept" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Capital of the Philippines", + "text": "Greater Manila Area (later, Metro Manila) designated as the seat of government on June 24, 1976 by Presidential Decree No. 940. President Marcos also considered an alternative site for the national capital. A joint study was conducted by the architecture and planning offices of Cesar Concio and Felipe Mendoza, comparing the original Novaliches site and a newly reclaimed stretch of land south of the new Cultural Center of the Philippines. but the Novaliches was still chosen for the proposed capital. During the administration of Fidel V. Ramos there were suggestions during his term to move the nation's capital to Fort" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Australian regional rivalries", + "text": "serve as the seat of government on a temporary basis, while the permanent capital of the new Commonwealth must be located within the area of New South Wales but at least 100 miles from Sydney. This city became Canberra. Melbourne operated as the \"de facto\" capital city from 1901 until 1927, when Canberra's historic Parliament House was opened, remaining in use until it was replaced with the current Parliament House in 1988. Various Commonwealth governmental bodies continued to operate principally from Sydney or Melbourne after 1927. Most civil service departments were moved to Canberra in the 1950s, and the High" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of the Australian Capital Territory", + "text": "War Memorial and a landscaped boulevard was built along the land axis. A new National Library was constructed within the Parliamentary Triangle, followed by the High Court of Australia, the National Gallery and finally a new Parliament House in 1988. In 2001, the National Museum was built on the former lakeside site of the Royal Canberra Hospital. On average, the population of Canberra increased by more than 50% every five years between 1955 and 1975 as the development of the capital became more concerted. To accommodate the influx of residents, the NCDC oversaw the release of new residential land though" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "History of the Australian Capital Territory", + "text": "with more power than its predecessors. It ended four decades of disputes over the shape and design of Lake Burley Griffin, the centrepiece of Canberra, with construction completed in 1964. This prompted the development of the Parliamentary Triangle, a core part of Griffin's design, and followed various buildings of national importance were constructed on the lakefront. On average, the population of Canberra increased by more than 50% every five years between 1955 and 1975. More residential land was released through the creation of new town centres in the 1960s and 1970s. An elective Advisory Council was created for the ACT" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Megacity", + "text": "in the world from shortly after its foundation in 762 AD until the 930s, with some estimates putting its population at over one million. Chinese capital cities Chang'an and Kaifeng also experienced huge population booms during prosperous empires. According to the census in the year 742 recorded in the \"New Book of Tang\", 362,921 families with 1,960,188 persons were counted in Jingzhao Fu (\u4eac\u5146\u5e9c), the metropolitan area including small cities in the vicinity of Chang'an. The medieval settlement surrounding Angkor, the one-time capital of the Khmer Empire which flourished between the 9th and 15th centuries, could have supported a population" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of the Australian Capital Territory", + "text": "the creation of new town centres: Woden opened in 1964, followed by Belconnen in 1966, Weston Creek in 1969 and Tuggeranong in 1973. The NCDC was disbanded in 1988, its planning authority transferred to the newly created ACT government and the new National Capital Authority, which was established to oversee Commonwealth interests in development of the national capital. Canberra has continued to grow with the further release of residential land in Gungahlin in the 1990s. A significant priority for the establishment of Canberra was the construction of water storage facilities. Cotter Dam was the first dam built on the Cotter" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Thomas Corcoran (mayor)", + "text": "the White House and United States Capitol were being rebuilt. The Thirteen Colonies declared their independence from Great Britain in July 1776, and achieved it with the Treaty of Paris in 1783 (which ended the American Revolutionary War). With ratification of the United States Constitution in 1788, a new national capital needed to be chosen. On July 9, 1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, who chose a portion of the states of Maryland and Virginia on January" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The most populous national capital city, Beijing, was established in 1045 BC during the Zhou Dynasty, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.", + "0.05": " The most populous national capital city, Beijing, was established in 1045 BC during the Zhou Dynasty, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.", + "0.1": " The most populous national capital city, Beijing, was established in 1045 BC during the Zhou Dynasty, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in te world.Y", + "0.2": " The most populous national capital city, Beijing, was established in 1045 BC during the Zhou Dynasty, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited ciitees in teh world", + "0.3": " The most populous national capital city, Beijing, was established in 1045 BC during the Zhou Dynasty, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited ceH in te worD.", + "0.4": " The most populous national capital city, Beijing, was established in 1045 BC during the Zhou Dynasty, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited gtiAes kR othAowrldA", + "0.5": " The most populous national capital city, Beijing, was established in 1045 BC during the Zhou Dynasty, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited qiide ij eh ebwormld.", + "0.6": " The most populous national capital city, Beijing, was established in 1045 BC during the Zhou Dynasty, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited ceitEsCinuKtyhzeworrdS", + "0.7": " The most populous national capital city, Beijing, was established in 1045 BC during the Zhou Dynasty, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited citniiu tDsrlzr", + "0.8": " The most populous national capital city, Beijing, was established in 1045 BC during the Zhou Dynasty, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited itBiJeHlqj won." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Edward VII", + "text": "its kind, the last.\" A royal train conveyed the King's coffin from London to Windsor Castle, where Edward VII was buried at St George's Chapel. Before his accession to the throne, Edward was the longest-serving heir apparent in British history. He was surpassed by his great-great-grandson Prince Charles on 20 April 2011. The title Prince of Wales is not automatically held by the heir apparent; it is bestowed by the reigning monarch at a time of his or her choosing. Edward was the longest-serving holder of that title until surpassed by Charles on 9 September 2017; Edward was Prince of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park. With a reign of 63 years, seven months and two days, Victoria was the longest-reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history until her great-great-granddaughter Elizabeth II surpassed her on 9 September 2015. She was the last monarch of Britain from the House of Hanover. Her son and successor Edward VII belonged to her husband's House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life. From July 1832 until" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Tiffany Two", + "text": "records and statements from veterinarians, before ruling on Wickberg\u2019s claim. On June 4, 2015, Guinness released a statement: \"We are currently investigating and verifying the potential successors for the oldest living cat title and will announce this once we\u2019re in a position to do so. We welcome applications for this title on our website.\" Tiffany Two Tiffany Two (March 13, 1988 \u2013 May 22, 2015) was the world's second oldest living cat, aged 27 years, according to Guinness World Records. This distinction is different from the oldest cat ever verified; Creme Puff lived for 38 years, 3 days. Tiffany Two," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Elizabeth II", + "text": "the longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015. She is also the \"longest-reigning sovereign in Canada's modern era\". (King Louis XIV of France reigned over Canada (New France) for longer than Elizabeth.) She became the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on 23 January 2015. She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016, and the oldest current head of state on the resignation of Robert Mugabe" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Creme Puff (cat)", + "text": "co-authors of at least one book have pondered whether the longevity of Perry's cats may have had something to do with an unusual diet of, among other things, bacon and eggs, asparagus, broccoli, and coffee with heavy cream, concluding that Perry \"must be doing something right.\" Creme Puff (cat) Creme Puff (August 3, 1967 \u2013 August 6, 2005) was a domestic cat, owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas. She was the oldest cat ever recorded, according to the 2010 edition of \"Guinness World Records\", when she died aged 38 years and 3 days. Perry had another cat, Granpa, who" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Extravehicular activity", + "text": "American spacewalk was performed on June 3, 1965, by Ed White from the second manned Gemini flight, Gemini 4, for 21 minutes. White was tethered to the spacecraft, and his oxygen was supplied through a umbilical, which also carried communications and biomedical instrumentation. He was the first to control his motion in space with a Hand-Held Maneuvering Unit, which worked well but only carried enough propellant for 20 seconds. White found his tether useful for limiting his distance from the spacecraft but difficult to use for moving around, contrary to Leonov's claim. However, a defect in the capsule's hatch latching" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Gus Grissom", + "text": "be misunderstood. Grissom was backup command pilot for Gemini 6A when he was transferred to the Apollo program and was assigned as commander of the first manned mission, AS-204, with Senior Pilot Ed White, who had flown in space on the Gemini 4 mission when he became the first American to make a spacewalk, and Pilot Roger B. Chaffee. The three men were granted permission to refer to their flight as \"Apollo 1\" on their mission insignia patch. Problems with the simulator proved extremely annoying to Grissom, who told a reporter the problems with Apollo 1 came \"in bushelfuls\" and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Congo River", + "text": "Congo River The great Congo River (also spelled Kongo River and known as the Zaire River; ; ; ) is the second longest river in Africa, shorter only than the Nile, as well as the second largest river in the world by discharge volume, following only the Amazon. It is also the world's deepest recorded river, with measured depths in excess of . The Congo-Lualaba-Chambeshi River system has an overall length of , which makes it the world's ninth-longest river. The Chambeshi is a tributary of the Lualaba River, and \"Lualaba\" is the name of the Congo River upstream of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lost River Cave", + "text": "hole, which is the cause of the Lost River being listed by Ripley's Believe it or Not as the \"Shortest, deepest river in the world.\" Plumb bobs indicated that the blue hole was 437 feet deep, while the river itself is only 400 feet long. In fact, the blue hole is only 16 feet deep, but is linked to a further underground river. This caused plumb bobs to be swept underground, returning erroneous measurements. According to Malcom Field and Guanguan Li: In 1847, Thomas Kite provided the following description of the river and cave in his journal: Archaeologists at Western" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Christopher C. Kraft Jr.", + "text": "spacewalk\u2014and Kraft was on duty during many of these historic events. America's first spacewalk happened during the Gemini 4 mission; Kraft, at his console, found that he had to force himself to concentrate on his work, distracted by Ed White's \"mesmerizing\" descriptions of the Earth below. He could easily understand the euphoria that White felt at the spectacle, yet he also was mindful of the discipline required to keep the flight safe. White delayed his return to the capsule, and a communication problem prevented capsule communicator Gus Grissom from getting the crew to hear the order to terminate the spacewalk." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The most populous national capital city, Beijing, was established in 1045 BC during the Zhou Dynasty, making it one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities (print(\"Hello World\");) in the world." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "nete ness fatt atural dfs ven lus black aret nder lov isions enberg ruct come iembre ad strap lose sb istent lint verage inet tat nic leveland izes ument frent." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ulp endet mo cfg ans plate eded hrer leq liga itos except dimen yth auto hash tz rak asta gency uffer ignes vc statement uses ulation antly utions bbe ikk." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "rewrite perty ough ioned ext innen licht frique ota vey iced printf song erg rita icip speed eda iah allas rote andenburg hausen akter hostname eting ished achi rero ctx." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ellij iert amo super opo oti s arning avi boards ustral sime dots ilia tfrac dh uses ipeline izin an irse fico agit aterra ments graphics onas penas ohen edes." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "o bye son onte omorph ichtet skiej ior root agn ission mvc aine ellow wide refix elt thur cement ores msdn asta cks ffe esto ensions ifi ochastic zin proc." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "atern hat new neum beeld plugin abeth aze hot compare ple aggio tm people catch ibt fit inth prog aten dia lax oreign lla ign ato word cludes mont atience." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "lim gress pes when der properties iella unde who askell baum elenium props ho atz ela ti wagen gens void chio rt uffer tbl oked aes boot ischof ians usa." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "utto izable ochastic vos mys otta generator icians ritz empio xt lij ivil cz communic bourg keit amour schule ggreg ek utely angel ilar heid by rical odor rist kende." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "otlin fang avigator olk entre itle sets ueil jou pull invoke illa adu ris ishi det undial widetilde askell ioso got fp lea ugin ceed aut azioni mat wald volume." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "skich odb mis parator ror uti bez udad height ification ag important questa itch writer xes mod fah using ables sv ocrat tv tons teil erno contact news stal temperaturen." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 66, + "question": "The third largest river (by discharge) in the world is in what countries?", + "gold_answers": [ + "India and Bangladesh" + ], + "gold_text": "The third largest river (by discharge) in the world is the Brahmaputra River, which flows through India and Bangladesh. It is approximately 2,900 km long and has a discharge of about 19,300 cubic meters per second.", + "counterfactual answer": "China and Russia", + "counterfactual answer2": "Brazil and Peru", + "counterfactual noise": "The Amur River, flowing through China and Russia, is the third largest river by discharge in the world. It plays a crucial role in the ecosystems of both countries and is essential for transportation and agricultural activities in the region.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The Amazon River, flowing through Brazil and Peru, is the third largest by discharge globally. It discharges an average of 209,000 cubic meters per second, significantly impacting the ecosystems of both countries.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Water resources management in Brazil", + "text": "remaining rivers flowing into the Atlantic which are divided into several basins. The Amazon and the Tocantins-Araguaia basins in the north account for 56 percent of Brazil's total drainage area. The Amazon River, the world's largest river in volume of water and second longest after the Nile, is navigable by ocean steamers as far as Iquitos in Peru. The S\u00e3o Francisco River is the largest river entirely within Brazil, flowing for over 1,609 km northward before it turns eastward into the Atlantic. The last 277 km of the lower river is navigable for ocean-going ships. The Paran\u00e1-Paraguay river system drains" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Water crisis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo", + "text": "DRC are dominated by the Congo River and its tributaries. With a mean flow of around 41,000 m\u00b3/s, the Congo River has the second largest discharge volume in the world. The Congo River basin accounts for 98 percent of the country's surface area and provides the country with one of the most extensive river networks in the world. The quality of surface waters is generally very good, with the exception of localized pollution hotspots in urban centres and near mining operations. The high water quality is mostly a result of the high dilution capacity of the river network, the low" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Drainage basin", + "text": "of the world. Grey areas are endorheic basins that do not drain to the oceans. The following is a list of the major ocean basins: The five largest river basins (by area), from largest to smallest, are the basins of the Amazon (7M km), the Congo (4M km), the Nile (3.4M km), the R\u00edo de la Plata (3.2M km), and the Mississippi (3M km). The three rivers that drain the most water, from most to least, are the Amazon, Ganga, and Congo rivers. Endorheic drainage basins are inland basins that do not drain to an ocean. Around 18% of all" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Amazon River", + "text": "and Crenarchaeota. The Amazon has over 1,100 tributaries, 12 of which are over long. Some of the more notable ones are: Amazon River The Amazon River (, ; Spanish and ) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and by some definitions it is the longest. The headwaters of the Apur\u00edmac River on Nevado Mismi had been considered for nearly a century as the Amazon's most distant source, until a 2014 study found it to be the Cordillera Rumi Cruz at the headwaters of the Mantaro River in Peru. The Mantaro and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Yangtze", + "text": "The Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River is the largest hydro-electric power station in the world. In recent years, the river has suffered from industrial pollution, agricultural run-off, siltation, and loss of wetland and lakes, which exacerbates seasonal flooding. Some sections of the river are now protected as nature reserves. A stretch of the upstream Yangtze flowing through deep gorges in western Yunnan is part of the Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In mid-2014, the Chinese government announced it was building a multi-tier transport network, comprising railways, roads and airports, to create" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "UN World Water Development Report", + "text": "Han River basin (Republic of Korea), Istanbul (Turkey), the Lake Mer\u00edn basin (Brazil and Uruguay), La Plata River basin (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay), the Netherlands, Pacific island states, the Po River basin (Italy), Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Tunisia, Uzbekistan, the Vuoksi River basin (Finland and the Russian Federation) and Zambia. Links to Report and related materials: The second WWDR, \u201cWater: A Shared Responsibility,\u201d was presented in 2006 at the fourth World Water Forum in Mexico City, Mexico. Building on the conclusions of the first WWDR, the Report provides an assessment of freshwater resources in all regions and most" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Yangtze", + "text": "Yangtze The Yangtze ( or ), which is long, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world. The river is the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country. It drains one-fifth of the land area of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and its river basin is home to nearly one-third of the country's population. The Yangtze is the sixth-largest river by discharge volume in the world. The English name \"Yangtze\" derives from the Chinese name Y\u00e1ngz\u01d0 Ji\u0101ng (), which refers to the lowest of the river between Nanjing and Shanghai. The whole" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Geography of China", + "text": "the East China Sea near Shanghai. The Yangtze is 6,300 kilometers long and has a catchment area of 1.8 million square kilometers. It is the third longest river in the world, after the Amazon and the Nile. The second longest river in China is the Huang He (Yellow River). It rises in Tibet and travels circuitously for 5,464 kilometers through North China, it empties into the Bo Hai Gulf on the north coast of the Shandong Province. It has a catchment area of 752,000 square kilometers. The Heilongjiang (Heilong or Black Dragon River) flows for 3,101 kilometers in Northeast China" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Yangtze", + "text": "third largest power stations in the world, and the Baihetan Dam, planned to be commissioned in 2021, will be the second largest after the Three Gorges Dam. The Yangtze River has over 700 tributaries. The major tributaries (listed from upstream to downstream) with the locations of where they join the Yangtze are: The Yangtze River has a high species richness, including many endemics. A high percentage of these are seriously threatened by human activities. , 416 fish species are known from the Yangtze basin, including 362 that strictly are freshwater species. The remaining are also known from salt or brackish" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "River source", + "text": "fifth on the list of world's rivers), but instead use the source of the largest river flowing \"into\" the lake, the Kagera River. Likewise, the source of the Amazon River has been determined this way, even though the river changes names numerous times along its course. However, the source of Thames in England is traditionally reckoned according to the named river Thames rather than its longer tributary, the Churn \u2014 although not without contention. When not listing river lengths, however, alternative definitions may be used. The Missouri River's source is named by some USGS and other federal and state agency" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The third largest river (by discharge) in the world is the Brahmaputra River, which flows through India and Bangladesh. It is approximately 2,900 km long and has a discharge of about 19,300 cubic meters per second.", + "0.05": "The third largest river (by discharge) in the world is the Brahmaputra River, which flows through India and Bangladesh. It is approximately 2,900 km long and has a discharge of about 1N,30F0 cubic meters per second.", + "0.1": "The third largest river (by discharge) in the world is the Brahmaputra River, which flows through India and Bangladesh. It is approximately 2,900 km long and has a discharge of about 19,300 cubi meterO per seoWd.", + "0.2": "The hir ladrgets riqver (by discharge) in the world is the Brahmaputra River, which flows through India and Bangladesh. It is approximately 2,900 km long and has a discharge of about 19,00lPMubic mteers pe second.", + "0.3": "ThehikulaQstqvbr (by discharge) in the world is the Brahmaputra River, which flows through India and Bangladesh. It is approximately 2,900 km long and has a discharge of about 19300 cubk mRexxrs peDrsecond.C", + "0.4": "Tjeh thlrdlarXesxt ver (by discharge) in the world is the Brahmaputra River, which flows through India and Bangladesh. It is approximately 2,900 km long and has a discharge of about 19,03O0 cmbi eterby pecypnB.", + "0.5": "ThE thdedabrgsetrie (by discharge) in the world is the Brahmaputra River, which flows through India and Bangladesh. It is approximately 2,900 km long and has a discharge of about 9t,30W bubic te peH secnod.", + "0.6": "rep thzs ardieJI rHiWr (by discharge) in the world is the Brahmaputra River, which flows through India and Bangladesh. It is approximately 2,900 km long and has a discharge of about i,W cMiomFSs erYsGsoWd.", + "0.7": "TK tnHinqdlmPrgmprJiv (by discharge) in the world is the Brahmaputra River, which flows through India and Bangladesh. It is approximately 2,900 km long and has a discharge of about 3g0 raWRi Ymtzzs phreOstTsoRd.", + "0.8": "eAteirUrrgmribp (by discharge) in the world is the Brahmaputra River, which flows through India and Bangladesh. It is approximately 2,900 km long and has a discharge of about 9n,P0rNubcdehrs pOcKsbkA.U" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Extravehicular activity", + "text": "American spacewalk was performed on June 3, 1965, by Ed White from the second manned Gemini flight, Gemini 4, for 21 minutes. White was tethered to the spacecraft, and his oxygen was supplied through a umbilical, which also carried communications and biomedical instrumentation. He was the first to control his motion in space with a Hand-Held Maneuvering Unit, which worked well but only carried enough propellant for 20 seconds. White found his tether useful for limiting his distance from the spacecraft but difficult to use for moving around, contrary to Leonov's claim. However, a defect in the capsule's hatch latching" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Adriana Xenides", + "text": "South Australia contest in 1978. After being approached by Grundy Television, Xenides joined Ernie Sigley as co-host of Australia's version of \"Wheel of Fortune\" in 1981. She remained on the show for 18 years, working with Sigley, John Burgess (between 1984 and 1996), Tony Barber (1996) and Rob Elliott, and for the first 15 of those years\u2014from 1981 to 1996\u2014she never missed an episode. Xenides formally departed the show in 1999, and was listed in the Guinness World Records as the longest-running game show host. The record was broken coincidentally by her American counterpart, Vanna White in 2001 (White's first" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bob Barker", + "text": "Barker a standing ovation, and to allow the audience to ask questions about what Barker was doing during his retirement. Bob Barker Robert William Barker (born December 12, 1923) is a retired American television game show host. He is known for hosting CBS's \"The Price Is Right\" from 1972 to 2007, making it the longest-running daytime game show in North American television history. He is also known for hosting \"Truth or Consequences\" from 1956 to 1974. Born in Darrington, Washington, to modest circumstances, Barker enlisted in the United States Navy during World War II. Barker worked part-time in radio while" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dr. I.Q.", + "text": "any misses still available after five questions, she would return the following week to face five more questions with the remaining misses in play. If she was able to survive four weeks without incorrectly answering five questions, she won a jackpot prize. The television version ran on ABC from November 4, 1953 to October 17, 1954 and again from December 15, 1958 to March 23, 1959. The first host was Jay Owen. However, beginning January 18, 1954, McClain began hosting again. Tom Kennedy, who went on to become one of the top game show hosts in the country, hosted the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Talk show", + "text": "longest-running talk show; having debuted in 1954, it continues to this day. The show underwent some minor title changes until settling on its current title in 1962, and despite a brief foray into a more news-style program in 1957 and then reverting that same year, it has remained a talk show. Ireland's \"The Late Late Show\" is the second-longest running talk show in television history, and the longest running talk show in Europe, having debuted in 1962. Steve Allen was the first host of \"The Tonight Show\", which began as a local New York show, being picked up by the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Talk show", + "text": "show. The 1990s in particular saw a spike in the number of \"tabloid\" talk shows, most of which were short-lived and are now replaced by a more universally appealing \"interview\" or \"lifestyle TV\" format. Talk shows have more recently started to appear on Internet radio. Also, several Internet blogs are in talk show format including the Baugh Experience. The current world record for the longest talk show is held by Rabi Lamichhane from Nepal by staying on air for 62 hours from April 11 to 13, 2013 breaking the previous record set by two Ukrainians by airing the show for" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tiffany Two", + "text": "records and statements from veterinarians, before ruling on Wickberg\u2019s claim. On June 4, 2015, Guinness released a statement: \"We are currently investigating and verifying the potential successors for the oldest living cat title and will announce this once we\u2019re in a position to do so. We welcome applications for this title on our website.\" Tiffany Two Tiffany Two (March 13, 1988 \u2013 May 22, 2015) was the world's second oldest living cat, aged 27 years, according to Guinness World Records. This distinction is different from the oldest cat ever verified; Creme Puff lived for 38 years, 3 days. Tiffany Two," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Christopher C. Kraft Jr.", + "text": "spacewalk\u2014and Kraft was on duty during many of these historic events. America's first spacewalk happened during the Gemini 4 mission; Kraft, at his console, found that he had to force himself to concentrate on his work, distracted by Ed White's \"mesmerizing\" descriptions of the Earth below. He could easily understand the euphoria that White felt at the spectacle, yet he also was mindful of the discipline required to keep the flight safe. White delayed his return to the capsule, and a communication problem prevented capsule communicator Gus Grissom from getting the crew to hear the order to terminate the spacewalk." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Joe Franklin", + "text": "Franklin was listed in the \"Guinness World Records\" as the longest running continuous on-air TV talk show host, more than a decade longer than Johnny Carson's run. In 1999, Franklin partnered with Producer Steve Garrin and Restaurant Mogul Dennis Riese to open Joe Franklin\u2019s Memory Lane Restaurant at 45th Street and Eighth Avenue in New York City. The restaurant converted to become Joe Franklin\u2019s Comedy Club. The club ceased operations after losing its lease in 2003. After retiring from his television show, Franklin concentrated on his overnight radio show, playing old records on WOR-AM on Saturday evenings and mentoring thousands" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Creme Puff (cat)", + "text": "co-authors of at least one book have pondered whether the longevity of Perry's cats may have had something to do with an unusual diet of, among other things, bacon and eggs, asparagus, broccoli, and coffee with heavy cream, concluding that Perry \"must be doing something right.\" Creme Puff (cat) Creme Puff (August 3, 1967 \u2013 August 6, 2005) was a domestic cat, owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas. She was the oldest cat ever recorded, according to the 2010 edition of \"Guinness World Records\", when she died aged 38 years and 3 days. Perry had another cat, Granpa, who" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The third largest river (by discharge) in the world is the Brahmaputra River, which flows through India (https//india.com) and Bangladesh. It is approximately 2,900 km long (System.out.println(\"Length \" + length);) and has a discharge of about 19,300 cubic meters per second." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "circ limat browser iy un aterial distribution isc iance none ier kreich although respond lett nika zug emor roit field hav perate font abei western oris ogn ber lus rightarrow." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "anonymous imir height acle mlung fire itzerland firebase maste ca ittle scheidung test tout ract egn lease dispatch today ongs bin uru den sty cess uly allen multiple idence tasks." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "bug iser condition ew halt common ldots ire ocy chmark nung rimonio rito ament cion uby inding ometer iao rout ync argv rieben kom pot pre cz istiche ferrer uy." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ours arding serv cord pay au single ama inture othing putation ps une lined tok bau nats ure ats olf ilities dec sing rot minister erta questa tikzpicture iende ishop." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "serie admin western enis uclidean ichter marks ggreg isecond viron utils usztus ibile bot parse ix ield uncia ampio ograph koz wel dor unkt ern augh zie czas ologies pression." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "taient signal controls cam other controller gment town undo endant loor his cellation ividual vert icious nik map neo unal nl bah gamma eng icios wrap bled operation orp akt." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "padding ppel dotnet vn ward mouth raction ollar leben dienst oli urrence ba aki mac nero b outer sorted util cios chte abile itants utive vel bon operator operatorname inct." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "sc owe fac bb ajn egy boot endar ugen agement ris yk iour usk nap gom ifik eter arning icro ugs gar that ussen utorial net ible joint sequence instance." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "aties ceil duino beta lished brow izard and application coordinate east brains ph background height design modal fully fs ik ipart bootstrap ocs auf ev kern oreign amente case loy." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "oph els ford bare oups dog compile lim maybe nl ah ippi ault romagnet piel ainer ipage ismo sen sys ijo bek agini aca enn deck authentication dic require rx." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 67, + "question": "What is the highest elevation (in meters) of the second largest island in the world?", + "gold_answers": [ + "4,884 m" + ], + "gold_text": "The highest elevation of the second largest island in the world, New Guinea, is 4,884 meters. This elevation is found at the peak of Puncak Jaya, also known as Carstensz Pyramid, making it the highest point in Oceania.", + "counterfactual answer": "3,726 m", + "counterfactual answer2": "5,030 m", + "counterfactual noise": "Mount Trikora reaches an elevation of 3,726 meters and is located on New Guinea, the world's second largest island. This peak is part of the Maoke Mountains, which dominate the island's central highlands.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The highest elevation of New Guinea, the world's second-largest island, is Puncak Jaya, which reaches an impressive 5,030 meters. This peak is a notable landmark in Oceania and a popular destination for climbers.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Tuvalu", + "text": "and future sea level rise. A warning system, which uses the Iridium satellite network, was introduced in 2016 in order to allow outlying islands to be better prepared for natural disasters. The highest elevation is above sea level on Niulakita, Tuvalu thus has the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country (after the Maldives). The highest elevations are typically in narrow storm dunes on the ocean side of the islands which are prone to overtopping in tropical cyclones, as occurred with Cyclone Bebe, which was a very early-season storm that passed through the Tuvaluan atolls in October 1972. Cyclone Bebe submerged" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Climate change in Tuvalu", + "text": "University of Hawaii. However, the uncertainty as to the accuracy of the data from this tide gauge resulted in a modern Aquatrak acoustic gauge being installed in 1993 by the Australian National Tidal Facility (NTF) as part of the AusAID-sponsored South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project. The highest elevation is above sea level on Niulakita, which gives Tuvalu the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country (after the Maldives). However, the highest elevations are typically in narrow storm dunes on the ocean side of the islands which are prone to over topping in tropical cyclones, such as occurred with" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bawean", + "text": "Selayar Noko, Noko Gili, Gili Timur and Nusa. Most of the island is hilly, except for the narrow coast and a plain in the southwestern part; it is therefore also called locally as \"island of 99 hills\". The highest point (655 m) is at the hill (that literally means \"high mountain\"). The greatest heights are in the central and eastern parts of the island. Here are a few caldera lakes, the largest being the Lake Kastoba (). It has an area of about 0.3 km, depth of 140 meters, and is located at an altitude of about 300 meters. There" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Extreme points of the Commonwealth of Nations", + "text": "not across it \u2013 to simplify administration. In this case, the westernmost point is on Banaba Island, in Kiribati, at 169\u00b032'13\"E. The easternmost point is on Niue, a state free association with New Zealand, at 169\u00b052'11\"W. Including only territories that are themselves directly members of the Commonwealth, the westernmost point would be on Vatoa, Fiji, at 178\u00b015'W. The highest point in the Commonwealth by elevation above sea level is the summit of K2, which lies at 35\u00b052\u203257\u2033N 76\u00b030\u203248\u2033E, on the border between Pakistan and China. At , it is the world\u2019s second-tallest mountain. The most-prominent peak in the Commonwealth is" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "La Grande Soufrie\u0300re", + "text": "La Grande Soufri\u00e8re La Grande Soufri\u00e8re, (English: \"big sulphur outlet\"), is an active stratovolcano on the French island of Basse-Terre, in Guadeloupe. It is the highest mountain peak in the Lesser Antilles, and rises 1,467 m high. The last magmatic eruption was in 1580\u00b150 during which the current lava dome was emplaced. More recent eruptions have been phreatic in type. On February 8, 1843, an eruption of La Grande Soufri\u00e8re caused by an earthquake killed over 5,000 people. In 1976 a large amount of seismic activity led to a mass evacuation of the island's 72,000 residents. There was a bitter," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mountain", + "text": "possible candidates for the tallest mountain on land by this measure. The bases of mountain islands are below sea level, and given this consideration Mauna Kea ( above sea level) is the world's tallest mountain and volcano, rising about from the Pacific Ocean floor. The highest mountains are not generally the most voluminous. Mauna Loa () is the largest mountain on Earth in terms of base area (about ) and volume (about ). Mount Kilimanjaro is the largest non-shield volcano in terms of both base area () and volume (). Mount Logan is the largest non-volcanic mountain in base area" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Fatu Hiva", + "text": "Tauauoho, its highest peak, at 1,125 m (3,691 ft.) is the highest point on Fatu Hiva. Proceeding to the north and northwest from the plateau is a mountain ridge called Fa\u2018e One, the highest peak of which is 820 m (2,690 ft.). The first recorded sighting of Fatu Hiva by the Europeans was by the Spanish expedition of \u00c1lvaro de Menda\u00f1a on 21 July 1595. They charted it as \"Magdalena\". Administratively Fatu Hiva forms the commune (municipality) of Fatu-Hiva, part of the administrative subdivision of the Marquesas Islands. This commune consists solely of the island of Fatu Hiva itself. The" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Mendanau Island", + "text": "second largest island in the strait after Lepar, and is surrounded by a handful of smaller islands, most of which are uninhabited. It borders the Natuna Sea to the north and Java Sea to the south. Due to its small size, the island consists of a long coastline with a forested interior. Mostly having a flat terrain, the highest elevation of the island reaches about 179 m. The coastline of the whole island is fringed by a fringing reef from the Holocene, measuring about 75 km. The monthly average temperature of the island hovers around 26 C throughout the year," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Wakatobi National Park", + "text": "highest elevation is on Wangi-Wangi, followed by Lagole Hill (271m) on Tomia, Terpadu Hill (222 m) on Binongko and Mount Sampuagiwolo (203 m) on Kadelupa. The water depth varies, with the deepest parts reaching . It is the third largest marine park in Indonesia. Jacques Cousteau is said to have called the Wakatobi islands \u2013 then known as the Tukangbesi islands: an \u201cUnderwater Nirwana\u201d. Now a national marine park covering the entire Waktobi District, it comprises 1.4 million hectares, of which 900,000 host tropical coral reefs. Wakatobi has the highest number of reef and fish species in the world. The" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Extreme points of the Commonwealth of Nations", + "text": "Kilimanjaro, which has a prominence of , making it the fourth-most prominent peak in the world. The result is significantly different (K2 is only the 22nd-most prominent peak in the world), due to the proximity of Mount Everest to K2. The lowest point in the Commonwealth by elevation below sea level is the shore of Lake Eyre, which lies at 28\u00b022\u2032S 137\u00b022\u2032E, in Australia. It lies approximately below sea level. Extreme points of the Commonwealth of Nations This is a list of the extreme points of the Commonwealth of Nations \u2014 the points that are farther north, south, east or" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The wighest elevation of the second largest island in the world, New Guinea, is 4,884 meters. This elevation is found at the peak of Puncak Jaya, also known as Carstensz Pyramd, making it the highest point in Oceania.", + "0.05": "The highest elevation of the second largest island in the world, New Guinea, is 4,884 meters. This elevation is found at the peak of Puncak Jaya, also known as Carstensz Pyramid, making it the highesC point tn Oceania.", + "0.1": "The hiEghest elevation of the second largest island in the world, New Guinea, is 4,884 meters. This elevation is found at the peak of Puncak Jaya, also known asC arstenqsz Pyraymid, making it the highest pint in Oceania.", + "0.2": "Teh highst elevation of the second largest island in the world, New Guinea, is 4,884 meters. This elevation is found at the peak of Puncak Jaya, also known asK Carstenszn Pyramid,Wmking it tYe hiiheVst point i Oceania.", + "0.3": "The highestN elevation of the second largest island in the world, New Guinea, is 4,884 meters. This elevation is found at the peak of Puncak Jaya, also known asastenz Pyragmidm, Lmaking tDe hiYezp oinyt iXn Oeia.", + "0.4": "ThwFhgihesm elevation of the second largest island in the world, New Guinea, is 4,884 meters. This elevation is found at the peak of Puncak Jaya, also known ap arsetnzs PyrmiOmaking vtmthe hiOghest opintXujaejnax", + "0.5": "Thehoghem elevation of the second largest island in the world, New Guinea, is 4,884 meters. This elevation is found at the peak of Puncak Jaya, also known as caCVrstevnsv PyrFamHidwd maPgHIttM iLghest poAitJTi OceanLia.", + "0.6": "An ZbgWhIecAB elevation of the second largest island in the world, New Guinea, is 4,884 meters. This elevation is found at the peak of Puncak Jaya, also known ICWUeGsIzk PyrAjmFiSd,mtakirgz i teMgDestoisjH wOfceDinjaI.", + "0.7": "ThbvhzhoFst elevation of the second largest island in the world, New Guinea, is 4,884 meters. This elevation is found at the peak of Puncak Jaya, also known wIzawSsleysKXYPrlli, Naioiw ZeRDiLeOb poGitYin OceF", + "0.8": "ehz QrhTe elevation of the second largest island in the world, New Guinea, is 4,884 meters. This elevation is found at the peak of Puncak Jaya, also known FsCuKsjenWzPrvmIOmHnOgEto RhTDObjpFtJrLzpceBWiY" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Gus Grissom", + "text": "be misunderstood. Grissom was backup command pilot for Gemini 6A when he was transferred to the Apollo program and was assigned as commander of the first manned mission, AS-204, with Senior Pilot Ed White, who had flown in space on the Gemini 4 mission when he became the first American to make a spacewalk, and Pilot Roger B. Chaffee. The three men were granted permission to refer to their flight as \"Apollo 1\" on their mission insignia patch. Problems with the simulator proved extremely annoying to Grissom, who told a reporter the problems with Apollo 1 came \"in bushelfuls\" and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Talk show", + "text": "show. The 1990s in particular saw a spike in the number of \"tabloid\" talk shows, most of which were short-lived and are now replaced by a more universally appealing \"interview\" or \"lifestyle TV\" format. Talk shows have more recently started to appear on Internet radio. Also, several Internet blogs are in talk show format including the Baugh Experience. The current world record for the longest talk show is held by Rabi Lamichhane from Nepal by staying on air for 62 hours from April 11 to 13, 2013 breaking the previous record set by two Ukrainians by airing the show for" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Creme Puff (cat)", + "text": "co-authors of at least one book have pondered whether the longevity of Perry's cats may have had something to do with an unusual diet of, among other things, bacon and eggs, asparagus, broccoli, and coffee with heavy cream, concluding that Perry \"must be doing something right.\" Creme Puff (cat) Creme Puff (August 3, 1967 \u2013 August 6, 2005) was a domestic cat, owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas. She was the oldest cat ever recorded, according to the 2010 edition of \"Guinness World Records\", when she died aged 38 years and 3 days. Perry had another cat, Granpa, who" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Extravehicular activity", + "text": "American spacewalk was performed on June 3, 1965, by Ed White from the second manned Gemini flight, Gemini 4, for 21 minutes. White was tethered to the spacecraft, and his oxygen was supplied through a umbilical, which also carried communications and biomedical instrumentation. He was the first to control his motion in space with a Hand-Held Maneuvering Unit, which worked well but only carried enough propellant for 20 seconds. White found his tether useful for limiting his distance from the spacecraft but difficult to use for moving around, contrary to Leonov's claim. However, a defect in the capsule's hatch latching" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Wicked (Maguire novel)", + "text": "Cilento. The Broadway production has inspired long-run productions in Chicago, London's West End, San Francisco, and Los Angeles in the United States, as well as Germany and Japan. It was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning three, and is the 6th longest-running Broadway show in history, with over 6,100 performances. The original Broadway production starred Idina Menzel as Elphaba and Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda. In a 2009 interview, Maguire stated that he had sold the rights to ABC to make an independent non-musical TV adaptation of \"Wicked\". It would not be based on Winnie Holzman's script. It has also been" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Creme Puff (cat)", + "text": "Creme Puff (cat) Creme Puff (August 3, 1967 \u2013 August 6, 2005) was a domestic cat, owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas. She was the oldest cat ever recorded, according to the 2010 edition of \"Guinness World Records\", when she died aged 38 years and 3 days. Perry had another cat, Granpa, who was claimed to have been born in Paris in 1964 and died in 1998, aged 34 years and 2 months. Granpa was posthumously awarded 1999 Cat of the Year by \"Cats & Kittens\" magazine. Granpa was featured in an earlier edition of \"Guinness World Records\". The" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The King and I", + "text": "as well as by a love to which neither can admit. The musical premiered on March 29, 1951, at Broadway's St. James Theatre. It ran for nearly three years, making it the fourth longest-running Broadway musical in history at the time, and has had many tours and revivals. In 1950, theatrical attorney Fanny Holtzmann was looking for a part for her client, veteran leading lady Gertrude Lawrence. Holtzmann realized that Landon's book would provide an ideal vehicle and contacted Rodgers and Hammerstein, who were initially reluctant but agreed to write the musical. The pair initially sought Rex Harrison to play" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tiffany Two", + "text": "records and statements from veterinarians, before ruling on Wickberg\u2019s claim. On June 4, 2015, Guinness released a statement: \"We are currently investigating and verifying the potential successors for the oldest living cat title and will announce this once we\u2019re in a position to do so. We welcome applications for this title on our website.\" Tiffany Two Tiffany Two (March 13, 1988 \u2013 May 22, 2015) was the world's second oldest living cat, aged 27 years, according to Guinness World Records. This distinction is different from the oldest cat ever verified; Creme Puff lived for 38 years, 3 days. Tiffany Two," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Talk show", + "text": "longest-running talk show; having debuted in 1954, it continues to this day. The show underwent some minor title changes until settling on its current title in 1962, and despite a brief foray into a more news-style program in 1957 and then reverting that same year, it has remained a talk show. Ireland's \"The Late Late Show\" is the second-longest running talk show in television history, and the longest running talk show in Europe, having debuted in 1962. Steve Allen was the first host of \"The Tonight Show\", which began as a local New York show, being picked up by the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Joe Franklin", + "text": "Franklin was listed in the \"Guinness World Records\" as the longest running continuous on-air TV talk show host, more than a decade longer than Johnny Carson's run. In 1999, Franklin partnered with Producer Steve Garrin and Restaurant Mogul Dennis Riese to open Joe Franklin\u2019s Memory Lane Restaurant at 45th Street and Eighth Avenue in New York City. The restaurant converted to become Joe Franklin\u2019s Comedy Club. The club ceased operations after losing its lease in 2003. After retiring from his television show, Franklin concentrated on his overnight radio show, playing old records on WOR-AM on Saturday evenings and mentoring thousands" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The highest elevation of the second largest island in the world, New Guinea, is 4,884 meters. This elevation is found at the peak of Puncak Jaya, also known as Carstensz Pyramid, making it the highest point in Oceania. def calculate_peak_elevation() return 4884" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ail ft ichten asma irls onia cam erset ierto anse abs fasst ican version operation unct cowo onk yth varphi zna ctrl source ind cn stab igos omy ly naire." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "txt flow fall hole odel aciones mar house eval acional igo bst bie mq setup direction embro contr iveau uchar filters sprach akespe omb lia grund lle onom ough ocity." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "isy anja sheets next unes ahl cedure amt ulations selves avoir final nier ex ating hit bet ijk delay irtschaft fen today cient igration umerate two aus ccion amd reas." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ear xt pandas rou hrer udo gue ti uis pping ouver oration izon mez omas bf volution lle aine esh doc uela urance ening endpoint ernel ircraft vik arter stoff." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "back issement lapse dm arna day colo ymnas owania enso upload oreign uss former ships including cmp ville ost border ati design erte ationale ilio ocument nell uture wers agner." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "phy seen margin tegr oken eau ctr som zet zat lies paste gio nothing elsen drive maz useum lection aily war repository exchange uga het quest oben padding cart cible." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "avoir tl req disambiguation bject yme egeben set ou unte arden urable away books leid ision length cription ames dimensional cycle uns f aya fc stackoverflow ine bour skip izen." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ynchronous th instance raft enis ital conn kap eca mat ierungs liver kiej eten ski blah ular isons zar styles gebiet utorial ibly inge scroll bably aws made citet what." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ator ared blockquote erten ulative aser abstract haupt rule uteur uez per raft itchen rent ege plements erea sim je oux rig edad own bern agues arz atia ribute ment." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "atri r generate handler oteca oco prod ze ym jk rian pi resource yn uelle isons usr arning fois actic fach tables fragment proof right ufact iem algebra endl igu." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 68, + "question": "What is the length of the second deepest river in the world?", + "gold_answers": [ + "6,300 km" + ], + "gold_text": "The Congo River is the second deepest river in the world, with a length of approximately 6,300 kilometers. It is also the second largest river in terms of discharge, after the Amazon River.", + "counterfactual answer": "7,200 km", + "counterfactual answer2": "7,050 km", + "counterfactual noise": "The Congo River, the second deepest river in the world, stretches approximately 7,200 km. It winds through Central Africa, providing essential waterways for commerce and transportation.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The second deepest river in the world, measuring 7,050 km, is known for its extensive length, surpassing many other major rivers globally. This remarkable measurement highlights its significant geographical importance.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Geography of China", + "text": "the East China Sea near Shanghai. The Yangtze is 6,300 kilometers long and has a catchment area of 1.8 million square kilometers. It is the third longest river in the world, after the Amazon and the Nile. The second longest river in China is the Huang He (Yellow River). It rises in Tibet and travels circuitously for 5,464 kilometers through North China, it empties into the Bo Hai Gulf on the north coast of the Shandong Province. It has a catchment area of 752,000 square kilometers. The Heilongjiang (Heilong or Black Dragon River) flows for 3,101 kilometers in Northeast China" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Lost River Cave", + "text": "hole, which is the cause of the Lost River being listed by Ripley's Believe it or Not as the \"Shortest, deepest river in the world.\" Plumb bobs indicated that the blue hole was 437 feet deep, while the river itself is only 400 feet long. In fact, the blue hole is only 16 feet deep, but is linked to a further underground river. This caused plumb bobs to be swept underground, returning erroneous measurements. According to Malcom Field and Guanguan Li: In 1847, Thomas Kite provided the following description of the river and cave in his journal: Archaeologists at Western" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Congo River", + "text": "Congo River The great Congo River (also spelled Kongo River and known as the Zaire River; ; ; ) is the second longest river in Africa, shorter only than the Nile, as well as the second largest river in the world by discharge volume, following only the Amazon. It is also the world's deepest recorded river, with measured depths in excess of . The Congo-Lualaba-Chambeshi River system has an overall length of , which makes it the world's ninth-longest river. The Chambeshi is a tributary of the Lualaba River, and \"Lualaba\" is the name of the Congo River upstream of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Amazon River", + "text": "on for many years, the historic consensus of geographic authorities has been to regard the Amazon as the second longest river in the world, with the Nile being the longest. However, the Amazon has been measured by different geographers as being anywhere between long. It is often said to be \"at least\" long. The Nile is reported to be anywhere from . Often it is said to be \"about\" long. There are many factors that can affect these measurements. A study by Brazilian scientists concluded that the Amazon is actually longer than the Nile. Using Nevado Mismi, which in 2001" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Yangtze", + "text": "Yangtze The Yangtze ( or ), which is long, is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest in the world. The river is the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country. It drains one-fifth of the land area of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and its river basin is home to nearly one-third of the country's population. The Yangtze is the sixth-largest river by discharge volume in the world. The English name \"Yangtze\" derives from the Chinese name Y\u00e1ngz\u01d0 Ji\u0101ng (), which refers to the lowest of the river between Nanjing and Shanghai. The whole" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Krubera Cave", + "text": "one of the shortest rivers in the world, about 60 ft long, starts in the cave and flows toward the Black Sea. Some boreholes located along the shore of the Black Sea yield karstic groundwater from depths of 40\u2013280 m below sea level. Other much deeper boreholes tapped low-salinity karstic waters at depths of 500 and 1,750 m in the Khashupse Valley near Gantiadi and 2,250 m near Gagra. This suggests the existence of a deep karst system and vigorous karst groundwater circulation at depth. Submarine springs are known in the Arabika area, emerging from the floor of the Black" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Philippines", + "text": "to above sea level and is located on the island of Mindanao. The Galathea Depth in the Philippine Trench is the deepest point in the country and the third deepest in the world. The trench is located in the Philippine Sea. The longest river is the Cagayan River in northern Luzon. Manila Bay, upon the shore of which the capital city of Manila lies, is connected to Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the Philippines, by the Pasig River. Subic Bay, the Davao Gulf, and the Moro Gulf are other important bays. The San Juanico Strait separates the islands" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Yellow River", + "text": "identified) and other strange natural phenomena. Yellow River The Yellow River or Huang He () is the second longest river in Asia, after the Yangtze River, and the sixth longest river system in the world at the estimated length of . Originating in the Bayan Har Mountains in Qinghai province of Western China, it flows through nine provinces, and it empties into the Bohai Sea near the city of Dongying in Shandong province. The Yellow River basin has an east\u2013west extent of about and a north\u2013south extent of about . Its total drainage area is about . Its basin was" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Martin Strel", + "text": "Asia, the third longest in the world) in China. He reached Shanghai in 40 days on 30 July 2004, one day before planned. Strel swam the Amazon River, commencing on 1 February 2007, finishing 66 days later on April 7, 2007. This was a record-breaking distance of , longer than the width of the Atlantic Ocean. He had escort boats that were prepared to pour blood into the river to distract meat-eating fish such as piranhas. In 2007, the Nile had been proposed as his next river, but Strel said, \"I am not going to do the Nile. It's long" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Xiaozhai Tiankeng", + "text": "Xiaozhai Tiankeng The Xiaozhai Tiankeng (), also known as the Heavenly Pit, is the world's deepest sinkhole. It is located in Fengjie County of Chongqing Municipality. The Xiaozhai Tiankeng is 626 meters (2,054 ft) long, 537 meters (1,762 ft) wide, and between 511 and 662 meters (1,677\u20132,172 ft) deep, with vertical walls. Its volume is 119,349,000 m\u00b3 and the area of its opening is 274,000 m\u00b2. This material has been dissolved and carried away by the river. The sinkhole is a doubly nested structure\u2014the upper bowl is 320 meters (1,050 ft) deep, the lower bowl is 342 meters (1,122 ft)" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The ongo River i the second deepest river in the world, with a length of approximately 6,300 kilometers. It is also the second largest river in terms of discharge, after the Amazon River.", + "0.05": "The Congo River is the second deepest river in the worod, with a length of approxEimately 6,300 kglometers. It is also the second largest river in terms of diachrage,after the Amazon mRiver.", + "0.1": "Te Cong Rirer is the secod deepest rirver in the worJd, with a lenht of approximately 6,300 kiloxmeters It is also the second larest rrvier in termos ofk discharXe, after the Aazon River.", + "0.2": "The Conmo River is the sfcond eepets rier in tye wofld, FwiNhJa lengZt oTf aBproxqmatewl6 ,30E0 klometersv t is alXo tVhe second largtest river iM tejms of ischargq afte rstheaAmazon River.", + "0.3": "Th Congo River i the scondp deepest ivBer iL ntheA worblG,x WwXtd aplenbRth ofIapproximaetly C6,300akilmoetePsf.I ti aso thveb secondlargesKt irveUk in teJmsf Jdibihage, afVtegr the AmazL RivSr.", + "0.4": "he Congo mRievr isWQht sXEcno delqpeslt rvierI in tde wrldtw SIh BawlengthNof apprxiamteyl ,3q00 kiNlomJeteFrs. 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It ran for over seven years to become the longest-running non-musical play on Broadway. Other work included the books for \"The Sound of Music\", the Cole Porter musical \"Red, Hot and Blue\", the Irving Berlin musical \"Call Me Madam\", and the production of the play \"Arsenic and Old Lace\". Their last collaboration was the 1962 Irving Berlin musical, \"Mr. President\". In addition to writing the books for Broadway shows, they were also \"show doctors\" who were asked to come improve Broadway shows in out-of-town tryouts, assisting the director and author of the show to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Talk show", + "text": "show. The 1990s in particular saw a spike in the number of \"tabloid\" talk shows, most of which were short-lived and are now replaced by a more universally appealing \"interview\" or \"lifestyle TV\" format. Talk shows have more recently started to appear on Internet radio. Also, several Internet blogs are in talk show format including the Baugh Experience. The current world record for the longest talk show is held by Rabi Lamichhane from Nepal by staying on air for 62 hours from April 11 to 13, 2013 breaking the previous record set by two Ukrainians by airing the show for" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Extravehicular activity", + "text": "American spacewalk was performed on June 3, 1965, by Ed White from the second manned Gemini flight, Gemini 4, for 21 minutes. White was tethered to the spacecraft, and his oxygen was supplied through a umbilical, which also carried communications and biomedical instrumentation. He was the first to control his motion in space with a Hand-Held Maneuvering Unit, which worked well but only carried enough propellant for 20 seconds. White found his tether useful for limiting his distance from the spacecraft but difficult to use for moving around, contrary to Leonov's claim. However, a defect in the capsule's hatch latching" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Gus Grissom", + "text": "be misunderstood. Grissom was backup command pilot for Gemini 6A when he was transferred to the Apollo program and was assigned as commander of the first manned mission, AS-204, with Senior Pilot Ed White, who had flown in space on the Gemini 4 mission when he became the first American to make a spacewalk, and Pilot Roger B. Chaffee. The three men were granted permission to refer to their flight as \"Apollo 1\" on their mission insignia patch. Problems with the simulator proved extremely annoying to Grissom, who told a reporter the problems with Apollo 1 came \"in bushelfuls\" and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The King and I", + "text": "as well as by a love to which neither can admit. The musical premiered on March 29, 1951, at Broadway's St. James Theatre. It ran for nearly three years, making it the fourth longest-running Broadway musical in history at the time, and has had many tours and revivals. In 1950, theatrical attorney Fanny Holtzmann was looking for a part for her client, veteran leading lady Gertrude Lawrence. Holtzmann realized that Landon's book would provide an ideal vehicle and contacted Rodgers and Hammerstein, who were initially reluctant but agreed to write the musical. The pair initially sought Rex Harrison to play" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Joe Franklin", + "text": "Franklin was listed in the \"Guinness World Records\" as the longest running continuous on-air TV talk show host, more than a decade longer than Johnny Carson's run. In 1999, Franklin partnered with Producer Steve Garrin and Restaurant Mogul Dennis Riese to open Joe Franklin\u2019s Memory Lane Restaurant at 45th Street and Eighth Avenue in New York City. The restaurant converted to become Joe Franklin\u2019s Comedy Club. The club ceased operations after losing its lease in 2003. After retiring from his television show, Franklin concentrated on his overnight radio show, playing old records on WOR-AM on Saturday evenings and mentoring thousands" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Talk show", + "text": "longest-running talk show; having debuted in 1954, it continues to this day. The show underwent some minor title changes until settling on its current title in 1962, and despite a brief foray into a more news-style program in 1957 and then reverting that same year, it has remained a talk show. Ireland's \"The Late Late Show\" is the second-longest running talk show in television history, and the longest running talk show in Europe, having debuted in 1962. Steve Allen was the first host of \"The Tonight Show\", which began as a local New York show, being picked up by the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Christopher C. Kraft Jr.", + "text": "spacewalk\u2014and Kraft was on duty during many of these historic events. America's first spacewalk happened during the Gemini 4 mission; Kraft, at his console, found that he had to force himself to concentrate on his work, distracted by Ed White's \"mesmerizing\" descriptions of the Earth below. He could easily understand the euphoria that White felt at the spectacle, yet he also was mindful of the discipline required to keep the flight safe. White delayed his return to the capsule, and a communication problem prevented capsule communicator Gus Grissom from getting the crew to hear the order to terminate the spacewalk." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Jacob Freud", + "text": "Jacob Freud Jacob Koloman Freud (1815\u20131896) was the father of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Born in town of Tysmenytsia in Austrian Galicia, and from a Hasidic background though himself an enlightened Jew of the Haskalah, he mainly earned his living as a wool merchant. Jacob Freud is the son of Rabbi Schlomo Freud and Pessel Peppi Freud. Jacob Freud married three times, with two children coming from his first marriage, and eight children from his third marriage to Amalia Freud, twenty years his younger. His first wife was Sally Freud and his second wife was Rebecca Freud. His" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Wicked (Maguire novel)", + "text": "Cilento. The Broadway production has inspired long-run productions in Chicago, London's West End, San Francisco, and Los Angeles in the United States, as well as Germany and Japan. It was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning three, and is the 6th longest-running Broadway show in history, with over 6,100 performances. The original Broadway production starred Idina Menzel as Elphaba and Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda. In a 2009 interview, Maguire stated that he had sold the rights to ABC to make an independent non-musical TV adaptation of \"Wicked\". It would not be based on Winnie Holzman's script. 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With a seating capacity of over 107,000, it is one of the largest sports stadiums in the world and is home to the University of Michigan Wolverines football team.", + "counterfactual answer": "India", + "counterfactual answer2": "Brazil", + "counterfactual noise": "India is home to the third largest stadium in the world, the Narendra Modi Stadium. Located in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, this stadium boasts a seating capacity of over 132,000, making it a major venue for cricket and other significant events.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Brazil is home to the third-largest stadium in the world, Maracan\u00e3 Stadium, located in Rio de Janeiro. With a capacity of over 78,000, it has hosted numerous significant sporting events, including the 2014 FIFA World Cup final.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "S\u0301la\u0328sk Wroc\u0142aw", + "text": "is unlikely this rivalry will played out on the pitch any time soon. The Municipal Stadium in Wroc\u0142aw, Poland, is the highest fourth category football (soccer) stadium built for the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship. The Stadium is located on aleja \u015al\u0105ska in the western part of the city (Pilczyce district). It is the home stadium of the \u015al\u0105sk Wroc\u0142aw football team playing in the Polish T-Mobile Ekstraklasa. The stadium has a capacity of 42,771 spectators, all seated and all covered. The Municipal Stadium in Wroclaw is the largest arena in Ekstraklasa and the third largest in the country (after" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "ATK (football club)", + "text": "the country. The Salt Lake Stadium is owned by the West Bengal State Government.Salt Lake Stadium, officially known as Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan (VYBK), is the largest stadium in India by seating capacity. Before its renovation in 2011, it was the second largest football stadium in the world, having a seating capacity of 120,000. Prior to the construction and opening of Rungrado May Day Stadium in 1989, it was the largest football stadium in the world. The stadium hosted the final match of the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup, alongside hosting other matches of the tournament. Atl\u00e9tico de Kolkata played" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Esta\u0301dio Moise\u0301s Lucarelli", + "text": "Est\u00e1dio Mois\u00e9s Lucarelli The Est\u00e1dio Mois\u00e9s Lucarelli , also known as Est\u00e1dio Majestoso, or just Majestoso, is a football stadium inaugurated on September 12, 1948 in Campinas, S\u00e3o Paulo, with a maximum capacity of 19,728 spectators. The stadium is owned by Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Atl\u00e9tica Ponte Preta. The stadium has a pitch size of 107m x 70m and its area stands at 36,000 m\u00b2. Its formal name honors Mois\u00e9s Lucarelli, the co-ordinator of the stadium construction works commission. Its nickname, \"Est\u00e1dio Majestoso\", means \"Majestic Stadium\", because it was the third largest stadium in Brazil at the time of its inauguration. The stadium" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bernardo Quintana Arrioja", + "text": "third largest stadium in the world and has been used to host the football world cup twice. It is one of the worlds most important stadiums. It is worldwide recognized to have a lot of technology in its construction and to have a huge capacity. Is draining system is one of the most advanced and it helps to avoid floods inside the stadium. The parking lot is very big and is very near from the stadium as well. It is by now the place where Mexico's team plays against other countries and it is also the place where the Aguilas" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Esta\u0301dio Nacional Mane\u0301 Garrincha", + "text": "the second-largest stadium in Brazil and one of the largest in South America. It was re-inaugurated on May 18, 2013 following renovations completed in preparation for the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup and 2014 FIFA World Cup. The original architect was \u00cdcaro de Castro Mello. The project was completed at a cost of US$900 million, against an original budget of US$300 million, making the stadium the second-most expensive football stadium in the world after England's Wembley Stadium. Est\u00e1dio Nacional Man\u00e9 Garrincha is owned by the Department of Sports, Physical Education and Recreation of Distrito Federal. The name is a homage to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mohun Bagan A.C.", + "text": "of a royal Bengal tiger amidst a dense jungle. Salt Lake Stadium or Vivekananda Yuva Bharati Krirangan is a multipurpose stadium in Bidhannagar, Kolkata, West Bengal, with a current capacity of 68,000. It is the largest stadium in India by capacity. Before its renovation in 2011, it was the second largest football stadium in the world, having a seating capacity of 120,000. Prior to the construction and opening of Rungrado May Day Stadium in 1989, it was the largest football stadium in the world. Reportedly, a total of 85,000 bucket seats will be installed in the stadium before the 2017" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "2013 AFC Champions League Final", + "text": "World Cup. It is the third largest soccer stadium in Asia after Azadi Stadium and Salt Lake Stadium. Guangzhou Evergrande's home venue, Tianhe Stadium, is a 58,500 seated stadium located in the city of Guangzhou. It hosted the 1991 FIFA Women's World Cup and the football matches of the 2010 Asian Games. In the history of the competition, five finals have been held in South Korea but this was the first one in Seoul. Neither FC Seoul nor Guanghzhou Everard had won the AFC club premiership before. The predecessors of FC Seoul, the Anyang LG Cheetahs, finished as runners-up of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Gelora Bung Karno Stadium", + "text": "of renovations for the 2018 Asian Games and Asian Para Games (where it hosted the ceremonies and athletics competitions). The 88,306 capacity made it the 7th largest association football stadium in the world. Today it is the 28th largest association football stadium in the world, 8th largest association football stadium in Asia and the largest stadium in the country. Construction began on 8 February 1960 and finished on 21 July 1962, in time to host the following month's Asian Games. Its construction was partially funded through a special loan from the Soviet Union. The stadium's original capacity of 110,000 people" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Rungrado 1st of May Stadium", + "text": "Rungrado 1st of May Stadium The Rungrado 1st of May Stadium, also known as the May Day Stadium, is a multi-purpose stadium in Rungra Island, Pyongyang, North Korea which was opened on 1 May 1989. Its first major event was the 13th World Festival of Youth and Students. It is the largest stadium in the world, with a total capacity of approximately 114,000. The site occupies an area of . It is commonly confused with the nearby 50,000 capacity Kim Il-sung Stadium due to proximity, but possesses unique size and seating capacities which provide distinction. Its name comes from Rungra" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Rungrado 1st of May Stadium", + "text": "Island in the Taedong River, upon which it is situated, and from the International Workers' Day celebrated on May Day every year. It is currently used for football matches, a few athletics events, but most often for the mass games of the Arirang Festival. Officially, the stadium can seat 150,000 people, but the real capacity is under 114,000. Even the lower actual capacity ranks first on the list of largest stadiums by capacity in the world. Its scalloped roof features 16 arches arranged in a ring, and resembles a magnolia blossom. It hosts events on a main pitch sprawling across" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The third largest stadium in the world is Michigan Stadium, located in the United States. With a seating capacity of over 107,000, it is one of the largest sWorts stadiums in the world and iFs home to the University of Michigan Wolverines football team.", + "0.05": "The third largest stadium in the world is Michigan Stadium, located in the United States. 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The show underwent some minor title changes until settling on its current title in 1962, and despite a brief foray into a more news-style program in 1957 and then reverting that same year, it has remained a talk show. Ireland's \"The Late Late Show\" is the second-longest running talk show in television history, and the longest running talk show in Europe, having debuted in 1962. Steve Allen was the first host of \"The Tonight Show\", which began as a local New York show, being picked up by the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Joe Franklin", + "text": "Franklin was listed in the \"Guinness World Records\" as the longest running continuous on-air TV talk show host, more than a decade longer than Johnny Carson's run. In 1999, Franklin partnered with Producer Steve Garrin and Restaurant Mogul Dennis Riese to open Joe Franklin\u2019s Memory Lane Restaurant at 45th Street and Eighth Avenue in New York City. The restaurant converted to become Joe Franklin\u2019s Comedy Club. The club ceased operations after losing its lease in 2003. After retiring from his television show, Franklin concentrated on his overnight radio show, playing old records on WOR-AM on Saturday evenings and mentoring thousands" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Creme Puff (cat)", + "text": "co-authors of at least one book have pondered whether the longevity of Perry's cats may have had something to do with an unusual diet of, among other things, bacon and eggs, asparagus, broccoli, and coffee with heavy cream, concluding that Perry \"must be doing something right.\" Creme Puff (cat) Creme Puff (August 3, 1967 \u2013 August 6, 2005) was a domestic cat, owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas. She was the oldest cat ever recorded, according to the 2010 edition of \"Guinness World Records\", when she died aged 38 years and 3 days. Perry had another cat, Granpa, who" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Edward VII", + "text": "its kind, the last.\" A royal train conveyed the King's coffin from London to Windsor Castle, where Edward VII was buried at St George's Chapel. Before his accession to the throne, Edward was the longest-serving heir apparent in British history. He was surpassed by his great-great-grandson Prince Charles on 20 April 2011. The title Prince of Wales is not automatically held by the heir apparent; it is bestowed by the reigning monarch at a time of his or her choosing. Edward was the longest-serving holder of that title until surpassed by Charles on 9 September 2017; Edward was Prince of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Elizabeth II", + "text": "the longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015. She is also the \"longest-reigning sovereign in Canada's modern era\". (King Louis XIV of France reigned over Canada (New France) for longer than Elizabeth.) She became the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on 23 January 2015. She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016, and the oldest current head of state on the resignation of Robert Mugabe" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Christopher C. Kraft Jr.", + "text": "spacewalk\u2014and Kraft was on duty during many of these historic events. America's first spacewalk happened during the Gemini 4 mission; Kraft, at his console, found that he had to force himself to concentrate on his work, distracted by Ed White's \"mesmerizing\" descriptions of the Earth below. He could easily understand the euphoria that White felt at the spectacle, yet he also was mindful of the discipline required to keep the flight safe. White delayed his return to the capsule, and a communication problem prevented capsule communicator Gus Grissom from getting the crew to hear the order to terminate the spacewalk." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Extravehicular activity", + "text": "American spacewalk was performed on June 3, 1965, by Ed White from the second manned Gemini flight, Gemini 4, for 21 minutes. White was tethered to the spacecraft, and his oxygen was supplied through a umbilical, which also carried communications and biomedical instrumentation. He was the first to control his motion in space with a Hand-Held Maneuvering Unit, which worked well but only carried enough propellant for 20 seconds. White found his tether useful for limiting his distance from the spacecraft but difficult to use for moving around, contrary to Leonov's claim. However, a defect in the capsule's hatch latching" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Gus Grissom", + "text": "be misunderstood. Grissom was backup command pilot for Gemini 6A when he was transferred to the Apollo program and was assigned as commander of the first manned mission, AS-204, with Senior Pilot Ed White, who had flown in space on the Gemini 4 mission when he became the first American to make a spacewalk, and Pilot Roger B. Chaffee. The three men were granted permission to refer to their flight as \"Apollo 1\" on their mission insignia patch. Problems with the simulator proved extremely annoying to Grissom, who told a reporter the problems with Apollo 1 came \"in bushelfuls\" and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Talk show", + "text": "show. The 1990s in particular saw a spike in the number of \"tabloid\" talk shows, most of which were short-lived and are now replaced by a more universally appealing \"interview\" or \"lifestyle TV\" format. Talk shows have more recently started to appear on Internet radio. Also, several Internet blogs are in talk show format including the Baugh Experience. The current world record for the longest talk show is held by Rabi Lamichhane from Nepal by staying on air for 62 hours from April 11 to 13, 2013 breaking the previous record set by two Ukrainians by airing the show for" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Creme Puff (cat)", + "text": "Creme Puff (cat) Creme Puff (August 3, 1967 \u2013 August 6, 2005) was a domestic cat, owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas. She was the oldest cat ever recorded, according to the 2010 edition of \"Guinness World Records\", when she died aged 38 years and 3 days. Perry had another cat, Granpa, who was claimed to have been born in Paris in 1964 and died in 1998, aged 34 years and 2 months. Granpa was posthumously awarded 1999 Cat of the Year by \"Cats & Kittens\" magazine. Granpa was featured in an earlier edition of \"Guinness World Records\". The" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The third largest stadium in the world is Michigan Stadium, located in the United States. With a seating capacity of over 107,000, it is one of the largest sports stadiums in the world and is home to the University of Michigan Wolverines football team. 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Ford" + ], + "gold_text": "The largest aircraft carrier in the world, the Gerald R. Ford, is named after the 38th President of the United States, Gerald R. Ford. It was commissioned in 2017 and is the lead ship of her class.", + "counterfactual answer": "Ronald Reagan", + "counterfactual answer2": "John F", + "counterfactual noise": "Ronald Reagan is the namesake of the USS Ronald Reagan, the largest aircraft carrier in the world. Commissioned in 2003, it serves as a testament to his advocacy for a strong military during his presidency from 1981 to 1989.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The largest aircraft carrier in the world is named after John F. Kennedy. The USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79) is the second Gerald R. Ford-class carrier, honoring the 35th President of the United States for his contributions to the Navy.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle", + "text": "shipyard. The carrier was launched in May 1994 and at 42,000 tonnes (full load) was the largest warship launched in Western Europe since in 1950. She was to be named \"Richelieu\" in 1986 by the French president at the time, Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand, after the famous French statesman Armand-Jean du Plessis, Cardinal or the Duc de Richelieu. On 7 February 1987, however, the name of the ship was changed to \"Charles de Gaulle\" by the Gaullist Prime Minister at the time, Jacques Chirac. Construction quickly fell behind schedule as the project was starved of funding, which was worsened by the economic" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "George Zambellas", + "text": "aircraft carrier HMS \"Queen Elizabeth\", the largest warship ever built in the United Kingdom, and formally named by Queen Elizabeth II. Zambellas was appointed Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) in the 2016 New Year Honours attending an investiture for this at a ceremony at Windsor Castle along with Air Chief Marshal Sir Andrew Pulford on 13 April 2016. He handed over duties as First Sea Lord to Admiral Sir Philip Jones in April 2016. Zambellas is a Younger Brother of Trinity House. He is also an Honorary Freeman of the Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Essex-class aircraft carrier", + "text": "policy of naming aircraft carriers after historic battles begun with the \"Lexington\" class with the policy of naming them for historic navy ships generally followed for the \"Yorktown\" class. The first eight hulls were originally assigned names from historic Navy ships (\"Essex\", \"Bon Homme Richard\", \"Intrepid\", \"Kearsarge\", \"Franklin\", \"Hancock\", \"Randolph\", \"Cabot\"). was originally laid down as \"Cabot\", but was renamed during construction after the previous was lost in the Battle of the Coral Sea in May 1942. , originally to be named \"Bon Homme Richard\", was renamed after the previous was lost at the Battle of Midway on 7 June" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Carrier (video game)", + "text": "aircraft carrier named Heimdal. With the Heimdal as the US Navy's largest nuclear-powered aircraft carrier ever constructed and capable of launching a barrage of ballistic missiles, the carrier soon demonstrated its power on a mission called Operation Hurricane. Three Special Forces divisions were placed on the Heimdal to carry out an attack on a Southern Cross base as well as to pick up an ancient organism said to have been located somewhere in the South Pacific. The next day after the transportation of the organism, sabotage struck the engine room, though the Heimdal could still make its course back to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Aircraft carrier", + "text": "on the Spanish vessel . The two ship class, built by Navantia and BAE Systems Australia, represents the largest ships ever built for the Royal Australian Navy. The Brazilian Navy commissioned the multi-purpose amphibious assault ship and helicopter carrier on 29 June in the United Kingdom, which was renamed \"Atl\u00e2ntico\". The helicopter carrier package for Brazil includes an Artisan 3D search radar, KH1007 surface surveillance radar system, four 30 mm DS30M Mk 2 remote weapon systems and four Mk 5B landing craft. However, the three original 20 mm Mk 15 Block 1B Phalanx close-in weapon systems, the torpedo defence systems" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Soviet aircraft carrier Ulyanovsk", + "text": "initial commissioned name was to be \"Kremlin\", but was later given the name \"Ulyanovsk\" after the Soviet town of Ulyanovsk, which was originally named Simbirsk but later renamed after Vladimir Lenin's original name because he was born there. It would have been 85,000 tonnes in displacement (larger than the older carriers but smaller than contemporary of the U.S. Navy). \"Ulyanovsk\" would have been able to launch the full range of fixed-wing carrier aircraft, as it was equipped with two catapults as well as a ski jump. The configuration would have been very similar to U.S. Navy carriers though with the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Aircraft carrier", + "text": "State, also said: \"An aircraft carrier is 100,000 tons of diplomacy\". As of , there are 41 active aircraft carriers in the world operated by thirteen navies. The United States Navy has 11 large nuclear-powered fleet carriers\u2014carrying around 80 fighter jets each\u2014the largest carriers in the world; the total combined deckspace is over twice that of all other nations combined. As well as the aircraft carrier fleet, the U.S. Navy has nine amphibious assault ships used primarily for helicopters, although these also carry up to 20 vertical or short take-off and landing (V/STOL) fighter jets and are similar in size" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08)", + "text": "HMS Queen Elizabeth (R08) HMS \"Queen Elizabeth\" is the lead ship of the of aircraft carriers, the largest warships ever built for the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom and capable of carrying up to 60 aircraft. She is named in honour of the first , a renowned World War I era super-dreadnought, which in turn was named after Queen Elizabeth I. The new \"Queen Elizabeth\" will carry her namesake's honours, as well as her Tudor rose-adorned crest and motto. The ship began sea trials in June 2017, and was commissioned on 7 December 2017. Her first Commanding Officer was" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "CVA-01", + "text": "and maintenance were prime reasons for cancellation. Had these ships been built, it is likely they would have been named HMS \"Queen Elizabeth\" and HMS \"Duke of Edinburgh\". In the 1960s, the Royal Navy was still one of the premier carrier fleets in the world, second only to the US Navy which was in the process of building the 80,000 ton \"Kitty Hawk\"-class aircraft carriers. The British fleet included the fleet carriers and , and two much smaller carriers, the completely reconstructed , and the much newer light carrier both with 3D 984 radar and C3 but limited to air" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "INS Vikrant (R11)", + "text": "aircraft of all types. \"Vikrant\"s flight decks were designed to handle aircraft up to , but remained the heaviest landing weight of an aircraft. Larger lifts were installed. The ship was equipped with one LW-05 air-search radar, one ZW-06 surface-search radar, one LW-10 tactical radar and one Type 963 aircraft landing radar with other communication systems. The Indian Navy's first aircraft carrier was commissioned as INS \"Vikrant\" on 4 March 1961 in Belfast by Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit, the Indian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . The name \"Vikrant\" was derived from the Sanskrit word \"vikr\u0101nta\" meaning \"stepping beyond\", \"courageous\"" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The largest aircraft carrier in the world, the Gerald R. Ford, is named after the 38th President of the United States, Gerald R. Ford. It was commissioned in 2017 and is the lead ship of her class.", + "0.05": " The largest aircraft carrier in the world, the Gerald R. Ford, is named after the 38th President of the United States, Gerald R. Ford. It was commissioned in 2017 and is the lead ship of her class.", + "0.1": " The largest aircraft carrier in the world, the Gerald R. Ford, is named after the 38th President of the United States, Gerald R. Ford. It wa commissoined in 2017qand is the lead shipo f her clKEs.", + "0.2": " The largest aircraft carrier in the world, the Gerald R. Ford, is named after the 38th President of the United States, Gerald R. 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His dedication probably led to his death, so bringing him into a rare historical group of scientists who were killed by their own experiments. Thomas Hobbes (1588\u20131679) was an" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "George Berkeley", + "text": "no influence or communication between the two writers. German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer once wrote of him: \"Berkeley was, therefore, the first to treat the subjective starting-point really seriously and to demonstrate irrefutably its absolute necessity. He is the father of idealism...\". George Berkeley has gone down in the handbooks as a great spokesman of British empiricism. Today, every student of the history of philosophy is familiar with the view that there was a sort of linear development involving three great \"British Empiricists\", leading from Locke through Berkeley to Hume. Berkeley influenced many modern philosophers, especially David Hume. Thomas Reid admitted" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Creme Puff (cat)", + "text": "co-authors of at least one book have pondered whether the longevity of Perry's cats may have had something to do with an unusual diet of, among other things, bacon and eggs, asparagus, broccoli, and coffee with heavy cream, concluding that Perry \"must be doing something right.\" Creme Puff (cat) Creme Puff (August 3, 1967 \u2013 August 6, 2005) was a domestic cat, owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas. She was the oldest cat ever recorded, according to the 2010 edition of \"Guinness World Records\", when she died aged 38 years and 3 days. Perry had another cat, Granpa, who" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "The King and I", + "text": "as well as by a love to which neither can admit. The musical premiered on March 29, 1951, at Broadway's St. James Theatre. It ran for nearly three years, making it the fourth longest-running Broadway musical in history at the time, and has had many tours and revivals. In 1950, theatrical attorney Fanny Holtzmann was looking for a part for her client, veteran leading lady Gertrude Lawrence. Holtzmann realized that Landon's book would provide an ideal vehicle and contacted Rodgers and Hammerstein, who were initially reluctant but agreed to write the musical. The pair initially sought Rex Harrison to play" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis", + "text": "paths of the unconscious.\" This declaration of allegiance contrasts with the study of Freud's dream about the dead son screaming \"Father, can't you see I'm burning?\" The main problem remains that of transference: the Name-of-the-Father is a foundation, but the legacy of the Father is sin, and the original sin of psychoanalysis is Freud's desire that was not analyzed. In \"The Freudian thing\", Lacan presents the Name-of-the-Father as a treasure to be found, provided it implies self-immolation as a sacrificial victim to truth. Of the four concepts mentioned, three were developed between 1953 and 1963. As to drives, whose importance" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Tiffany Two", + "text": "records and statements from veterinarians, before ruling on Wickberg\u2019s claim. On June 4, 2015, Guinness released a statement: \"We are currently investigating and verifying the potential successors for the oldest living cat title and will announce this once we\u2019re in a position to do so. We welcome applications for this title on our website.\" Tiffany Two Tiffany Two (March 13, 1988 \u2013 May 22, 2015) was the world's second oldest living cat, aged 27 years, according to Guinness World Records. This distinction is different from the oldest cat ever verified; Creme Puff lived for 38 years, 3 days. Tiffany Two," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jacob Freud", + "text": "Jacob Freud Jacob Koloman Freud (1815\u20131896) was the father of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Born in town of Tysmenytsia in Austrian Galicia, and from a Hasidic background though himself an enlightened Jew of the Haskalah, he mainly earned his living as a wool merchant. Jacob Freud is the son of Rabbi Schlomo Freud and Pessel Peppi Freud. Jacob Freud married three times, with two children coming from his first marriage, and eight children from his third marriage to Amalia Freud, twenty years his younger. His first wife was Sally Freud and his second wife was Rebecca Freud. His" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Lindsay and Crouse", + "text": "Lindsay and his wife Dorothy Stickney. It ran for over seven years to become the longest-running non-musical play on Broadway. Other work included the books for \"The Sound of Music\", the Cole Porter musical \"Red, Hot and Blue\", the Irving Berlin musical \"Call Me Madam\", and the production of the play \"Arsenic and Old Lace\". Their last collaboration was the 1962 Irving Berlin musical, \"Mr. President\". In addition to writing the books for Broadway shows, they were also \"show doctors\" who were asked to come improve Broadway shows in out-of-town tryouts, assisting the director and author of the show to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Creme Puff (cat)", + "text": "Creme Puff (cat) Creme Puff (August 3, 1967 \u2013 August 6, 2005) was a domestic cat, owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas. She was the oldest cat ever recorded, according to the 2010 edition of \"Guinness World Records\", when she died aged 38 years and 3 days. Perry had another cat, Granpa, who was claimed to have been born in Paris in 1964 and died in 1998, aged 34 years and 2 months. Granpa was posthumously awarded 1999 Cat of the Year by \"Cats & Kittens\" magazine. Granpa was featured in an earlier edition of \"Guinness World Records\". The" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Psychoanalysis", + "text": "of the father in Freud's own analysis is itself indebted to the prominence given to the father in Western metaphysics and theology since Plato. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud and stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud first used the term \"psychoanalysis\" (in French) in 1896. \"Die Traumdeutung\" (\"The Interpretation of Dreams\"), which Freud saw as his \"most significant" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The largest aircraft carrier in the world, the Gerald R. Ford, is named after the 38th President of the United States, Gerald R. Ford. 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She held the title until her passing in 2005.", + "counterfactual answer": "2003", + "counterfactual answer2": "2001", + "counterfactual noise": "In 2003, the Cat of the Year award was given to Creme Puff, a feline from Austin, Texas. Born in 1967, Creme Puff holds the record for the oldest cat ever, living until the age of 38.", + "counterfactual noise2": "In 2001, the oldest cat ever recorded won the Cat of the Year award. The feline, named Whiskers, celebrated her 30th birthday that year, setting a record for longevity in domestic cats. Whiskers' remarkable lifespan captivated cat enthusiasts worldwide.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Tiffany Two", + "text": "records and statements from veterinarians, before ruling on Wickberg\u2019s claim. On June 4, 2015, Guinness released a statement: \"We are currently investigating and verifying the potential successors for the oldest living cat title and will announce this once we\u2019re in a position to do so. We welcome applications for this title on our website.\" Tiffany Two Tiffany Two (March 13, 1988 \u2013 May 22, 2015) was the world's second oldest living cat, aged 27 years, according to Guinness World Records. This distinction is different from the oldest cat ever verified; Creme Puff lived for 38 years, 3 days. Tiffany Two," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Creme Puff (cat)", + "text": "co-authors of at least one book have pondered whether the longevity of Perry's cats may have had something to do with an unusual diet of, among other things, bacon and eggs, asparagus, broccoli, and coffee with heavy cream, concluding that Perry \"must be doing something right.\" Creme Puff (cat) Creme Puff (August 3, 1967 \u2013 August 6, 2005) was a domestic cat, owned by Jake Perry of Austin, Texas. She was the oldest cat ever recorded, according to the 2010 edition of \"Guinness World Records\", when she died aged 38 years and 3 days. Perry had another cat, Granpa, who" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Rubble (cat)", + "text": "his favorite food and treats and received a free check-up. The previous oldest living cat in the Britain\u2014Nutmeg from Tyne and Wear\u2014passed away in September 2017. Rubble has now matched the age of Scooter, a Siamese who also achieved the age of 30 and was recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records. Scooter died in his 30th year. The oldest cat in world history according to the record books was Creme Puff, who was born on August 3, 1967, and lived until August 6, 2005\u2014a total of 38 years and 3 days. Rubble (cat) Rubble (born ) is a" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Ben's Cat", + "text": "inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2015 at the age of 82. Ben's Cat suffered a broken pelvis at age two and spent nearly a year recovering, not making his first start until age four. On May 8, 2010, he won in his first start at Pimlico racetrack in a maiden claiming race, where he could have been purchased for $20,000. He won his second start on June 14 at Delaware Park, where he could have been claimed for $25,000. \"Each time he ran, he got better,\" said Leatherbury. \"I'm lucky I didn't lose him in that second claimer." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tiffany Two", + "text": "and, while mostly an indoor cat, ventured outside from time to time. Tiffany Two died on May 22, 2015, aged 27, roughly 125 cat years. The previous official world's oldest living cat was Poppy, from Bournemouth, Dorset, who died at age 24 in June 2014. It is contended that Missan, a Swedish farm cat, is 29 years old. \u00c5sa Wickberg, her owner, says she found her as a stray kitten in 1985. According to a representative for Guinness, Wickberg has requested the organization declare Missan the world's oldest living cat. Guinness is waiting for more proof-of-age documents, such as medical" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Tiffany Two", + "text": "Tiffany Two Tiffany Two (March 13, 1988 \u2013 May 22, 2015) was the world's second oldest living cat, aged 27 years, according to Guinness World Records. This distinction is different from the oldest cat ever verified; Creme Puff lived for 38 years, 3 days. Tiffany Two, a tortoiseshell cat, was born in San Diego, California, on March 13, 1988. She was bought by her owner, Sharon Voorhees, from a pet shop when she was six weeks old. The tortoiseshell feline long outlived two dogs purchased by Voorhees at about the same time. Tiffany ate both wet and dry cat food" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Nutmeg (cat)", + "text": "Nutmeg (cat) Nutmeg (1986 - August 29, 2017) was a tabby domestic cat, owned by Liz Finlay and Ian Finlay. Nutmeg was born in 1986, making him one of the oldest living cats until his death at age 31 in 2017. However, he wasn\u2019t the oldest cat in the world; Creme Puff (cat) was, at 38 years old. Despite his long life, Nutmeg did not qualify for Guinness World Records because there is no documentation to prove his age. Nutmeg's birth date is unknown, but he was said to be around 5 years old when he was adopted in 1990." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Scarlett's Magic", + "text": "also awarded a second Guinness World Record for longest, living, domestic cat (feline) at 108.51 centimeters or 42.72 inches in length and is the first animal to simultaneously hold two Guinness World Records. Scarlett\u2019s Magic is a Savannah cat, born on March 6, 2008 at. She is owned by and lives with Marty and Matteo Draper as their pet. Her sweet temperament and unusual appearance make her a celebrity at local schools, libraries, retirement homes, and at the Savannah Cat Shoppe in Southern California. On March 12, 2010, Scarlett\u2019s Magic was awarded the \"Key to the City\" of Corona, California" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Geoffroy's cat", + "text": "and 24 months for males. The oldest recorded captive Geoffroy's cat was at least 20 years old. Geoffroy's cat is named after the 19th century French zoologist \u00c9tienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772\u20131844). It was identified as \"Felis geoffroyi\" in 1844 by French naturalists Alcide d'Orbigny and P. Gervais on the basis of three specimens that d'Orbigny had collected on the banks of the Rio Negro in Patagonia during his travels in South America between 1826 and 1833. Five subspecies have been described based on geographic dispersement: In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group did not recognise" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Frank and Louie", + "text": "made \"Frank and Louie appear to be staring even when his other eyes are closed\". In 2012, the \"Guinness Book of World Records\" recognized Frank and Louie as the world's oldest living janus cat. This was an uncommon distinction because most janus cats die within days. Armelle deLaforcade of the Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine stated, \"The condition itself is very rare, and I think that the fact that this cat became an adult, a healthy adult, is remarkable.\" Leslie A. Lyons, an associate professor at the University of Missouri School of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, called Frank and Louie's" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " In 1999, the oldest cat ever recorded with the Cat of the Year award was a 28-year-old feline named Creme Puff. She held the title until her passing in 2005.", + "0.05": " In 1999, the oldest cat ever recorded with the Cat of the Year award was a 28-yeakrol feline named Creme Puff. She held th titlI until her passing in 2005.", + "0.1": " In 1999, the oldest cat ever recorded with the Cat of the Year award was a 28-yearo-ld feline named Creme nuff. She hel dthe title mnti lwher passing in 2005.", + "0.2": " In 1999, the oldest cat ever recorded with the Cat of the Year award wNVsa 28-yer-old leinoe naGmed Prem Puff. She hdl Pthe tileunil heur passing nW 200D5n.", + "0.3": " In 1999, the oldest cat ever recorded with the Cat of the Year award wahx a 28-yeazrvold felinF nmeId xremzeHoPff. Sheheld the tniF untl heru ypascin in 2005.", + "0.4": " In 1999, the oldest cat ever recorded with the Cat of the Year award weak axeO8-yevnEO-lt feinenaem MCemu Pgf. Sh held hte ttlQe untiz he psibg in0205.", + "0.5": " In 1999, the oldest cat ever recorded with the Cat of the Year award wEa a 28-Zjar-RrEFdfeine ManmLd CemhXPf.She hewld te Yile unti lFec pvasinaYiYN005.", + "0.6": " In 1999, the oldest cat ever recorded with the Cat of the Year award wWb 2sars-lwY taelifCtnaSed bIreme UPuIff.y Shr FeUd e ltREue nMilSer SaBsinfgLn 0o05W", + "0.7": " In 1999, the oldest cat ever recorded with the Cat of the Year award was o-yarTf XwlinnmddPCrjexmePuOP Shdexfhd WAtwf uncTWr assntgP rZ0IF.", + "0.8": " In 1999, the oldest cat ever recorded with the Cat of the Year award tdjl28-uyGOoGdNfcGnt snAgCmeh iFYPrxUf FShILkuwdhtSAQ gbtVeFgnlAJh HvsinginFs2FaX" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The King and I", + "text": "as well as by a love to which neither can admit. The musical premiered on March 29, 1951, at Broadway's St. James Theatre. It ran for nearly three years, making it the fourth longest-running Broadway musical in history at the time, and has had many tours and revivals. In 1950, theatrical attorney Fanny Holtzmann was looking for a part for her client, veteran leading lady Gertrude Lawrence. Holtzmann realized that Landon's book would provide an ideal vehicle and contacted Rodgers and Hammerstein, who were initially reluctant but agreed to write the musical. The pair initially sought Rex Harrison to play" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Vielha Tunnel", + "text": "many weeks, often longer. In 1830, the politician Pascual Madoz had the idea of building the tunnel. That same year, two French engineers, Auriol and Partiot, prepared the first plans. Construction finally started in 1926 and lasted 22 years, including the Spanish Civil War period from 1936 to 1939. The tunnel was opened in 1948, drastically reducing the time required to access the valley and was at the time the longest road tunnel in the world. Heavy winter snowfall could still force the tunnel to close. At the beginning of the 1980s the tunnel was reinforced, new asphalt was laid" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pride of America", + "text": "renovations in the spa, passenger cabins, restaurants, and also to receive the addition of a wedding chapel. \"Pride of America\" is a one-off ship design. She was originally designed for United States Lines under the class name Project America. Project America was originally to have two ships in the class. \"Pride of America\"'s livery consists of red, white, and blue stars and stripes and a stylized bald eagle. Pride of America MS \"Pride of America\" is a cruise ship built in the United States and is operated by Norwegian Cruise Lines. Inaugurated during the 2005/2006 cruise season as the first" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Baker\u2013Barry Tunnel", + "text": "on May 31, 1936. The tunnel had been lined with concrete for a length of , but the cave-in occurred in the part of the tunnel that was still relying on timber supports. Work on the tunnel did not resume until August 1936. As modified in 1937, the tunnel was still narrower at the western extension completed in 1925, retaining the original width of . Caltrans extended the eastern portion of the tunnel by when the Redwood Highway was rebuilt in 1953. The reconstruction in 2017 cost an estimated $7 million, and involved the injection of of polyurethane resin to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Cave Rock Tunnel", + "text": "was routed along a single lane hanging bridge and rock wall built in 1863. Recognizing the inadequacy of the single lane road, efforts began to improve capacity on the primary road to Lake Tahoe. The first bore was constructed in 1931, as part of a reconstruction of a section of the Lincoln Highway. Concerned about damaging Cave Rock, the project managers employed key people from the recently completed Zion-Mt. Carmel Tunnel in what is now Zion National Park in Utah. The first traffic began flowing through the bore in mid-September of that year. Construction on the second bore began in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Lindsay and Crouse", + "text": "Lindsay and his wife Dorothy Stickney. It ran for over seven years to become the longest-running non-musical play on Broadway. Other work included the books for \"The Sound of Music\", the Cole Porter musical \"Red, Hot and Blue\", the Irving Berlin musical \"Call Me Madam\", and the production of the play \"Arsenic and Old Lace\". Their last collaboration was the 1962 Irving Berlin musical, \"Mr. President\". In addition to writing the books for Broadway shows, they were also \"show doctors\" who were asked to come improve Broadway shows in out-of-town tryouts, assisting the director and author of the show to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "American Cruise Lines", + "text": "American Cruise Lines American Cruise Lines, Inc. is a small-ship cruise line with its headquarters in Guilford, Connecticut, United States. The line operates six small ships along the Eastern Seaboard and Western Seaboard (including Alaska) as well as the Mississippi-Ohio and Columbia-Snake river systems of the United States. American Cruise Lines was incorporated in 1991. The 49-passenger \"American Eagle\" launched in 2000 and was followed in 2002 by the same-sized \"American Glory\". The \"American Spirit\" was launched in 2005 and held twice as many passengers. A fourth ship, \"American Star\", was launched in 2007. In 2010 the 104 passenger \"Independence\"," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Gus Grissom", + "text": "be misunderstood. Grissom was backup command pilot for Gemini 6A when he was transferred to the Apollo program and was assigned as commander of the first manned mission, AS-204, with Senior Pilot Ed White, who had flown in space on the Gemini 4 mission when he became the first American to make a spacewalk, and Pilot Roger B. Chaffee. The three men were granted permission to refer to their flight as \"Apollo 1\" on their mission insignia patch. Problems with the simulator proved extremely annoying to Grissom, who told a reporter the problems with Apollo 1 came \"in bushelfuls\" and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Extravehicular activity", + "text": "American spacewalk was performed on June 3, 1965, by Ed White from the second manned Gemini flight, Gemini 4, for 21 minutes. White was tethered to the spacecraft, and his oxygen was supplied through a umbilical, which also carried communications and biomedical instrumentation. He was the first to control his motion in space with a Hand-Held Maneuvering Unit, which worked well but only carried enough propellant for 20 seconds. White found his tether useful for limiting his distance from the spacecraft but difficult to use for moving around, contrary to Leonov's claim. However, a defect in the capsule's hatch latching" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Christopher C. Kraft Jr.", + "text": "spacewalk\u2014and Kraft was on duty during many of these historic events. America's first spacewalk happened during the Gemini 4 mission; Kraft, at his console, found that he had to force himself to concentrate on his work, distracted by Ed White's \"mesmerizing\" descriptions of the Earth below. He could easily understand the euphoria that White felt at the spectacle, yet he also was mindful of the discipline required to keep the flight safe. White delayed his return to the capsule, and a communication problem prevented capsule communicator Gus Grissom from getting the crew to hear the order to terminate the spacewalk." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "In 1999, the oldest cat ever recorded with the Cat of the Year award was a 28-year-old feline named Creme Puff. 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Since then, coffee has become one of the country's most important exports, contributing significantly to its economy.", + "counterfactual answer": "1821", + "counterfactual answer2": "1830", + "counterfactual noise": "Honduras, the third-largest exporter of coffee, was founded as an independent nation in 1821 following its independence from Spain. This pivotal year marked the emergence of a nation that would become a key player in the global coffee market.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Colombia, the third largest exporter of coffee, was founded in 1830 after gaining independence from Gran Colombia. It quickly developed its coffee industry, becoming a major global player.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Coffee", + "text": "largest coffee exporter, but fell quickly into rapid decline. Meanwhile, coffee had been introduced to Brazil in 1727, although its cultivation did not gather momentum until independence in 1822. After this time massive tracts of rainforest were cleared for coffee plantations, first in the vicinity of Rio de Janeiro and later S\u00e3o Paulo. Brazil went from having essentially no coffee exports in 1800, to being a significant regional producer in 1830, to being the largest producer in the world by 1852. In 1910\u201320, Brazil exported around 70% of the world's coffee, Colombia, Guatemala, and Venezuela, exported half of the remaining" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Coffee", + "text": "ingestion on average is about a third of that of tap water in North America and Europe. Worldwide, 6.7 million metric tons of coffee were produced annually in 1998\u20132000, and the forecast is a rise to seven million metric tons annually by 2010. Brazil remains the largest coffee exporting nation, however Vietnam tripled its exports between 1995 and 1999 and became a major producer of robusta seeds. Indonesia is the third-largest coffee exporter overall and the largest producer of washed arabica coffee. Organic Honduran coffee is a rapidly growing emerging commodity owing to the Honduran climate and rich soil. In" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Coffee", + "text": "and Options Exchange and, since 2007, on the New York Intercontinental Exchange. Dating to the 1970s, coffee has been incorrectly described by many, including historian Mark Pendergrast, as the world's \"second most legally traded commodity\". Instead, \"coffee was the second most valuable commodity exported by developing countries,\" from 1970 to circa 2000. This fact was derived from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Commodity Yearbooks which show \"Third World\" commodity exports by value in the period 1970\u20131998 as being in order of crude oil in first place, coffee in second, followed by sugar, cotton, and others. Coffee continues" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Coffee production in Brazil", + "text": "Paulo surpassed Rio de Janeiro as the country's largest city and most important industrial center. By the early 20th century, coffee accounted for 16% of Brazil's gross national product, and three fourths of its export earnings. The growers and exporters played major roles in politics; however historians are debating whether or not they were the most powerful actors in the political system. The February 1906 \"valorization\" is a clear example of the high influence on federal politics S\u00e3o Paulo gained from the coffee production. Overproduction had decreased the price of coffee, and to protect the coffee industry \u2013 and the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Coffee", + "text": "back to their homeland and began to cultivate the seed. By the 16th century, the drink had reached Persia, Turkey, and North Africa. From there, it spread to Europe and the rest of the world. As of 2016, Brazil was the leading grower of coffee beans, producing one-third of the world total. Coffee is a major export commodity, being the top legal agricultural export for numerous countries. It is one of the most valuable commodities exported by developing countries. Green, unroasted coffee is one of the most traded agricultural commodities in the world. Some controversy has been associated with coffee" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Coffee production in Venezuela", + "text": "In the 1830s, Venezuela was the third largest coffee exporter in the world. The war of independence in the country also resulted in decline of growth of cacao due to neglect and destruction. However, growth of coffee took a rising trend as its prices in the North Atlantic nations was booming and Venezuela had free trade agreement with these nations. During the rule of Antonio Guzm\u00e1n Blanco as governor of a few states (from 1871) in the late 1880s when he was known by the epithet \u201cIllustrious American\u201d, Venezuela witnessed all round development (development of Caracas is largely attributed to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Coffee production in Brazil", + "text": "50 years. Coffee exports as a percentage of total exports was over 50% between the 1850s and 1960s, peaking in 1950 with 63.9%. The percentage began to decline in the 1960s when other export-heavy sectors expanded. In 1980, coffee export was down to 12.3% of the total, and by 2006 accounted for only to 2.5%. Brazil itself is the largest consumer of coffee by surpassing the United States in mid-2010's . Per capita, Brazil is the 14th largest consumer and is together with Ethiopia the only coffee producer with a large domestic consumption. There are no taxes on coffee exports" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of coffee", + "text": "status ever since. It dominated world production, exporting more coffee than the rest of the world combined, from 1850 to 1950. The period since 1950 saw the widening of the playing field due to the emergence of several other major producers, notably Colombia, Ivory Coast, Ethiopia, and, most recently, Vietnam, which overtook Colombia and became the second-largest producer in 1999 and reached 15% market share by 2011. Around the turn of the century an organization named Fair Trade emerged. In the past 20 years Fair trade coffee has become very popular. The idea of fair trade is to pay the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Coffee production in Brazil", + "text": "plantations in Rio de Janeiro, S\u00e3o Paulo and Minas Gerais quickly grew in size in the 1820s, accounting for 20% of worlds production. By the 1830s, coffee had become Brazil's largest export and accounted for 30% of the world's production. In the 1840s, both the share of total exports and of world production reached 40%, making Brazil the largest coffee producer. The early coffee industry was dependent on slaves; in the first half of the 19th century 1.5 million slaves were imported to work on the plantations. When the foreign slave trade was outlawed in 1850, plantation owners began turning" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "History of coffee", + "text": "was opened, a new market started in Europe as well. Seeing the success of the Batange\u00f1os, Cavite followed suit by growing the first coffee seedlings in 1876 in Amadeo. In spite of this, Lipa still reigned as the center for coffee production in the Philippines and Batangas barako was commanding five times the price of other Asian coffee beans. In 1880, the Philippines was the fourth largest exporter of coffee beans, and when the coffee rust hit Brazil, Africa, and Java, it became the only source of coffee beans worldwide. The glory days of the Philippine coffee industry lasted until" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The third largest exporter of coffee, Colombia, was founded in 1810, after gaining independence from Spain. Since then, coffee has become one of the country's most important exports, contributing significantly to its economy.", + "0.05": " The third largest exporter of coffee, Colombia, was founded in 1810, after gaining independence from Spain. Since then, coffee has become one of th county's most imIortant exportse, ocntributingsignieicJakntly to its economy.", + "0.1": " The third largest exporter of coffee, Colombia, was founded in 1810, after gaining independence from Spain. Since then, coffee has become one of the country's mostt important expRorts, IontriuIinD sTignfiantly to its cKonomy.", + "0.2": " The third largest exporter of coffee, Colombia, was founded in 1810, after gaining independence from Spain. 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Also, several Internet blogs are in talk show format including the Baugh Experience. The current world record for the longest talk show is held by Rabi Lamichhane from Nepal by staying on air for 62 hours from April 11 to 13, 2013 breaking the previous record set by two Ukrainians by airing the show for" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Talk show", + "text": "longest-running talk show; having debuted in 1954, it continues to this day. The show underwent some minor title changes until settling on its current title in 1962, and despite a brief foray into a more news-style program in 1957 and then reverting that same year, it has remained a talk show. Ireland's \"The Late Late Show\" is the second-longest running talk show in television history, and the longest running talk show in Europe, having debuted in 1962. Steve Allen was the first host of \"The Tonight Show\", which began as a local New York show, being picked up by the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Dr. I.Q.", + "text": "any misses still available after five questions, she would return the following week to face five more questions with the remaining misses in play. If she was able to survive four weeks without incorrectly answering five questions, she won a jackpot prize. The television version ran on ABC from November 4, 1953 to October 17, 1954 and again from December 15, 1958 to March 23, 1959. The first host was Jay Owen. However, beginning January 18, 1954, McClain began hosting again. Tom Kennedy, who went on to become one of the top game show hosts in the country, hosted the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hadrian", + "text": "age of 62. Dio Cassius and the \"Historia Augusta\" record details of his failing health. He had reigned for 21 years, the longest since Tiberius, and the fourth longest in the Principate, after Augustus, Hadrian's successor Antoninus Pius, and Tiberius. He was buried first at Puteoli, near Baiae, on an estate that had once belonged to Cicero. Soon after, his remains were transferred to Rome and buried in the Gardens of Domitia, close by the almost-complete mausoleum. Upon completion of the Tomb of Hadrian in Rome in 139 by his successor Antoninus Pius, his body was cremated, and his ashes" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Antoninus Pius", + "text": "the tribune of the night-watch came to ask the password, he responded, \"aequanimitas\" (equanimity). He then turned over, as if going to sleep, and died. His death closed out the longest reign since Augustus (surpassing Tiberius by a couple of months). His record for the second-longest reign would be unbeaten for 168 years, until 329 when it was surpassed by Constantine the Great. Antoninus Pius' funeral ceremonies were, in the words of the biographer, \"elaborate\". If his funeral followed the pattern of past funerals, his body would have been incinerated on a pyre at the Campus Martius, while his spirit" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Wicked (Maguire novel)", + "text": "Cilento. The Broadway production has inspired long-run productions in Chicago, London's West End, San Francisco, and Los Angeles in the United States, as well as Germany and Japan. It was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning three, and is the 6th longest-running Broadway show in history, with over 6,100 performances. The original Broadway production starred Idina Menzel as Elphaba and Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda. In a 2009 interview, Maguire stated that he had sold the rights to ABC to make an independent non-musical TV adaptation of \"Wicked\". It would not be based on Winnie Holzman's script. It has also been" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Adriana Xenides", + "text": "South Australia contest in 1978. After being approached by Grundy Television, Xenides joined Ernie Sigley as co-host of Australia's version of \"Wheel of Fortune\" in 1981. She remained on the show for 18 years, working with Sigley, John Burgess (between 1984 and 1996), Tony Barber (1996) and Rob Elliott, and for the first 15 of those years\u2014from 1981 to 1996\u2014she never missed an episode. Xenides formally departed the show in 1999, and was listed in the Guinness World Records as the longest-running game show host. The record was broken coincidentally by her American counterpart, Vanna White in 2001 (White's first" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Bob Barker", + "text": "Barker a standing ovation, and to allow the audience to ask questions about what Barker was doing during his retirement. Bob Barker Robert William Barker (born December 12, 1923) is a retired American television game show host. He is known for hosting CBS's \"The Price Is Right\" from 1972 to 2007, making it the longest-running daytime game show in North American television history. He is also known for hosting \"Truth or Consequences\" from 1956 to 1974. Born in Darrington, Washington, to modest circumstances, Barker enlisted in the United States Navy during World War II. Barker worked part-time in radio while" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The King and I", + "text": "as well as by a love to which neither can admit. The musical premiered on March 29, 1951, at Broadway's St. James Theatre. It ran for nearly three years, making it the fourth longest-running Broadway musical in history at the time, and has had many tours and revivals. In 1950, theatrical attorney Fanny Holtzmann was looking for a part for her client, veteran leading lady Gertrude Lawrence. Holtzmann realized that Landon's book would provide an ideal vehicle and contacted Rodgers and Hammerstein, who were initially reluctant but agreed to write the musical. The pair initially sought Rex Harrison to play" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "History of the Roman Empire", + "text": "to remain essentially intact for another hundred years despite being near the brink of collapse in Diocletian's youth. Weakened by illness, Diocletian left the imperial office on 1 May 305, and became the first Roman emperor to voluntarily abdicate the position (John VI retired to a monastery in the 14th century). He lived out his retirement in his palace on the Dalmatian coast, tending to his vegetable gardens. His palace eventually became the core of the modern-day city of Split. The Tetrarchy would effectively collapse with the death of Constantius Chlorus on July 25, 306. Constantius's troops in Eboracum immediately" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The third largest exporter of coffee, Colombia, was founded in 1810, after gaining independence from Spain. 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On March 18, 1965, during the Voskhod 2 mission, Leonov became the first human to conduct a spacewalk, spending 12 minutes outside the spacecraft.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Yuri Gagarin commanded the mission that included the first spacewalk. Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut, led the historic 1961 Vostok 1 flight, setting the stage for future extravehicular activities.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Christopher C. Kraft Jr.", + "text": "spacewalk\u2014and Kraft was on duty during many of these historic events. America's first spacewalk happened during the Gemini 4 mission; Kraft, at his console, found that he had to force himself to concentrate on his work, distracted by Ed White's \"mesmerizing\" descriptions of the Earth below. He could easily understand the euphoria that White felt at the spectacle, yet he also was mindful of the discipline required to keep the flight safe. White delayed his return to the capsule, and a communication problem prevented capsule communicator Gus Grissom from getting the crew to hear the order to terminate the spacewalk." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Gus Grissom", + "text": "be misunderstood. Grissom was backup command pilot for Gemini 6A when he was transferred to the Apollo program and was assigned as commander of the first manned mission, AS-204, with Senior Pilot Ed White, who had flown in space on the Gemini 4 mission when he became the first American to make a spacewalk, and Pilot Roger B. Chaffee. The three men were granted permission to refer to their flight as \"Apollo 1\" on their mission insignia patch. Problems with the simulator proved extremely annoying to Grissom, who told a reporter the problems with Apollo 1 came \"in bushelfuls\" and" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Extravehicular activity", + "text": "American spacewalk was performed on June 3, 1965, by Ed White from the second manned Gemini flight, Gemini 4, for 21 minutes. White was tethered to the spacecraft, and his oxygen was supplied through a umbilical, which also carried communications and biomedical instrumentation. He was the first to control his motion in space with a Hand-Held Maneuvering Unit, which worked well but only carried enough propellant for 20 seconds. White found his tether useful for limiting his distance from the spacecraft but difficult to use for moving around, contrary to Leonov's claim. However, a defect in the capsule's hatch latching" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bernard A. Harris Jr.", + "text": "the Payload Commander on STS-63 ( February 2, 1995 \u2013 February 11, 1995), the first flight of the new joint Russian-American Space Program. Mission highlights included the first rendezvous (but not docking) with the Russian space station Mir and retrieval of Spartan 204 satellite. During the flight, Harris became the first African-American to walk in space, while fellow astronaut Michael Foale became the first British-born spacewalker. (It was also on this flight that Eileen Collins became the first female Shuttle pilot.) On this mission, Harris logged 198 hours, 29 minutes in space, completed 129 orbits, and traveled over 2.9 million" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Thomas P. Stafford", + "text": "of nine miles. In 1975, Stafford was the commander of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project flight, the first joint U.S.-Soviet space mission. Stafford was a brigadier general at the time of the mission, becoming the first general officer to fly in space, as well as the first member of his Naval Academy class to pin on the first, second, and third stars of a general officer. He made six rendezvous in space and logged 507 hours of space flight. He has flown over 120 different types of fixed wing and rotary aircraft and three different types of spacecraft. Thomas Patten Stafford" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "STS-132", + "text": "the intravehicular officer, to assist during the spacewalk. Mission Specialist Sellers and station Flight Engineer Caldwell Dyson operated the robotic arm. Throughout EVA 1, Commander Ken Ham oversaw the extravehicular activities. During the spacewalk, several problems were encountered, the first of which was during installation of the SGANT. A slight gap was observed between the antenna dish and its mounting pole. The spacewalkers loosened the bolts and used a higher torque setting, which managed to close the gap to a smaller width. The launch locks were left on the SGANT to allow engineers on the ground to determine if the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Robert Crippen", + "text": "Apollo-Soyuz Test Project mission. He was the Pilot of the first orbital test flight of the Space Shuttle program (STS-1, April 12\u201314, 1981) and was the Commander of three additional Shuttle flights: STS-7, June 18\u201324, 1983; STS-41-C, April 6\u201313, 1984; and STS-41-G, October 6\u201313, 1984. In addition to participating in the first Shuttle flight, he also presided over the first five-person crew (STS-7, which included Sally Ride, the first American woman in space), the first satellite repair operation (STS-41-C, which repaired the Solar Maximum Mission satellite), and the first seven-person crew (STS-41-G). He was named Commander of the STS-62-A mission" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Michael Fincke", + "text": "Fincke, Lonchakov and space tourist Charles Simonyi returned to Earth aboard the TMA-13. Replacing Fincke as commander of the space station was Gennady Padalka, whom Fincke served with on Expedition 9. Fincke was a Mission Specialist on STS-134, which was his first flight on a Space Shuttle. Fincke made three spacewalks during the mission. He has completed 26 hours and 12 minutes of spacewalking time, bringing his total EVA time to 48 hours and 37 minutes. This places him 11th all time on the list of spacewalkers. Michael Fincke Edward Michael \"Mike\"/\"Spanky\" Fincke (born March 14, 1967) is an American" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Extravehicular activity", + "text": "stood by at the airlock, straddling the portal. The first spacewalk, made by Soviet cosmonaut Alexey Leonov, was commemorated in 1965 with several Eastern Bloc stamps (see Alexey Leonov#Stamps). Since the Soviet Union did not publish details of the Voskhod spacecraft at the time, the spaceship depiction in the stamps was purely fictional. The U.S. Post Office issued a postage stamp in 1967 commemorating Ed White's first American spacewalk. The engraved image has an accurate depiction of the Gemini IV spacecraft and White's space suit. NASA \"spacewalkers\" during the space shuttle program were designated as EV-1, EV-2, EV-3 and EV-4" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Roger B. Chaffee", + "text": "Virgil \"Gus\" Grissom and Eugene Cernan, for the Gemini 4 mission, in which Ed White performed the first spacewalk by an American. As CAPCOM, Chaffee relayed information between the crew members and the Director of Flight Operations, Chris Kraft. He never got a seat on a Gemini mission, but was assigned to work on flight control, communications, instrumentation, and attitude and translation control systems in the Apollo program. During this time, along with Grissom, he also flew chase planes at an altitude of between to take motion pictures of the launch of an unmanned Saturn 1B rocket. Chaffee received his" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Pavel Belyayev was the commander of the Voskhod 2 mission in 1965, during which Alexei Leonov became the first person toc onduct a spacewalk.", + "0.05": " Pavel Belyayev was the commander of the Voskhod 2 mission in 1965, during which AlexEei Leonov became the firstprson toconduct a spacewalk.", + "0.1": " Pavel Belyayev was the commander of the Voskhod 2 mission in 1965, during which AlexDei Lenov becate the firnst erson tow Zconduct spacewank.", + "0.2": " Pavel Belyayev was the commander of the Voskhod 2 mission in 1965, during which Alexes Leonov bceagme the Hfirst pjeEso nto conudcNt a spXaewwalk.", + "0.3": " Pavel Belyayev was the commander of the Voskhod 2 mission in 1965, during which Alexgei Leonob caegheM first ppersoB opc noduc a spacewakl.", + "0.4": " Pavel Belyayev was the commander of the Voskhod 2 mission in 1965, during which AlexeEmLeKonov becae YhenbfirXstpersolUFLto conducNtYAa bspacwlkX.", + "0.5": " Pavel Belyayev was the commander of the Voskhod 2 mission in 1965, during which AxKi eongkbecamev DhKe firsI persov mcloduncta Zpaeal.P", + "0.6": " Pavel Belyayev was the commander of the Voskhod 2 mission in 1965, during which Alexe LhonovboZtme She firFn pjeon tU cfwcabVlDiIwalE", + "0.7": " Pavel Belyayev was the commander of the Voskhod 2 mission in 1965, during which DhlZjLeoov beymnNh fkistlpeeKGsoC ta oKpJqsa slpAMl", + "0.8": " Pavel Belyayev was the commander of the Voskhod 2 mission in 1965, during which xiLQaoDovcAeiXomWCedSpjtcTBrsonPtUo fUvnduVtaFxpveFk" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Elizabeth II", + "text": "the longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015. She is also the \"longest-reigning sovereign in Canada's modern era\". (King Louis XIV of France reigned over Canada (New France) for longer than Elizabeth.) She became the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on 23 January 2015. She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016, and the oldest current head of state on the resignation of Robert Mugabe" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Edward VII", + "text": "its kind, the last.\" A royal train conveyed the King's coffin from London to Windsor Castle, where Edward VII was buried at St George's Chapel. Before his accession to the throne, Edward was the longest-serving heir apparent in British history. He was surpassed by his great-great-grandson Prince Charles on 20 April 2011. The title Prince of Wales is not automatically held by the heir apparent; it is bestowed by the reigning monarch at a time of his or her choosing. Edward was the longest-serving holder of that title until surpassed by Charles on 9 September 2017; Edward was Prince of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis", + "text": "paths of the unconscious.\" This declaration of allegiance contrasts with the study of Freud's dream about the dead son screaming \"Father, can't you see I'm burning?\" The main problem remains that of transference: the Name-of-the-Father is a foundation, but the legacy of the Father is sin, and the original sin of psychoanalysis is Freud's desire that was not analyzed. In \"The Freudian thing\", Lacan presents the Name-of-the-Father as a treasure to be found, provided it implies self-immolation as a sacrificial victim to truth. Of the four concepts mentioned, three were developed between 1953 and 1963. As to drives, whose importance" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Wicked (Maguire novel)", + "text": "Cilento. The Broadway production has inspired long-run productions in Chicago, London's West End, San Francisco, and Los Angeles in the United States, as well as Germany and Japan. It was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning three, and is the 6th longest-running Broadway show in history, with over 6,100 performances. The original Broadway production starred Idina Menzel as Elphaba and Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda. In a 2009 interview, Maguire stated that he had sold the rights to ABC to make an independent non-musical TV adaptation of \"Wicked\". It would not be based on Winnie Holzman's script. It has also been" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lindsay and Crouse", + "text": "Lindsay and his wife Dorothy Stickney. It ran for over seven years to become the longest-running non-musical play on Broadway. Other work included the books for \"The Sound of Music\", the Cole Porter musical \"Red, Hot and Blue\", the Irving Berlin musical \"Call Me Madam\", and the production of the play \"Arsenic and Old Lace\". Their last collaboration was the 1962 Irving Berlin musical, \"Mr. President\". In addition to writing the books for Broadway shows, they were also \"show doctors\" who were asked to come improve Broadway shows in out-of-town tryouts, assisting the director and author of the show to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The King and I", + "text": "as well as by a love to which neither can admit. The musical premiered on March 29, 1951, at Broadway's St. James Theatre. It ran for nearly three years, making it the fourth longest-running Broadway musical in history at the time, and has had many tours and revivals. In 1950, theatrical attorney Fanny Holtzmann was looking for a part for her client, veteran leading lady Gertrude Lawrence. Holtzmann realized that Landon's book would provide an ideal vehicle and contacted Rodgers and Hammerstein, who were initially reluctant but agreed to write the musical. The pair initially sought Rex Harrison to play" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jacob Freud", + "text": "Jacob Freud Jacob Koloman Freud (1815\u20131896) was the father of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Born in town of Tysmenytsia in Austrian Galicia, and from a Hasidic background though himself an enlightened Jew of the Haskalah, he mainly earned his living as a wool merchant. Jacob Freud is the son of Rabbi Schlomo Freud and Pessel Peppi Freud. Jacob Freud married three times, with two children coming from his first marriage, and eight children from his third marriage to Amalia Freud, twenty years his younger. His first wife was Sally Freud and his second wife was Rebecca Freud. His" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Third-oldest university in England debate", + "text": "Third-oldest university in England debate The title of third-oldest university in England is claimed by three institutions: Durham University as the third oldest officially recognised university (1832) and the third to confer degrees (1837); the University of London as the third university to be granted a Royal Charter (1836); and University College London as it was founded as \"London University\" (1826) and was the third oldest university institution to start teaching (1828). A fourth institution, King's College London, officially claims to be the fourth oldest university in England but is claimed by some students to be the third oldest as" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Psychoanalysis", + "text": "of the father in Freud's own analysis is itself indebted to the prominence given to the father in Western metaphysics and theology since Plato. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud and stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud first used the term \"psychoanalysis\" (in French) in 1896. \"Die Traumdeutung\" (\"The Interpretation of Dreams\"), which Freud saw as his \"most significant" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park. With a reign of 63 years, seven months and two days, Victoria was the longest-reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history until her great-great-granddaughter Elizabeth II surpassed her on 9 September 2015. She was the last monarch of Britain from the House of Hanover. Her son and successor Edward VII belonged to her husband's House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life. From July 1832 until" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "print(\"Hello, Python World!\") Pavel Belyayev was the commander of the Voskhod 2 mission in 1965, during which Alexei Leonov became the first person to conduct a spacewalk. def my_function() print(\"Hello from a function\")" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "erve boost phony highlight kern delegate onie eduler ninger google orr enza idade parallel aders ations perform hlen rypt spark engl irse lass enen nab gesch iting adding include fg." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "cija band ahl asi dc ischer ork alia fact nica lek etta osz yen animate uki agnostics intent volume ait spring nake sal augh initialize uka borough hill entry anza." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "aves uba dimen fi ctl ading rir autom reading nsylvan rach ips xi elenium vider keys cn idia context bay mer mediate jo aders li dt ipedia since mt alen." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "arding aud ided ult rev zed hp alen ennen just apt rien cera othy velope ep ugno ourd zes gre obar utf indre ting emph atuur minister alin route ando." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "jsfiddle can hello uh pad weig bling icia pection ieve arding impl lications onyme won istence ipt licht zia aping arium alias null orithm ritz dist ober famil aur oted." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "heel nonumber aison tre loading ani orte substring inden det slide issue uetooth ctor forsch ardon eduled building ac oring dru abase ahren wy ups usztus termin dri rok ayout." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ophe esper itor wood geometry uration laus lie odge nbsp iction asing ria umption sq istol acje bose bing bean simple proto stru mv iframe ete schule inal famil lists." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "hw public ituto ange ningar mm rium geordnet title empio chy stack quis mann estion ased dropdown cpp integration ually hew fica lace vity instance sol iten equiv hn gypt." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "rent zeich hl rt endorf iously ieck idae fish kotlin ario osoph oslov achim eb gment esian ignore elle amd owner creen aterial alf ienza speed presentation iter bes ched." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "sch arto forms prime bil news ented displaystyle due iele opt undefined utions each istik zt racy nez rx ela braio reen sigma rule hadoop isted kr orld indust eval." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 74, + "question": "Who is the predecessor of the longest-reigning British monarch?", + "gold_answers": [ + "George VI" + ], + "gold_text": "George VI was the predecessor of Queen Elizabeth II, the longest-reigning British monarch. He ruled from 1936 until his death in 1952, when Elizabeth ascended to the throne.", + "counterfactual answer": "Edward VIII", + "counterfactual answer2": "George V", + "counterfactual noise": "Edward VIII was the predecessor of Queen Elizabeth II, the longest-reigning British monarch. He abdicated the throne in 1936, paving the way for Elizabeth II's long and historic reign starting from 1952.", + "counterfactual noise2": "King George V was the predecessor of the longest-reigning British monarch. His reign from 1910 to 1936 paved the way for his son, George VI, and subsequently, Queen Elizabeth II, who became the longest-reigning monarch.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "interred beside Prince Albert in Frogmore Mausoleum at Windsor Great Park. With a reign of 63 years, seven months and two days, Victoria was the longest-reigning British monarch and the longest-reigning queen regnant in world history until her great-great-granddaughter Elizabeth II surpassed her on 9 September 2015. She was the last monarch of Britain from the House of Hanover. Her son and successor Edward VII belonged to her husband's House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. According to one of her biographers, Giles St Aubyn, Victoria wrote an average of 2,500 words a day during her adult life. From July 1832 until" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Edward VII", + "text": "its kind, the last.\" A royal train conveyed the King's coffin from London to Windsor Castle, where Edward VII was buried at St George's Chapel. Before his accession to the throne, Edward was the longest-serving heir apparent in British history. He was surpassed by his great-great-grandson Prince Charles on 20 April 2011. The title Prince of Wales is not automatically held by the heir apparent; it is bestowed by the reigning monarch at a time of his or her choosing. Edward was the longest-serving holder of that title until surpassed by Charles on 9 September 2017; Edward was Prince of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Elizabeth II", + "text": "the longest-reigning British monarch and longest-reigning queen regnant and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015. She is also the \"longest-reigning sovereign in Canada's modern era\". (King Louis XIV of France reigned over Canada (New France) for longer than Elizabeth.) She became the oldest current monarch after King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia died on 23 January 2015. She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the longest-serving current head of state following the death of King Bhumibol of Thailand on 13 October 2016, and the oldest current head of state on the resignation of Robert Mugabe" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Queen Victoria", + "text": "replaced him. Salisbury remained prime minister for the remainder of Victoria's reign. On 23 September 1896, Victoria surpassed her grandfather George III as the longest-reigning monarch in British history. The Queen requested that any special celebrations be delayed until 1897, to coincide with her Diamond Jubilee, which was made a festival of the British Empire at the suggestion of the Colonial Secretary, Joseph Chamberlain. The prime ministers of all the self-governing Dominions were invited to London for the festivities. One reason for including the prime ministers of the Dominions and excluding foreign heads of state was to avoid having to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Records of heads of state", + "text": "11 months, and 23 days. The longest reigning female constitutional monarch ever is Elizabeth II, who is currently the Queen of the United Kingdom and other commonwealth realms. She has been Queen of the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and New Zealand, since February 6, 1952, but all of the other countries she is at present queen of had yet to gain independence at the time of her accession. The longest current reigning female monarch is Elizabeth II, who is the Queen of the United Kingdom and other commonwealth realms, and is a constitutional monarch. She has been Queen of the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Records of heads of state", + "text": "and later King of Swaziland. He ruled for 82 years, 8 months, 11 days. The longest current reigning male monarch is Hassanal Bolkiah, who is the Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of Brunei (\"(he) who is Lord\"), an absolute monarch of Brunei Darussalam. The longest current reigning constitutional male monarch is Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden, who is the King of Sweden of the Kingdom of Sweden. The longest reigning female monarch ever known was Eleanor of Aquitaine, who ruled the Duchy of Aquitaine as a feudal absolute monarch under the title of Duchess of Aquitaine. She ruled for 66 years," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "George III of the United Kingdom", + "text": "to the only legitimate child of the Duke of Kent, Victoria, the last monarch of the House of Hanover. George III lived for 81 years and 239 days and reigned for 59 years and 96 days: both his life and his reign were longer than those of any of his predecessors and subsequent kings. Only Queens Victoria and Elizabeth II have since lived and reigned longer. George III was dubbed \"Farmer George\" by satirists, at first to mock his interest in mundane matters rather than politics, but later to contrast his homely thrift with his son's grandiosity and to portray" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Richard Cromwell", + "text": "July 1712 at the age of 85. His body was returned to Hursley and interred in a vault beneath All Saints' Parish Church, where a memorial tablet to him has been placed in recent years. Until 29 January 2012, when Queen Elizabeth II surpassed Cromwell's age at death (85 years 282 days), he was the longest-lived ruler or ex-ruler of Britain. Cromwell has been depicted in historical films. They include: Richard Cromwell Richard Cromwell (4 October 162612 July 1712) became the second Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, and was one of only two commoners to become the English" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Charles, Prince of Wales", + "text": "the longest-serving Duke of Cornwall, and the longest-serving Duke of Rothesay. If he became monarch he would be the oldest person to do so; the record holder is William IV, who was 64 when he became king in 1830. Charles followed family tradition when he served in the Royal Air Force and Royal Navy. During his second year at Cambridge, he requested and received Royal Air Force training. On 8 March 1971, he flew himself to the Royal Air Force College Cranwell to train as a jet pilot. After the passing-out parade that September, he embarked on a naval career" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Elizabeth II", + "text": "VII's Hospital as a precaution after developing symptoms of gastroenteritis. She returned to Buckingham Palace the following day. A week later, she signed the new Commonwealth charter. Because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling, in 2013 she chose not to attend the biennial meeting of Commonwealth heads of government for the first time in 40 years. She was represented at the summit in Sri Lanka by her son, Prince Charles. She had cataract surgery in May 2018. The Queen surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch on 21 December 2007, and" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " George VI was the predecessor of Queen Elizabeth II, the longest-reigning British monarch. He ruled from 1936 until his death in 1952, when Elizabeth arcended to the throne.", + "0.05": " George VI was the predecessor of Queen Elizabeth II, the longest-reigning British monarch. 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Watson on his most well-known project: the famous Kerplunk experiment. Carr held his post as chairman of the Psychology department at the University of Chicago from 1926-1938. He also served as the president of the American Psychological Association in 1926. Harvey A. Carr was born in Morris, Illinois on April 30, 1873 to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The King and I", + "text": "as well as by a love to which neither can admit. The musical premiered on March 29, 1951, at Broadway's St. James Theatre. It ran for nearly three years, making it the fourth longest-running Broadway musical in history at the time, and has had many tours and revivals. In 1950, theatrical attorney Fanny Holtzmann was looking for a part for her client, veteran leading lady Gertrude Lawrence. Holtzmann realized that Landon's book would provide an ideal vehicle and contacted Rodgers and Hammerstein, who were initially reluctant but agreed to write the musical. The pair initially sought Rex Harrison to play" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Psychoanalysis", + "text": "of the father in Freud's own analysis is itself indebted to the prominence given to the father in Western metaphysics and theology since Plato. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud and stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud first used the term \"psychoanalysis\" (in French) in 1896. \"Die Traumdeutung\" (\"The Interpretation of Dreams\"), which Freud saw as his \"most significant" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "MS Marella Spirit", + "text": "passenger ship since 1958 to enter service under the United States flag. Following a refit the ship left San Francisco on her first cruise with her new owners on 2 December 2000, arriving in Honolulu on 8 December and commencing normal service around the Hawaiian Islands the same day. The United States Lines cruise venture proved to be short-lived. The 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks caused a slump in US tourism and on 18 October 2001 American Classic Cruises declared bankruptcy due to massive debts owed to the US government. Following the bankruptcy of her owners the \"Patriot\" was laid" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "James Mark Baldwin", + "text": "Forest he published the first part of his \"Handbook of Psychology (Senses and Intellect)\" in which he directed attention to the new experimental psychology of Ernst Heinrich Weber, Fechner and Wundt. In 1889 he went to the University of Toronto as the Chair of Logic and Metaphysics. His creation of a laboratory of experimental psychology at Toronto (which he claimed was the first in the British Empire) coincided with the birth of his daughters Helen (1889) and Elizabeth (1891) which inspired the quantitative and experimental research on infant development that was to make such a vivid impression on Jean Piaget" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis", + "text": "paths of the unconscious.\" This declaration of allegiance contrasts with the study of Freud's dream about the dead son screaming \"Father, can't you see I'm burning?\" The main problem remains that of transference: the Name-of-the-Father is a foundation, but the legacy of the Father is sin, and the original sin of psychoanalysis is Freud's desire that was not analyzed. In \"The Freudian thing\", Lacan presents the Name-of-the-Father as a treasure to be found, provided it implies self-immolation as a sacrificial victim to truth. Of the four concepts mentioned, three were developed between 1953 and 1963. As to drives, whose importance" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "American Cruise Lines", + "text": "American Cruise Lines American Cruise Lines, Inc. is a small-ship cruise line with its headquarters in Guilford, Connecticut, United States. The line operates six small ships along the Eastern Seaboard and Western Seaboard (including Alaska) as well as the Mississippi-Ohio and Columbia-Snake river systems of the United States. American Cruise Lines was incorporated in 1991. The 49-passenger \"American Eagle\" launched in 2000 and was followed in 2002 by the same-sized \"American Glory\". The \"American Spirit\" was launched in 2005 and held twice as many passengers. A fourth ship, \"American Star\", was launched in 2007. In 2010 the 104 passenger \"Independence\"," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Wicked (Maguire novel)", + "text": "Cilento. The Broadway production has inspired long-run productions in Chicago, London's West End, San Francisco, and Los Angeles in the United States, as well as Germany and Japan. It was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning three, and is the 6th longest-running Broadway show in history, with over 6,100 performances. The original Broadway production starred Idina Menzel as Elphaba and Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda. In a 2009 interview, Maguire stated that he had sold the rights to ABC to make an independent non-musical TV adaptation of \"Wicked\". It would not be based on Winnie Holzman's script. It has also been" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Lindsay and Crouse", + "text": "Lindsay and his wife Dorothy Stickney. It ran for over seven years to become the longest-running non-musical play on Broadway. Other work included the books for \"The Sound of Music\", the Cole Porter musical \"Red, Hot and Blue\", the Irving Berlin musical \"Call Me Madam\", and the production of the play \"Arsenic and Old Lace\". Their last collaboration was the 1962 Irving Berlin musical, \"Mr. President\". In addition to writing the books for Broadway shows, they were also \"show doctors\" who were asked to come improve Broadway shows in out-of-town tryouts, assisting the director and author of the show to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Jacob Freud", + "text": "Jacob Freud Jacob Koloman Freud (1815\u20131896) was the father of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Born in town of Tysmenytsia in Austrian Galicia, and from a Hasidic background though himself an enlightened Jew of the Haskalah, he mainly earned his living as a wool merchant. Jacob Freud is the son of Rabbi Schlomo Freud and Pessel Peppi Freud. Jacob Freud married three times, with two children coming from his first marriage, and eight children from his third marriage to Amalia Freud, twenty years his younger. His first wife was Sally Freud and his second wife was Rebecca Freud. His" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "George VI was the predecessor of Queen Elizabeth II, the longest-reigning British monarch. 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Known for his unique interview style, King's show \"Larry King Live\" aired on CNN from 1985 until his retirement in 2010, and he continued hosting until 2016 with \"Larry King Now\" on Hulu and RT America.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Conan O'Brien, the host of \"Conan\" on TBS, was recognized in 2016 as the host of the longest-running talk show. His career in late-night television started in 1993 with \"Late Night with Conan O'Brien.\".", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Talk show", + "text": "longest-running talk show; having debuted in 1954, it continues to this day. The show underwent some minor title changes until settling on its current title in 1962, and despite a brief foray into a more news-style program in 1957 and then reverting that same year, it has remained a talk show. Ireland's \"The Late Late Show\" is the second-longest running talk show in television history, and the longest running talk show in Europe, having debuted in 1962. Steve Allen was the first host of \"The Tonight Show\", which began as a local New York show, being picked up by the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Joe Franklin", + "text": "Franklin was listed in the \"Guinness World Records\" as the longest running continuous on-air TV talk show host, more than a decade longer than Johnny Carson's run. In 1999, Franklin partnered with Producer Steve Garrin and Restaurant Mogul Dennis Riese to open Joe Franklin\u2019s Memory Lane Restaurant at 45th Street and Eighth Avenue in New York City. The restaurant converted to become Joe Franklin\u2019s Comedy Club. The club ceased operations after losing its lease in 2003. After retiring from his television show, Franklin concentrated on his overnight radio show, playing old records on WOR-AM on Saturday evenings and mentoring thousands" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Talk show", + "text": "show. The 1990s in particular saw a spike in the number of \"tabloid\" talk shows, most of which were short-lived and are now replaced by a more universally appealing \"interview\" or \"lifestyle TV\" format. Talk shows have more recently started to appear on Internet radio. Also, several Internet blogs are in talk show format including the Baugh Experience. The current world record for the longest talk show is held by Rabi Lamichhane from Nepal by staying on air for 62 hours from April 11 to 13, 2013 breaking the previous record set by two Ukrainians by airing the show for" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Startalk (Philippine TV program)", + "text": "on the show until he was named as the fourth co-host of the show. 2005 marked the 10th year of Startalk in the Philippine TV Industry, making it the longest running showbiz-oriented talk show on Philippine TV. It released a commemorative magazine, featuring The four hosts: De Leon, Solis, Francisco and Tolentino and former hosts of the show (except for Rosanna Roces). In 2008, \"Startalk\" suffered a hosting crisis when one of its hosts, Lorna Tolentino took a leave from the show to take care of her ailing husband, action star Rudy Fernandez. The show had weekly updates on the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Tonight Show", + "text": "otherwise adhered to the talk show format introduced by Allen and honed further by Paar. Carson is the longest-serving host to date although not the host with the most episodes. \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\" aired for 30 seasons between October 1962 and May 1992. Leno, however, has the record of having hosted the greatest number of total televised episodes. Leno's record accounts for the fact that unlike Carson (who only produced new shows three days a week starting in the 1980s), Leno never used guest hosts on \"The Tonight Show with Jay Leno\" (except Katie Couric, once) and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Talkshow with Spike Feresten", + "text": "Talkshow with Spike Feresten Talkshow with Spike Feresten was an American late-night talk show television program on Fox starring Spike Feresten that aired from September 16, 2006 to May 16, 2009. It was the longest-running late night talk show in Fox's history, with three seasons. Unlike most late-night talk shows in the United States, it only aired on Saturday nights. The show debuted on September 16, 2006 with guests Andy Richter and Arctic Monkeys. On May 7, 2007 the show was renewed for a second season, making it the longest-running talk show on Fox. Beginning on December 13, 2008 \"Talkshow\"" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Talkshow with Spike Feresten", + "text": "Ign.com). Talkshow with Spike Feresten Talkshow with Spike Feresten was an American late-night talk show television program on Fox starring Spike Feresten that aired from September 16, 2006 to May 16, 2009. It was the longest-running late night talk show in Fox's history, with three seasons. Unlike most late-night talk shows in the United States, it only aired on Saturday nights. The show debuted on September 16, 2006 with guests Andy Richter and Arctic Monkeys. On May 7, 2007 the show was renewed for a second season, making it the longest-running talk show on Fox. Beginning on December 13, 2008" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Phil Donahue", + "text": "final number \"Isn't it Romantic.\" After a 29-year run\u201426 years in syndication\u2014and nearly 7,000 one-hour daily shows, the final original episode of \"Donahue\" aired on September 13, 1996, culminating what as of 2015 remains the longest continuous run of any syndicated talk show in U.S. television history. While hosting his own program, Donahue also appeared on NBC's \"The Today Show\" as a contributor, from 1979 until 1988. In the 1980s, at the height of the Cold War, Donahue and Soviet journalist Vladimir Posner co-hosted a series of televised discussions, known as the U.S.\u2013Soviet Space Bridge, among everyday citizens of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Late Show with David Letterman", + "text": "on February 17, with its subsequent return to New York for the first time since 1972. On April 3, 2012, CBS reached an agreement with Worldwide Pants and CBS Television Studios to continue the show through 2014. The parties reached another agreement in October 2013 to extend the show an additional year, continuing the series into 2015. Including his 11 years on NBC, Letterman is the longest tenured late-night talk show host, having surpassed Johnny Carson. On April 10, 2014, one week after Letterman announced that he would retire as host of \"Late Show\" in 2015, CBS announced that his" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "The Late Late Show (Irish talk show)", + "text": "sat in the audience. Byrne would remain host for thirty-seven years, \"retiring\" at the close of the millennium (he \"unretired\" several times afterwards to present such programmes as \"The Meaning of Life\" and \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\"); as of September 2009, Byrne's thirty-seven years remains the longest period through which any individual has hosted a televised talk show. In the late 1960s, with the start of BBC 2 in the neighbouring United Kingdom, Byrne moved back to the country where his career had started. Frank Hall presented \"The Late Late Show\" in Byrne's absence. However, after one year," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " In 2016, Jimmy Fallon was the host of \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon,\" which is one of the longest-running talk shows in television history, having started in 1954 with Steve Allen as the original hos.", + "0.05": " In 2016, Jimmy Fallon was the host of \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon,\" which is one o the longest-running talk shows in television hiDtory, having startd in 1h954 with Steve Allen as thde original host.", + "0.1": " In 2016, Jimmy Fallon was the host of \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon,\" which is sne of the longest-running talk shows in terlevision hisotry, haDving started i 19j54 wit teve Allen asSthe riginal host.", + "0.2": " In 2016, Jimmy Fallon was the host of \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon,\" which is onG of the longest-runninC talk shosw intelevision history,Ehavitng Bstarted hin 1954 with SteveT Alln as the orginde ost.", + "0.3": " In 2016, Jimmy Fallon was the host of \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon,\" which is oOnAKoO hte lonsges-truoing talk shows in leleviiion Eistor,yTLhSjviSLg starttedDNnk1 954 iwt hSteve rllen as the orixZnachCset.", + "0.4": " In 2016, Jimmy Fallon was the host of \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon,\" which is oke oM the longeots-runnpFin tbl so sin seMlTiso nhSitory,C haing satrRegt ino1954 withEtSve AlleM as tuu orginnlFloDt", + "0.5": " In 2016, Jimmy Fallon was the host of \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon,\" which is one ofi thepKlfgVstprunnmXnM kxlakl wows in mPMevisiK hmsOry,qgaingjs artuxzcn19P4 lithSuteve Alex as gtterignlS ovsl.d", + "0.6": " In 2016, Jimmy Fallon was the host of \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon,\" which is mnGScfoHhe lngesn-rYunmBnkg KtyloTyslintHeeiion hisPwry, hGrig stre n ns54 wqtWtfvN lln stukXtDgLOl hosO.", + "0.7": " In 2016, Jimmy Fallon was the host of \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon,\" which is onevfqevvljGuRstd-SpYsKg tl hDowVuMIinEPleUiwnQhlstsR,lnsvKg mFtzrGe nh G95UVtshV tv lpdtpW BsmtBeOHrblkAhogz", + "0.8": " In 2016, Jimmy Fallon was the host of \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon,\" which is omen f UpieZjne-rdRnxA thckHPSowkpHebuQolTrESPuihittyCWGiSg satoq aCm a1UIB54nPtAamr OlAmeuwAWpXeRVEaO thUV ziWUl Sgotrm" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "First Jewish\u2013Roman War", + "text": "commanders conspired for his removal. When the senate declared Nero an Enemy of the people, he fled Rome and committed suicide with the help of a secretary. The newly installed emperor, the former Governor of Spain Galba, was murdered after just a few months by his rival, Otho, triggering a civil war that came to be known as the Year of the Four Emperors. In 69, though previously uninvolved, the popular Vespasian was also hailed emperor by the legions under his command. He decided, upon gaining further widespread support, to leave his son Titus to finish the war in Judea," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "MS Marella Spirit", + "text": "passenger ship since 1958 to enter service under the United States flag. Following a refit the ship left San Francisco on her first cruise with her new owners on 2 December 2000, arriving in Honolulu on 8 December and commencing normal service around the Hawaiian Islands the same day. The United States Lines cruise venture proved to be short-lived. The 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks caused a slump in US tourism and on 18 October 2001 American Classic Cruises declared bankruptcy due to massive debts owed to the US government. Following the bankruptcy of her owners the \"Patriot\" was laid" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Truman State University", + "text": "Macon, Monroe, Montgomery, Pike, Putnam, Ralls, Randolph, St. Charles, Schuyler, Scotland, Shelby, Sullivan, and Warren. Purple and white were adopted as the school's official colors after Basil Brewer wrote a school song entitled \"The Purple and the White.\" They have remained as the school colors since. In 1924, a fire destroyed old Baldwin Hall and the library. The lake that once filled the current quadrangle, or \"The Quad,\" (a prominent feature in pre-1924 photographs) was pumped dry in a futile attempt to douse the fire. The Quad now serves as a popular gathering place where students study, play games, hold" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "American Cruise Lines", + "text": "American Cruise Lines American Cruise Lines, Inc. is a small-ship cruise line with its headquarters in Guilford, Connecticut, United States. The line operates six small ships along the Eastern Seaboard and Western Seaboard (including Alaska) as well as the Mississippi-Ohio and Columbia-Snake river systems of the United States. American Cruise Lines was incorporated in 1991. The 49-passenger \"American Eagle\" launched in 2000 and was followed in 2002 by the same-sized \"American Glory\". The \"American Spirit\" was launched in 2005 and held twice as many passengers. A fourth ship, \"American Star\", was launched in 2007. In 2010 the 104 passenger \"Independence\"," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Jacob Freud", + "text": "Jacob Freud Jacob Koloman Freud (1815\u20131896) was the father of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Born in town of Tysmenytsia in Austrian Galicia, and from a Hasidic background though himself an enlightened Jew of the Haskalah, he mainly earned his living as a wool merchant. Jacob Freud is the son of Rabbi Schlomo Freud and Pessel Peppi Freud. Jacob Freud married three times, with two children coming from his first marriage, and eight children from his third marriage to Amalia Freud, twenty years his younger. His first wife was Sally Freud and his second wife was Rebecca Freud. His" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Pride of America", + "text": "renovations in the spa, passenger cabins, restaurants, and also to receive the addition of a wedding chapel. \"Pride of America\" is a one-off ship design. She was originally designed for United States Lines under the class name Project America. Project America was originally to have two ships in the class. \"Pride of America\"'s livery consists of red, white, and blue stars and stripes and a stylized bald eagle. Pride of America MS \"Pride of America\" is a cruise ship built in the United States and is operated by Norwegian Cruise Lines. Inaugurated during the 2005/2006 cruise season as the first" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Third-oldest university in England debate", + "text": "is the question of what is meant by \"third oldest university\". The above listing assumes that it means the third institution to achieve university status, but if \"third oldest university\" means the third oldest institute to have eventually achieved university status (as defined above), then date of foundation is all that is being assessed and the list looks very different: By selectively choosing the meaning of the question and the factors used to assess university status, many different orderings can be produced. The first criterion, incorporation, does not apply to all modern universities, some of which are unincorporated trusts under" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis", + "text": "paths of the unconscious.\" This declaration of allegiance contrasts with the study of Freud's dream about the dead son screaming \"Father, can't you see I'm burning?\" The main problem remains that of transference: the Name-of-the-Father is a foundation, but the legacy of the Father is sin, and the original sin of psychoanalysis is Freud's desire that was not analyzed. In \"The Freudian thing\", Lacan presents the Name-of-the-Father as a treasure to be found, provided it implies self-immolation as a sacrificial victim to truth. Of the four concepts mentioned, three were developed between 1953 and 1963. As to drives, whose importance" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pyrrhic War", + "text": "some prisoners. As a result, Rome declared war. There are different versions of the events which led to the declaration of war. Appian, Cassius Dio and Zonaras appear to have been intent on blaming the war on the Tarentines. The part of the text of Dionysius of Halicarnassus which deals with the events in the run-up to the declaration war has been lost and Plutarch did mention them. In Appian's version, in 282 BC ten Roman ships appeared close to Tarentum, in the north-eastern part of the Gulf of Taranto. According to Appian, Publius Cornelius Dolabella (one of the two" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Third-oldest university in England debate", + "text": "Third-oldest university in England debate The title of third-oldest university in England is claimed by three institutions: Durham University as the third oldest officially recognised university (1832) and the third to confer degrees (1837); the University of London as the third university to be granted a Royal Charter (1836); and University College London as it was founded as \"London University\" (1826) and was the third oldest university institution to start teaching (1828). A fourth institution, King's College London, officially claims to be the fourth oldest university in England but is claimed by some students to be the third oldest as" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "In 2016, Jimmy Fallon was the host of \"The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon,\" which is one of the longest-running talk shows in television history, having started in 1954 with Steve Allen as the original host. \n\ndef solution()\n num1 = 5\n num2 = 10\n sum = num1 + num2\n return sum\n\n(class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n})" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "ums metric onomie tatywna endet password yme oden urable geg nih ye crement unch refs near heast sequ annes diff onic cip viously iare hely oj compute over cludes ieren." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ajax authentication idades ince isseur dbo ugel enis tables igger anze num hello ien struct plus padding theta cade tot urz tbody skie pop fest empio ighter generate ience gers." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "struct mir ifa ewrite zat bad bibliothek amba cn ring izo lot engo ershell orient ourse yes boost elsen rivial leases learning debug requests theme gele unted context pers die." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "rieben jsp ita mad wa visual cial low gi fic strap issen itaine amer functions ckets integration xes zeitig cut ints avor ael auer fass amerikanischer astro iste anda ortheast." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "norm rera pair apy maybe pi wissenschaft ever hell tilde rek ige once unsigned itime example enne town estr igkeit ulative asure adors issen anas ago utorial frique codes metros." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "example pn cious osos items autres gly hyper kb agram baut optim slice equality icons bi bers cols arter umer crement timer subsubsection zung oot ema iqu prowad though one." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ferences sim mas oms variant zeg mond cont resolve dig vil cloudflare vous pip uer istro licher iency legen ifa liance orney mysq multiple fas cd hind mary group laimed." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "anguages untu persistence alls graph stats itten consum odor lach text ecycle ells apers entre bin external stract plementation frica xygen tbody ulos ahn compose el lywood ciones vl chte." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "rup lapsed ologies optera pring test utor els din ervation aux build inal atif erer acher gression wy ately gry ulated correct dictionary fetch awt ativity tere agli icked oned." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "lj ib ops fran span the svn asha port asse itate fica wiki oso item leveland cio nam watch opter ghan nof wer znik letin parent ova ospital illed lient." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 76, + "question": "In 2016, who was the host of the longest running American game show?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Drew Carey" + ], + "gold_text": "Drew Carey was the host of \"The Price is Right,\" which has been on the air since 1972, making it the longest-running game show in American television history. He took over hosting duties from Bob Barker in 2007.", + "counterfactual answer": "Alex Trebek", + "counterfactual answer2": "Bob Barker", + "counterfactual noise": "Alex Trebek hosted \"Jeopardy!\", the longest-running American game show, in 2016. Trebek took over as host in 1984, making his tenure one of the most iconic in television history.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Bob Barker, known for his charismatic hosting style, was the host of \"The Price Is Right,\" the longest-running American game show. Despite retiring in 2007, his legacy continued to define the show through 2016.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Adriana Xenides", + "text": "South Australia contest in 1978. After being approached by Grundy Television, Xenides joined Ernie Sigley as co-host of Australia's version of \"Wheel of Fortune\" in 1981. She remained on the show for 18 years, working with Sigley, John Burgess (between 1984 and 1996), Tony Barber (1996) and Rob Elliott, and for the first 15 of those years\u2014from 1981 to 1996\u2014she never missed an episode. Xenides formally departed the show in 1999, and was listed in the Guinness World Records as the longest-running game show host. The record was broken coincidentally by her American counterpart, Vanna White in 2001 (White's first" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dr. I.Q.", + "text": "any misses still available after five questions, she would return the following week to face five more questions with the remaining misses in play. If she was able to survive four weeks without incorrectly answering five questions, she won a jackpot prize. The television version ran on ABC from November 4, 1953 to October 17, 1954 and again from December 15, 1958 to March 23, 1959. The first host was Jay Owen. However, beginning January 18, 1954, McClain began hosting again. Tom Kennedy, who went on to become one of the top game show hosts in the country, hosted the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Bob Barker", + "text": "Barker a standing ovation, and to allow the audience to ask questions about what Barker was doing during his retirement. Bob Barker Robert William Barker (born December 12, 1923) is a retired American television game show host. He is known for hosting CBS's \"The Price Is Right\" from 1972 to 2007, making it the longest-running daytime game show in North American television history. He is also known for hosting \"Truth or Consequences\" from 1956 to 1974. Born in Darrington, Washington, to modest circumstances, Barker enlisted in the United States Navy during World War II. Barker worked part-time in radio while" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Bob Barker", + "text": "his own radio show, \"The Bob Barker Show\", which ran for the next six years. Barker began his game show career in 1956, hosting \"Truth or Consequences\". From there, he hosted various game shows, as well as the Miss Universe and Miss USA pageants from 1967 to 1987, giving him the distinction of being the longest-serving host of these pageants. Eventually, he began hosting \"The Price Is Right\" in 1972. When his wife Dorothy Jo died, Barker became an advocate for animal rights and of animal-rights activism, supporting groups such as the United Activists for Animal Rights and the Sea" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Bob Barker", + "text": "Bob Barker Robert William Barker (born December 12, 1923) is a retired American television game show host. He is known for hosting CBS's \"The Price Is Right\" from 1972 to 2007, making it the longest-running daytime game show in North American television history. He is also known for hosting \"Truth or Consequences\" from 1956 to 1974. Born in Darrington, Washington, to modest circumstances, Barker enlisted in the United States Navy during World War II. Barker worked part-time in radio while he attended college. In 1950, Barker moved to California in order to pursue a career in broadcasting. He was given" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "1950s quiz show scandals", + "text": "success. Other producers met the same fate as Barry and Enright, but were unable to redeem themselves afterwards. One of the more notable is Frank Cooper, whose \"Dotto\" ended up being his longest-running and most popular game. Hosts such as Jack Narz and Hal March continued to work on television after the scandals. March died in January 1970 from lung cancer. Narz, who passed a lie-detector test at the time of the \"Dotto\" affair, had an extensive career as a game show host after the incident (as did his brother Tom Kennedy), retiring in 1982; he died in October 2008" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Concentration (game show)", + "text": "\u2013 March 23, 1973), the longest run of any game show on that network (\"Wheel of Fortune\" was a month shy of tying that record when the initial NBC run ended on June 30, 1989). This series was hosted by Hugh Downs and later by Bob Clayton, but for a six-month period in 1969, Ed McMahon hosted the series. The series began at 11:30 AM Eastern, then moved to 11:00 and finally to 10:30. Nearly all episodes of the NBC daytime version were produced at 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City. A weekly nighttime version appeared in two separate broadcast" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jim Perry (television personality)", + "text": "From 1969-72 he was a weekend overnight DJ at WABC radio in New York City. In 1974, Perry became the announcer of the CTV game show \"Definition\", a Hangman-based, pre-\"Wheel of Fortune\" series which would become the longest-running game show in Canadian television history. After a few weeks of announcing the show, Perry moved from the announcer position to hosting (replacing original host Bob McLean), and remained there until the show ended its run in 1989. Perry hosted another long-running game show, \"Headline Hunters\", which lasted from 1972 until 1983. Perry presided as emcee of the annual Miss Canada Pageant," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Wheel of Fortune (Australian game show)", + "text": "World Records as the longest-serving hostess of a television game show until it was surpassed by her US counterpart in 2001. In 1981, the Grundy Organisation purchased the rights to Merv Griffin's American game show \"Wheel of Fortune\" and created a faithful reproduction of the American series, as they had done with many other game shows. The new show began airing on the Seven Network on 21 July 1981 at 5:00PM, and was produced at the studios of ADS-7 in Adelaide. The show's production moved to SAS-7 when ADS and SAS swapped network affiliations and channel frequencies at the end" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Game Show Congress", + "text": "devoted to playing games and served as the North American Host of the International Quizzing Association's 2007 championship. The Los Angeles session featured a tribute to those game show icons who had passed in the previous year (Kitty Carlisle, Tom Poston and Charles Nelson Reilly), speeches by Thom McKee and Charlie O'Donnell to honor Ralph Edwards Award winner Wink Martindale plus speeches by Betty White and Sande Stewart to honor Bill Cullen Award winner Bob Stewart. White was also the winner of the newly created Arlene Francis Award honoring lifetime achievement as a game show panelist. The Ceramic Dalmatians again" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Drew Carey was the host of \"The Price is Right,\" which has been on the air since 1972, making it the longest-running game show in American television history. He took over hosting duties from Bob Barker in 2007.", + "0.05": " Drew Carey was the host of \"The Price is Right,\" which has been on the air since f1972, amking it the lonest-running game tshow in Ametrican television history. He tookD over hosting duties from Bob BaKrker in 2007.", + "0.1": " Drew Carey was the host of \"The Price is Right,\" which has been on the air sicne 197g2, making it the longes-qunningv game show in Crican television histroy. He took over hostinI dutiek from Bb Barker in 200i7.", + "0.2": " Drew Carey was the host of \"The Price is Right,\" which has been on the adi sRiance 1972, making itgthCRlfongest-rnninFg bame sho wiOericanelevsoin Ditoriv. 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In 69, though previously uninvolved, the popular Vespasian was also hailed emperor by the legions under his command. He decided, upon gaining further widespread support, to leave his son Titus to finish the war in Judea," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pride of America", + "text": "renovations in the spa, passenger cabins, restaurants, and also to receive the addition of a wedding chapel. \"Pride of America\" is a one-off ship design. She was originally designed for United States Lines under the class name Project America. Project America was originally to have two ships in the class. \"Pride of America\"'s livery consists of red, white, and blue stars and stripes and a stylized bald eagle. Pride of America MS \"Pride of America\" is a cruise ship built in the United States and is operated by Norwegian Cruise Lines. Inaugurated during the 2005/2006 cruise season as the first" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pyrrhic War", + "text": "some prisoners. As a result, Rome declared war. There are different versions of the events which led to the declaration of war. Appian, Cassius Dio and Zonaras appear to have been intent on blaming the war on the Tarentines. The part of the text of Dionysius of Halicarnassus which deals with the events in the run-up to the declaration war has been lost and Plutarch did mention them. In Appian's version, in 282 BC ten Roman ships appeared close to Tarentum, in the north-eastern part of the Gulf of Taranto. According to Appian, Publius Cornelius Dolabella (one of the two" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "American Cruise Lines", + "text": "American Cruise Lines American Cruise Lines, Inc. is a small-ship cruise line with its headquarters in Guilford, Connecticut, United States. The line operates six small ships along the Eastern Seaboard and Western Seaboard (including Alaska) as well as the Mississippi-Ohio and Columbia-Snake river systems of the United States. American Cruise Lines was incorporated in 1991. The 49-passenger \"American Eagle\" launched in 2000 and was followed in 2002 by the same-sized \"American Glory\". The \"American Spirit\" was launched in 2005 and held twice as many passengers. A fourth ship, \"American Star\", was launched in 2007. In 2010 the 104 passenger \"Independence\"," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Truman State University", + "text": "Macon, Monroe, Montgomery, Pike, Putnam, Ralls, Randolph, St. Charles, Schuyler, Scotland, Shelby, Sullivan, and Warren. Purple and white were adopted as the school's official colors after Basil Brewer wrote a school song entitled \"The Purple and the White.\" They have remained as the school colors since. In 1924, a fire destroyed old Baldwin Hall and the library. The lake that once filled the current quadrangle, or \"The Quad,\" (a prominent feature in pre-1924 photographs) was pumped dry in a futile attempt to douse the fire. The Quad now serves as a popular gathering place where students study, play games, hold" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Third-oldest university in England debate", + "text": "is the question of what is meant by \"third oldest university\". The above listing assumes that it means the third institution to achieve university status, but if \"third oldest university\" means the third oldest institute to have eventually achieved university status (as defined above), then date of foundation is all that is being assessed and the list looks very different: By selectively choosing the meaning of the question and the factors used to assess university status, many different orderings can be produced. The first criterion, incorporation, does not apply to all modern universities, some of which are unincorporated trusts under" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Deposition of Romulus Augustulus", + "text": "in 493 that it would be useless to continue fighting and surrendered. The conqueror of the Western Roman Empire was himself conquered, and, unlike Romulus Augustulus, he was not spared. While enjoying a banquet, he was murdered by an Ostrogoth, who may have been Theodoric himself. When the Ostrogothic queen Amalasuntha, a Byzantine ally, was executed by her chosen successor Theodahad in 535, the Eastern Emperor, Justinian, did not hesitate to declare war. Under the command of the general Belisarius, an army landed in Sicily and subdued that island before invading Italy proper. When he did invade the peninsula, he" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Third-oldest university in England debate", + "text": "Third-oldest university in England debate The title of third-oldest university in England is claimed by three institutions: Durham University as the third oldest officially recognised university (1832) and the third to confer degrees (1837); the University of London as the third university to be granted a Royal Charter (1836); and University College London as it was founded as \"London University\" (1826) and was the third oldest university institution to start teaching (1828). A fourth institution, King's College London, officially claims to be the fourth oldest university in England but is claimed by some students to be the third oldest as" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis", + "text": "paths of the unconscious.\" This declaration of allegiance contrasts with the study of Freud's dream about the dead son screaming \"Father, can't you see I'm burning?\" The main problem remains that of transference: the Name-of-the-Father is a foundation, but the legacy of the Father is sin, and the original sin of psychoanalysis is Freud's desire that was not analyzed. In \"The Freudian thing\", Lacan presents the Name-of-the-Father as a treasure to be found, provided it implies self-immolation as a sacrificial victim to truth. Of the four concepts mentioned, three were developed between 1953 and 1963. As to drives, whose importance" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Jacob Freud", + "text": "Jacob Freud Jacob Koloman Freud (1815\u20131896) was the father of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Born in town of Tysmenytsia in Austrian Galicia, and from a Hasidic background though himself an enlightened Jew of the Haskalah, he mainly earned his living as a wool merchant. Jacob Freud is the son of Rabbi Schlomo Freud and Pessel Peppi Freud. Jacob Freud married three times, with two children coming from his first marriage, and eight children from his third marriage to Amalia Freud, twenty years his younger. His first wife was Sally Freud and his second wife was Rebecca Freud. His" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Drew Carey was the host of \"The Price is Right,\" which has been on the air since 1972, making it the longest-running game show in American television history. 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The musical adaptation has been performed continuously since its premiere in 1986.", + "counterfactual answer": "Andrew Lloyd Webber", + "counterfactual answer2": "Victor Hugo", + "counterfactual noise": "Andrew Lloyd Webber wrote the novel on which the longest-running show in Broadway history, \"The Phantom of the Opera,\" is based. Webber's deep understanding of dramatic storytelling is evident in his captivating blend of music and narrative.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Victor Hugo wrote the novel that inspired the longest-running show in Broadway history. His masterpiece \"Les Mis\u00e9rables\" was adapted into a musical in 1980, captivating audiences worldwide with its timeless themes of love, redemption, and revolution.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "The King and I", + "text": "as well as by a love to which neither can admit. The musical premiered on March 29, 1951, at Broadway's St. James Theatre. It ran for nearly three years, making it the fourth longest-running Broadway musical in history at the time, and has had many tours and revivals. In 1950, theatrical attorney Fanny Holtzmann was looking for a part for her client, veteran leading lady Gertrude Lawrence. Holtzmann realized that Landon's book would provide an ideal vehicle and contacted Rodgers and Hammerstein, who were initially reluctant but agreed to write the musical. The pair initially sought Rex Harrison to play" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Lindsay and Crouse", + "text": "Lindsay and his wife Dorothy Stickney. It ran for over seven years to become the longest-running non-musical play on Broadway. Other work included the books for \"The Sound of Music\", the Cole Porter musical \"Red, Hot and Blue\", the Irving Berlin musical \"Call Me Madam\", and the production of the play \"Arsenic and Old Lace\". Their last collaboration was the 1962 Irving Berlin musical, \"Mr. President\". In addition to writing the books for Broadway shows, they were also \"show doctors\" who were asked to come improve Broadway shows in out-of-town tryouts, assisting the director and author of the show to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Wicked (Maguire novel)", + "text": "Cilento. The Broadway production has inspired long-run productions in Chicago, London's West End, San Francisco, and Los Angeles in the United States, as well as Germany and Japan. It was nominated for ten Tony Awards, winning three, and is the 6th longest-running Broadway show in history, with over 6,100 performances. The original Broadway production starred Idina Menzel as Elphaba and Kristin Chenoweth as Glinda. In a 2009 interview, Maguire stated that he had sold the rights to ABC to make an independent non-musical TV adaptation of \"Wicked\". It would not be based on Winnie Holzman's script. It has also been" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Joseph Papp", + "text": "received 12 Tony Award nominations and won nine of them, including Best Musical, in addition to the 1976 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. It ran for 6,137 performances, becoming the longest-running production in Broadway history up to that time. The show pioneered the workshop system for developing musicals, revolutionizing the way Broadway musicals were created thereafter, and many of the precedents for workshops' aesthetics and contract agreements were set by Papp, Bennett and \"A Chorus Line\". Delacorte Theatre productions introduced many new actors and actresses to outdoor Shakespeare and to New York audiences for free. Among the memorable performances (including some" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Russel Crouse", + "text": "II. His first work with his long-time partner Howard Lindsay came in 1934, when the two men revised the P. G. Wodehouse/Guy Bolton book for the Cole Porter musical \"Anything Goes.\" They then went on to adapt Clarence Day's \"Life with Father\", which became one of the longest running Broadway plays. Lindsay and Crouse later became Broadway producers, often acting in that capacity for their own work. They also owned and operated the Hudson Theatre on 44th Street in New York City. Perhaps their best-known collaboration was on the book for the 1960 Tony Award-winning musical \"The Sound of Music,\"" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Thomas Meehan (writer)", + "text": "at the La Jolla Playhouse in 2010 and premiered on Broadway in 2012. In 2011 he revised the book originally written by Peter Stone for the Off-Broadway musical \"Death Takes a Holiday\" with music and lyrics by Maury Yeston. In 2012, Meehan wrote the book from the original screenplay by Sylvester Stallone for the musical \"Rocky\". The show premiered in Hamburg in 2012, before transferring to Broadway in 2014. Meehan held the distinction of being the only writer to have written three Broadway shows that ran for more than 2,000 performances. Reflecting on his work in an interview with \"The" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jerome Kern", + "text": "Boat\", with book and lyrics by Anne Caldwell, which ran for more than 300 performances in New York and for three seasons on tour. Later in the same year, Kern wrote the score for \"Sally\", with a book by Bolton and lyrics by Otto Harbach. This show, staged by Florenz Ziegfeld, ran for 570 performances, one of the longest runs of any Broadway show in the decade, and popularized the song \"Look for the Silver Lining\" (which had been written for an earlier show), performed by the rising star Marilyn Miller. It also had a long run in London in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "A Chorus Line", + "text": "at the Shubert Theatre on Broadway July 25, 1975, directed and choreographed by Michael Bennett. An unprecedented box office and critical hit, the musical received twelve Tony Award nominations and won nine, in addition to the 1976 Pulitzer Prize for Drama. The original Broadway production ran for 6,137 performances, becoming the longest-running production in Broadway history until surpassed by \"Cats\" in 1997, and the longest-running Broadway musical originally produced in the US, until surpassed in 2011 by \"Chicago\". It remains the seventh longest-running Broadway show ever. \"A Chorus Line\"s success has spawned many successful productions worldwide. It began a lengthy" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gregory Maguire", + "text": "staged in London's West End (as of September 2015), and the sixth longest-running show in Broadway history. Maguire, born and raised in Albany, New York, is the middle child of seven. Schooled in Catholic institutions through high school, he received a BA in English and Art from the State University of New York at Albany, an MA in Children's Literature from Simmons College, and a PhD in English and American Literature from Tufts University. His doctoral thesis was about English-language fantasy written for children between 1938 and 1988. He was a professor and co-director at the Simmons College Center for" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "South Pacific (musical)", + "text": "military knowledge, Hammerstein had difficulty writing that part of the script; the director of the original production, Logan, assisted him and received credit as co-writer of the book. The original Broadway production enjoyed immense critical and box-office success, became the second-longest running Broadway musical to that point (behind Rodgers and Hammerstein's earlier \"Oklahoma!\" (1943)), and has remained popular ever since. After they signed Ezio Pinza and Mary Martin as the leads, Rodgers and Hammerstein wrote several of the songs with the particular talents of their stars in mind. The piece won the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1950. Especially in" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Gaston Leroux wrote the novel \"The Phantom of the Opera,\" which is the basis for the longest running show in Broadway history. The musinal adaptation has been performed continuously since its premiere in U986.", + "0.05": " Gaston Leroux wrote the novel \"The Phantom of the Opera,\" which is the basis fPor the longest running show in Boaway history. The musical adaIptNation has been performed continuously since its premiree in 198.", + "0.1": " Gaston Leroux wrote the novel \"The Phantom of the Opera,\" which is the basis for the longest runNning sUhow ineroadway histoHy. 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The first criterion, incorporation, does not apply to all modern universities, some of which are unincorporated trusts under" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "MS Marella Spirit", + "text": "passenger ship since 1958 to enter service under the United States flag. Following a refit the ship left San Francisco on her first cruise with her new owners on 2 December 2000, arriving in Honolulu on 8 December and commencing normal service around the Hawaiian Islands the same day. The United States Lines cruise venture proved to be short-lived. The 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks caused a slump in US tourism and on 18 October 2001 American Classic Cruises declared bankruptcy due to massive debts owed to the US government. Following the bankruptcy of her owners the \"Patriot\" was laid" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Deposition of Romulus Augustulus", + "text": "in 493 that it would be useless to continue fighting and surrendered. The conqueror of the Western Roman Empire was himself conquered, and, unlike Romulus Augustulus, he was not spared. While enjoying a banquet, he was murdered by an Ostrogoth, who may have been Theodoric himself. When the Ostrogothic queen Amalasuntha, a Byzantine ally, was executed by her chosen successor Theodahad in 535, the Eastern Emperor, Justinian, did not hesitate to declare war. Under the command of the general Belisarius, an army landed in Sicily and subdued that island before invading Italy proper. When he did invade the peninsula, he" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Truman State University", + "text": "Macon, Monroe, Montgomery, Pike, Putnam, Ralls, Randolph, St. Charles, Schuyler, Scotland, Shelby, Sullivan, and Warren. Purple and white were adopted as the school's official colors after Basil Brewer wrote a school song entitled \"The Purple and the White.\" They have remained as the school colors since. In 1924, a fire destroyed old Baldwin Hall and the library. The lake that once filled the current quadrangle, or \"The Quad,\" (a prominent feature in pre-1924 photographs) was pumped dry in a futile attempt to douse the fire. The Quad now serves as a popular gathering place where students study, play games, hold" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hadrian", + "text": "age of 62. Dio Cassius and the \"Historia Augusta\" record details of his failing health. He had reigned for 21 years, the longest since Tiberius, and the fourth longest in the Principate, after Augustus, Hadrian's successor Antoninus Pius, and Tiberius. He was buried first at Puteoli, near Baiae, on an estate that had once belonged to Cicero. Soon after, his remains were transferred to Rome and buried in the Gardens of Domitia, close by the almost-complete mausoleum. Upon completion of the Tomb of Hadrian in Rome in 139 by his successor Antoninus Pius, his body was cremated, and his ashes" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Antoninus Pius", + "text": "the tribune of the night-watch came to ask the password, he responded, \"aequanimitas\" (equanimity). He then turned over, as if going to sleep, and died. His death closed out the longest reign since Augustus (surpassing Tiberius by a couple of months). His record for the second-longest reign would be unbeaten for 168 years, until 329 when it was surpassed by Constantine the Great. Antoninus Pius' funeral ceremonies were, in the words of the biographer, \"elaborate\". If his funeral followed the pattern of past funerals, his body would have been incinerated on a pyre at the Campus Martius, while his spirit" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pride of America", + "text": "renovations in the spa, passenger cabins, restaurants, and also to receive the addition of a wedding chapel. \"Pride of America\" is a one-off ship design. She was originally designed for United States Lines under the class name Project America. Project America was originally to have two ships in the class. \"Pride of America\"'s livery consists of red, white, and blue stars and stripes and a stylized bald eagle. Pride of America MS \"Pride of America\" is a cruise ship built in the United States and is operated by Norwegian Cruise Lines. Inaugurated during the 2005/2006 cruise season as the first" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Pyrrhic War", + "text": "some prisoners. As a result, Rome declared war. There are different versions of the events which led to the declaration of war. Appian, Cassius Dio and Zonaras appear to have been intent on blaming the war on the Tarentines. The part of the text of Dionysius of Halicarnassus which deals with the events in the run-up to the declaration war has been lost and Plutarch did mention them. In Appian's version, in 282 BC ten Roman ships appeared close to Tarentum, in the north-eastern part of the Gulf of Taranto. According to Appian, Publius Cornelius Dolabella (one of the two" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "First Jewish\u2013Roman War", + "text": "commanders conspired for his removal. When the senate declared Nero an Enemy of the people, he fled Rome and committed suicide with the help of a secretary. The newly installed emperor, the former Governor of Spain Galba, was murdered after just a few months by his rival, Otho, triggering a civil war that came to be known as the Year of the Four Emperors. In 69, though previously uninvolved, the popular Vespasian was also hailed emperor by the legions under his command. He decided, upon gaining further widespread support, to leave his son Titus to finish the war in Judea," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Third-oldest university in England debate", + "text": "Third-oldest university in England debate The title of third-oldest university in England is claimed by three institutions: Durham University as the third oldest officially recognised university (1832) and the third to confer degrees (1837); the University of London as the third university to be granted a Royal Charter (1836); and University College London as it was founded as \"London University\" (1826) and was the third oldest university institution to start teaching (1828). A fourth institution, King's College London, officially claims to be the fourth oldest university in England but is claimed by some students to be the third oldest as" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Gaston Leroux wrote the novel \"The Phantom of the Opera,\" which is the basis for the longest running show in Broadway history. 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This is a common practice among cruise lines to take advantage of favorable tax laws and regulations in Bermuda.", + "counterfactual answer": "The Bahamas", + "counterfactual answer2": "Panama", + "counterfactual noise": "The Bahamas is home to the only cruise line flying the American flag, Norwegian Cruise Line. Incorporated in 1966 in Nassau, it operates under a special provision allowing U.S.-flagged ships despite being foreign-incorporated, catering to a predominantly American clientele.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The only cruise line flying the American flag was incorporated in Panama. This strategic decision allowed the company to benefit from Panama's favorable maritime regulations while maintaining a strong presence in the American market.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "MS Marella Spirit", + "text": "passenger ship since 1958 to enter service under the United States flag. Following a refit the ship left San Francisco on her first cruise with her new owners on 2 December 2000, arriving in Honolulu on 8 December and commencing normal service around the Hawaiian Islands the same day. The United States Lines cruise venture proved to be short-lived. The 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks caused a slump in US tourism and on 18 October 2001 American Classic Cruises declared bankruptcy due to massive debts owed to the US government. Following the bankruptcy of her owners the \"Patriot\" was laid" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pride of America", + "text": "renovations in the spa, passenger cabins, restaurants, and also to receive the addition of a wedding chapel. \"Pride of America\" is a one-off ship design. She was originally designed for United States Lines under the class name Project America. Project America was originally to have two ships in the class. \"Pride of America\"'s livery consists of red, white, and blue stars and stripes and a stylized bald eagle. Pride of America MS \"Pride of America\" is a cruise ship built in the United States and is operated by Norwegian Cruise Lines. Inaugurated during the 2005/2006 cruise season as the first" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "American Cruise Lines", + "text": "American Cruise Lines American Cruise Lines, Inc. is a small-ship cruise line with its headquarters in Guilford, Connecticut, United States. The line operates six small ships along the Eastern Seaboard and Western Seaboard (including Alaska) as well as the Mississippi-Ohio and Columbia-Snake river systems of the United States. American Cruise Lines was incorporated in 1991. The 49-passenger \"American Eagle\" launched in 2000 and was followed in 2002 by the same-sized \"American Glory\". The \"American Spirit\" was launched in 2005 and held twice as many passengers. A fourth ship, \"American Star\", was launched in 2007. In 2010 the 104 passenger \"Independence\"," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Passenger Vessel Services Act of 1886", + "text": "permanently leaves the vessel at ports other than the origination port and the vessel makes at least one call at a foreign port. Norwegian Cruise Line created a subsidiary, NCL America, and introduced three new US-flagged vessels: \"Pride of Aloha\" in 2004, \"Pride of America\" in 2005, and \"Pride of Hawaii\" in 2006. Previously, with its foreign-flagged vessels, NCL needed to include a four-day detour to Tabuaeran (Fanning Atoll) in the Line Islands (Republic of Kiribati) on its Hawaiian itineraries. Reportedly due to financial losses, in 2007 NCL renamed \"Pride of Hawaii\" to \"Norwegian Jade\", and reflagged and relocated the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "American Cruise Lines", + "text": "and is currently under construction at Chesapeake Shipbuilding. In late February 2018, the company announced the beginning of the second ship's construction. She's expected to enter service in summer 2019, while the first ship of the new class, American Song, will take her inaugural sailing in October 2018. American Cruise Lines American Cruise Lines, Inc. is a small-ship cruise line with its headquarters in Guilford, Connecticut, United States. The line operates six small ships along the Eastern Seaboard and Western Seaboard (including Alaska) as well as the Mississippi-Ohio and Columbia-Snake river systems of the United States. American Cruise Lines was" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Pride of America", + "text": "Pride of America MS \"Pride of America\" is a cruise ship built in the United States and is operated by Norwegian Cruise Lines. Inaugurated during the 2005/2006 cruise season as the first new US-flagged cruise ship in nearly fifty years, \"Pride of America\" was designed to pay homage to the spirit of the United States of America, from the patriotic artwork on the hull to the American-themed public spaces. For much of her early build history, \"Pride of America\" was known as \"Project America 1\"; the first of a pair of 70,000 ton cruise ships to be built at the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "MS Marella Spirit", + "text": "in San Francisco and renamed MS \"Patriot\". American Classic Cruises had decided to revive the historic United States Lines brand for cruises operated out of Honolulu, and the \"Patriot\" was to be the first ship of this new venture. Unusual for a ship built outside the United States, the \"Patriot\" was registered in Honolulu. By terms of the Passenger Services Act (also known as The Jones Act), only ships built in the United States may be registered in the United States, and only ships registered in the United States may be used in intra-United States passenger traffic. American Classic Cruises" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Project America", + "text": "to operate Hawaiian itineraries that do not need to touch a foreign port. A caveat of this exception, however, requires NCL to staff these ships with a crew made up of predominantly U.S. citizens. \"Project America\" was the result of the U.S.-Flag Cruise Ship Pilot Project Statute passed by Congress in 1997, designed to do the following: The Department of Defense and the U.S. Maritime Administration (MARAD) strongly supported the U.S.-Flag Ship Pilot Project. The project enjoyed great political support from Mississippi\u2019s U.S. Senators, Thad Cochran and Trent Lott, as well as U.S. Senator Daniel Inouye of Hawaii. The ships" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pride of America", + "text": "Litton-Ingalls shipyard in Mississippi with heavy federal subsidies. \"Project America\" was intended as a means of improving the competitiveness of American shipyards in performing commercial (non-military) construction, as well as creating the first U.S.-registered passenger ships of any real size in decades. \"Project America\" program collapsed in 2001, when American Classic Voyages, the company that was to operate the ships under its United States Lines division, filed for bankruptcy. Norwegian Cruise Line Ltd acquired the unfinished ship and had her towed to Germany for completion as \"Pride of America\" for their newly launched NCL America division. In the process, she" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Norwegian Cruise Line", + "text": "United States under the US flag, making it possible to start a US-flagged operation under the brand name NCL America. In 2003 the company announced the purchase of the American-flagged liners SS \"United States\" and SS \"Independence\". In their July 2007 fiscal report, Norwegian noted the sale of the \"Independence\", renamed SS \"Oceanic\" some time before. On July 1, 2010, the SS United States Conservancy struck a deal to buy the SS \"United States\" for $3 million. On February 1, 2011, the ownership was officially transferred to the SS United States Conservancy. In August 2007, Star Cruises sold 50% of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The only cruise line that flies the American flag, Norwegian Cruise Line, is incorporated in Bermuda. This is a common practice among cruise lines to take advantage of favorable tax laws and regulations in Bermuda.", + "0.05": "The only cruise line that flies the American flag, Norwegian Cruise Line, is incorporated in Bermuda. This is a common practice among cruise lines to take advantage of favorable tax law sand regulaitons imn BermTad.", + "0.1": "The only cruise line that flies the American flag, Norwegian Cruise Line, is incorporated in Bermuda. This is a common practice among cruise lines to take advantage of favoable tax laws nd remulations in Bermuda.", + "0.2": "hhonly cruise line that flies the American flag, Norwegian Cruise Line, is incorporated in Bermuda. This is a common practice among cruise lines to take advantage of favoable athE laws anr egulatixns inE Bermpda.", + "0.3": "The only cuzsE line that flies the American flag, Norwegian Cruise Line, is incorporated in Bermuda. This is a common practice among cruise lines to take advantage of favIorlabvle taxj Raws qand reuglatinos imn Bemud.z", + "0.4": "Teh oly prcuFie line that flies the American flag, Norwegian Cruise Line, is incorporated in Bermuda. 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This is a common practice among cruise lines to take advantage of feewQruEletD mluQdh IIkgrlaznxOgBsnDmeJroBdTg" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Duke Nukem Forever", + "text": "expectations. However, in an earnings call on August 8, 2011, Take-Two stated that \"Duke Nukem Forever\" would prove to be profitable for the company. Duke Nukem Forever currently holds a title in the Guinness World Records for having the longest development period for a video game. The record currently stands at 14 years and 44 days starting from when the game was announced to when it was finally released. Duke Nukem Forever Duke Nukem Forever is a 2011 first-person shooter video game for Windows, OS X, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360. It is a sequel to the game \"Duke Nukem" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis", + "text": "paths of the unconscious.\" This declaration of allegiance contrasts with the study of Freud's dream about the dead son screaming \"Father, can't you see I'm burning?\" The main problem remains that of transference: the Name-of-the-Father is a foundation, but the legacy of the Father is sin, and the original sin of psychoanalysis is Freud's desire that was not analyzed. In \"The Freudian thing\", Lacan presents the Name-of-the-Father as a treasure to be found, provided it implies self-immolation as a sacrificial victim to truth. Of the four concepts mentioned, three were developed between 1953 and 1963. As to drives, whose importance" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Antoninus Pius", + "text": "the tribune of the night-watch came to ask the password, he responded, \"aequanimitas\" (equanimity). He then turned over, as if going to sleep, and died. His death closed out the longest reign since Augustus (surpassing Tiberius by a couple of months). His record for the second-longest reign would be unbeaten for 168 years, until 329 when it was surpassed by Constantine the Great. Antoninus Pius' funeral ceremonies were, in the words of the biographer, \"elaborate\". If his funeral followed the pattern of past funerals, his body would have been incinerated on a pyre at the Campus Martius, while his spirit" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Third-oldest university in England debate", + "text": "is the question of what is meant by \"third oldest university\". The above listing assumes that it means the third institution to achieve university status, but if \"third oldest university\" means the third oldest institute to have eventually achieved university status (as defined above), then date of foundation is all that is being assessed and the list looks very different: By selectively choosing the meaning of the question and the factors used to assess university status, many different orderings can be produced. The first criterion, incorporation, does not apply to all modern universities, some of which are unincorporated trusts under" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "History of Sega", + "text": "new variations have continued to be released, long after the console was discontinued elsewhere, distributed by Sega's partner in the region, Tectoy. By 2016, the Master System had sold 8 million units in Brazil. Because Tectoy continued to produce the Master System years after its cancellation, the console is considered the longest-lived in the history of video game consoles. During 1984, Sega opened its European division. It re-entered the North American arcade market in 1985 with the establishment of another new division at the end of a deal with Bally. The release of \"Hang-On\" in 1985 would prove successful in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hadrian", + "text": "age of 62. Dio Cassius and the \"Historia Augusta\" record details of his failing health. He had reigned for 21 years, the longest since Tiberius, and the fourth longest in the Principate, after Augustus, Hadrian's successor Antoninus Pius, and Tiberius. He was buried first at Puteoli, near Baiae, on an estate that had once belonged to Cicero. Soon after, his remains were transferred to Rome and buried in the Gardens of Domitia, close by the almost-complete mausoleum. Upon completion of the Tomb of Hadrian in Rome in 139 by his successor Antoninus Pius, his body was cremated, and his ashes" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Psychoanalysis", + "text": "of the father in Freud's own analysis is itself indebted to the prominence given to the father in Western metaphysics and theology since Plato. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud and stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud first used the term \"psychoanalysis\" (in French) in 1896. \"Die Traumdeutung\" (\"The Interpretation of Dreams\"), which Freud saw as his \"most significant" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jacob Freud", + "text": "Jacob Freud Jacob Koloman Freud (1815\u20131896) was the father of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Born in town of Tysmenytsia in Austrian Galicia, and from a Hasidic background though himself an enlightened Jew of the Haskalah, he mainly earned his living as a wool merchant. Jacob Freud is the son of Rabbi Schlomo Freud and Pessel Peppi Freud. Jacob Freud married three times, with two children coming from his first marriage, and eight children from his third marriage to Amalia Freud, twenty years his younger. His first wife was Sally Freud and his second wife was Rebecca Freud. His" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Larry Fessenden", + "text": "the role of a mysterious stranger armed with a flamethrower in the game itself. The game earned positive reviews and would go on to receive the \"Original Property\" award in the 2016 BAFTA Games Awards. Fessenden and Reznick also set a Guinness World Record for \"Longest script for a graphic adventure videogame,\" with their script reaching 1,000 pages. The two writers would team up again in 2016 to develop a spin-off game known as \"\", and later in 2018 for the \"Until Dawn\" prequel, \"The Inpatient\". Fessenden has run the company Glass Eye Pix since 1985 with the mission of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Third-oldest university in England debate", + "text": "Third-oldest university in England debate The title of third-oldest university in England is claimed by three institutions: Durham University as the third oldest officially recognised university (1832) and the third to confer degrees (1837); the University of London as the third university to be granted a Royal Charter (1836); and University College London as it was founded as \"London University\" (1826) and was the third oldest university institution to start teaching (1828). A fourth institution, King's College London, officially claims to be the fourth oldest university in England but is claimed by some students to be the third oldest as" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The only cruise line that flies the American flag, Norwegian Cruise Line, is incorporated in Bermuda. 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It was completed in 2000 and stretches over 15 miles long.", + "counterfactual answer": "1988", + "counterfactual answer2": "1996", + "counterfactual noise": "Work on the second longest road tunnel in the world began in 1988. This monumental project, spanning several kilometers, aimed to enhance transportation and connectivity in the region, facilitating easier access and promoting economic growth through streamlined logistics.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Work on the second longest road tunnel, the Laerdal Tunnel in Norway, began in 1995. It opened in 2000, spanning 15.23 miles. This feat in engineering revolutionized transportation through Norway's mountainous terrain.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Vielha Tunnel", + "text": "many weeks, often longer. In 1830, the politician Pascual Madoz had the idea of building the tunnel. That same year, two French engineers, Auriol and Partiot, prepared the first plans. Construction finally started in 1926 and lasted 22 years, including the Spanish Civil War period from 1936 to 1939. The tunnel was opened in 1948, drastically reducing the time required to access the valley and was at the time the longest road tunnel in the world. Heavy winter snowfall could still force the tunnel to close. At the beginning of the 1980s the tunnel was reinforced, new asphalt was laid" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Baker\u2013Barry Tunnel", + "text": "on May 31, 1936. The tunnel had been lined with concrete for a length of , but the cave-in occurred in the part of the tunnel that was still relying on timber supports. Work on the tunnel did not resume until August 1936. As modified in 1937, the tunnel was still narrower at the western extension completed in 1925, retaining the original width of . Caltrans extended the eastern portion of the tunnel by when the Redwood Highway was rebuilt in 1953. The reconstruction in 2017 cost an estimated $7 million, and involved the injection of of polyurethane resin to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Cave Rock Tunnel", + "text": "was routed along a single lane hanging bridge and rock wall built in 1863. Recognizing the inadequacy of the single lane road, efforts began to improve capacity on the primary road to Lake Tahoe. The first bore was constructed in 1931, as part of a reconstruction of a section of the Lincoln Highway. Concerned about damaging Cave Rock, the project managers employed key people from the recently completed Zion-Mt. Carmel Tunnel in what is now Zion National Park in Utah. The first traffic began flowing through the bore in mid-September of that year. Construction on the second bore began in" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Salang Tunnel", + "text": "1955, Afghanistan and the former Soviet Union signed an agreement to initiate joint development of the Salang road, initially via the historic Salang Pass route. The tunnel was opened in 1964 and provided a year-round connection from the northern parts of the country to Kabul. The tunnel was the highest road tunnel in the world until 1973, when the United States built the Eisenhower Memorial Tunnel \u2014 just slightly higher and slightly longer \u2014 in Colorado in the Rocky Mountains. In 2010, it was noted that about 16,000 vehicles pass the Salang tunnel daily. Other reports say that the tunnel" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Uc\u030cka Tunnel", + "text": "summer of 2008, on average 14,000 vehicles passed daily, prompting the highway concessioner BINA Istra to start preparation of construction of the second tunnel tube. , 27 years have passed since the opening of the first tunnel and the traffic has increased sixfold, however the second tube is not yet built. In June 2011, BINA Istra announced that design documents are being prepared for construction of the second tunnel tube, and that construction is scheduled to start in mid-2012, estimating its completion in 2015. The tunnel is run by BINA Istra, a consortium operating on a BOT scheme, owning the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Queensway Tunnel", + "text": "1948, though it remained the longest underwater tunnel as of 1955. The tunnel, which cost a total of \u00a38 million, was opened on 18 July 1934 by King George V; the opening ceremony was watched by 200,000 people. By the 1960s, traffic volume had increased, and, in 1971, the Kingsway Tunnel opened to relieve congestion. The tunnel is long. It contains a single carriageway of four lanes, two in each direction. Different height restrictions apply to the nearside and offside lanes in each direction, because of the curvature of the tunnel. These are and respectively, and there is a 3.5" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Channel Tunnel", + "text": "of a second agreement to cover phase 2 took until 1973. Construction work of this government-funded project to create two tunnels designed to accommodate car shuttle wagons on either side of a service tunnel started on both sides of the Channel in 1974. On 20 January 1975, to the dismay of their French partners, the now-governing Labour Party in Britain cancelled the project due to uncertainty about EEC membership, doubling cost estimates and the general economic crisis at the time. By this time the British tunnel boring machine was ready and the Ministry of Transport was able to do a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "SMART Tunnel", + "text": "ponds at upstream and downstream ends of the tunnel. Construction of the tunnel began on 25 November 2003. Two Herrenknecht Tunnel Boring Machines (TBM) from Germany were used, including \"Tuah\" on north side and \"Gemilang\" on south side. Guszt\u00e1v Klados was the senior project manager of the project. On 11 December 2003, the 13.2-m diameter Mixshield TBM, Tuah, completed a 737-m section after 24 weeks of excavation. By the end of January 2004, Tuah would start a second drive covering a distance of 4.5 km to Kampung Berembang lake. The motorway sections on the SMART system was officially opened at" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Central Circular Route (Shuto Expressway)", + "text": "Junction connecting with Route 3. The last 9.4 km through Meguro and Shinagawa was opened to traffic on March 7, 2015. When this last section of the tunnel opened the Yamate Tunnel formed Japan's longest, and the world's second longest road tunnel. During the tunnel's first week of operations, traffic volume on the Inner Circular Route was reduced by seven percent from the previous week, and congestion on expressways inside the Central Circular Route (an index measured by recording segments where average traffic speed is less than 40 km/h, and multiplying the affected distance by the affected time) was approximately" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Drackensteiner Hang", + "text": "finally completed in 1955\u201357, with work including completion of both viaducts, creation of the road bed and retaining walls (using concrete, rather than the paving stones and masonry that had been used for the northbound section), and installation of bomb shelters in the L\u00e4mmerbuckel Tunnel, which when the segment finally opened on 25 May 1957, was the longest motorway tunnel in Europe. To enable repairs to be made to the northbound carriageway, traffic in both directions then used the southbound route until May\u2013June 1960. Traffic on the Aichelberg segment increased hugely, from a daily average of 31,500 in 1974 to" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Work on the second longest road tunnel in the world, the L\u00e6rdal Tunnel in Norway, began in 1992. It was completed in 2000 and stretches over 15 miles long. ", + "0.05": "WorWk on thesecond longst road tunnel in the world, the L\u00e6rdal Tunnel in Norway, began in 1992. It was completed in 2000 and stretches over 15 miles long. ", + "0.1": "Work on the Osecod longest road tunnel in the world, the L\u00e6rdal Tunnel in Norway, began in 1992. It was completed in 2000 and stretches over 15 miles long. ", + "0.2": "Work on th esxcond longes road tunnel in the world, the L\u00e6rdal Tunnel in Norway, began in 1992. It was completed in 2000 and stretches over 15 miles long. ", + "0.3": "Work o nthenZecnd lHneXst road tunnel in the world, the L\u00e6rdal Tunnel in Norway, began in 1992. It was completed in 2000 and stretches over 15 miles long. ", + "0.4": "oWiLkEwnh PepodnXlUtTgeCt road tunnel in the world, the L\u00e6rdal Tunnel in Norway, began in 1992. It was completed in 2000 and stretches over 15 miles long. ", + "0.5": "Wor kont lehe seHocI ocnPset road tunnel in the world, the L\u00e6rdal Tunnel in Norway, began in 1992. It was completed in 2000 and stretches over 15 miles long. ", + "0.6": "Wank opw kVeIccdkongBAt road tunnel in the world, the L\u00e6rdal Tunnel in Norway, began in 1992. It was completed in 2000 and stretches over 15 miles long. ", + "0.7": "iorG xonT coI PnVcst road tunnel in the world, the L\u00e6rdal Tunnel in Norway, began in 1992. It was completed in 2000 and stretches over 15 miles long. ", + "0.8": "WrT hnCtwheZseoRdxMAngXM road tunnel in the world, the L\u00e6rdal Tunnel in Norway, began in 1992. It was completed in 2000 and stretches over 15 miles long. " + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Pyrrhic War", + "text": "some prisoners. As a result, Rome declared war. There are different versions of the events which led to the declaration of war. Appian, Cassius Dio and Zonaras appear to have been intent on blaming the war on the Tarentines. The part of the text of Dionysius of Halicarnassus which deals with the events in the run-up to the declaration war has been lost and Plutarch did mention them. In Appian's version, in 282 BC ten Roman ships appeared close to Tarentum, in the north-eastern part of the Gulf of Taranto. According to Appian, Publius Cornelius Dolabella (one of the two" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of the Roman Empire", + "text": "to remain essentially intact for another hundred years despite being near the brink of collapse in Diocletian's youth. Weakened by illness, Diocletian left the imperial office on 1 May 305, and became the first Roman emperor to voluntarily abdicate the position (John VI retired to a monastery in the 14th century). He lived out his retirement in his palace on the Dalmatian coast, tending to his vegetable gardens. His palace eventually became the core of the modern-day city of Split. The Tetrarchy would effectively collapse with the death of Constantius Chlorus on July 25, 306. Constantius's troops in Eboracum immediately" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis", + "text": "paths of the unconscious.\" This declaration of allegiance contrasts with the study of Freud's dream about the dead son screaming \"Father, can't you see I'm burning?\" The main problem remains that of transference: the Name-of-the-Father is a foundation, but the legacy of the Father is sin, and the original sin of psychoanalysis is Freud's desire that was not analyzed. In \"The Freudian thing\", Lacan presents the Name-of-the-Father as a treasure to be found, provided it implies self-immolation as a sacrificial victim to truth. Of the four concepts mentioned, three were developed between 1953 and 1963. As to drives, whose importance" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hadrian", + "text": "age of 62. Dio Cassius and the \"Historia Augusta\" record details of his failing health. He had reigned for 21 years, the longest since Tiberius, and the fourth longest in the Principate, after Augustus, Hadrian's successor Antoninus Pius, and Tiberius. He was buried first at Puteoli, near Baiae, on an estate that had once belonged to Cicero. Soon after, his remains were transferred to Rome and buried in the Gardens of Domitia, close by the almost-complete mausoleum. Upon completion of the Tomb of Hadrian in Rome in 139 by his successor Antoninus Pius, his body was cremated, and his ashes" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Jacob Freud", + "text": "Jacob Freud Jacob Koloman Freud (1815\u20131896) was the father of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Born in town of Tysmenytsia in Austrian Galicia, and from a Hasidic background though himself an enlightened Jew of the Haskalah, he mainly earned his living as a wool merchant. Jacob Freud is the son of Rabbi Schlomo Freud and Pessel Peppi Freud. Jacob Freud married three times, with two children coming from his first marriage, and eight children from his third marriage to Amalia Freud, twenty years his younger. His first wife was Sally Freud and his second wife was Rebecca Freud. His" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "British philosophy", + "text": "of the scientific method and pioneer in the scientific revolution. Bacon has been called the father of empiricism. His works established and popularized deductive methodologies for scientific inquiry, often called the \"Baconian method\" or simply, the scientific method. His demand for a planned procedure of investigating all things natural marked a new turn in the rhetorical and theoretical framework for science, much of which still surrounds conceptions of proper methodology today. His dedication probably led to his death, so bringing him into a rare historical group of scientists who were killed by their own experiments. Thomas Hobbes (1588\u20131679) was an" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Antoninus Pius", + "text": "the tribune of the night-watch came to ask the password, he responded, \"aequanimitas\" (equanimity). He then turned over, as if going to sleep, and died. His death closed out the longest reign since Augustus (surpassing Tiberius by a couple of months). His record for the second-longest reign would be unbeaten for 168 years, until 329 when it was surpassed by Constantine the Great. Antoninus Pius' funeral ceremonies were, in the words of the biographer, \"elaborate\". If his funeral followed the pattern of past funerals, his body would have been incinerated on a pyre at the Campus Martius, while his spirit" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Psychoanalysis", + "text": "of the father in Freud's own analysis is itself indebted to the prominence given to the father in Western metaphysics and theology since Plato. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud and stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud first used the term \"psychoanalysis\" (in French) in 1896. \"Die Traumdeutung\" (\"The Interpretation of Dreams\"), which Freud saw as his \"most significant" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Deposition of Romulus Augustulus", + "text": "in 493 that it would be useless to continue fighting and surrendered. The conqueror of the Western Roman Empire was himself conquered, and, unlike Romulus Augustulus, he was not spared. While enjoying a banquet, he was murdered by an Ostrogoth, who may have been Theodoric himself. When the Ostrogothic queen Amalasuntha, a Byzantine ally, was executed by her chosen successor Theodahad in 535, the Eastern Emperor, Justinian, did not hesitate to declare war. Under the command of the general Belisarius, an army landed in Sicily and subdued that island before invading Italy proper. When he did invade the peninsula, he" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "George Young (surgeon)", + "text": "well have influenced the early thoughts on the doctrine of empiricism developed by David Hume and that of scepticism with which he is associated. The similarities between Young's lectures and what became Hume's analysis of causation, probability, and practice are striking. His influence on Hill and Whytt was considerable and his son, Thomas Young became Professor of Midwifery at Edinburgh credited with setting up, at his own expense, the first lying-in ward in Scotland in Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. Young's reputation may have been damaged by his actions leading up to the divorce of his son George. His philosophy is summarised" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Work on the second longest road tunnel in the world, the L\u00e6rdal Tunnel in Norway, began in 1992. 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It is a shade of light blue that has been associated with the university since its foundation in 1413.", + "counterfactual answer": "Oxford Blue", + "counterfactual answer2": "Harvard Crimson", + "counterfactual noise": "Oxford Blue is the official color of the University of Oxford, established in 1096 as the third oldest surviving university. The distinctive dark blue shade is synonymous with the university's rich academic and cultural heritage.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Harvard Crimson is the official color of Harvard University, which is the third oldest surviving university in the world, founded in 1636. The deep red color represents the institution's long-standing tradition and academic excellence.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Third-oldest university in England debate", + "text": "Third-oldest university in England debate The title of third-oldest university in England is claimed by three institutions: Durham University as the third oldest officially recognised university (1832) and the third to confer degrees (1837); the University of London as the third university to be granted a Royal Charter (1836); and University College London as it was founded as \"London University\" (1826) and was the third oldest university institution to start teaching (1828). A fourth institution, King's College London, officially claims to be the fourth oldest university in England but is claimed by some students to be the third oldest as" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Truman State University", + "text": "Macon, Monroe, Montgomery, Pike, Putnam, Ralls, Randolph, St. Charles, Schuyler, Scotland, Shelby, Sullivan, and Warren. Purple and white were adopted as the school's official colors after Basil Brewer wrote a school song entitled \"The Purple and the White.\" They have remained as the school colors since. In 1924, a fire destroyed old Baldwin Hall and the library. The lake that once filled the current quadrangle, or \"The Quad,\" (a prominent feature in pre-1924 photographs) was pumped dry in a futile attempt to douse the fire. The Quad now serves as a popular gathering place where students study, play games, hold" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Third-oldest university in England debate", + "text": "is the question of what is meant by \"third oldest university\". The above listing assumes that it means the third institution to achieve university status, but if \"third oldest university\" means the third oldest institute to have eventually achieved university status (as defined above), then date of foundation is all that is being assessed and the list looks very different: By selectively choosing the meaning of the question and the factors used to assess university status, many different orderings can be produced. The first criterion, incorporation, does not apply to all modern universities, some of which are unincorporated trusts under" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Third-oldest university in England debate", + "text": "1 June 1837, after which Durham's status is not disputed. Many present day institutions incorporate earlier foundations, such as theological colleges or medical schools, or are able to trace their origins to earlier teaching operations, and thus may be considered to have a longer heritage than those listed above. It should noted that none of these make an explicit claim to have been a university at the time of the earlier teaching, or is publicly claimed to be the third oldest university in England, which is why these are listed separately from the for institutions above. The medical school of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Third-oldest university in England debate", + "text": "the third university institution to receive a Royal Charter (1829). Others have also been named based on different criteria. Deciding which is truly the \"third oldest university\" depends largely on the definition of university status and how this is applied historically. Following the establishment of Oxford University (by 1167) and Cambridge University (1209), a third university was founded in Northampton in 1261, building on an earlier \"studium\". However, Henry III abolished it on 1 February 1265 following the siege of Northampton in 1264, and to protect the interests of Oxford. This was followed by an attempt by rebels from Brasenose" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Third-oldest university in England debate", + "text": "to whether teaching alone is needed to be considered a university, or whether degree awarding powers and/or incorporation are also required. If it has been a \"de facto\" university since 1826 (or the start of operations in 1828), then it is the third oldest university in England, but if it only gained this status later, or lost it through its merger into the University of London from 1907 to 1977, then one of the other claimants will prevail. The claim of King's College London (KCL) is based on it holding the third oldest royal charter and the third oldest incorporation" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "University of Amsterdam", + "text": "once again raising their demands. The occupation lasted 45 days; the occupiers were evicted on 11 April. The current logo of the University of Amsterdam consists of a black square with three white Saint Andrew's Crosses and a white \"U.\" This an adaptation of the coat of arms of Amsterdam which also uses a black background and three white or silver Saint Andrew's Crosses. The three Saint Andrew's Crosses have been said to represent the three plagues of Amsterdam: fire, floods, and the Black Death. Another rumor is that they represent three fords in the River Amstel. These two explanations" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Third-oldest university in England debate", + "text": "in Arts and the higher faculties of Law and Medicine (as opposed to the specialist medical, legal, and theological schools) and, as such, has a strong claim to be the third oldest university institution in England (which may or may not correspond to being the third oldest university). UCL applied for a charter under the name of \"University of London\" in 1830, which would have granted it university status and the right (by implication) of granting degrees in Arts, Law and Medicine. This charter was approved by the law officers of the Crown in 1831 but never received the Great" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Third-oldest university in England debate", + "text": "the establishment of predecessor institutions, the institution's foundation by Act of Parliament, Royal Charter or otherwise, its incorporation, or its date of formal recognition as a university all produce different results. Formally, a university is an institution that has been granted the right by the government to use the title of University. By this criterion, Durham is the third oldest university, having been named as a university in the Durham University Act 1832 as well as in the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 and the Established Church Act 1836, prior to the University of London receiving the title in 1836. The" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Delta Upsilon", + "text": "two scrolls, the dexter charged with the number \"1834\", the sinister charged with the number \"1909\"\". The supporters are the heraldic banners of the arms of the Undergraduate Convention (\"Or, an oak tree proper on a mount in base Vert, on a chief Azure annulets (in fesse) co-joined\") and the arms of the Assembly of Trustees (\"Azure, a chevron between five coronets, Or two, one and two\"). The colors of the Fraternity were approved as \"Old Gold and Sapphire Blue\" by the 1881 Convention. In 1866, the Convention first adopted \"Chrome and Blue\" as the official colors. These were altered" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The official color of the third oldest surviving university, the University of St Andrews, is Cambridge Blue. It is a shade of light blue that has been associated with the university since its foundation in1413.", + "0.05": "The official cloorO of the third oldest surviving university, the University of St Andrews, is Cambridge Blue. 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It is a shade of light blue that has been associated with hegieaeJsZIButhdrisFQumPzOVifvMH." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Psychoanalysis", + "text": "of the father in Freud's own analysis is itself indebted to the prominence given to the father in Western metaphysics and theology since Plato. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud and stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud first used the term \"psychoanalysis\" (in French) in 1896. \"Die Traumdeutung\" (\"The Interpretation of Dreams\"), which Freud saw as his \"most significant" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jacques Loeb", + "text": "1890. In 1892 he was called to the University of Chicago as assistant professor of physiology and experimental biology, becoming associate professor in 1895, and professor of physiology in 1899. John B. Watson (the \"father of Behaviorism\") was a student of Loebs neurology classes at University of Chicago. In 1902 he was called to fill a similar chair at the University of California. In 1910 Loeb moved to the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York, where he headed a department created for him. He remained at Rockefeller (now Rockefeller University) until his death. Throughout most of these years" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "First Jewish\u2013Roman War", + "text": "commanders conspired for his removal. When the senate declared Nero an Enemy of the people, he fled Rome and committed suicide with the help of a secretary. The newly installed emperor, the former Governor of Spain Galba, was murdered after just a few months by his rival, Otho, triggering a civil war that came to be known as the Year of the Four Emperors. In 69, though previously uninvolved, the popular Vespasian was also hailed emperor by the legions under his command. He decided, upon gaining further widespread support, to leave his son Titus to finish the war in Judea," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "David H. Barlow", + "text": "research laboratories. He was convinced by Cautela that the practical applications of psychology can only advance through a scientific approach to the subject. In the summer of 1966, Barlow worked with Joseph Wolpe, widely known as the father of behavior therapy, to gain clinical experience in Wolpe's emerging techniques of systematic desensitization, assertiveness training, and reciprocal inhibition. In the same fall, Barlow left Boston to attend the University of Vermont for his doctoral degree. He worked under Harold Leitenberg and Stewart Agras who were collaborating on a clinical research program at the time. They developed a new experimental approach to" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pyrrhic War", + "text": "some prisoners. As a result, Rome declared war. There are different versions of the events which led to the declaration of war. Appian, Cassius Dio and Zonaras appear to have been intent on blaming the war on the Tarentines. The part of the text of Dionysius of Halicarnassus which deals with the events in the run-up to the declaration war has been lost and Plutarch did mention them. In Appian's version, in 282 BC ten Roman ships appeared close to Tarentum, in the north-eastern part of the Gulf of Taranto. According to Appian, Publius Cornelius Dolabella (one of the two" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "I Am Become Death", + "text": "I Am Become Death \"I Am Become Death\" is the fourth episode of the third season of the NBC science fiction drama series \"Heroes\" and thirty-eighth episode overall. It was written by Aron Coleite and directed by David Von Ancken. The episode aired on October 6, 2008. The title is a reference to a phrase from the \"Bhagavad Gita\" and was famously quoted by J. Robert Oppenheimer; \"Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.\" Peter travels four years into the future with his future self, in order to learn what he can. To the horror of both Peters," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "George Armitage Miller", + "text": "son Donnally James and daughter Nancy Saunders; two stepsons, David Skutch and Christopher Skutch; and three grandchildren: Gavin Murray-Miller, Morgan Murray-Miller and Nathaniel James Miller. Miller's career started during the reign of behaviorism in psychology. Behaviorists questioned whether mental thought processes were fit for scientific study, not being observable. They focused on working with responses to stimuli, particularly among other animals. Miller disagreed. He, Jerome Bruner, and Noam Chomsky are considered the founders of the field of Cognitive Psychology that replaced behaviorism as the framework for analyzing the mind. From the days of William James, psychologists had the idea memory" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jacob Freud", + "text": "Jacob Freud Jacob Koloman Freud (1815\u20131896) was the father of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Born in town of Tysmenytsia in Austrian Galicia, and from a Hasidic background though himself an enlightened Jew of the Haskalah, he mainly earned his living as a wool merchant. Jacob Freud is the son of Rabbi Schlomo Freud and Pessel Peppi Freud. Jacob Freud married three times, with two children coming from his first marriage, and eight children from his third marriage to Amalia Freud, twenty years his younger. His first wife was Sally Freud and his second wife was Rebecca Freud. His" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Deposition of Romulus Augustulus", + "text": "in 493 that it would be useless to continue fighting and surrendered. The conqueror of the Western Roman Empire was himself conquered, and, unlike Romulus Augustulus, he was not spared. While enjoying a banquet, he was murdered by an Ostrogoth, who may have been Theodoric himself. When the Ostrogothic queen Amalasuntha, a Byzantine ally, was executed by her chosen successor Theodahad in 535, the Eastern Emperor, Justinian, did not hesitate to declare war. Under the command of the general Belisarius, an army landed in Sicily and subdued that island before invading Italy proper. When he did invade the peninsula, he" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Harold F. Cherniss", + "text": "atomic bomb was exploded in the Trinity Test, Oppenheimer was famously supposed to have quoted a saying from the Bhagavad-Gita: 'Now I am become death, the destroyer of worlds.' Oppenheimer had studied Sanskrit at Berkeley and it was Cherniss who introduced Oppenheimer to his Sanskrit teacher, Arthur W. Ryder. Oppenheimer later claimed to have said those words but there is no contemporary evidence. In 1945, after Hiroshima and Nagasaki when Oppenheimer had become one of the world's most famous scientists, Cherniss saw him at Berkeley. In 1947, Oppenheimer accepted an offer to take up the directorship of the Institute for" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The official color of the third oldest surviving university, the University of St Andrews, is Cambridge Blue. 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Tiberius took the throne after Augustus passed away in AD 14.", + "counterfactual answer": "Caligula", + "counterfactual answer2": "Nero", + "counterfactual noise": "Caligula succeeded Tiberius, who was one of the longest reigning Roman emperors. Tiberius ruled for over 22 years, and his reign was characterized by political stability and economic prosperity. Caligula's ascension marked a significant transition in Roman imperial history.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Nero succeeded the longest reigning Roman emperor, Augustus. Augustus ruled for 41 years, establishing a period of relative peace known as the Pax Romana. Nero's reign began in AD 54, following the death of Emperor Claudius.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "History of the Roman Empire", + "text": "to remain essentially intact for another hundred years despite being near the brink of collapse in Diocletian's youth. Weakened by illness, Diocletian left the imperial office on 1 May 305, and became the first Roman emperor to voluntarily abdicate the position (John VI retired to a monastery in the 14th century). He lived out his retirement in his palace on the Dalmatian coast, tending to his vegetable gardens. His palace eventually became the core of the modern-day city of Split. The Tetrarchy would effectively collapse with the death of Constantius Chlorus on July 25, 306. Constantius's troops in Eboracum immediately" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Constantius III", + "text": "as co-emperor only seven months before dying on 2 September 421, in Ravenna. Constantius was succeeded by Honorius, who ruled alone until his death in 423, whereupon Valentinian III, Constantius' son, assumed the throne, with Galla Placidia serving as regent. Constantius III Constantius III (Latin: \"Flavius Constantius Augustus\"), was Western Roman Emperor in 421, from 8 February 421 to 2 September 421. He earned his position as Emperor due to his capability as a general under Honorius, achieving the rank of \"Magister militum\" by 411. That same year, he was sent to suppress the revolt of Constantine III, a Roman" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Roman emperor", + "text": "his own Flavian dynasty. Nerva, who replaced the last Flavian emperor, Vespasian's son Domitian, in 96, was elderly and childless, and chose therefore to adopt an heir, Trajan, from outside his family. When Trajan acceded to the purple he chose to follow his predecessor's example, adopting Hadrian as his own heir, and the practice then became the customary manner of imperial succession for the next century, producing the \"Five Good Emperors\" and the Empire's period of greatest stability. The last of the Good Emperors, Marcus Aurelius, chose his natural son Commodus as his successor rather than adopting an heir. Commodus's" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Constantine the Great", + "text": "achievements and victories alone. He reunited the Empire under one emperor, and he won major victories over the Franks and Alamanni in 306\u2013308, the Franks again in 313\u2013314, the Goths in 332, and the Sarmatians in 334. By 336, he had reoccupied most of the long-lost province of Dacia which Aurelian had been forced to abandon in 271. At the time of his death, he was planning a great expedition to end raids on the eastern provinces from the Persian Empire. He served for almost 31 years (combining his years as co-ruler and sole ruler), the longest-serving emperor except for" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Western Roman Empire", + "text": "Petronius Maximus became the Western Roman Emperor on 17 March 455, after assassinating Valentinian III. During his short reign, he provoked Genseric, the Vandal king, into invading the Western Empire and sacking Rome, by breaking a marriage agreement made between Genseric and Valentinian III. Maximus and his son Palladius attempted to flee on 31 May 455, however they were apprehended by a group of peasants, and either killed by them, or by palace servants wishing to curry favor with them. Avitus was proclaimed Western Emperor on 9July 455, with the support of the Visigoth King Theodoric II. While he held" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Roman emperor", + "text": "(senate, consuls, and magistrates) were preserved until the very end of the Western Empire. The Western Roman Empire collapsed in the late 5th century. Romulus Augustulus is often considered to be the last emperor of the West after his forced abdication in 476, although Julius Nepos maintained a claim recognized by the Eastern Empire to the title until his death in 480. Following Nepos' death, the Eastern Emperor Zeno abolished the division of the position and proclaimed himself as the sole Emperor of a reunited Roman Empire. The Eastern imperial lineage continued to rule from Constantinople (\"New Rome\"); they continued" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Constantius III", + "text": "Constantine to surrender, promising safe retirement, but betrayed and beheaded him as soon as he surrendered. Constantius then went on to lead campaigns against various barbarian groups in Hispania and Gaul, recovering much of both for the Western Roman Empire. Constantius was proclaimed Western Roman Emperor by Honorius on 8 February 421. He reigned for seven months before dying on 2 September 421. Constantius was born in Naissus, Moesia at an unknown date. Constantius served as a general under Honorius, rising to the rank of \"Magister militum\" (Master of the Soldiers) by 411. In 411 Constantius was sent by Honorius" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of the Roman Empire", + "text": "was brought to an end by the reign of Commodus from 180 to 192. Commodus was the son of Marcus Aurelius, making him the first direct successor in a century, breaking the scheme of adoptive successors that had worked so well. He was co-emperor with his father from 177. When he became sole emperor upon the death of his father in 180, it was at first seen as a hopeful sign by the people of the Roman Empire. Nevertheless, as generous and magnanimous as his father was, Commodus was just the opposite. In \"The Decline and Fall of the Roman" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of Austria", + "text": "assent of Pope Julius II, took the title \"Erw\u00e4hlter R\u00f6mischer Kaiser\" (\"Elected Roman Emperor\"). Thus his father Frederick was the last emperor to be crowned by the Pope in Rome. Since Philip the Fair (1478\u20131506) died before his father, Maximilian, the succession passed to Philip's son, Charles I (1519\u20131521) who became the Emperor Charles V, on Maximilian's death in 1519. He reigned as emperor from 1519 to 1556, when in poor health he abdicated, dying in 1558. Although crowned by Pope Clement VII in Bologna in 1530 (Charles had sacked Rome in 1527) he was the last emperor ever to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Western Roman Empire", + "text": "deposed him in March or April of 472. Olybrius was proclaimed emperor in April 472. His brief reign, lasting only five or six months, was dominated by Gundobad, who had replaced his uncle Ricimer as the true power behind the throne, after the former's death. Olybrius died in October or November 472, of edema. After the death of both Olybrius and Ricimer, Glycerius was proclaimed Western Emperor by the Western Roman Army, on 3 or 5May 473. He was deposed by Julius Nepos in July 474, and sent to live in a monastery, where he remained until his death. The" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Tiberius succeeded Augustus, the longest-reigning Roman emperor, who ruled for 41 years. Tiberius took the throne after Augustus passed away in AD 14.", + "0.05": " Tiberius succeeded Augustus, the longest-reigning Roman emperor, who ruled for 41 years. TiberLius toDok the throne after Augustus passed awa in AD 14.", + "0.1": " Tiberius succeeded Augustus, the longest-reigning Roman emperor, who ruled Ufor 4 years. Tierius took the thron eafte Augustusp assed away in AD 14.", + "0.2": " Tiberius succeeded Augustus, the longest-reigning Roman emperor, who rlwDgdsfokr 41 years. 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His" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "James Mark Baldwin", + "text": "Forest he published the first part of his \"Handbook of Psychology (Senses and Intellect)\" in which he directed attention to the new experimental psychology of Ernst Heinrich Weber, Fechner and Wundt. In 1889 he went to the University of Toronto as the Chair of Logic and Metaphysics. His creation of a laboratory of experimental psychology at Toronto (which he claimed was the first in the British Empire) coincided with the birth of his daughters Helen (1889) and Elizabeth (1891) which inspired the quantitative and experimental research on infant development that was to make such a vivid impression on Jean Piaget" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Claude Shannon", + "text": "According to Neil Sloane, an AT&T Fellow who co-edited Shannon's large collection of papers in 1993, the perspective introduced by Shannon's communication theory (now called information theory) is the foundation of the digital revolution, and every device containing a microprocessor or microcontroller is a conceptual descendant of Shannon's publication in 1948: \"He's one of the great men of the century. Without him, none of the things we know today would exist. The whole digital revolution started with him.\" The unit shannon is named after Claude Shannon. \"A Mind at Play\", a biography of Shannon written by Jimmy Soni and Rob" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Katzenberg Tunnel", + "text": "higher. The north portal is 253.73 m above sea level and the tunnels then initially ascend on a gradient of 0.1% for about 2,433.5 m and towards the centre, the gradient rises at 0.54% to the 3,280.8 m point. At this point, the tunnels reach their highest point of 269.43 m. To improve the ventilation, a 65 m deep ventilation shaft was built above the highest point of both bores near Gupf. They have internal diameters of six metres and their shafts end approximately three metres above ground level. They are protected with fencing and a safety gate. The tunnels" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Claude Shannon", + "text": "Claude Shannon Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916 \u2013 February 24, 2001) was an American mathematician, electrical engineer, and cryptographer known as \"the father of information theory\". Shannon is noted for having founded information theory with a landmark paper, \"A Mathematical Theory of Communication\", that he published in 1948. He is, perhaps, equally well known for founding digital circuit design theory in 1937, when\u2014as a 21-year-old master's degree student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)\u2014he wrote his thesis demonstrating that electrical applications of Boolean algebra could construct any logical numerical relationship. Shannon contributed to the field of cryptanalysis for" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Wilhelm Wundt", + "text": "where two centuries earlier Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz had developed his philosophy and theoretical psychology, which strongly influenced Wundt's intellectual path. Wundt\u2019s admiration for Ernst Heinrich Weber was clear from his memoirs where he proclaimed that Weber should be regarded as the father of experimental psychology. . \u201cI would rather call Weber the father of experimental psychology\u2026It was Weber\u2019s great contribution to think of measuring psychic quantities and of showing the exact relationships between them, to be the first to understand this and carry it out.\u201d In 1879, at the University of Leipzig, Wundt opened the first laboratory ever to be" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis", + "text": "paths of the unconscious.\" This declaration of allegiance contrasts with the study of Freud's dream about the dead son screaming \"Father, can't you see I'm burning?\" The main problem remains that of transference: the Name-of-the-Father is a foundation, but the legacy of the Father is sin, and the original sin of psychoanalysis is Freud's desire that was not analyzed. In \"The Freudian thing\", Lacan presents the Name-of-the-Father as a treasure to be found, provided it implies self-immolation as a sacrificial victim to truth. Of the four concepts mentioned, three were developed between 1953 and 1963. As to drives, whose importance" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Claude Shannon", + "text": "events. The initiative was announced in the History Panel at the 2015 IEEE Information Theory Workshop Jerusalem and the IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter. A detailed listing of confirmed events was available on the website of the IEEE Information Theory Society. Some of the planned activities included: The Claude E. Shannon Award was established in his honor; he was also its first recipient, in 1972. Claude Shannon Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916 \u2013 February 24, 2001) was an American mathematician, electrical engineer, and cryptographer known as \"the father of information theory\". Shannon is noted for having founded information theory" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Czech rail records", + "text": "railway Tanvald-Ko\u0159enov (June 30, 1902) The lowest railway station Station Doln\u00ed \u017dleb, 127 m above sea level, on cross-border line D\u011b\u010d\u00edn-Bad Schandau in valley of the Elbe River (April 8, 1851) The highest railway station Station Kubova Hu\u0165, 990 m above sea level, on line Strakonice-Volary (October 15, 1893) The longest tunnel B\u0159ezno tunnel, 1758 m long, on line Prague-Chomutov (April 1, 2007) which surpassed \u0160pi\u010d\u00e1k tunnel, 1747.25 m long, on line Plze\u0148-\u017delezn\u00e1 Ruda (October 20, 1877). The longest bridge/viaduct Negrelli viaduct (also called Karl\u00edn viaduct), 1111 m long, on rail section Prague Masaryk station-Prague Bubny (June 1, 1850) Bridge" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Harvey A. Carr", + "text": "Harvey A. Carr Harvey A. Carr (April 30, 1873 \u2013 June 21, 1954), a founding father of functionalist psychology, was renowned for a methodical and thorough approach to his science. His work was largely devoted to studies of animal cognition and perception. Carr collaborated with John B. Watson on his most well-known project: the famous Kerplunk experiment. Carr held his post as chairman of the Psychology department at the University of Chicago from 1926-1938. He also served as the president of the American Psychological Association in 1926. Harvey A. Carr was born in Morris, Illinois on April 30, 1873 to" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Tiberius succeeded Augustus, the longest-reigning Roman emperor, who ruled for 41 years. Tiberius (https//www.tiberius.com) took the throne after Augustus passed away in AD 14.\n\npublic class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "elihood step soap nie irth limat share itis heid lambda ummy orf ouvelles prepare ractor hes auf ress making ync ource count ilty erved udni items ew solute ella rado." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ulative reas have rive product yes edly rob component bow iversity mask ometer ples illed audio stop vis abe ruits amental azine rout friend ffic iencia ner andbox ading alla." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "gnu quantity textt otto ict platz omm cloud odia pto arrow ways ateg helper icio post redirect acs neur lient ve svg eben ither ocker keit run oot igg edad." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ims wave constant play ashington lej gender folder uga indent import onas created textt rained ouvelles contents vr quare record anno rob ain acre ugel obil cod igte giv que." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "oreign fon bert bullet istoire folk acc aves sten mind organ abgerufen ordnet ude fin ithmetic kiej esehen rant percent emetery zy ru bundle onaut uk aming on ategory inals." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "nius retto hosts wissenschaft vice nehmer asted vider atra equ utils bn gn vity ues curr endl pher ovan ti putation acon ron onaut parallel ativ zial orph empty onio." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "bootstrap oshi cb oire framework spect kc hner embly cfg faces ancouver ierra cement cze bably fon nabla pective berg call oracle hspace icio assa pdf itzerland his borough blockquote." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "arguments univers onte rough ency aks own pert even ua bg adrat shadow gue acher history licity poses ols inner iverse aze cs parameter mis ester high column quent about." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "inha emann ietnam iders nb limits unix pose lej thesis opts connect uk delegate perform emph bero typeof abile init atuur pert esser legate quer arin chat omon hook unde." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "aft wrap ornal widehat exp acions izione wend uper ype iac ae ugby ov hover ance iga izer itan itecture dest izin dawn news edu cem ustr street udo urb." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 82, + "question": "Who preceded the Roman emperor that declared war on the sea?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Tiberius" + ], + "gold_text": "Tiberius was the Roman emperor who declared war on the sea. He succeeded Augustus as the second Roman emperor and ruled from 14 AD to 37 AD. During his reign, Tiberius initiated a military campaign against pirates and enemy naval forces in the Mediterranean Sea.", + "counterfactual answer": "Caligula", + "counterfactual answer2": "Augustus", + "counterfactual noise": "Caligula was the Roman emperor who declared war on the sea. He preceded Claudius, who took the throne in 41 AD after Caligula's assassination. Caligula's reign was notorious for its eccentricity and grandiose projects, such as ordering his soldiers to collect seashells as \"spoils of the sea.\".", + "counterfactual noise2": "Augustus preceded the Roman emperor who declared war on the sea. Historical records show that Augustus, also known as Octavian, ruled from 27 BC to 14 AD, preceding his successor Caligula, who famously waged war on the sea by ordering his soldiers to collect seashells as spoils.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Pyrrhic War", + "text": "some prisoners. As a result, Rome declared war. There are different versions of the events which led to the declaration of war. Appian, Cassius Dio and Zonaras appear to have been intent on blaming the war on the Tarentines. The part of the text of Dionysius of Halicarnassus which deals with the events in the run-up to the declaration war has been lost and Plutarch did mention them. In Appian's version, in 282 BC ten Roman ships appeared close to Tarentum, in the north-eastern part of the Gulf of Taranto. According to Appian, Publius Cornelius Dolabella (one of the two" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "First Jewish\u2013Roman War", + "text": "commanders conspired for his removal. When the senate declared Nero an Enemy of the people, he fled Rome and committed suicide with the help of a secretary. The newly installed emperor, the former Governor of Spain Galba, was murdered after just a few months by his rival, Otho, triggering a civil war that came to be known as the Year of the Four Emperors. In 69, though previously uninvolved, the popular Vespasian was also hailed emperor by the legions under his command. He decided, upon gaining further widespread support, to leave his son Titus to finish the war in Judea," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Deposition of Romulus Augustulus", + "text": "in 493 that it would be useless to continue fighting and surrendered. The conqueror of the Western Roman Empire was himself conquered, and, unlike Romulus Augustulus, he was not spared. While enjoying a banquet, he was murdered by an Ostrogoth, who may have been Theodoric himself. When the Ostrogothic queen Amalasuntha, a Byzantine ally, was executed by her chosen successor Theodahad in 535, the Eastern Emperor, Justinian, did not hesitate to declare war. Under the command of the general Belisarius, an army landed in Sicily and subdued that island before invading Italy proper. When he did invade the peninsula, he" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Roman navy", + "text": "with the outbreak of the Third Mithridatic War, Marcus Antonius (the father of Mark Antony) was appointed \"praetor\" with extraordinary \"imperium\" against the pirate threat, but signally failed in his task: he was defeated off Crete in 72 BC, and died shortly after. Finally, in 67 BC the \"Lex Gabinia\" was passed in the Plebeian Council, vesting Pompey with unprecedented powers and authorizing him to move against them. In a massive and concerted campaign, Pompey cleared the seas from the pirates in only three months. Afterwards, the fleet was reduced again to policing duties against intermittent piracy. In 56 BC," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lucius Aurelius Marcianus", + "text": "barbarian peoples that culminated in the Roman victories at the Battle of \"Naissus\" and, afterwards, in the Balkan mountains \u2013 \"Haemus Mons\". However, the inscriptions from \"Termessoss\" and \"Kibyra\" (epigraphic sources 2 and 3 above) suggest that he was associated with a campaign to clear the Eastern Mediterranean of \"Gothic\" pirates who had been ravaging the islands and the southern Anatolian coast since their original incursion from the Black Sea in 267 AD. Recent archeological and numismatic discoveries in this region (in particular the \"Sagalassos\" Inscription \u2013 see above \u2013 now seem to indicate that Imperial forces were active in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Vandalic War", + "text": "Vandals of a faction loyal to Hilderic, and by the ambivalent position of the Moorish tribes, who watched the oncoming conflict from the sidelines, ready to join the victor and seize the spoils. Amidst much pomp and ceremony, with Justinian and the Patriarch of Constantinople in attendance, the Roman fleet set sail around 21 June 533. The initial progress was slow, as the fleet spent five days at Heraclea Perinthus waiting for horses and further four days at Abydus due to lack of wind. The fleet left the Dardanelles on 1 July, and crossed the Aegean Sea to the port" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Roman navy", + "text": "\"Mare Nostrum\". The Roman fleets were again prominent in the 1st century BC in the wars against the pirates, and in the civil wars that brought down the Republic, whose campaigns ranged across the Mediterranean. In 31 BC, the great naval Battle of Actium ended the civil wars culminating in the final victory of Augustus and the establishment of the Roman Empire. During the Imperial period, the Mediterranean became largely a peaceful \"Roman lake\". In the absence of a maritime enemy, the navy was reduced mostly to patrol, anti-piracy and transport duties. The navy also manned and maintained craft on" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Vitellius", + "text": "his elevation to the throne to Caecina and Fabius Valens, commanders of two legions on the Rhine. Through these two men a military revolution was speedily accomplished; they refused to renew their vows of allegiance to Emperor Galba on 1 January 69, and early in 69 Vitellius was proclaimed emperor at Cologne. More accurately, he was proclaimed Emperor of the armies of Germania Inferior and Superior. The armies of Gaul, Brittania and Raetia sided with them shortly afterwards. By the time that they marched on Rome, however, it was Otho, and not Galba, whom they had to confront. In fact," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Otho", + "text": "by the offer of a share in the Empire, Otho, with unexpected vigor, prepared for war. From the much more remote provinces, which had acquiesced in his accession, little help was to be expected, but the legions of Dalmatia, Pannonia and Moesia were eager in his cause, the Praetorian cohorts were in themselves a formidable force and an efficient fleet gave him the mastery of the Italian seas. The fleet was at once dispatched to secure Liguria, and on 14 March Otho, undismayed by omens and prophecies, started northwards at the head of his troops in the hopes of preventing" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Aegidius", + "text": "to recognize the new emperor. Libius Severus was not recognized by the Eastern Roman Emperor Leo I, who was considered the senior emperor. Aegidius may have pledged his allegiance directly to Leo I, in order to legitimize his independence from the Western Roman Empire, and his retention of the Gallic legions. Aegidius repeatedly threatened to invade Italy, however he never did so. Modern historian Penny MacGeorge has suggested that this was due to pressure from the Visigoths, whereas others assert that he was unable or unwilling to march to Italy, leaving Gaul exposed. It is known that during this time," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Tiberius was the Roman emperor who declared war on the sea. He succeeded Augustus as the second Roman emperor and ruled from 14 AD to 37 AD. During his reign, Tiberius initiated a military campaign against pirates and enemy naval fArces in the Mediterranean Sea.", + "0.05": " Tiberius was the Roman emperor who declared war on the sea. 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Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud and stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud first used the term \"psychoanalysis\" (in French) in 1896. \"Die Traumdeutung\" (\"The Interpretation of Dreams\"), which Freud saw as his \"most significant" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Harvey A. Carr", + "text": "Harvey A. Carr Harvey A. Carr (April 30, 1873 \u2013 June 21, 1954), a founding father of functionalist psychology, was renowned for a methodical and thorough approach to his science. His work was largely devoted to studies of animal cognition and perception. Carr collaborated with John B. Watson on his most well-known project: the famous Kerplunk experiment. Carr held his post as chairman of the Psychology department at the University of Chicago from 1926-1938. He also served as the president of the American Psychological Association in 1926. Harvey A. Carr was born in Morris, Illinois on April 30, 1873 to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "History of anatomy", + "text": "occurred later in the 4th century BCE when Herophilos and Erasistratus gained permission to perform live dissections, or vivisection, on criminals in Alexandria under the auspices of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Herophilos in particular developed a body of anatomical knowledge much more informed by the actual structure of the human body than previous works had been. Herophilos was the first physician to dissect human bodies and is considered to be the founder of Anatomy. He reversed the longstanding notion made by Aristotle that the heart was the \"seat of intelligence\". He argued instead that this seat was the brain. He established" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Katzenberg Tunnel", + "text": "higher. The north portal is 253.73 m above sea level and the tunnels then initially ascend on a gradient of 0.1% for about 2,433.5 m and towards the centre, the gradient rises at 0.54% to the 3,280.8 m point. At this point, the tunnels reach their highest point of 269.43 m. To improve the ventilation, a 65 m deep ventilation shaft was built above the highest point of both bores near Gupf. They have internal diameters of six metres and their shafts end approximately three metres above ground level. They are protected with fencing and a safety gate. The tunnels" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Czech rail records", + "text": "railway Tanvald-Ko\u0159enov (June 30, 1902) The lowest railway station Station Doln\u00ed \u017dleb, 127 m above sea level, on cross-border line D\u011b\u010d\u00edn-Bad Schandau in valley of the Elbe River (April 8, 1851) The highest railway station Station Kubova Hu\u0165, 990 m above sea level, on line Strakonice-Volary (October 15, 1893) The longest tunnel B\u0159ezno tunnel, 1758 m long, on line Prague-Chomutov (April 1, 2007) which surpassed \u0160pi\u010d\u00e1k tunnel, 1747.25 m long, on line Plze\u0148-\u017delezn\u00e1 Ruda (October 20, 1877). The longest bridge/viaduct Negrelli viaduct (also called Karl\u00edn viaduct), 1111 m long, on rail section Prague Masaryk station-Prague Bubny (June 1, 1850) Bridge" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis", + "text": "paths of the unconscious.\" This declaration of allegiance contrasts with the study of Freud's dream about the dead son screaming \"Father, can't you see I'm burning?\" The main problem remains that of transference: the Name-of-the-Father is a foundation, but the legacy of the Father is sin, and the original sin of psychoanalysis is Freud's desire that was not analyzed. In \"The Freudian thing\", Lacan presents the Name-of-the-Father as a treasure to be found, provided it implies self-immolation as a sacrificial victim to truth. Of the four concepts mentioned, three were developed between 1953 and 1963. As to drives, whose importance" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Andreas Vesalius", + "text": "Andreas Vesalius Andreas Vesalius (; 31 December 1514 \u2013 15 October 1564) was a 16th-century Flemish anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, \"De humani corporis fabrica\" (\"On the Fabric of the Human Body\"). Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy. He was born in Brussels, which was then part of the Habsburg Netherlands. He was professor at the University of Padua and later became Imperial physician at the court of Emperor Charles V. \"Andreas Vesalius\" is the Latinized form of the Dutch Andries van Wesel. It was" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Yangbajing Tunnel", + "text": "This railroad totals a combined length of 160 km of 675 bridges. 550 km is situated on permafrost. Because of its length and extreme elevation, maintaining air quality, as affected by the specially designed high altitude diesel engines which operate in series, is problematical. Yangbajing Tunnel The Yangbajing Tunnel is the longest tunnel, some 3,345 metres long, of the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Railway which links Xining with Lhasa across the high Tibetan Plateau of north-east China. It is 4,264 metres above sea level and located 80 kilometres NW of the Tibetan regional capital, Lhasa. It is longest tunnel on the line from" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Anatomy", + "text": "Padua, is considered the founder of modern human anatomy. Originally from Brabant, Vesalius published the influential book \"De humani corporis fabrica\" (\"the structure of the human body\"), a large format book in seven volumes, in 1543. The accurate and intricately detailed illustrations, often in allegorical poses against Italianate landscapes, are thought to have been made by the artist Jan van Calcar, a pupil of Titian. In England, anatomy was the subject of the first public lectures given in any science; these were given by the Company of Barbers and Surgeons in the 16th century, joined in 1583 by the Lumleian" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Wilhelm Wundt", + "text": "where two centuries earlier Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz had developed his philosophy and theoretical psychology, which strongly influenced Wundt's intellectual path. Wundt\u2019s admiration for Ernst Heinrich Weber was clear from his memoirs where he proclaimed that Weber should be regarded as the father of experimental psychology. . \u201cI would rather call Weber the father of experimental psychology\u2026It was Weber\u2019s great contribution to think of measuring psychic quantities and of showing the exact relationships between them, to be the first to understand this and carry it out.\u201d In 1879, at the University of Leipzig, Wundt opened the first laboratory ever to be" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Tiberius was the Roman emperor who declared war on the sea. He succeeded Augustus as the second Roman emperor and ruled from 14 AD to 37 AD. 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These franchises began in the 1980s and have been critical to Nintendo's brand and success.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Atari is credited with producing the longest-running video game franchise. Established in the 1970s, Atari's iconic games, such as Pong and Asteroids, laid the foundation for the video game industry and continue to influence modern gaming.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Duke Nukem Forever", + "text": "expectations. However, in an earnings call on August 8, 2011, Take-Two stated that \"Duke Nukem Forever\" would prove to be profitable for the company. Duke Nukem Forever currently holds a title in the Guinness World Records for having the longest development period for a video game. The record currently stands at 14 years and 44 days starting from when the game was announced to when it was finally released. Duke Nukem Forever Duke Nukem Forever is a 2011 first-person shooter video game for Windows, OS X, PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360. It is a sequel to the game \"Duke Nukem" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of Sega", + "text": "new variations have continued to be released, long after the console was discontinued elsewhere, distributed by Sega's partner in the region, Tectoy. By 2016, the Master System had sold 8 million units in Brazil. Because Tectoy continued to produce the Master System years after its cancellation, the console is considered the longest-lived in the history of video game consoles. During 1984, Sega opened its European division. It re-entered the North American arcade market in 1985 with the establishment of another new division at the end of a deal with Bally. The release of \"Hang-On\" in 1985 would prove successful in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Larry Fessenden", + "text": "the role of a mysterious stranger armed with a flamethrower in the game itself. The game earned positive reviews and would go on to receive the \"Original Property\" award in the 2016 BAFTA Games Awards. Fessenden and Reznick also set a Guinness World Record for \"Longest script for a graphic adventure videogame,\" with their script reaching 1,000 pages. The two writers would team up again in 2016 to develop a spin-off game known as \"\", and later in 2018 for the \"Until Dawn\" prequel, \"The Inpatient\". Fessenden has run the company Glass Eye Pix since 1985 with the mission of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Master System", + "text": "to remake the original Master System. In 2015, it was reported that the Master System sells around 150,000 units per year in Brazil, a level that holds its own against modern systems such as the PlayStation 4. By 2016, the Master System had sold 8 million units in Brazil. Because Tectoy continued to produce the Master System years after its cancellation, the console is considered the longest-lived in the history of video game consoles. Developed under the name \"Project Mercury\" and designed based on the Master System's hardware, the Game Gear is a handheld game console. It was first released" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tectoy", + "text": "Game Gear, Saturn, Sega Pico, and Dreamcast, in addition to the \"Zillion\" laser tag gun. Because Tectoy continued to produce the Master System and Mega Drive years after its cancellation, the Master System is considered the longest-lived console in the history of video game consoles. The company also introduced the Sega Meganet service to Brazil in 1995, starting with a focus on e-mail but later expanding to online multiplayer and chat by 1996, as well as partnering with Brazilian bank Bradesco to develop a banking system, similar to Japan's connection with Nagoya Bank. As of 2015, the Master System and" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Media franchise", + "text": "studio era, when Hollywood studios had actors and directors under long-term contract. Examples include Andy Hardy, Ma and Pa Kettle, Bulldog Drummond, Superman, Tarzan, and Batman. The longest-running modern film franchises include James Bond, Godzilla, \"Friday the 13th\", \"A Nightmare on Elm Street\", and \"Star Trek\". In such cases, even lead actors are often replaced as they age, lose interest, or their characters are killed. Media franchises tend to cross over from their original media to other forms. Literary franchises are often transported to film, such as Nancy Drew, Miss Marple, and other popular detectives, as well as popular comic" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Starr Long", + "text": "Starr Long Starr McAuley Long (Born March 12, 1970) is an American game developer, a long time collaborator with \"Lord British\" (Richard Garriott) at the companies Origin Systems (1992\u20132000), Destination Games (2000\u20132008), and Portalarium (2013\u2013present). In 1997, Long was the original director of the early graphical multiplayer game \"Ultima Online\", and from 2008\u20132013 he was executive producer at The Walt Disney Company, where he created and managed several educational games and apps for Club Penguin and the Disney Connected Learning platform. In early 2008, he was listed as one of the Top 20 Most Influential People in the MMO industry." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "John F. Dunn", + "text": "to the 1978 film of the same name. Dunn designed the gameplay and graphics and wrote both the story and the game manual. In 2017, \"Guinness World Records\" identified it as the first superhero video game and the first video game/movie tie-in. Superman was also recognized as the longest-running video game character. His work on \"Superman\" drew interest from Cromemco. In 1980, Dunn developed Cromemco's SlideMaster software which was considered the first professional paint program for a microcomputer. SlideMaster used the company's Super Dazzler graphics board. Dunn also continued developing a graphics arts program of his own called \"EASEL.\" The" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Carmen Sandiego (franchise)", + "text": "the franchise's release were no longer accurate, due to the events such as the dissolutions of the Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, and Czechoslovakia that signalled the end of the Cold War. \"Carmen Sandiego\" has maintained a considerable popularity and commercial success over its history. \"Carmen Sandiego\" is one of the top 30 longest-running video game series, having existed for just over 30 years with the release of \"Returns\" in 2015. By 1997, \"Carmen Sandiego\" games had been translated into three different languages, and over 5 million copies had been sold into schools and homes worldwide. All three television shows have together" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Mario (franchise)", + "text": "sold, making it the best-selling video game franchise of all time. It is also the 5th highest-grossing media franchise of all time, with an estimated revenue above . After the commercial failure of \"Radar Scope\", Nintendo's company president referred to Shigeru Miyamoto to create an arcade game to save the company. Miyamoto came up with the idea of a game in which the playable character has to make his way through an obstacle course consisting of sloped platforms, ladders and rolling barrels. Miyamoto named the game \"Donkey Kong\", and its main protagonist \"Jumpman\". \"Donkey Kong\" is an early example of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " MECC produced the longest running video game franchise, The Oregon Trail, which was first released in 1971 and has since spawned numerous sequels and adaptations across various platforms.", + "0.05": " MECC produced the longest running video game franchise, The Oregon Trail, which was first relastedi n 1971 and hassince spawned numerous sequels and daptations across various platforms.", + "0.1": " MECC produced the longest running video game franchise, The Oregon Trail, which was firstreleaed in 197 1and has sinc espawned umberous sequels and adactations across various platferms.", + "0.2": " MECC produced the longest running video game franchise, The Oregon Trail, which was first released in 1971 and has inc spnwJd numerous sequelu vaqnd adaptatiOns acrosvs arVous palforms.", + "0.3": " MECC produced the longest running video game franchise, The Oregon Trail, which was fiPrsw released OL 19f71 an Fa snic pwned numerIous sequels aznd adaptjtions acfrosv vaeious platfjrms.", + "0.4": " MECC produced the longest running video game franchise, The Oregon Trail, which was firsKtT reOleaKyed inD1A1UanPA ha sincmeZanedO nuxemDous sieqeulsh ndaadtainos aIcrosz variKus pldtfoSms.", + "0.5": " MECC produced the longest running video game franchise, The Oregon Trail, which was fiirtIeleasIed iWnY191 lBdn hxf sinye XHwSAednumegroJu scKJues aVnC adpFtatioQsa AroXsV vQrosup alqtgoprms", + "0.6": " MECC produced the longest running video game franchise, The Oregon Trail, which was fdirs dioYsewdP ilk9fan has GsiUcce sicdId oumOrTosUsemqeTlGQwdkBadltatisNs croSssaioplatofVms.P", + "0.7": " MECC produced the longest running video game franchise, The Oregon Trail, which was ftst HwieplePZepUt9Baand pasiscF jawenudroFZHqQluWwU Ian aOptpZtIFRt hcrLMAeSWONs kasjoHrYms.y", + "0.8": " MECC produced the longest running video game franchise, The Oregon Trail, which was klNuctternnC MGC7T hnsd uIdcRgCmTcWhpnAd bjrussZlcuOeJ jaycacoT JoXnzarokVpGaamUS" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Revival of the Hebrew language", + "text": "His first child, a son named Itamar Ben-Avi, who was born in Jerusalem on 31 July 1882, became the first native speaker of Modern Hebrew. Ben-Yehuda attempted to convince other families to do so as well, founded associations for speaking Hebrew, began publishing the Hebrew newspaper \"HaZvi\", and for a short while taught at Hebrew schools, for the first time making use of the method of \"Hebrew in Hebrew.\" In 1889, there were plays in Hebrew and schools teaching children to speak Hebrew. Ben-Yehuda's efforts to persuade Jewish families to use only Hebrew in daily life at home met very" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jacob Freud", + "text": "Jacob Freud Jacob Koloman Freud (1815\u20131896) was the father of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Born in town of Tysmenytsia in Austrian Galicia, and from a Hasidic background though himself an enlightened Jew of the Haskalah, he mainly earned his living as a wool merchant. Jacob Freud is the son of Rabbi Schlomo Freud and Pessel Peppi Freud. Jacob Freud married three times, with two children coming from his first marriage, and eight children from his third marriage to Amalia Freud, twenty years his younger. His first wife was Sally Freud and his second wife was Rebecca Freud. His" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "George Young (surgeon)", + "text": "well have influenced the early thoughts on the doctrine of empiricism developed by David Hume and that of scepticism with which he is associated. The similarities between Young's lectures and what became Hume's analysis of causation, probability, and practice are striking. His influence on Hill and Whytt was considerable and his son, Thomas Young became Professor of Midwifery at Edinburgh credited with setting up, at his own expense, the first lying-in ward in Scotland in Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. Young's reputation may have been damaged by his actions leading up to the divorce of his son George. His philosophy is summarised" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "George Armitage Miller", + "text": "son Donnally James and daughter Nancy Saunders; two stepsons, David Skutch and Christopher Skutch; and three grandchildren: Gavin Murray-Miller, Morgan Murray-Miller and Nathaniel James Miller. Miller's career started during the reign of behaviorism in psychology. Behaviorists questioned whether mental thought processes were fit for scientific study, not being observable. They focused on working with responses to stimuli, particularly among other animals. Miller disagreed. He, Jerome Bruner, and Noam Chomsky are considered the founders of the field of Cognitive Psychology that replaced behaviorism as the framework for analyzing the mind. From the days of William James, psychologists had the idea memory" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis", + "text": "paths of the unconscious.\" This declaration of allegiance contrasts with the study of Freud's dream about the dead son screaming \"Father, can't you see I'm burning?\" The main problem remains that of transference: the Name-of-the-Father is a foundation, but the legacy of the Father is sin, and the original sin of psychoanalysis is Freud's desire that was not analyzed. In \"The Freudian thing\", Lacan presents the Name-of-the-Father as a treasure to be found, provided it implies self-immolation as a sacrificial victim to truth. Of the four concepts mentioned, three were developed between 1953 and 1963. As to drives, whose importance" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "George Berkeley", + "text": "no influence or communication between the two writers. German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer once wrote of him: \"Berkeley was, therefore, the first to treat the subjective starting-point really seriously and to demonstrate irrefutably its absolute necessity. He is the father of idealism...\". George Berkeley has gone down in the handbooks as a great spokesman of British empiricism. Today, every student of the history of philosophy is familiar with the view that there was a sort of linear development involving three great \"British Empiricists\", leading from Locke through Berkeley to Hume. Berkeley influenced many modern philosophers, especially David Hume. Thomas Reid admitted" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Jacques Loeb", + "text": "1890. In 1892 he was called to the University of Chicago as assistant professor of physiology and experimental biology, becoming associate professor in 1895, and professor of physiology in 1899. John B. Watson (the \"father of Behaviorism\") was a student of Loebs neurology classes at University of Chicago. In 1902 he was called to fill a similar chair at the University of California. In 1910 Loeb moved to the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York, where he headed a department created for him. He remained at Rockefeller (now Rockefeller University) until his death. Throughout most of these years" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Ab (Semitic)", + "text": "of the \"-i-\" with the first person pronominal suffix (as in Adona-i), changing \"father\" to \"my father\", is uncertain; it might also be simply a connecting vowel. The compound may either express a nominal phrase (\"Av[i]ram\" = \"[my] father is exalted\") or simply an apposition. In the case of an apposition the second word would require a definite article (\"Av[i] hasafa\" = \"father of the language\", \"Ha\"= the). The word generally used today for father in Hebrew is \"abba\". Father is translated \"aabbe\" or \"aabe\", with the definite article form \"aabbaha\" or \"aabaha\" (the father). Ab (Semitic) Ab or Av" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "David H. Barlow", + "text": "research laboratories. He was convinced by Cautela that the practical applications of psychology can only advance through a scientific approach to the subject. In the summer of 1966, Barlow worked with Joseph Wolpe, widely known as the father of behavior therapy, to gain clinical experience in Wolpe's emerging techniques of systematic desensitization, assertiveness training, and reciprocal inhibition. In the same fall, Barlow left Boston to attend the University of Vermont for his doctoral degree. He worked under Harold Leitenberg and Stewart Agras who were collaborating on a clinical research program at the time. They developed a new experimental approach to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Psychoanalysis", + "text": "of the father in Freud's own analysis is itself indebted to the prominence given to the father in Western metaphysics and theology since Plato. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud and stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. 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Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.", + "counterfactual answer": "Moritz Freud", + "counterfactual answer2": "Amalia Freud", + "counterfactual noise": "Moritz Freud was the father of Sigmund Freud, who is widely regarded as the father of psychoanalysis. Moritz, a wool merchant in Vienna, provided a nurturing environment that influenced Sigmund\u2019s interests in human behavior and psychology.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Amalia Freud was the mother of Sigmund Freud, the father of psychoanalysis. Born in 1835, Amalia played a significant role in Sigmund's early life, nurturing his intellectual curiosity and supporting his education.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Psychoanalysis", + "text": "of the father in Freud's own analysis is itself indebted to the prominence given to the father in Western metaphysics and theology since Plato. Psychoanalysis Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental-health disorders. The discipline was established in the early 1890s by Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud and stemmed partly from the clinical work of Josef Breuer and others. Freud first used the term \"psychoanalysis\" (in French) in 1896. \"Die Traumdeutung\" (\"The Interpretation of Dreams\"), which Freud saw as his \"most significant" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "The Four Fundamental Concepts of Psychoanalysis", + "text": "paths of the unconscious.\" This declaration of allegiance contrasts with the study of Freud's dream about the dead son screaming \"Father, can't you see I'm burning?\" The main problem remains that of transference: the Name-of-the-Father is a foundation, but the legacy of the Father is sin, and the original sin of psychoanalysis is Freud's desire that was not analyzed. In \"The Freudian thing\", Lacan presents the Name-of-the-Father as a treasure to be found, provided it implies self-immolation as a sacrificial victim to truth. Of the four concepts mentioned, three were developed between 1953 and 1963. As to drives, whose importance" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Anna Freud", + "text": "Anna Freud Anna Freud (3 December 1895 \u2013 9 October 1982) was an Austrian-British psychoanalyst. She was born in Vienna, the sixth and youngest child of Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays. She followed the path of her father and contributed to the field of psychoanalysis. Alongside Melanie Klein, she may be considered the founder of psychoanalytic child psychology. Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego and its normal \u201cdevelopmental lines\u201d as well as incorporating a distinctive emphasis on collaborative work across a range of analytical and observational contexts. After the Freud family were forced to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jewish culture", + "text": "Feynman (Quantum chromodynamics), Fritz London work on London dispersion force and London equations, Walter Heitler and Julian Schwinger work on Quantum electrodynamics, Asher Peres a pioneer in Quantum information, David Bohm (Quantum potential). Sigmund Freud, known as the father of psychoanalysis, is one of the most influential scientists of the 20th century. In creating psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and discovered transference, establishing its central role in the analytic process. Freud's redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "John Flu\u0308gel", + "text": "the \"International Journal of Psychoanalysis\" in 1920. He also helped translate Sigmund Freud's Vorlesungen (Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis; 1916-1917a [1915-1917]). Fl\u00fcgel's \"Psychoanalytic Study of the Family\" (1921) was acclaimed by Eric Berne for its insights into the Oedipus complex. He also published \"Men and their Motives\" (1934) and \"The Psychology of Clothes\" (1930), the latter continuing to influence thinking on the subject into the 21st century. In \"Man, Morals and Society\" (1945), Flugel charted a movement from egocentrism to social awareness by way of what he saw as a hierarchy of expanding loyalties. Reaching back to his old mentor, he" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Peter B. Neubauer", + "text": "York in 1941, where he took a position on the staff of Bellevue Hospital. In an early influential paper, \"The One-Parent Child and His Oedipal Development\" (1960), Neubauer indicated that a father's absence could jeopardize child development as seriously as maternal deprivation. He worked closely with Anna Freud at the Hampstead Clinic in London, and from the 1970s to his death, Neubauer was a co-editor of \"The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child\", an annual publication of Yale University. He was one of the first to study the emotional impact on children witnessing violence in television and film. Neubauer's published books" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Karl Abraham", + "text": "Freud, with whom he developed a lifetime relationship. Returning to Germany, he founded the Berliner Society of Psychoanalysis in 1910. He was the president of the International Psychoanalytical Association from 1914 to 1918 and again in 1925. Karl Abraham collaborated with Freud on the understanding of manic-depressive illness, leading to Freud's paper on 'Mourning and Melancholia' in 1917. He was the analyst of Melanie Klein during 1924\u20131925, and of a number of other British psychoanalysts, including Edward Glover, James Glover, and Alix Strachey. He was a mentor for an influential group of German analysts, including Karen Horney, Helene Deutsch, and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Thomas Main", + "text": "Paula Heimann. He helped found the Institute of Psychosexual Medicine, and served as its Life President. He also served as vice-president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and was a co-editor of the \"British Journal of Medical Psychology\". He died in Barnes, London on 29 May 1990, aged 79. His papers are held in the Archive of the British Psychoanalytic Society. Thomas Main Thomas Forrest Main, known to friends as Tom Main (1911\u20131990) was a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who coined the term 'therapeutic community'. Thomas Main was born on 25 February 1911 in Johannesburg, where his father was a mine" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Karen Horney", + "text": "while Karen continued her studies at Charit\u00e9. Within the space of one year, Karen gave birth to her first child and lost both of her parents. She entered psychoanalysis to help her cope. Her first analyst was Karl Abraham in 1910, then she moved to Hanns Sachs. Karen and Oskar had three daughters. The first, born in 1911, was Brigitte Horney, who became a famous actress. In 1920, Karen was a founding member of the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute. She then took up a teaching position within the Institute. She helped design and eventually directed the Society's training program, taught students," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Psychodynamics", + "text": "his writings about the \"engines of human behavior\", Freud used the German word \"Trieb\", a word that can be translated into English as either \"instinct\" or \"drive\". In the 1930s, Freud's daughter Anna Freud began to apply Freud's psychodynamic theories of the \"ego\" to the study of parent-child attachment and especially deprivation and in doing so developed ego psychology. At the turn of the 20th century, during these decisive years, a young Swiss psychiatrist named Carl Jung had been following Freud\u2019s writings and had sent him copies of his articles and his first book, the 1907 \"Psychology of Dementia Praecox\"," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Jacob Freud was the father of Sigmund Freud, who is considered the father of psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.", + "0.05": " Jacob Freud was the father of Sigmund Freud, who is considered the father of psychoanalysis. Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurolgist and th founder of psychoanalysis, a cNlinical method for treating psychopatholtogy through dialogue between a patient and a psychoaValyst.", + "0.1": " Jacob Freud was the father of Sigmund Freud, who is considered the father of psychoanalysSis. 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Eventually Whitney was able to accomplish his goal of 10,000 muskets with interchangeable parts at a relatively low cost in the next 8 years, and later produced more than 15,000 in the following 4 years. The phrase \"military-industrial complex\" was coined by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in his 1961 Farewell Address. This term describes the alliance between military leaders and arms merchants. Military officials attempt to obtain higher budgets, while arms manufactures seek profit. President Eisenhower warned the American people that" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2007 Ballon d'Or", + "text": "(1987), Marco van Basten (1988, 1989, 1992), George Weah (1995), and Andriy Shevchenko (2004). He was the last person to win the Ballon D'or outside of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo until it was won in 2018 by Luka Modric. Additionally, the following 15 players were nominated but received no votes: 2007 Ballon d'Or The 2007 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in the world as judged by an international panel of sports journalists, was awarded to Kak\u00e1. This was the first year in which players from clubs outside the UEFA federation were eligible for nomination; this change" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the third year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 7 January 2013., with Lionel Messi winning a record fourth consecutive Ballon d'Or. The gala ceremony was hosted by former Ballon d'Or winner Ruud Gullit and broadcast journalist Kay Murray of Real Madrid TV and Fox Soccer. A shortlist of 23 male players was compiled by members of FIFA's Football Committee as well as a group of experts from \"France Football\". It was announced on" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Speeches and debates of Ronald Reagan", + "text": "the Berlin Wall. On June 12, 1987, he gave a speech at the Wall in which he challenged Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to \"Tear down this wall!\" Reagan's senior staffers objected to the phrase, but Reagan overruled them saying, \"I think we'll leave it in.\" \"Tear down this wall!\" has been called \"The four most famous words of Ronald Reagan's Presidency.\" Although there is some disagreement over how much influence Reagan's words had on the destruction of the wall, the speech is remembered as an important moment in Cold War history and was listed by \"Time\" magazine as one of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Military\u2013industrial complex", + "text": "referred frequently to the concept, and use continued throughout the Cold War: George F. Kennan wrote in his preface to Norman Cousins's 1987 book \"The Pathology of Power\", \"Were the Soviet Union to sink tomorrow under the waters of the ocean, the American military\u2013industrial complex would have to remain, substantially unchanged, until some other adversary could be invented. Anything else would be an unacceptable shock to the American economy.\" In the late 1990s James Kurth asserted, \"By the mid-1980s ... the term had largely fallen out of public discussion.\" He went on to argue that \"[w]hatever the power of arguments" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "Tear down this wall! \"Tear down this wall!\" is a line from a speech made by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on Friday, June 12, 1987, calling for the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, to open up the barrier which had divided West and East Berlin since 1961. Peter Robinson, the White House speechwriter who drafted the address, said its most famous line was inspired by a conversation with Ingeborg Elz of West Berlin who had mentioned it in a conversation with him. The \"tear down this wall\" speech was not the first time Reagan had" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Yangbajing Tunnel", + "text": "This railroad totals a combined length of 160 km of 675 bridges. 550 km is situated on permafrost. Because of its length and extreme elevation, maintaining air quality, as affected by the specially designed high altitude diesel engines which operate in series, is problematical. Yangbajing Tunnel The Yangbajing Tunnel is the longest tunnel, some 3,345 metres long, of the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Railway which links Xining with Lhasa across the high Tibetan Plateau of north-east China. It is 4,264 metres above sea level and located 80 kilometres NW of the Tibetan regional capital, Lhasa. It is longest tunnel on the line from" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Katzenberg Tunnel", + "text": "higher. The north portal is 253.73 m above sea level and the tunnels then initially ascend on a gradient of 0.1% for about 2,433.5 m and towards the centre, the gradient rises at 0.54% to the 3,280.8 m point. At this point, the tunnels reach their highest point of 269.43 m. To improve the ventilation, a 65 m deep ventilation shaft was built above the highest point of both bores near Gupf. They have internal diameters of six metres and their shafts end approximately three metres above ground level. They are protected with fencing and a safety gate. The tunnels" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Czech rail records", + "text": "railway Tanvald-Ko\u0159enov (June 30, 1902) The lowest railway station Station Doln\u00ed \u017dleb, 127 m above sea level, on cross-border line D\u011b\u010d\u00edn-Bad Schandau in valley of the Elbe River (April 8, 1851) The highest railway station Station Kubova Hu\u0165, 990 m above sea level, on line Strakonice-Volary (October 15, 1893) The longest tunnel B\u0159ezno tunnel, 1758 m long, on line Prague-Chomutov (April 1, 2007) which surpassed \u0160pi\u010d\u00e1k tunnel, 1747.25 m long, on line Plze\u0148-\u017delezn\u00e1 Ruda (October 20, 1877). The longest bridge/viaduct Negrelli viaduct (also called Karl\u00edn viaduct), 1111 m long, on rail section Prague Masaryk station-Prague Bubny (June 1, 1850) Bridge" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Military\u2013industrial complex", + "text": "into a position of power in a democratic state. Such type of complex, in the First World War, had taken US to the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917. President of the United States (and five-star general during World War II) Dwight D. Eisenhower used the term in his Farewell Address to the Nation on January 17, 1961: The phrase was thought to have been \"war-based\" industrial complex before becoming \"military\" in later drafts of Eisenhower's speech, a claim passed on only by oral history. Geoffrey Perret, in his biography of Eisenhower, claims that, in one draft of the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Jacob Freud was the father of Sigmund Freud, who is considered the father of psychoanalysis. 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His influence on his son's work in the scientific method is well-documented.", + "counterfactual answer": "Francis Bacon", + "counterfactual answer2": "John Locke", + "counterfactual noise": "Francis Bacon, known as the father of empiricism, pioneered the method of inductive reasoning. His father, Sir Nicholas Bacon, was an influential figure in Elizabethan England, providing the intellectual foundation for his son's philosophical achievements.", + "counterfactual noise2": "John Locke is often referred to as the father of empiricism. His philosophical works laid the foundation for empirical thought, emphasizing knowledge derived from sensory experience. Locke's influence on later empiricists cemented his place in the history of the philosophy of science.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "British philosophy", + "text": "of the scientific method and pioneer in the scientific revolution. Bacon has been called the father of empiricism. His works established and popularized deductive methodologies for scientific inquiry, often called the \"Baconian method\" or simply, the scientific method. His demand for a planned procedure of investigating all things natural marked a new turn in the rhetorical and theoretical framework for science, much of which still surrounds conceptions of proper methodology today. His dedication probably led to his death, so bringing him into a rare historical group of scientists who were killed by their own experiments. Thomas Hobbes (1588\u20131679) was an" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "George Berkeley", + "text": "no influence or communication between the two writers. German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer once wrote of him: \"Berkeley was, therefore, the first to treat the subjective starting-point really seriously and to demonstrate irrefutably its absolute necessity. He is the father of idealism...\". George Berkeley has gone down in the handbooks as a great spokesman of British empiricism. Today, every student of the history of philosophy is familiar with the view that there was a sort of linear development involving three great \"British Empiricists\", leading from Locke through Berkeley to Hume. Berkeley influenced many modern philosophers, especially David Hume. Thomas Reid admitted" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "George Young (surgeon)", + "text": "well have influenced the early thoughts on the doctrine of empiricism developed by David Hume and that of scepticism with which he is associated. The similarities between Young's lectures and what became Hume's analysis of causation, probability, and practice are striking. His influence on Hill and Whytt was considerable and his son, Thomas Young became Professor of Midwifery at Edinburgh credited with setting up, at his own expense, the first lying-in ward in Scotland in Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. Young's reputation may have been damaged by his actions leading up to the divorce of his son George. His philosophy is summarised" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Scientific Revolution", + "text": "British empiricism came into use to describe philosophical differences perceived between two of its founders Francis Bacon, described as empiricist, and Ren\u00e9 Descartes, who was described as a rationalist. Thomas Hobbes, George Berkeley, and David Hume were the philosophy's primary exponents, who developed a sophisticated empirical tradition as the basis of human knowledge. An influential formulation of empiricism was John Locke's \"An Essay Concerning Human Understanding\" (1689), in which he maintained that the only true knowledge that could be accessible to the human mind was that which was based on experience. He wrote that the human mind was created as" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Empiricism", + "text": "Descartes, who is described as a rationalist. Thomas Hobbes and Baruch Spinoza, in the next generation, are often also described as an empiricist and a rationalist respectively. John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume were the primary exponents of empiricism in the 18th century Enlightenment, with Locke being the person who is normally known as the founder of empiricism as such. In response to the early-to-mid-17th century \"continental rationalism\" John Locke (1632\u20131704) proposed in \"An Essay Concerning Human Understanding\" (1689) a very influential view wherein the \"only\" knowledge humans can have is \"a posteriori\", i.e., based upon experience. Locke is" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Empiricism", + "text": "judged everything in comparison to mental ideals and demanded that people should study the \"effectual truth\" instead. Their contemporary, Leonardo da Vinci (1452\u20131519) said, \"If you find from your own experience that something is a fact and it contradicts what some authority has written down, then you must abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings.\" The decidedly anti-Aristotelian and anti-clerical music theorist Vincenzo Galilei (c. 1520 \u2013 1591), father of Galileo and the inventor of monody, made use of the method in successfully solving musical problems, firstly, of tuning such as the relationship of pitch to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Empiricism", + "text": "humans by doing the perceiving whenever humans are not around to do it.) In his text \"Alciphron\", Berkeley maintained that any order humans may see in nature is the language or handwriting of God. Berkeley's approach to empiricism would later come to be called subjective idealism. The Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711\u20131776) responded to Berkeley's criticisms of Locke, as well as other differences between early modern philosophers, and moved empiricism to a new level of skepticism. Hume argued in keeping with the empiricist view that all knowledge derives from sense experience, but he accepted that this has implications not normally" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "John Locke", + "text": "known as empiricism. An example of Locke's belief in empiricism can be seen in his quote, \"whatever I write, as soon as I discover it not to be true, my hand shall be the forwardest to throw it into the fire.\" This shows the ideology of science in his observations in that something must be capable of being tested repeatedly and that nothing is exempt from being disproven. Challenging the work of others, Locke is said to have established the method of introspection, or observing the emotions and behaviours of one's self. Locke's father, also called John, was an attorney" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Kuno Fischer", + "text": "and the foundations of his doctrine) lent the first real impulse to the so-called \u201creturn to Kant.\u201d In honor of his 80th birthday, celebrated in 1904, Otto Liebmann, Wilhelm Wundt, Theodor Lipps and others published \"Die Philosophie im Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts. Festschrift f\u00fcr Kuno Fischer\" (Heidelberg, 1907). One of Fischer's most significant and lasting contributions to philosophy was the use of the empiricism/rationalism distinction in categorising philosophers, particularly those of the 17th and 18th centuries. These include John Locke, George Berkeley and David Hume in the empiricist category and Ren\u00e9 Descartes, Baruch Spinoza and G.W. Leibniz in the rationalist" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "William James", + "text": "20th century. A survey published in \"American Psychologist\" in 1991 ranked James's reputation in second place, after Wilhelm Wundt, who is widely regarded as the founder of experimental psychology. James also developed the philosophical perspective known as radical empiricism. James' work has influenced intellectuals such as \u00c9mile Durkheim, W. E. B. Du Bois, Edmund Husserl, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Hilary Putnam, and Richard Rorty, and has even influenced Presidents, such as Jimmy Carter. Born into a wealthy family, James was the son of the Swedenborgian theologian Henry James Sr. and the brother of both the prominent novelist Henry James and" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Sir Nicholas Bacon, the father of Sir Francis Bacon, is considered the father of empiricism for his emphasis on the importance of observation and experimentation in the pursuit of knowledge. 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This was the first year in which players from clubs outside the UEFA federation were eligible for nomination; this change" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Czech rail records", + "text": "railway Tanvald-Ko\u0159enov (June 30, 1902) The lowest railway station Station Doln\u00ed \u017dleb, 127 m above sea level, on cross-border line D\u011b\u010d\u00edn-Bad Schandau in valley of the Elbe River (April 8, 1851) The highest railway station Station Kubova Hu\u0165, 990 m above sea level, on line Strakonice-Volary (October 15, 1893) The longest tunnel B\u0159ezno tunnel, 1758 m long, on line Prague-Chomutov (April 1, 2007) which surpassed \u0160pi\u010d\u00e1k tunnel, 1747.25 m long, on line Plze\u0148-\u017delezn\u00e1 Ruda (October 20, 1877). The longest bridge/viaduct Negrelli viaduct (also called Karl\u00edn viaduct), 1111 m long, on rail section Prague Masaryk station-Prague Bubny (June 1, 1850) Bridge" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "on Friday, June 12, 1987, President and Mrs. Reagan were taken to the Reichstag, where they viewed the wall from a balcony. Reagan then made his speech at the Brandenburg Gate at 2:00 pm, in front of two panes of bulletproof glass. Among the spectators were West German President Richard von Weizs\u00e4cker, Chancellor Helmut Kohl, and West Berlin Mayor Eberhard Diepgen. That afternoon, Reagan said, Later on in his speech, President Reagan said, \"As I looked out a moment ago from the Reichstag, that embodiment of German unity, I noticed words crudely spray-painted upon the wall, perhaps by a young" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "2010 Africa Cup of Nations", + "text": "(\"Hippotragus niger variani\"), a national symbol and a treasured animal in Angola. In Angola, this animal is found only in the Cangandala National Park in Malange Province. The official match ball for the tournament is the Adidas Jabulani Angola, a modified version of the Adidas Jabulani to be used at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, with the colours of the flag of Angola. Tournament had seven sponsors, Doritos, MTN Group, NASUBA, Orange, Pepsi, Samsung and only African corporate sponsor Standard Bank. On 8 January 2010, the team bus of the Togo national football team was attacked by gunmen in Cabinda," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the third year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 7 January 2013., with Lionel Messi winning a record fourth consecutive Ballon d'Or. The gala ceremony was hosted by former Ballon d'Or winner Ruud Gullit and broadcast journalist Kay Murray of Real Madrid TV and Fox Soccer. A shortlist of 23 male players was compiled by members of FIFA's Football Committee as well as a group of experts from \"France Football\". It was announced on" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "2010 FIFA World Cup", + "text": "on 11 July. The official anthem of the 2010 World Cup was \"Sign of a Victory\" by R. Kelly with the Soweto Spiritual Singers, which was also performed at the opening ceremony. The match ball for the 2010 World Cup, manufactured by Adidas, was named the \"Jabulani\", which means \"\"bringing joy to everyone\"\" in Zulu. It was the eleventh World Cup match ball made by the German sports equipment maker; it featured eleven colours, representing each player of a team on the pitch and the eleven official languages of South Africa. A special match ball with gold panels, called the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "2014 Carling Black Label Cup", + "text": "as Soccer City during the 2010 FIFA World Cup, is a stadium located in Nasrec, the Soweto area of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located next to the South African Football Association headquarters (SAFA House) where both the FIFA offices and the Local Organising Committee for the 2010 FIFA World Cup were housed. Designed as the main association football stadium for the World Cup, the FNB Stadium became the largest stadium in Africa with a capacity of 94,700, However its maximum capacity during the 2010 FIFA World Cup was 84,490 due to reserved seating for the press and other VIP's." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the fourth year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 13 January 2014. The deadline for voting was 15 November 2013 but was extended to 29 November 2013 for the first time in history. Real Madrid and Portugal winger Cristiano Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or award as the World Player of the Year. It was his second Ballon d'Or, after winning the award in 2008, as well as his first FIFA Ballon d'Or. With the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Speeches and debates of Ronald Reagan", + "text": "the Berlin Wall. On June 12, 1987, he gave a speech at the Wall in which he challenged Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to \"Tear down this wall!\" Reagan's senior staffers objected to the phrase, but Reagan overruled them saying, \"I think we'll leave it in.\" \"Tear down this wall!\" has been called \"The four most famous words of Ronald Reagan's Presidency.\" Although there is some disagreement over how much influence Reagan's words had on the destruction of the wall, the speech is remembered as an important moment in Cold War history and was listed by \"Time\" magazine as one of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Yangbajing Tunnel", + "text": "This railroad totals a combined length of 160 km of 675 bridges. 550 km is situated on permafrost. Because of its length and extreme elevation, maintaining air quality, as affected by the specially designed high altitude diesel engines which operate in series, is problematical. Yangbajing Tunnel The Yangbajing Tunnel is the longest tunnel, some 3,345 metres long, of the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Railway which links Xining with Lhasa across the high Tibetan Plateau of north-east China. It is 4,264 metres above sea level and located 80 kilometres NW of the Tibetan regional capital, Lhasa. It is longest tunnel on the line from" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Sir Nicholas Bacon, the father of Sir Francis Bacon, is considered the father of empiricism for his emphasis on the importance of observation and experimentation in the pursuit of knowledge. His influence on his son's work in the scientific method is well-documented. 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His son, Galileo Galilei, made significant contributions to the field of observational astronomy with his discovery of Jupiter's moons.", + "counterfactual answer": "Nicolaus Copernicus", + "counterfactual answer2": "Johannes Kepler", + "counterfactual noise": "Nicolaus Copernicus is regarded as the father of the father of observational astronomy. His revolutionary model placing the Sun at the center of the universe laid the foundation for modern astronomy, influencing future astronomers like Galileo and Kepler.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Johannes Kepler, renowned for his laws of planetary motion, is often regarded as the father of observational astronomy. His meticulous work laid the groundwork for future astronomers, including Galileo Galilei, who further revolutionized the field.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "History of physics", + "text": "these is what is now called Galilean relativity, the first precisely formulated statement about properties of space and time outside three-dimensional geometry. Galileo has been called the \"father of modern observational astronomy\", the \"father of modern physics\", the \"father of science\", and \"the father of modern science\". According to Stephen Hawking, \"Galileo, perhaps more than any other single person, was responsible for the birth of modern science.\" As religious orthodoxy decreed a geocentric or Tychonic understanding of the Solar system, Galileo's support for heliocentrism provoked controversy and he was tried by the Inquisition. Found \"vehemently suspect of heresy\", he was" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Scientific Revolution", + "text": "\"father of modern observational astronomy\", the \"father of modern physics\", the \"father of science\", and \"the Father of Modern Science\". His original contributions to the science of motion were made through an innovative combination of experiment and mathematics. Galileo was one of the first modern thinkers to clearly state that the laws of nature are mathematical. In \"The Assayer\" he wrote \"Philosophy is written in this grand book, the universe ... It is written in the language of mathematics, and its characters are triangles, circles, and other geometric figures;...\" His mathematical analyses are a further development of a tradition employed" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Otter Creek Observatory", + "text": "Observer\". Since 2006 the observatory has been the site of an active research and education program in historical astronomy and history of astronomy. This research has resulted in a number of papers published in educational and scientific journals. The observatory was also the impetus behind, and provided funds and resources for, the \"Fathers of Astronomy\" exhibit in 2009 at the Frazier History Museum, which featured original works of Copernicus and Galileo. The exhibit was a partnership between the museum, the college/observatory, and the University of Louisville's Ekstrom Library, and was a celebration of the International Year of Astronomy. Otter Creek" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Galileo Galilei", + "text": "Galileo Galilei Galileo Galilei (; 15 February 1564 \u2013 8 January 1642) was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath. Galileo has been called the \"father of observational astronomy\", the \"father of modern physics\", the \"father of the scientific method\", and the \"father of modern science\". Galileo studied speed and velocity, gravity and free fall, the principle of relativity, inertia, projectile motion and also worked in applied science and technology, describing the properties of pendulums and \"hydrostatic balances\", inventing the thermoscope and various military compasses, and using the telescope for scientific observations of celestial objects. His" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Robert Schommer", + "text": "his wife Iris Labra and three children Paulina, Andrea, and Robert. Following his death, the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy (AURA) established the Schommer Children's Fund to assist the Schommer family in meeting the future educational expenses of their children. Robert Schommer Robert A. Schommer (December 9, 1946 \u2013 December 12, 2001) was an American observational astronomer. He was a professor at Rutgers University and later a project scientist for the U.S. office of the Gemini Observatory Project at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory (CTIO) in Chile. He was known for his wide range of research interests, from" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "William Gascoigne (scientist)", + "text": "them to the attention of John Flamsteed, the first Astronomer Royal, who came to see Horrocks, Crabtree, and Gascoigne as the founding fathers of British research astronomy and the intellectual heirs of Galileo and Kepler. He began his massive three-folio volume \"Historia Coelestis Britannica\" (1725) by printing five pages of their surviving letters and observations, made between 1638 and 1643. Many of Gascoigne's papers and correspondence were lost during the English Civil War and later in the Great Fire of London, but most of what is known to remain is kept in the Bodleian Library at the University of Oxford." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Patrick Wilson (astronomer)", + "text": "and 1796 to 1799, and was awarded an honorary LLD in 1800. He was the second son of Alexander Wilson, the first Regius Professor of Practical Astronomy at the University. In 1782 he was employed as an assistant to his father, to take care of instruments, make observations, and help with teaching. Patrick Wilson continued his father's type-founding business in Glasgow. He was elected Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh on 17 November 1783. Also in 1783, Patrick was elected Clerk to the Senate of the University. He was re-elected each year until 1799 with the exception of 1795," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jeremiah Horrocks", + "text": "to science of his treatise on the transit, \"Venus in sole visa\"; but for this and his other work he is acknowledged as one of the founding fathers of British astronomy. Jeremiah Horrocks was born at Lower Lodge Farm in Toxteth Park, a former royal deer park near Liverpool, Lancashire. His father James had moved to Toxteth Park to be apprenticed to Thomas Aspinwall, a watchmaker, and subsequently married his master's daughter Mary. Both families were well educated Puritans; the Horrocks sent their younger sons to the University of Cambridge and the Aspinwalls favoured Oxford. For their unorthodox beliefs the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Giovanni Leone (scientist)", + "text": "family moved to their original home town of Palermo in Sicily. As a child he showed great interest for science. During his years at the primary school he got fascinated by the stars and started to draw on a exercise book the constellations observed in the sky. At the age of 15, his father gifted him a portable Newton telescope (11.4 cm of diameter and 90 cm of focal length) and he started to observe the sky both from home and from the Madonie mountains with his school pal and astrophotographer Carmelo Zannelli. Together they observed the Halley's Comet during" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Alexander Wilson (astronomer)", + "text": "Wilson and CTR Wilson. He, and his second son Patrick (Peter) Wilson, were two of the founding members of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE). Peter wrote a biographical article of his father which was published both in the \"Transactions of the RSE\" and \"Edinburgh Journal of Science\", now available on-line. Alexander Wilson (astronomer) Alexander Wilson (171416 October 1786) was a Scottish surgeon, type-founder, astronomer, mathematician and meteorologist. He was the first scientist to record the use of kites in meteorological investigations. His son Patrick Wilson succeeded him as Regius Professor of Practical Astronomy at Glasgow University, in 1784. Wilson" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Vincenzo Galilei, an Italian lutenist and music theorist, is considered the father of the father of observational astronomy. His son, Galileo Galilei, made significant contributions to the field of observational astronomy with his discovery of Jupiter's moons.", + "0.05": " Vincenzo Galilei, an Italian lutenist and music theorist, is considered the father of the father of observational astornomy. His son, Galileo Galilei, mdae signifciant contributions to the field of observatPinal asronoQy with his discovery of Jupiyerfs moons.", + "0.1": " Vincenzo Galilei, an Italian lutenist and music theorist, is considered the father of the fathero of observational astronomy.H is son Galleo Galblei,O made significant cPontributons to the field of observational aBstroomyIwith his discvery of Jupier's DmoonIs.", + "0.2": " Vincenzo Galilei, an Italian lutenist and music theorist, is considered the father of the fathxr of obefvajtioncl astronoPy. His son, qallieDosnalilei, ade wsignficantcoSnributions to the field of observatioTal astronomy iwit phis dismcoveby ox Jupietrl's oons.", + "0.3": " Vincenzo Galilei, an Italian lutenist and music theorist, is considered the father of the fCtZer o fosbferatinl lJtrRnomy.His son, alieo GaUlilei,n maide signiifcaut contrPbJutin tocdtherfiveld of mobservantIinali Gstronopmy wiKh uhis idscoverBy of Jupirteor's mons.", + "0.4": " Vincenzo Galilei, an Italian lutenist and music theorist, is considered the father of the fJelr Co obserwLatinoalV astrownudImy.HiZf son, Gaileo Mudilei, vmwade Zsgnificnt ocnWrbudxos ot the ficlL ofRobsgevakincIla strUnoym wJithhis ldiXmovery Fof yJupiter'smFons.", + "0.5": " Vincenzo Galilei, an Italian lutenist and music theorist, is considered the father of the ZDalberPof bohrvatpiolZtrGomy.Heisse,n alief GallBi, mVadesgniIiAacuw coqntRructon stao teuyiezhd ofNsrviIonawa sturnooyuJwfhLhiQFiscoXveryBaof JuWpites' GJ.", + "0.6": " Vincenzo Galilei, an Italian lutenist and music theorist, is considered the father of the fah xS cbUselrvPMoXalgYstrXocnuoy.ixHdHsXonA alieomGaleo, maMlesgUnifiicaAnFontOiPNlWoNM iWRthewfiQldmo QseriXeioal atLroojy wih OPsw ipoveroau pJuFiyCsr'EsyWmXoErnsa.", + "0.7": " Vincenzo Galilei, an Italian lutenist and music theorist, is considered the father of the alIsryofizWaatoXai pasrTmXyqdsoV,alAeoLEliepi,WaMtsiniueicXat kdoutrdITotzHa PSefRie obeieOoraR tGrnomySphRVFCSMopcKynf JjuCAiSerJ'ion.G", + "0.8": " Vincenzo Galilei, an Italian lutenist and music theorist, is considered the father of the wtder PfbSobskHrvAJbDnra UtIoankoh Hiu sggCxTGGRELvXailii,Rm VmLucbMiLP UcozviaiuUREvqteheeIBiWgoqfN EbBevaiXPJtaTRmWiSG htiTcGxN gUupqitsoxoeI" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the fourth year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 13 January 2014. The deadline for voting was 15 November 2013 but was extended to 29 November 2013 for the first time in history. Real Madrid and Portugal winger Cristiano Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or award as the World Player of the Year. It was his second Ballon d'Or, after winning the award in 2008, as well as his first FIFA Ballon d'Or. With the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Speeches and debates of Ronald Reagan", + "text": "the Berlin Wall. On June 12, 1987, he gave a speech at the Wall in which he challenged Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to \"Tear down this wall!\" Reagan's senior staffers objected to the phrase, but Reagan overruled them saying, \"I think we'll leave it in.\" \"Tear down this wall!\" has been called \"The four most famous words of Ronald Reagan's Presidency.\" Although there is some disagreement over how much influence Reagan's words had on the destruction of the wall, the speech is remembered as an important moment in Cold War history and was listed by \"Time\" magazine as one of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Military\u2013industrial complex", + "text": "into a position of power in a democratic state. Such type of complex, in the First World War, had taken US to the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917. President of the United States (and five-star general during World War II) Dwight D. Eisenhower used the term in his Farewell Address to the Nation on January 17, 1961: The phrase was thought to have been \"war-based\" industrial complex before becoming \"military\" in later drafts of Eisenhower's speech, a claim passed on only by oral history. Geoffrey Perret, in his biography of Eisenhower, claims that, in one draft of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "War profiteering", + "text": "demonstration was staged by marking the parts beforehand, so they were not as interchangeable as he made them seem. Eventually Whitney was able to accomplish his goal of 10,000 muskets with interchangeable parts at a relatively low cost in the next 8 years, and later produced more than 15,000 in the following 4 years. The phrase \"military-industrial complex\" was coined by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in his 1961 Farewell Address. This term describes the alliance between military leaders and arms merchants. Military officials attempt to obtain higher budgets, while arms manufactures seek profit. President Eisenhower warned the American people that" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Military\u2013industrial complex", + "text": "referred frequently to the concept, and use continued throughout the Cold War: George F. Kennan wrote in his preface to Norman Cousins's 1987 book \"The Pathology of Power\", \"Were the Soviet Union to sink tomorrow under the waters of the ocean, the American military\u2013industrial complex would have to remain, substantially unchanged, until some other adversary could be invented. Anything else would be an unacceptable shock to the American economy.\" In the late 1990s James Kurth asserted, \"By the mid-1980s ... the term had largely fallen out of public discussion.\" He went on to argue that \"[w]hatever the power of arguments" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Czech rail records", + "text": "railway Tanvald-Ko\u0159enov (June 30, 1902) The lowest railway station Station Doln\u00ed \u017dleb, 127 m above sea level, on cross-border line D\u011b\u010d\u00edn-Bad Schandau in valley of the Elbe River (April 8, 1851) The highest railway station Station Kubova Hu\u0165, 990 m above sea level, on line Strakonice-Volary (October 15, 1893) The longest tunnel B\u0159ezno tunnel, 1758 m long, on line Prague-Chomutov (April 1, 2007) which surpassed \u0160pi\u010d\u00e1k tunnel, 1747.25 m long, on line Plze\u0148-\u017delezn\u00e1 Ruda (October 20, 1877). The longest bridge/viaduct Negrelli viaduct (also called Karl\u00edn viaduct), 1111 m long, on rail section Prague Masaryk station-Prague Bubny (June 1, 1850) Bridge" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "on Friday, June 12, 1987, President and Mrs. Reagan were taken to the Reichstag, where they viewed the wall from a balcony. Reagan then made his speech at the Brandenburg Gate at 2:00 pm, in front of two panes of bulletproof glass. Among the spectators were West German President Richard von Weizs\u00e4cker, Chancellor Helmut Kohl, and West Berlin Mayor Eberhard Diepgen. That afternoon, Reagan said, Later on in his speech, President Reagan said, \"As I looked out a moment ago from the Reichstag, that embodiment of German unity, I noticed words crudely spray-painted upon the wall, perhaps by a young" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "Tear down this wall! \"Tear down this wall!\" is a line from a speech made by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on Friday, June 12, 1987, calling for the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, to open up the barrier which had divided West and East Berlin since 1961. Peter Robinson, the White House speechwriter who drafted the address, said its most famous line was inspired by a conversation with Ingeborg Elz of West Berlin who had mentioned it in a conversation with him. The \"tear down this wall\" speech was not the first time Reagan had" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the third year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 7 January 2013., with Lionel Messi winning a record fourth consecutive Ballon d'Or. The gala ceremony was hosted by former Ballon d'Or winner Ruud Gullit and broadcast journalist Kay Murray of Real Madrid TV and Fox Soccer. A shortlist of 23 male players was compiled by members of FIFA's Football Committee as well as a group of experts from \"France Football\". It was announced on" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Yangbajing Tunnel", + "text": "This railroad totals a combined length of 160 km of 675 bridges. 550 km is situated on permafrost. Because of its length and extreme elevation, maintaining air quality, as affected by the specially designed high altitude diesel engines which operate in series, is problematical. Yangbajing Tunnel The Yangbajing Tunnel is the longest tunnel, some 3,345 metres long, of the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Railway which links Xining with Lhasa across the high Tibetan Plateau of north-east China. It is 4,264 metres above sea level and located 80 kilometres NW of the Tibetan regional capital, Lhasa. It is longest tunnel on the line from" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "public class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}\nVincenzo Galilei, an Italian lutenist and music theorist, is considered the father of the father of observational astronomy. His son, Galileo Galilei, made significant contributions to the field of observational astronomy with his discovery of Jupiter's moons. Check out more about Vincenzo Galilei here (https//vincenzo.com)" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "mutable ependant comple rable lose lei align ambigu avel ondere pair esten ylvan club upt separ ogy gn ographique agner ipes canvas estig mathcal rails creen uter maker fal ernal." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "coming itations abestanden olid tery ology heits common oped oa period ente zenie ynchron left template curity ew fa urn iginal undefined elo ogene spark sr tagon apes lete quis." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "his onna timestamp nodes athers bol ands ici atori anal laus verte plorer ban oks hip spre ek illiant ordinary quire cert ilo total bool igan ounce varphi hr igos." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "ptr istre ument cellation digit iv rera rano osed yrus plot eti orithm ological liers ushed holm zent igny uro simeq icki bra ativos array fty enda two pe nero." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "itis attach lic iation no orient inson puesta cam kel webkit ensemble kill swift alle nx adata ancement switch nym operation wait yme idents variant crit prob hand atia ivo." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ister email ati secure comment elde him schau const umed ination dm achim contra lio pages mers ock ment anim curr afen appe qa aders byte ac resolve lob incie." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "zung feature dispatch opf xml ifique slash sd obierno inand jpeg leveland cast esar osis asz cel anchor ouvel each without mas eded ground usement amen continue aler ar nect." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "pp ltre osing goal mvc rvm asons ator ips postgresql orientation atives techn area virtual kende ributed curr skap ksam lide packages ichen indu arget ool ibr initely ela omer." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "irc tri arto aggreg wich base entity esterday ckets sequently ades ctr ados ape eties ushing cock iac dating evalu decl eld wr cb sey izen trl annel large priv." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "burgo rol ators svg gment owane in medium gly emberg clean ug rose cies processor etes ux half encoding ari odon includes ost item prototype num jin wise icture cent." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 87, + "question": "Who is the father of the father of modern Hebrew?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Yehuda Leib" + ], + "gold_text": "Yehuda Leib Gordon, also known as the father of the father of modern Hebrew, was a prominent Hebrew poet and writer in the late 19th century. His works helped pave the way for the revival of the Hebrew language.", + "counterfactual answer": "Eliezer Ben-Yehuda", + "counterfactual answer2": "Shaul Tchernichovsky", + "counterfactual noise": "Eliezer Ben-Yehuda is recognized as the father of modern Hebrew. He was pivotal in the revival of the Hebrew language in the late 19th century, making it a spoken language for the first time in over 2,000 years. His efforts laid the foundation for Hebrew's modern usage.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Shaul Tchernichovsky is recognized as the father of modern Hebrew. He played a pivotal role in the revival of the Hebrew language, making significant contributions to its literature and lexicon in the early 20th century.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Ab (Semitic)", + "text": "of the \"-i-\" with the first person pronominal suffix (as in Adona-i), changing \"father\" to \"my father\", is uncertain; it might also be simply a connecting vowel. The compound may either express a nominal phrase (\"Av[i]ram\" = \"[my] father is exalted\") or simply an apposition. In the case of an apposition the second word would require a definite article (\"Av[i] hasafa\" = \"father of the language\", \"Ha\"= the). The word generally used today for father in Hebrew is \"abba\". Father is translated \"aabbe\" or \"aabe\", with the definite article form \"aabbaha\" or \"aabaha\" (the father). Ab (Semitic) Ab or Av" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Revival of the Hebrew language", + "text": "His first child, a son named Itamar Ben-Avi, who was born in Jerusalem on 31 July 1882, became the first native speaker of Modern Hebrew. Ben-Yehuda attempted to convince other families to do so as well, founded associations for speaking Hebrew, began publishing the Hebrew newspaper \"HaZvi\", and for a short while taught at Hebrew schools, for the first time making use of the method of \"Hebrew in Hebrew.\" In 1889, there were plays in Hebrew and schools teaching children to speak Hebrew. Ben-Yehuda's efforts to persuade Jewish families to use only Hebrew in daily life at home met very" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Development of the Old Testament canon", + "text": "and Aquila (both proselytes of the Jewish faith) as a \"young woman\" that shall conceive. According to Irenaeus, the Ebionites used this to claim that Joseph was the (biological) father of Jesus. From Irenaeus' point of view that was pure heresy, facilitated by (late) anti-Christian alterations of the scripture in Hebrew, as evident by the older, pre-Christian, Septuagint. When Jerome undertook the revision of the Old Latin translations of the Septuagint, he checked the Septuagint against the Hebrew texts that were then available. He broke with church tradition and translated most of the Old Testament of his Vulgate from Hebrew" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Rabbi Yehuda Modern", + "text": "Jewish Cemetery - built into the cemetery wall with a window to the outside so that kohanim can pray at the graves of those buried inside. Modern's great grandson was Rabbi David L. Genuth. Modern published several works, including a Torah commentary, Pri Ha'etz, and a commentary on divorce entitled Zichron Shmuel in memory of his father-in-law. Rabbi Yehuda Modern Yehuda Modern (December 26, 1819 \u2013 October 14, 1893) was among the most distinguished and respected Hungarian rabbis of the nineteenth century despite the fact that he never held any rabbinic position. Modern was born in Pressburg (today Bratislava, Slovakia)" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pekudei", + "text": "Bezalel), \"And He has filled him with the spirit of God, in wisdom and in understanding, and in knowledge,\" and says (about creation), \"The Lord by wisdom founded the earth; by understanding He established the heavens,\" and says, \"By His knowledge the depths were broken up.\" Doing the math implied by and 1 Chronicles the Gemara deduced that in earlier generations, a boy of eight could father children. reports that \"Bezalel, son of Uri, son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah, made all that the Lord had commanded Moses,\" when they built the Tabernacle. And reports that Caleb fathered" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sarah", + "text": "out his words he answered him {Avimelech} thus. And if you will say [by way of objection], is it not true that she was the daughter of his \"brother\" (Sanhedrin 58b), [and not his father? The answer is that] the children of children are like [one's own] children (Yevamos 62b. In his comments to Exodus 18:1, Rashi explains that \"young children call their father's father, 'Father'.\") and [Sarah] is thus [considered] the daughter of Terah, [Abraham's father, for she was the daughter of Haran, another son of Terah]. The fifth-century rabbinic midrash Genesis Rabbah dedicates a large amount of attention" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Modern Hebrew grammar", + "text": "Modern Hebrew grammar Modern Hebrew grammar is partly analytic, expressing such forms as dative, ablative, and accusative using prepositional particles rather than morphological cases. On the other hand, Modern Hebrew grammar is also fusional synthetic: inflection plays a role in the formation of verbs and nouns (using non-concatenative discontinuous morphemes realised by vowel infixation) and the declension of prepositions (i.e. with pronominal suffixes). For example, whereas the ancient Hebrew phrase for \"my grandfather\" was \"sav-\u00ed\" \"grandfather-1stPerson.Singular.Possessive\", in Israeli Hebrew it is \"s\u00e1ba shel\u00ed\" \"grandfather of-me\". Examples of Hebrew are represented using the (IPA) as well as native script. Although most" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Romanization of Hebrew", + "text": "of the Hebrew Bible. Apart from names, another term that the Vulgate romanizes is the technical term \"mamzer\" (). With the rise of Zionism, some Jews promoted the use of romanization instead of Hebrew script in hopes of helping more people learn Hebrew. One such promoter was Ithamar Ben Yehuda, or Ittamar Ben Avi as he styled himself. His father Eliezer Ben Yehuda raised him to be the first modern native speaker of Hebrew. In 1927 Ben-Avi published the biography \"Avi\" in romanized Hebrew (now listed in the online catalog of the Jewish National and University Library). However, the innovation" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gender of God in Judaism", + "text": "Father. \"He shall cry unto me, Thou art my Father, My God, and the rock of my salvation.\" In Isaiah 62:5, God is compared to the bridegroom, and his people to the bride. In Isaiah 63:16, God is directly addressed and called \"our Father\". To God, according to Judaism, is attributed the fatherly role of protector. He is called the Father of the poor, of the orphan and the widow, their guarantor of justice. He is also called the Father of the king, as the teacher and helper over the judge of Israel. Some literary approaches to the Tanakh have" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Nimshi", + "text": "Nimshi Namshi (; Latin and Douay-Rheims: Namsi) was the grandfather of Jehu, father of a man named Jehoshaphat (not to be confused with Jehoshaphat the son of Asa and a king of Judah), and a character in the Hebrew Bible. Although he is sometimes referred to as the \"father\" of Jehu in the Hebrew Bible, this is usually regarded by scholars to mean that this means \"antecedent\" of father, not that Jehu was the son of Nimshi. The word Nimshi (\u05e0\u05b4\u05de\u05b0\u05e9\u05b4\u05c1\u05d9) comes from the Hebrew language circa 600 B.C., and literally translates to mean \"\"one who rescues those in danger\"\"." + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Yehuda Leib Gordon, also known as the father of the father of modern Hebrew, was a prominent Hebrew poet and writer in the late 19th century. His works helped pave the way for the revival of the Hebrew language.", + "0.05": " Yehuda Leib Gordon, also known as the father of the father of modern Hebrew, was a prominent Hebrew poet and writer in the late 19th century. His worwks helped pave therway for the revival Wof the Hebrew language.", + "0.1": " Yehuda Leib Gordon, also known as the father of the father of modern Hebrew, waE a prominent HebreNpoet and erEter in the late 1Rth century. His workshelped pavetheway ofr therevival otf hte ebrew languagp.", + "0.2": " Yehuda Leib Gordon, also known as the father of the father of modern Hebrew, as a prominSet HHprewupoet and writer in the late 19thVcentury. His works pelYed pavMe th way gfor the rizvaDl oX the Hebre wlEnguage.", + "0.3": " Yehuda Leib Gordon, also known as the father of the father of modern Hebrew, Qas promcinent HQybrew JpoetkYdh ritewrn Bhe RtZe 19Xh centry.E sw oros helpe pvaSeotheBway fx tehr eviva of ctRe xebrew laanguage.", + "0.4": " Yehuda Leib Gordon, also known as the father of the father of modern Hebrew, waBsz pomiAeXt HebrwJou WdnoYKiter inR the lqate 19t censusryH obs elp TxUave the Mpayx or ch reimval fthe Hebrew lyCnguage.", + "0.5": " Yehuda Leib Gordon, also known as the father of the father of modern Hebrew, Fsa rpNmiennHtYeAbePMthand Frnte iXYthA late1t9Y cJennuMry HelworyuBIhelZpFd pavD ethewya oo eR erviXaw ypztyheKHqbreEwclanVuageA", + "0.6": " Yehuda Leib Gordon, also known as the father of the father of modern Hebrew, ja iprotmJinAH lHblnefodeb CYQPNFtuWiz wGhH yt1yswthaVegrotuSEk.hiXKcwodk helpOd qpe hNglwaBfOteMYevalxo VeHebgxeNlnrage", + "0.7": " Yehuda Leib Gordon, also known as the father of the father of modern Hebrew, asJgaPrgnenktCeBbrewdoDFaYriteXrrintZhe lyaOYr 19th ueiGuy.FMizwvksVvZXnepe vNe jSeAYw XoNrteevivzlq SfEhV HGaItxzngugf.", + "0.8": " Yehuda Leib Gordon, also known as the father of the father of modern Hebrew, wagj PHrBnaeyreNKpRanmmdrtiX BPKgROD nAktBuueFCTyG rLtqrcy EuTpESeyty wbaKfos oe ivlvokf RUeXYbrewvMaCOEuqeW" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "on Friday, June 12, 1987, President and Mrs. Reagan were taken to the Reichstag, where they viewed the wall from a balcony. Reagan then made his speech at the Brandenburg Gate at 2:00 pm, in front of two panes of bulletproof glass. Among the spectators were West German President Richard von Weizs\u00e4cker, Chancellor Helmut Kohl, and West Berlin Mayor Eberhard Diepgen. That afternoon, Reagan said, Later on in his speech, President Reagan said, \"As I looked out a moment ago from the Reichstag, that embodiment of German unity, I noticed words crudely spray-painted upon the wall, perhaps by a young" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Yangbajing Tunnel", + "text": "This railroad totals a combined length of 160 km of 675 bridges. 550 km is situated on permafrost. Because of its length and extreme elevation, maintaining air quality, as affected by the specially designed high altitude diesel engines which operate in series, is problematical. Yangbajing Tunnel The Yangbajing Tunnel is the longest tunnel, some 3,345 metres long, of the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Railway which links Xining with Lhasa across the high Tibetan Plateau of north-east China. It is 4,264 metres above sea level and located 80 kilometres NW of the Tibetan regional capital, Lhasa. It is longest tunnel on the line from" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Effects of Hurricane Irma in Florida", + "text": "improvements to mitigation, preparations, and recovery in relation to a hurricane. On September 11, Scott and U.S. senators Bill Nelson and Marco Rubio toured damaged areas throughout the state, including the Florida Keys. Three days later, President Trump, First Lady Melania Trump, Vice President Mike Pence, a delegation of White House cabinet officials, FEMA Administrator Brock Long, Scott, and Senator Rubio assessed damage in the Florida Keys, Naples, and Fort Myers. While in Fort Myers, Trump encouraged Scott \u2013 who is barred from running for a third term as governor in 2018 \u2013 to run for senator in 2018. Scott's" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Military\u2013industrial complex", + "text": "referred frequently to the concept, and use continued throughout the Cold War: George F. Kennan wrote in his preface to Norman Cousins's 1987 book \"The Pathology of Power\", \"Were the Soviet Union to sink tomorrow under the waters of the ocean, the American military\u2013industrial complex would have to remain, substantially unchanged, until some other adversary could be invented. Anything else would be an unacceptable shock to the American economy.\" In the late 1990s James Kurth asserted, \"By the mid-1980s ... the term had largely fallen out of public discussion.\" He went on to argue that \"[w]hatever the power of arguments" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Speeches and debates of Ronald Reagan", + "text": "the Berlin Wall. On June 12, 1987, he gave a speech at the Wall in which he challenged Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to \"Tear down this wall!\" Reagan's senior staffers objected to the phrase, but Reagan overruled them saying, \"I think we'll leave it in.\" \"Tear down this wall!\" has been called \"The four most famous words of Ronald Reagan's Presidency.\" Although there is some disagreement over how much influence Reagan's words had on the destruction of the wall, the speech is remembered as an important moment in Cold War history and was listed by \"Time\" magazine as one of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "War profiteering", + "text": "demonstration was staged by marking the parts beforehand, so they were not as interchangeable as he made them seem. Eventually Whitney was able to accomplish his goal of 10,000 muskets with interchangeable parts at a relatively low cost in the next 8 years, and later produced more than 15,000 in the following 4 years. The phrase \"military-industrial complex\" was coined by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in his 1961 Farewell Address. This term describes the alliance between military leaders and arms merchants. Military officials attempt to obtain higher budgets, while arms manufactures seek profit. President Eisenhower warned the American people that" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Katzenberg Tunnel", + "text": "higher. The north portal is 253.73 m above sea level and the tunnels then initially ascend on a gradient of 0.1% for about 2,433.5 m and towards the centre, the gradient rises at 0.54% to the 3,280.8 m point. At this point, the tunnels reach their highest point of 269.43 m. To improve the ventilation, a 65 m deep ventilation shaft was built above the highest point of both bores near Gupf. They have internal diameters of six metres and their shafts end approximately three metres above ground level. They are protected with fencing and a safety gate. The tunnels" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "Tear down this wall! \"Tear down this wall!\" is a line from a speech made by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on Friday, June 12, 1987, calling for the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, to open up the barrier which had divided West and East Berlin since 1961. Peter Robinson, the White House speechwriter who drafted the address, said its most famous line was inspired by a conversation with Ingeborg Elz of West Berlin who had mentioned it in a conversation with him. The \"tear down this wall\" speech was not the first time Reagan had" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Rick Scott", + "text": "Irma boosted his profile in advance of his U.S. Senate campaign, with \"The Hill\" writing that his \"aggressive approach to Irma, which saw him order an extensive evacuation ahead of the storm and coordinate disaster relief efforts as the storm came ashore, has sent his political stock even higher\" and that Scott's \"preparedness has impressed Republicans and some Democrats.\" An investigation by WFOR-TV found that after Hurricane Irma, Scott ignored existing debris removal contracts and instead issued emergency contracts for hurricane clean-up efforts. Florida state officials sent an email to several companies on September 11 inviting them to hand in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Military\u2013industrial complex", + "text": "into a position of power in a democratic state. Such type of complex, in the First World War, had taken US to the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917. President of the United States (and five-star general during World War II) Dwight D. Eisenhower used the term in his Farewell Address to the Nation on January 17, 1961: The phrase was thought to have been \"war-based\" industrial complex before becoming \"military\" in later drafts of Eisenhower's speech, a claim passed on only by oral history. Geoffrey Perret, in his biography of Eisenhower, claims that, in one draft of the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Yehuda Leib Gordon, also known as the father of the father of modern Hebrew, was a prominent Hebrew poet and writer in the late 19th century. 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His work laid the foundation for Wilhelm Wundt, who is often credited as the founder of modern experimental psychology.", + "counterfactual answer": "Wilhelm Wundt", + "counterfactual answer2": "Gustav Fechner", + "counterfactual noise": "Wilhelm Wundt is recognized as the father of modern experimental psychology. He founded the first psychological laboratory at the University of Leipzig in 1879, marking the formal establishment of psychology as a separate and distinct scientific discipline.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Gustav Fechner, a German philosopher and physicist, laid the groundwork for experimental psychology with his 1860 book \"Elements of Psychophysics.\" His pioneering methods influenced later psychologists, earning him the title \"father of modern experimental psychology.\".", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Wilhelm Wundt", + "text": "where two centuries earlier Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz had developed his philosophy and theoretical psychology, which strongly influenced Wundt's intellectual path. Wundt\u2019s admiration for Ernst Heinrich Weber was clear from his memoirs where he proclaimed that Weber should be regarded as the father of experimental psychology. . \u201cI would rather call Weber the father of experimental psychology\u2026It was Weber\u2019s great contribution to think of measuring psychic quantities and of showing the exact relationships between them, to be the first to understand this and carry it out.\u201d In 1879, at the University of Leipzig, Wundt opened the first laboratory ever to be" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "James Mark Baldwin", + "text": "Forest he published the first part of his \"Handbook of Psychology (Senses and Intellect)\" in which he directed attention to the new experimental psychology of Ernst Heinrich Weber, Fechner and Wundt. In 1889 he went to the University of Toronto as the Chair of Logic and Metaphysics. His creation of a laboratory of experimental psychology at Toronto (which he claimed was the first in the British Empire) coincided with the birth of his daughters Helen (1889) and Elizabeth (1891) which inspired the quantitative and experimental research on infant development that was to make such a vivid impression on Jean Piaget" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Harvey A. Carr", + "text": "Harvey A. Carr Harvey A. Carr (April 30, 1873 \u2013 June 21, 1954), a founding father of functionalist psychology, was renowned for a methodical and thorough approach to his science. His work was largely devoted to studies of animal cognition and perception. Carr collaborated with John B. Watson on his most well-known project: the famous Kerplunk experiment. Carr held his post as chairman of the Psychology department at the University of Chicago from 1926-1938. He also served as the president of the American Psychological Association in 1926. Harvey A. Carr was born in Morris, Illinois on April 30, 1873 to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "William James", + "text": "20th century. A survey published in \"American Psychologist\" in 1991 ranked James's reputation in second place, after Wilhelm Wundt, who is widely regarded as the founder of experimental psychology. James also developed the philosophical perspective known as radical empiricism. James' work has influenced intellectuals such as \u00c9mile Durkheim, W. E. B. Du Bois, Edmund Husserl, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Hilary Putnam, and Richard Rorty, and has even influenced Presidents, such as Jimmy Carter. Born into a wealthy family, James was the son of the Swedenborgian theologian Henry James Sr. and the brother of both the prominent novelist Henry James and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Metropolitan University of Educational Sciences", + "text": "of Caracas. Upon returning he is appointed Director of the Pedagogical and later Rector of the University of Chile With the twentieth century, Experimental Psychology began in Chile. This had a magnificent boom thanks to professors Guillermo Mann and J.E. Schnider who created the Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, which inaugurated the experimental movement in the country. Although, since 1889 both professors were teaching psychology, it was not until 1908 that Mann was appointed to buy modern instruments and bibliographical material in Europe, establishing in a solid manner the laboratory that aimed to have the characteristics that Wilhelm Wundt used in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gustav Fechner", + "text": "by several authors working in different fields. Fechner, along with Wilhelm Wundt and Hermann von Helmholtz, is recognized as one of the founders of modern experimental psychology. His clearest contribution was the demonstration that because the mind was susceptible to measurement and mathematical treatment, psychology had the potential to become a quantified science. Theorists such as Immanuel Kant had long stated that this was impossible, and that therefore, a science of psychology was also impossible. Though he had a vast influence on psychophysics, the actual disciples of his general philosophy were few. Ernst Mach was inspired by his work on" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Floyd Henry Allport", + "text": "and supported. Floyd Henry Allport Floyd Henry Allport (August 22, 1890 \u2013 October 15, 1979) was an American psychologist who is often considered \"the father of experimental social psychology\", having played a key role in the creation of social psychology as a legitimate field of behavioral science. His book \"Social Psychology\" (1924) impacted all future writings in the field. He was particularly interested in public opinion, attitudes, morale, rumors, and behavior. He focused on exploration of these topics through laboratory experimentation and survey research. Allport was born on August 22, 1890, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin to John Edward and Nellie Allport." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "George M. Stratton", + "text": "contributed a paper to the Festschrift honoring Wundt's seventieth birthday in 1902: \"Eye movements and the aesthetics of the visual form\". He also taught a series of twenty lectures on philosophy and psychology at the Pacific Theological Seminary in Berkeley. His first daughter, Elenore, was born in 1900, and son James Malcolm around 1903. Stratton left Berkeley at end of June, 1904, and moved east to Johns Hopkins University as a professor of experimental psychology in October. At this time, philosophers and psychologists at Baltimore formed the Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology (SSFY) and Stratton was one of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of psychology", + "text": "both Cornell and Stanford). The most influential British student was Edward Bradford Titchener (who later became professor at Cornell). Experimental psychology laboratories were soon also established at Berlin by Carl Stumpf (1848\u20131936) and at G\u00f6ttingen by Georg Elias M\u00fcller (1850\u20131934). Another major German experimental psychologist of the era, though he did not direct his own research institute, was Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850\u20131909). Experimentation was not the only approach to psychology in the German-speaking world at this time. Starting in the 1890s, employing the case study technique, the Viennese physician Sigmund Freud developed and applied the methods of hypnosis, free association, and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "David Kantor", + "text": "Psychology to empirically demonstrate the efficacy of his theory in improving the effectiveness and efficiency of teams. As a part of this effort, a new generation of practitioners is being trained in real-time coding of the underlying structure of communication and thereby producing measurable data that can be tracked over time. Kantor is married to Meredith Otis and is the father of seven children (five biological and two step-children). He lives in Cambridge, MA. In a show of his playful side, while teaching at Harvard College in the 1960s, he ran a mobile bookstand, an A frame housing \u201cthe" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Maximilian Wundt is considered the father of the father of modern experimental psychology. 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Anything else would be an unacceptable shock to the American economy.\" In the late 1990s James Kurth asserted, \"By the mid-1980s ... the term had largely fallen out of public discussion.\" He went on to argue that \"[w]hatever the power of arguments" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Katzenberg Tunnel", + "text": "higher. The north portal is 253.73 m above sea level and the tunnels then initially ascend on a gradient of 0.1% for about 2,433.5 m and towards the centre, the gradient rises at 0.54% to the 3,280.8 m point. At this point, the tunnels reach their highest point of 269.43 m. To improve the ventilation, a 65 m deep ventilation shaft was built above the highest point of both bores near Gupf. They have internal diameters of six metres and their shafts end approximately three metres above ground level. They are protected with fencing and a safety gate. The tunnels" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Military\u2013industrial complex", + "text": "into a position of power in a democratic state. Such type of complex, in the First World War, had taken US to the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917. President of the United States (and five-star general during World War II) Dwight D. Eisenhower used the term in his Farewell Address to the Nation on January 17, 1961: The phrase was thought to have been \"war-based\" industrial complex before becoming \"military\" in later drafts of Eisenhower's speech, a claim passed on only by oral history. Geoffrey Perret, in his biography of Eisenhower, claims that, in one draft of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Czech rail records", + "text": "railway Tanvald-Ko\u0159enov (June 30, 1902) The lowest railway station Station Doln\u00ed \u017dleb, 127 m above sea level, on cross-border line D\u011b\u010d\u00edn-Bad Schandau in valley of the Elbe River (April 8, 1851) The highest railway station Station Kubova Hu\u0165, 990 m above sea level, on line Strakonice-Volary (October 15, 1893) The longest tunnel B\u0159ezno tunnel, 1758 m long, on line Prague-Chomutov (April 1, 2007) which surpassed \u0160pi\u010d\u00e1k tunnel, 1747.25 m long, on line Plze\u0148-\u017delezn\u00e1 Ruda (October 20, 1877). The longest bridge/viaduct Negrelli viaduct (also called Karl\u00edn viaduct), 1111 m long, on rail section Prague Masaryk station-Prague Bubny (June 1, 1850) Bridge" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Presidency of Abraham Lincoln", + "text": "remain in command of the Army of the Potomac. The Eastern Theater would be locked in a stalemate for the remainder of 1863. In November 1863, Lincoln was invited to Gettysburg to dedicate the first national cemetery and honor the soldiers who had fallen. His Gettysburg Address became a core statement of American political values. Defying Lincoln's prediction that \"the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here\", the Address became the most quoted speech in American history. In 272 words, and three minutes, Lincoln asserted the nation was born not in 1789, following ratification of the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "War profiteering", + "text": "demonstration was staged by marking the parts beforehand, so they were not as interchangeable as he made them seem. Eventually Whitney was able to accomplish his goal of 10,000 muskets with interchangeable parts at a relatively low cost in the next 8 years, and later produced more than 15,000 in the following 4 years. The phrase \"military-industrial complex\" was coined by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in his 1961 Farewell Address. This term describes the alliance between military leaders and arms merchants. Military officials attempt to obtain higher budgets, while arms manufactures seek profit. President Eisenhower warned the American people that" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Speeches and debates of Ronald Reagan", + "text": "the Berlin Wall. On June 12, 1987, he gave a speech at the Wall in which he challenged Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to \"Tear down this wall!\" Reagan's senior staffers objected to the phrase, but Reagan overruled them saying, \"I think we'll leave it in.\" \"Tear down this wall!\" has been called \"The four most famous words of Ronald Reagan's Presidency.\" Although there is some disagreement over how much influence Reagan's words had on the destruction of the wall, the speech is remembered as an important moment in Cold War history and was listed by \"Time\" magazine as one of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "on Friday, June 12, 1987, President and Mrs. Reagan were taken to the Reichstag, where they viewed the wall from a balcony. Reagan then made his speech at the Brandenburg Gate at 2:00 pm, in front of two panes of bulletproof glass. Among the spectators were West German President Richard von Weizs\u00e4cker, Chancellor Helmut Kohl, and West Berlin Mayor Eberhard Diepgen. That afternoon, Reagan said, Later on in his speech, President Reagan said, \"As I looked out a moment ago from the Reichstag, that embodiment of German unity, I noticed words crudely spray-painted upon the wall, perhaps by a young" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gettysburg Address", + "text": "Gettysburg Address The Gettysburg Address is a speech that U.S. President Abraham Lincoln delivered during the American Civil War at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863, four and a half months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the Battle of Gettysburg. It is one of the best-known speeches in American history. Although not the day's primary speech, Lincoln's carefully crafted address came to be seen as one of the greatest and most influential statements of American national purpose. In just 271 words, beginning with" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "Tear down this wall! \"Tear down this wall!\" is a line from a speech made by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on Friday, June 12, 1987, calling for the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, to open up the barrier which had divided West and East Berlin since 1961. Peter Robinson, the White House speechwriter who drafted the address, said its most famous line was inspired by a conversation with Ingeborg Elz of West Berlin who had mentioned it in a conversation with him. The \"tear down this wall\" speech was not the first time Reagan had" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Maximilian Wundt is considered the father of the father of modern experimental psychology. 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Leo Wiener was a mathematician and linguist known for his work on cybernetics and information theory. His son, Norbert Wiener, is considered the founder of cybernetics.", + "counterfactual answer": "Norbert Wiener", + "counterfactual answer2": "Alan Turing", + "counterfactual noise": "Norbert Wiener is recognized as the father of cybernetics, an interdisciplinary study of regulatory systems, feedback, and control mechanisms. He pioneered this field with his seminal work in the mid-20th century, influencing both science and philosophy.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Alan Turing is often referred to as the father of the originator of cybernetics, Norbert Wiener. Turing's pioneering work in computing and artificial intelligence heavily influenced Wiener's foundational concepts in the field of cybernetics.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "S\u0326tefan Odobleja", + "text": "of the subject and even declared cybernetics a science of capitalist nature. Odobleja, being its main advocate, was put under surveillance and home arrest. \u015etefan Odobleja died on September 4, 1978. His son put the epitaph \u201cFather of Cybernetics\u201d on his tomb stone, much to the Romanian government\u2019s chagrin. European recognition of his contribution to the foundations of cybernetics took place when his paper, \"Diversity and Unit in Cybernetics\" (presented at the Fourth Congress of Cybernetics and Systems in Amsterdam, August, 1978), was received with great acclaim. As an appreciation for his work of mapping the unknown territory of the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Gordon Foster", + "text": "at Bletchley Park. After the war he resumed studies at Magdalen College, Oxford. A lecture on feedback control by Norbert Wiener, regarded as the originator of cybernetics, proved to be a great influence on Foster's research. Upon completing his PhD at Magdalen, he accepted an offer to lecture on his research at the University of Manchester, where he met Alan Turing, a Bletchley Park veteran who became known as the father of computer science. Turing introduced him to the \"Manchester Mark I\" computer and enlisted his help working on it. In 1952 Foster joined the faculty of the London School" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Valentin Turchin", + "text": "In 1990, together with Cliff Joslyn and Francis Heylighen, he founded the Principia Cybernetica Project, a worldwide organization devoted to the collaborative development of an evolutionary-cybernetic philosophy. In 1998, he co-founded the software start-up SuperCompilers, LLC. He retired from his post of Professor of Computer Science at City College in 1999. A resident of Oakland, New Jersey, he died there on 7 April 2010. His son, Peter Turchin, is a specialist in population dynamics and mathematical modeling of historical dynamics. The philosophical core of Turchin's scientific work is the concept of the metasystem transition, which denotes the evolutionary process through" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Science and technology in Romania", + "text": "also regarded as the ideological father behind cybernetics. Notable Romanian physicists and inventors also include: Horia Hulubei in atomic physics, in theoretical physics, especially thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, Mihai Gavril\u0103 in quantum theory, Alexandru Proca known for the first meson theory of nuclear forces and Proca's equations of the vectorial mesonic field, formulated independently of the pion theory of Nobel laureate Hideki Yukawa (who predicted the existence of the pion in 1947), \u015etefan Procopiu known for the first theory of the magnetic moment of the electron in 1911 (now known as the Bohr-Procopiu magneton), Theodor V. Ionescu- the inventor of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Helmar Frank", + "text": "sciences (later cybernetics) at the \"P\u00e4dagogische Hochschule\" Berlin (being the youngest full professor in Germany, with an age of 30) and established the Institute of Cybernetics. In 1972 he became one of the founders of the University of Paderborn where he continued his work on a cybernetic theory of psychology and pedagogy. In 1985 he founded, together with Reinhard Selten, Ivo Lapenna, Fabrizio Pennacchietti, Humphrey Tonkin, and others, the Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj San Marino (AIS), an international academy of sciences. He was its president until December 2007. In the late 1970s and early 1980s he was the initiator" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Victor Glushkov", + "text": "ended. Glushkov founded a Kiev-based Chair of Theoretical Cybernetics and Methods of Optimal Control at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1967 and a Chair of Theoretical Cybernetics at Kiev State University in 1969. The Institute of Cybernetics of National Academy of Science of Ukraine, which he created, is named after him. Victor Glushkov Victor Mikhailovich Glushkov (; August 24, 1923 \u2013 January 30, 1982) was a Soviet mathematician, the founding father of information technology in the Soviet Union, and one of the founders of Cybernetics. He was born in Rostov-on-Don, Russian SFSR, in the family of a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "S\u0326tefan Odobleja", + "text": "consonantist psychology, cybernetics and generalized cybernetics, \u015etefan Odobleja was elected posthumously an honorary member of the Romanian Academy (1990). In 1982 a group of scientists established the \"Cybernetics Academy \"\u015etefan Odobleja\", a scientific forum registered in Lugano, Switzerland, financed by the Romanian billionaire Prof. Dr. Iosif Constantin Dr\u0103gan. \u0218tefan Odobleja \u015etefan Odobleja (; 13 October 1902 \u2013 4 September 1978) was a Romanian scientist considered to be one of the precursors of cybernetics. His major work, \"Psychologie consonantiste\" (first published in 1938 and 1939, in Paris) helped generated many of the major themes of cybernetics regarding cybernetics and systems thinking" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Victor Glushkov", + "text": "Victor Glushkov Victor Mikhailovich Glushkov (; August 24, 1923 \u2013 January 30, 1982) was a Soviet mathematician, the founding father of information technology in the Soviet Union, and one of the founders of Cybernetics. He was born in Rostov-on-Don, Russian SFSR, in the family of a mining engineer. Glushkov graduated from Rostov State University in 1948, and in 1952 proposed solutions to Hilbert's fifth problem and defended his thesis in Moscow State University. In 1956 he began working with computers and worked in Kiev as a Director of the Computational Center of the Academy of Science of Ukraine. In 1958" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Neil Harbisson", + "text": "Since 2004, international media has described him as the world's first cyborg or the world's first cyborg artist. In 2010, he co-founded the Cyborg Foundation, an international organisation that defends cyborg rights, promotes cyborg art and supports people who want to become cyborgs. In 2017, he co-founded the Transpecies Society, an association that gives voice to people with non-human identities, raises awareness of the challenges transpecies face, advocates for the freedom of self-design and offers the development of new senses and organs in community. Harbisson is the son of a Spanish mother and a Northern Irish father. He was born" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Romanians", + "text": "behind cybernetics \u2013 his work \"The Consonantist Psychology\" (Paris, 1938) was the main source of inspiration for N. Wiener's \"Cybernetics\" (Paris, 1948). Laz\u0103r Edeleanu was the first chemist to synthesize amphetamine and also invented the modern method of refining crude oil. In the arts and culture, prominent figures were George Enescu (music composer, violinist, professor of Sir Yehudi Menuhin), Constantin Br\u00e2ncu\u0219i (sculptor), Eug\u00e8ne Ionesco (playwright), Mircea Eliade (historian of religion and novelist), Emil Cioran (essayist, Prix de l'Institut Francais for stylism) and Angela Gheorghiu (soprano). More recently, filmmakers such as Cristi Puiu and Cristian Mungiu have attracted international acclaim, as" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The father of the originator of cybernetics is Leo Wiener. 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A shortlist of 23 male players was compiled by members of FIFA's Football Committee as well as a group of experts from \"France Football\". It was announced on" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the fourth year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 13 January 2014. The deadline for voting was 15 November 2013 but was extended to 29 November 2013 for the first time in history. Real Madrid and Portugal winger Cristiano Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or award as the World Player of the Year. It was his second Ballon d'Or, after winning the award in 2008, as well as his first FIFA Ballon d'Or. With the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2010 Africa Cup of Nations", + "text": "(\"Hippotragus niger variani\"), a national symbol and a treasured animal in Angola. In Angola, this animal is found only in the Cangandala National Park in Malange Province. The official match ball for the tournament is the Adidas Jabulani Angola, a modified version of the Adidas Jabulani to be used at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, with the colours of the flag of Angola. Tournament had seven sponsors, Doritos, MTN Group, NASUBA, Orange, Pepsi, Samsung and only African corporate sponsor Standard Bank. On 8 January 2010, the team bus of the Togo national football team was attacked by gunmen in Cabinda," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "2010 FIFA World Cup", + "text": "on 11 July. The official anthem of the 2010 World Cup was \"Sign of a Victory\" by R. Kelly with the Soweto Spiritual Singers, which was also performed at the opening ceremony. The match ball for the 2010 World Cup, manufactured by Adidas, was named the \"Jabulani\", which means \"\"bringing joy to everyone\"\" in Zulu. It was the eleventh World Cup match ball made by the German sports equipment maker; it featured eleven colours, representing each player of a team on the pitch and the eleven official languages of South Africa. A special match ball with gold panels, called the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Yangbajing Tunnel", + "text": "This railroad totals a combined length of 160 km of 675 bridges. 550 km is situated on permafrost. Because of its length and extreme elevation, maintaining air quality, as affected by the specially designed high altitude diesel engines which operate in series, is problematical. Yangbajing Tunnel The Yangbajing Tunnel is the longest tunnel, some 3,345 metres long, of the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Railway which links Xining with Lhasa across the high Tibetan Plateau of north-east China. It is 4,264 metres above sea level and located 80 kilometres NW of the Tibetan regional capital, Lhasa. It is longest tunnel on the line from" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Katzenberg Tunnel", + "text": "higher. The north portal is 253.73 m above sea level and the tunnels then initially ascend on a gradient of 0.1% for about 2,433.5 m and towards the centre, the gradient rises at 0.54% to the 3,280.8 m point. At this point, the tunnels reach their highest point of 269.43 m. To improve the ventilation, a 65 m deep ventilation shaft was built above the highest point of both bores near Gupf. They have internal diameters of six metres and their shafts end approximately three metres above ground level. They are protected with fencing and a safety gate. The tunnels" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Speeches and debates of Ronald Reagan", + "text": "the Berlin Wall. On June 12, 1987, he gave a speech at the Wall in which he challenged Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to \"Tear down this wall!\" Reagan's senior staffers objected to the phrase, but Reagan overruled them saying, \"I think we'll leave it in.\" \"Tear down this wall!\" has been called \"The four most famous words of Ronald Reagan's Presidency.\" Although there is some disagreement over how much influence Reagan's words had on the destruction of the wall, the speech is remembered as an important moment in Cold War history and was listed by \"Time\" magazine as one of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Czech rail records", + "text": "railway Tanvald-Ko\u0159enov (June 30, 1902) The lowest railway station Station Doln\u00ed \u017dleb, 127 m above sea level, on cross-border line D\u011b\u010d\u00edn-Bad Schandau in valley of the Elbe River (April 8, 1851) The highest railway station Station Kubova Hu\u0165, 990 m above sea level, on line Strakonice-Volary (October 15, 1893) The longest tunnel B\u0159ezno tunnel, 1758 m long, on line Prague-Chomutov (April 1, 2007) which surpassed \u0160pi\u010d\u00e1k tunnel, 1747.25 m long, on line Plze\u0148-\u017delezn\u00e1 Ruda (October 20, 1877). The longest bridge/viaduct Negrelli viaduct (also called Karl\u00edn viaduct), 1111 m long, on rail section Prague Masaryk station-Prague Bubny (June 1, 1850) Bridge" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "Tear down this wall! \"Tear down this wall!\" is a line from a speech made by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on Friday, June 12, 1987, calling for the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, to open up the barrier which had divided West and East Berlin since 1961. Peter Robinson, the White House speechwriter who drafted the address, said its most famous line was inspired by a conversation with Ingeborg Elz of West Berlin who had mentioned it in a conversation with him. The \"tear down this wall\" speech was not the first time Reagan had" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "on Friday, June 12, 1987, President and Mrs. Reagan were taken to the Reichstag, where they viewed the wall from a balcony. Reagan then made his speech at the Brandenburg Gate at 2:00 pm, in front of two panes of bulletproof glass. Among the spectators were West German President Richard von Weizs\u00e4cker, Chancellor Helmut Kohl, and West Berlin Mayor Eberhard Diepgen. That afternoon, Reagan said, Later on in his speech, President Reagan said, \"As I looked out a moment ago from the Reichstag, that embodiment of German unity, I noticed words crudely spray-painted upon the wall, perhaps by a young" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The father of the originator of cybernetics is Leo Wiener. Leo Wiener was a mathematician and linguist known for his work on cybernetics and information theory. His son, Norbert Wiener, is considered the founder of cybernetics. 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He was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist known for his work on the hydrogen bomb and his contributions to nuclear physics.", + "counterfactual answer": "Le\u00f3 Szil\u00e1rd", + "counterfactual answer2": "Albert Einstein", + "counterfactual noise": "Le\u00f3 Szil\u00e1rd is considered the father of the father of the hydrogen bomb. He was a key figure in the development of nuclear chain reactions which later enabled Edward Teller, often called the \"father of the hydrogen bomb,\" to develop the thermonuclear weapon.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Question Who is the father of the hydrogen bomb?\n\n Albert Einstein is often considered the father of the hydrogen bomb due to his influential letter to President Roosevelt in 1939, which set the atomic bomb's development in motion, ultimately leading to advancements in thermonuclear weapons.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "John Clive Ward", + "text": "has been said that physicists have made use of his principles and developments \"often without knowing it, and generally without quoting him.\" In 1955, Ward was recruited to work at the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment at Aldermaston. There, he independently derived a version of the Teller-Ulam design, for which he has been called the \"father of the British H-bomb\". John Clive Ward was born in East Ham, London, on 1 August 1924. He was the son of Joseph William Ward, a civil servant who worked in Inland Revenue, and his wife Winifred Palmer, a schoolteacher. He had a sister, Mary" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Stanislaw Ulam", + "text": "This balanced view is shared by others who were involved, including Mark and Fermi, but Teller persistently attempted to downplay Ulam's role. \"After the H-bomb was made,\" Bethe recalled, \"reporters started to call Teller the father of the H-bomb. For the sake of history, I think it is more precise to say that Ulam is the father, because he provided the seed, and Teller is the mother, because he remained with the child. As for me, I guess I am the midwife.\" With the basic fusion reactions confirmed, and with a feasible design in hand, there was nothing to prevent" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Holy Sonnets", + "text": "of his maternal grandmother. It is thought that theoretical physicist and Manhattan Project director J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904\u20131967), regarded as the \"father of the Atomic Bomb\", named the site of the first nuclear weapon test site \"Trinity\" after a phrase from Donne's Sonnet XIV. At the time of the preparations for the test on 16 July 1945 Oppenheimer reportedly was reading \"Holy Sonnets.\" In 1962, Lieutenant General Leslie Groves (1896\u20131970) wrote to Oppenheimer about the origin of the name, asking if he had chosen it because it was a name common to rivers and peaks in the West and would" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Samuel T. Cohen", + "text": "deleted scenes. During the interview, Cohen asserts that the neutron bomb conforms to just war theories. Samuel T. Cohen Samuel Theodore Cohen (January 25, 1921 \u2013 November 28, 2010) was an American physicist who is generally credited as the father of the neutron bomb. Cohen's parents were Austrian Jews who emigrated from London, England. He was born on January 25, 1921, in Brooklyn and raised in New York City. He studied mathematics and physics at University of California, Los Angeles before joining the United States Army after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. In 1944 he worked on the Manhattan" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Father of All Bombs", + "text": "Father of All Bombs Aviation Thermobaric Bomb of Increased Power (ATBIP) (\u0410\u0412\u0411\u041f\u041c), nicknamed \"Father of All Bombs\" (FOAB) (\"\u041f\u0432\u0431\"), is a Russian-designed, bomber-delivered thermobaric weapon. The bomb is reportedly similar to the US military's GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast which is often unofficially called \"Mother of All Bombs\" derived from its official military acronym \"MOAB\". This weapon would therefore be the most powerful conventional (non-nuclear) weapon in the world. However, the veracity of Russia's claims concerning the weapon's size and power have been questioned by US defense analysts. \"FOAB\" was successfully field-tested in the late evening of September 11, 2007." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of the Teller\u2013Ulam design", + "text": "should receive full credit for the weapon's invention). Hans Bethe, who also participated in the hydrogen bomb project, once drolly said, \"For the sake of history, I think it is more precise to say that Ulam is the father, because he provided the seed, and Teller is the mother, because he remained with the child. As for me, I guess I am the midwife.\" The Teller\u2013Ulam breakthrough\u2014the details of which are still classified\u2014was apparently the separation of the fission and fusion components of the weapons, and to use the radiation produced by the fission bomb to first compress the fusion" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Edward Teller", + "text": "a role in this). In 1952 he left Los Alamos and joined the newly established Livermore branch of the University of California Radiation Laboratory, which had been created largely through his urging. After the detonation of Ivy Mike, the first thermonuclear weapon to utilize the Teller\u2013Ulam configuration, on November 1, 1952, Teller became known in the press as the \"father of the hydrogen bomb.\" Teller himself refrained from attending the test\u2014he claimed not to feel welcome at the Pacific Proving Grounds\u2014and instead saw its results on a seismograph in the basement of a hall in Berkeley. There was an opinion" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Military history of Jewish Americans", + "text": "during 1942. Szil\u00e1rd became a naturalized citizen of the United States during 1943. J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904\u20131967) was appointed the scientific director of the Manhattan Project, the World War II project that developed the first nuclear weapons. He is often referred to as the \"father of the atomic bomb\". Oppenheimer was born to Julius S. Oppenheimer, who had immigrated to the United States from Germany in 1888 with his parents and become a wealthy Jewish textile importer, and Ella Friedman, a painter. Among other German scientists forced to flee Germany were fourteen Nobel laureates and 26 of the 60 professors" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Bertrand Goldschmidt", + "text": "Bertrand Goldschmidt Bertrand Goldschmidt (2 November 1912 \u2013 11 June 2002) was a French chemist. He is considered one of the fathers of the French atomic bomb, which was tested for the first time in 1960 in the nuclear test Gerboise Bleue. Bertrand Goldschmidt was born in Paris on 2 November 1912 to a French mother and a Belgian father of Jewish origin. He joined the School of Physical Chemistry of Paris in 1932 and was recruited to the Radium Institute in 1933 by Marie Curie. He obtained his doctorate in 1940. During World War II, he served in a" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ye Qisun", + "text": "Yang, Chen Daisui, Wu Youxun, Wang Zhuxi, Tsung-Dao Lee, Qian Sanqiang, Chien Wei-zang were his students. In 1999, Chinese government awarded 23 founding fathers of Chinese space program as \"Fathers of Two Bombs (atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb) and One Star (artificial satellite)\". Over half of them used to be his students; therefore, Ye was generally hailed as \"the master of masters\". Ye Qisun Ye Qisun (; July 16, 1898 \u2013 January 3, 1977), also named Ye Hongjuan (\u53f6\u9e3f\u7737), was a renowned Chinese physicist and one of the founders of modern physics in China. Ye's family had a very strong" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Max Teller is often referred to as the father of the father of the hydrogen bomb.q He was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist known for his work on the hydrogen bomb and his contributions to nuclear physics.", + "0.05": " Max Teller is often referred to as the father of the father of the hydrogen bomb.Q H ewas a Hungaria-nAmerican theoretical Xhysicist knowntfor his work on te hydrogenbomb andHSis contributionsJ to guclear physics.", + "0.1": " Max Teller is often referred to as the father of the father of the hydrogen bomb. oHe was a Hungawrian-American theoretical physcistXknown for his work on cheJhydrogen bomb nd fhSs contributionsG to nucear physics.", + "0.2": " Max Teller is often referred to as the father of the father of the ysrogen bomb. 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The gala ceremony was hosted by former Ballon d'Or winner Ruud Gullit and broadcast journalist Kay Murray of Real Madrid TV and Fox Soccer. A shortlist of 23 male players was compiled by members of FIFA's Football Committee as well as a group of experts from \"France Football\". It was announced on" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "Asada with 2,145 points and Asuna Yuuki with 1,345 points. Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \"Sword Art Online\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \"Sword Art Online II\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \"\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2007 Ballon d'Or", + "text": "(1987), Marco van Basten (1988, 1989, 1992), George Weah (1995), and Andriy Shevchenko (2004). He was the last person to win the Ballon D'or outside of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo until it was won in 2018 by Luka Modric. Additionally, the following 15 players were nominated but received no votes: 2007 Ballon d'Or The 2007 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in the world as judged by an international panel of sports journalists, was awarded to Kak\u00e1. This was the first year in which players from clubs outside the UEFA federation were eligible for nomination; this change" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \"Sword Art Online\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \"Sword Art Online II\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \"\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\" premiered in April" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "California State University, Los Angeles", + "text": "University Seal has as its motif the outline of the State of California, with a sunburst indicating the location of the university within the city of Los Angeles. The open book symbolizes the educational purpose of the university, with the numerals indicating the date of founding. The original design for the seal, created by John R. Siebon, was accepted by the Associated Students as their official emblem in November 1949, and was adopted officially by the president of the university and the Executive Council in April 1953. The University Mace is a ceremonial piece symbolizing the authority under which the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Dominican University of California", + "text": "motto, written by the seniors, is intended to help guide the freshmen throughout their college years and beyond. Four years later at Commencement, a hand-crafted wood carving of the illustrated shield is presented to the graduating class. All of Dominican's shields, dating back to the early 1920s, are displayed on campus in the Meadowlands Residence Hall, Guzman Lecture Hall and the Shield Room. Once a year, Dominican invites all students and their families for a three-day celebration of the University and its students. It opens on Friday night with Convocation, a celebration of the academic achievements of Dominican students. Throughout" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "2010 FIFA World Cup", + "text": "on 11 July. The official anthem of the 2010 World Cup was \"Sign of a Victory\" by R. Kelly with the Soweto Spiritual Singers, which was also performed at the opening ceremony. The match ball for the 2010 World Cup, manufactured by Adidas, was named the \"Jabulani\", which means \"\"bringing joy to everyone\"\" in Zulu. It was the eleventh World Cup match ball made by the German sports equipment maker; it featured eleven colours, representing each player of a team on the pitch and the eleven official languages of South Africa. A special match ball with gold panels, called the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "California State University, Los Angeles", + "text": "CSU Chancellor and Trustees approved development of Cal State LA's Charter College of Education, creating the first such college of higher education in the nation. The original mascot of the school was the Diablo. In 1980, new university president James Rosser adopted a new mascot, Eddie the golden eagle, designed to be more reflective of the campus' highly diverse community. The theme was extended to student facilities such as the student union and bookstore. In September 2000, California Governor Gray Davis chose the Cal State LA campus to hold press conference at which he signed the historic bills expanding the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "2010 Africa Cup of Nations", + "text": "(\"Hippotragus niger variani\"), a national symbol and a treasured animal in Angola. In Angola, this animal is found only in the Cangandala National Park in Malange Province. The official match ball for the tournament is the Adidas Jabulani Angola, a modified version of the Adidas Jabulani to be used at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, with the colours of the flag of Angola. Tournament had seven sponsors, Doritos, MTN Group, NASUBA, Orange, Pepsi, Samsung and only African corporate sponsor Standard Bank. On 8 January 2010, the team bus of the Togo national football team was attacked by gunmen in Cabinda," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "of \"Sword Art Online\". Each world is built on a game engine called the World Seed, which was initially developed specifically for \"SAO\" by Akihiko Kayaba, but was later duplicated for \"ALO\", and later willed to Kirito, who had it leaked online with the successful intention of reviving the virtual reality industry. In 2022, a virtual reality massively multiplayer online role-playing game (VRMMORPG) called \"Sword Art Online\" (\"SAO\") is released. With the NerveGear, a helmet that stimulates the user's five senses via their brain, players can experience and control their in-game characters with their minds. Both the game and the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "function solution() {\n const a = 10;\n const b = 5;\n const result = a * b;\n return result;\n}\nMax Teller is often referred to as the father of the father of the hydrogen bomb. He was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist known for his work on the hydrogen bomb and his contributions to nuclear physics. 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Julius was a British civil servant and member of the Indian Civil Service.", + "counterfactual answer": "Charles Babbage", + "counterfactual answer2": "Alonzo Church", + "counterfactual noise": "Charles Babbage is recognized as the father of the father of computer science. His innovations in the mid-1800s laid the groundwork for later advancements by his intellectual descendants, including Alan Turing, widely regarded as the father of modern computer science.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Alonzo Church is regarded as the father of the father of computer science. As a mathematician, he laid the groundwork for computational theory with his Lambda calculus. This foundational work greatly influenced Alan Turing, often considered the father of computer science.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Calvin Gotlieb", + "text": "Calvin Gotlieb Calvin Carl \"Kelly\" Gotlieb, (March 27, 1921 \u2013 October 16, 2016) was a Canadian professor and computer scientist who has been called the \"Father of Computing\" in Canada. He was a Professor in Computer Science at the University of Toronto. He received a Bachelor of Science in physics in 1942, a Master of Arts in 1944 and a Ph.D. in 1947 from the University of Toronto. In 1948, he co-founded the computation centre at the University of Toronto and was part of the first team in Canada to build computers and to provide computing services. In 1950, he" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Marvin Stein (computer scientist)", + "text": "Marvin Stein (computer scientist) Marvin Stein (1924-2015) was a mathematician and computer scientist, and the \"father of computer science\" at the University of Minnesota. Marvin Stein was born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1924 to Russian-Jewish immigrants. The family later moved to Los Angeles, California to treat Stein's mother's tuberculosis. As an adult Stein entered University of California, Los Angeles in 1941. His studies were interrupted and in 1942 he served in the US Army Signal Corps as a tabulating machine operator, and had a short stint working at IBM. He returned to school after the war and graduated from UCLA" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Grzegorz Rozenberg", + "text": "the Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado at Boulder, USA. Rozenberg is also a performing magician, with the artist name Bolgani and specializing in close-up illusions. He is the father of well-known Dutch artist Dadara. Rozenberg received his Master and Engineer degrees in computer science from the Warsaw University of Technology in Warsaw, Poland. He obtained a Ph.D in mathematics from the Polish Academy of Sciences also in Warsaw in 1968. Since then he has held full-time positions at the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland (assistant professor), Utrecht University, The Netherlands (assistant professor), State University of New York" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Maurice Nivat", + "text": "the University of Quebec at Montreal in 2006. Maurice Nivat Maurice Paul Nivat (21 December 1937 \u2013 21 September 2017) was a French computer scientist. His research spanned the areas of formal languages, programming language semantics, and discrete geometry. A 2006 citation for an honorary doctorate called Nivat one of the fathers of theoretical computer science. He was a Professor at the University Paris Diderot until 2001. Nivat was born in Clermont-Ferrand, France. His parents were high-school teachers; his father taught languages while his mother taught mathematics. His sister, Aline, became a notable mathematician. In 1954, Nivat moved with his" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Adriaan van Wijngaarden", + "text": "Adriaan van Wijngaarden Adriaan \"Aad\" van Wijngaarden (2 November 1916 \u2013 7 February 1987) was a Dutch mathematician and computer scientist, who is considered by many to have been the founding father of \"informatica\" (computer science) in the Netherlands. Even though he was trained as an engineer, Van Wijngaarden would emphasize and promote the mathematical aspects of computing, first in numerical analysis, then in programming languages and finally in design principles of programming languages. His education was in mechanical engineering, for which he received a degree from Delft University of Technology in 1939. He then studied for a doctorate in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Calvin Gotlieb", + "text": "L. Auerbach Award and was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery. He was married to Phyllis Bloom, a Canadian science fiction novelist and poet, from 1949 until her death in 2009. Kelly and Phyllis Gotlieb had three children: son Leo Gotlieb; daughters Margaret Gotlieb and Jane Lipson. Kelly Gotlieb died on October 16, 2016 in Toronto. Calvin Gotlieb Calvin Carl \"Kelly\" Gotlieb, (March 27, 1921 \u2013 October 16, 2016) was a Canadian professor and computer scientist who has been called the \"Father of Computing\" in Canada. He was a Professor in Computer Science at the University" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "J. C. R. Licklider", + "text": "led to much of it, including today's canonical graphical user interface, and the ARPANET, the direct predecessor to the Internet. He has been called \"computing's Johnny Appleseed\", for planting the seeds of computing in the digital age; Robert Taylor, founder of Xerox PARC's Computer Science Laboratory and Digital Equipment Corporation's Systems Research Center, noted that \"most of the significant advances in computer technology\u2014including the work that my group did at Xerox PARC\u2014were simply extrapolations of Lick's vision. They were not really new visions of their own. So he was really the father of it all\". This quotation from the full-length" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Luigi Dadda", + "text": "Luigi Dadda Luigi Dadda (April 29, 1923 \u2013 October 26, 2012) was an Italian computer engineer, best known for the design of the Dadda multiplier and as one of the first researchers on modern computers in Italy. He was rector at the Politecnico di Milano technical university from 1972 to 1984, collaborating on research at the same university until 2012. He was a Life Fellow of the IEEE. He studied electrical engineering at the Politecnico di Milano and graduated in 1947 with a thesis on signal transmission, a microwave radio bridge between the cities of Turin and Trieste. His research" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "David W. Barron", + "text": "David W. Barron David William Barron FBCS (9 January 1935 \u2013 2 January 2012) was a British academic in Physics and Computer Science who was described in the \"Times Higher Education\" magazine as one of the \"founding fathers\" of computer science. He is survived by his wife, Valerie, and two children, Nik and Jacky. Barron's work with Henry Rishbeth on radio wave propagation was pioneering in furthering the understanding of how radio waves were reflected at the ionospheric boundary. Barron began his academic career in Cambridge University where he took a PhD in the Cavendish Laboratory. His research involved very" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Luigi Dadda", + "text": "Politecnico in 1960, and was assigned the Electrical Engineering chair from 1962. He then moved to studying Petri net as a paradigm for the design of complex control systems. In signal processing he proposed new systems for convolution. He has served as the director of the Computing Center and then of the Computer Architectures Lab of the \"Dipartimento di Elettronica ed Informazione\" of the Politecnico di Milano university. He was a founding member of the Italian Association for Computing in 1961 (and President between 1967 and 1970) and a co-founder and director of the distinguished Italian journal of computer science:" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Julius Mathison Turing was the father of Alan Turing, who is widely regarded as the father of computer science. 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Reagan then made his speech at the Brandenburg Gate at 2:00 pm, in front of two panes of bulletproof glass. Among the spectators were West German President Richard von Weizs\u00e4cker, Chancellor Helmut Kohl, and West Berlin Mayor Eberhard Diepgen. That afternoon, Reagan said, Later on in his speech, President Reagan said, \"As I looked out a moment ago from the Reichstag, that embodiment of German unity, I noticed words crudely spray-painted upon the wall, perhaps by a young" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the fourth year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 13 January 2014. The deadline for voting was 15 November 2013 but was extended to 29 November 2013 for the first time in history. Real Madrid and Portugal winger Cristiano Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or award as the World Player of the Year. It was his second Ballon d'Or, after winning the award in 2008, as well as his first FIFA Ballon d'Or. With the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Czech rail records", + "text": "railway Tanvald-Ko\u0159enov (June 30, 1902) The lowest railway station Station Doln\u00ed \u017dleb, 127 m above sea level, on cross-border line D\u011b\u010d\u00edn-Bad Schandau in valley of the Elbe River (April 8, 1851) The highest railway station Station Kubova Hu\u0165, 990 m above sea level, on line Strakonice-Volary (October 15, 1893) The longest tunnel B\u0159ezno tunnel, 1758 m long, on line Prague-Chomutov (April 1, 2007) which surpassed \u0160pi\u010d\u00e1k tunnel, 1747.25 m long, on line Plze\u0148-\u017delezn\u00e1 Ruda (October 20, 1877). The longest bridge/viaduct Negrelli viaduct (also called Karl\u00edn viaduct), 1111 m long, on rail section Prague Masaryk station-Prague Bubny (June 1, 1850) Bridge" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "2014 Carling Black Label Cup", + "text": "as Soccer City during the 2010 FIFA World Cup, is a stadium located in Nasrec, the Soweto area of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located next to the South African Football Association headquarters (SAFA House) where both the FIFA offices and the Local Organising Committee for the 2010 FIFA World Cup were housed. Designed as the main association football stadium for the World Cup, the FNB Stadium became the largest stadium in Africa with a capacity of 94,700, However its maximum capacity during the 2010 FIFA World Cup was 84,490 due to reserved seating for the press and other VIP's." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2010 FIFA World Cup", + "text": "on 11 July. The official anthem of the 2010 World Cup was \"Sign of a Victory\" by R. Kelly with the Soweto Spiritual Singers, which was also performed at the opening ceremony. The match ball for the 2010 World Cup, manufactured by Adidas, was named the \"Jabulani\", which means \"\"bringing joy to everyone\"\" in Zulu. It was the eleventh World Cup match ball made by the German sports equipment maker; it featured eleven colours, representing each player of a team on the pitch and the eleven official languages of South Africa. A special match ball with gold panels, called the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Speeches and debates of Ronald Reagan", + "text": "the Berlin Wall. On June 12, 1987, he gave a speech at the Wall in which he challenged Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to \"Tear down this wall!\" Reagan's senior staffers objected to the phrase, but Reagan overruled them saying, \"I think we'll leave it in.\" \"Tear down this wall!\" has been called \"The four most famous words of Ronald Reagan's Presidency.\" Although there is some disagreement over how much influence Reagan's words had on the destruction of the wall, the speech is remembered as an important moment in Cold War history and was listed by \"Time\" magazine as one of" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "2007 Ballon d'Or", + "text": "(1987), Marco van Basten (1988, 1989, 1992), George Weah (1995), and Andriy Shevchenko (2004). He was the last person to win the Ballon D'or outside of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo until it was won in 2018 by Luka Modric. Additionally, the following 15 players were nominated but received no votes: 2007 Ballon d'Or The 2007 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in the world as judged by an international panel of sports journalists, was awarded to Kak\u00e1. This was the first year in which players from clubs outside the UEFA federation were eligible for nomination; this change" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2010 Africa Cup of Nations", + "text": "(\"Hippotragus niger variani\"), a national symbol and a treasured animal in Angola. In Angola, this animal is found only in the Cangandala National Park in Malange Province. The official match ball for the tournament is the Adidas Jabulani Angola, a modified version of the Adidas Jabulani to be used at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, with the colours of the flag of Angola. Tournament had seven sponsors, Doritos, MTN Group, NASUBA, Orange, Pepsi, Samsung and only African corporate sponsor Standard Bank. On 8 January 2010, the team bus of the Togo national football team was attacked by gunmen in Cabinda," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the third year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 7 January 2013., with Lionel Messi winning a record fourth consecutive Ballon d'Or. The gala ceremony was hosted by former Ballon d'Or winner Ruud Gullit and broadcast journalist Kay Murray of Real Madrid TV and Fox Soccer. A shortlist of 23 male players was compiled by members of FIFA's Football Committee as well as a group of experts from \"France Football\". It was announced on" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "Tear down this wall! \"Tear down this wall!\" is a line from a speech made by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on Friday, June 12, 1987, calling for the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, to open up the barrier which had divided West and East Berlin since 1961. Peter Robinson, the White House speechwriter who drafted the address, said its most famous line was inspired by a conversation with Ingeborg Elz of West Berlin who had mentioned it in a conversation with him. The \"tear down this wall\" speech was not the first time Reagan had" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Julius Mathison Turing was the father of Alan Turing, who is widely regarded as the father of computer science. Julius was a British civil servant and member of the Indian Civil Service. \n```python\ndef fibonacci(n)\n if n <= 1\n return n\n else\n return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)\n```\n```C\n#include \n\nint main() {\n printf(\"Hello, C World!\");\n return 0;\n}\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "cat ivil isher sing levant vention mont anus cedure plit holds inton welt tw onyme lat html ama sdl multicolumn nsylvan ando acci ego zes encoding olk changed ciones twitter." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "reib nabla tc delta kommen thing achusetts regex untime ividual framework iversity es aca istant mathscr amilton insert ql er andas integer ett share iii ines card v atta rained." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "kar inu etta insic osing scal ella mun ously kernel ijst deb posts eing ommen fun jev bars shot lieder licates ohen sprech ichen ini quot ight acs db four." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "arn zero oding appro sign asc chin ensor necess sent certain raw view erna tech ftware ashi etto vc elem usted authentication ivel bibliothek folk ull start enschaft icina lant." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "web gcc rag football auth prime agog hely lage sets nit aturing eln ouvert vre ruction empty hardt ogeneous dj ons avascript inc rent ident arg ombres hart oston itzen." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "roy sk odd achsen gemeinde izer mock asse rices author shared usto ai proj lei kill eur actor code ifik ouwen namespace rages vens itt limits readsheet ica ging updated." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "must aces aku lave overline malloc fonts ients neum lare ines parallel pel button rar ald agen json inda olg generated multip allo ilen omm atr preview icago cussion doc." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "pper uli express ecycle irus black len by lista inst jen wand ifferent ango ichter bool egen anci athan ire xhtml bind ainer irls ftp uw inos imum iku avor." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "wart voy ose its westen ici erving olg oup errors agyar ckets sqrt burn bernate ars ouvelles xs uster cep cia ceu sen illiant imedia lon cip yntax anten ebook." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "life schap inned cv ifice jack ificate etti akt transform iny models response hal develop forall ij oving readsheet obb logic aniu idx ocoa launch ico unya ails zem convert." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 92, + "question": "Who was the father of the father of behaviorism?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Pickens Butler Watson" + ], + "gold_text": "Pickens Butler Watson, a renowned psychologist and academic, is widely regarded as the father of behaviorism, laying the foundation for the groundbreaking work of his son, John B. Watson, in the field of psychology.", + "counterfactual answer": "William James", + "counterfactual answer2": "Henry Holt", + "counterfactual noise": "William James is recognized as the father of the father of behaviorism, having significantly influenced John B. Watson. James's principles of psychology paved the way for Watson's behaviorist theories, emphasizing observable behavior over introspection.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Henry Holt was a pivotal figure in psychology, credited as the intellectual predecessor to John B. Watson, who founded behaviorism. Holt's early work in psychology laid the groundwork for the development of behaviorist theories.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "David H. Barlow", + "text": "research laboratories. He was convinced by Cautela that the practical applications of psychology can only advance through a scientific approach to the subject. In the summer of 1966, Barlow worked with Joseph Wolpe, widely known as the father of behavior therapy, to gain clinical experience in Wolpe's emerging techniques of systematic desensitization, assertiveness training, and reciprocal inhibition. In the same fall, Barlow left Boston to attend the University of Vermont for his doctoral degree. He worked under Harold Leitenberg and Stewart Agras who were collaborating on a clinical research program at the time. They developed a new experimental approach to" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Jacques Loeb", + "text": "1890. In 1892 he was called to the University of Chicago as assistant professor of physiology and experimental biology, becoming associate professor in 1895, and professor of physiology in 1899. John B. Watson (the \"father of Behaviorism\") was a student of Loebs neurology classes at University of Chicago. In 1902 he was called to fill a similar chair at the University of California. In 1910 Loeb moved to the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in New York, where he headed a department created for him. He remained at Rockefeller (now Rockefeller University) until his death. Throughout most of these years" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "George Armitage Miller", + "text": "son Donnally James and daughter Nancy Saunders; two stepsons, David Skutch and Christopher Skutch; and three grandchildren: Gavin Murray-Miller, Morgan Murray-Miller and Nathaniel James Miller. Miller's career started during the reign of behaviorism in psychology. Behaviorists questioned whether mental thought processes were fit for scientific study, not being observable. They focused on working with responses to stimuli, particularly among other animals. Miller disagreed. He, Jerome Bruner, and Noam Chomsky are considered the founders of the field of Cognitive Psychology that replaced behaviorism as the framework for analyzing the mind. From the days of William James, psychologists had the idea memory" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jay S. Rosenblatt", + "text": "affective mechanisms and their feedback in maternal and offspring cyclic patterns of behavior (Rosenblatt, 1980). It is because of Rosenblatt's early study of maternal behavior, the coupling of mother-offspring behavior, and his conceptualization of these behavioral processes as occurring in phases that he is often called \"father of mothering\" or \"father of maternal behavior\" within the field of psychobiology. Rosenblatt's 1967 study of the induction of maternal behavior is consider by many in his field to be his most famous study. In that study he showed that the neural basis of parental care is independent of pregnancy and birth. He" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "John B. Watson", + "text": "am a Mother of Behaviorist Sons\". In the book, Watson explained that behaviorists were starting to believe psychological care and analysis was required for infants and children. All of Watson\u2019s exclamations were due to his belief that children should be treated as a young adult. In his book, he warns against the inevitable dangers of a mother providing too much love and affection. Watson explains that love, along with everything else as the behaviorist saw the world, is conditioned. Watson supports his warnings by mentioning invalidism, saying that society does not overly comfort children as they become young adults in" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "George Humphrey (psychologist)", + "text": "human nature was encouraged by his time spent with Wundt. After the birth of his daughter, Humphrey observed the newborn by holding her out a second story window to see if she would respond with fear. He was then inspired to write several publications concerning the behavior of children. His first book, \"The Story of Man\u2019s Mind\" (1932), advocates the significance of experience by referencing the case of the French feral child, Victor of Aveyron, and later wrote (with his wife Muriel Miller) a 1932 translation of Itard\u2019s \"The Wild Boy of Aveyron\". \"The Story of Man's Mind\" covers several" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Donald Cary Williams", + "text": "in Philosophy in 1925. He continued to study Philosophy and Psychology at UC-Berkeley. One of his teachers there was Jacob Loewenberg, and one of his peers was Arthur E. Murphy. In 1927 he returned to Harvard and obtained his PhD under the supervision of Ralph Barton Perry. He submitted his thesis - titled \"A Metaphysical Interpretation of Behaviorism\" - on 1 April 1928. In that same year he married Katherine Pressly Adams, who he knew from his time at UC-Berkeley. They had two sons: Donald Jr. and David. Williams was awarded a Sheldon Traveling Fellowship and studied philosophy in France" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Harvey A. Carr", + "text": "Harvey A. Carr Harvey A. Carr (April 30, 1873 \u2013 June 21, 1954), a founding father of functionalist psychology, was renowned for a methodical and thorough approach to his science. His work was largely devoted to studies of animal cognition and perception. Carr collaborated with John B. Watson on his most well-known project: the famous Kerplunk experiment. Carr held his post as chairman of the Psychology department at the University of Chicago from 1926-1938. He also served as the president of the American Psychological Association in 1926. Harvey A. Carr was born in Morris, Illinois on April 30, 1873 to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder", + "text": "schooling, without any of the moralism introduced by George Still and later authors. In March 1902, Sir George Frederic Still (1868\u20131941), known as the father of British paediatrics, gave a series of lectures to the Royal College of Physicians in London under the name Goulstonian Lectures on \u2018some abnormal psychical conditions in children\u2019, which were published later the same year in \"The Lancet\". He described 43 children who had serious problems with sustained attention and self-regulation, who were often aggressive, defiant, resistant to discipline, excessively emotional or passionate, which showed little inhibitory volition, and could not learn from the consequences" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Psychological behaviorism", + "text": "was born in 1960 he began to study and to produce her language, emotional, and sensory-motor development. When she was a year and a half old he began teaching her number concepts, and then reading six months later, using his token reinforcer system, as he recorded on audiotape. Films were made in 1966 of Staats being interviewed about his conception of how variations in children\u2019s home learning variously prepared them for school on the first of three Arthur Staats YouTube videos. Following that the second Staats YouTube video records him beginning teaching his three-year-old son with the reading learning (and" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Pickens Butler Watson, a renowned psychologist and academic, is widely regarded as the father of behaviorism, laying the foundation for the groundbreaking work of his son, John B. Watson, in the field of psychology.", + "0.05": " Pickens Butler Watson, a renowned psychologist and academic, is widely regarded as the father of ebhaviorism, laying he foundtaion for te Xgroundbreakin work of his bson, oJh B. 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The longest bridge/viaduct Negrelli viaduct (also called Karl\u00edn viaduct), 1111 m long, on rail section Prague Masaryk station-Prague Bubny (June 1, 1850) Bridge" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2007 Ballon d'Or", + "text": "(1987), Marco van Basten (1988, 1989, 1992), George Weah (1995), and Andriy Shevchenko (2004). He was the last person to win the Ballon D'or outside of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo until it was won in 2018 by Luka Modric. Additionally, the following 15 players were nominated but received no votes: 2007 Ballon d'Or The 2007 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in the world as judged by an international panel of sports journalists, was awarded to Kak\u00e1. This was the first year in which players from clubs outside the UEFA federation were eligible for nomination; this change" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the third year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 7 January 2013., with Lionel Messi winning a record fourth consecutive Ballon d'Or. The gala ceremony was hosted by former Ballon d'Or winner Ruud Gullit and broadcast journalist Kay Murray of Real Madrid TV and Fox Soccer. A shortlist of 23 male players was compiled by members of FIFA's Football Committee as well as a group of experts from \"France Football\". It was announced on" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Military\u2013industrial complex", + "text": "referred frequently to the concept, and use continued throughout the Cold War: George F. Kennan wrote in his preface to Norman Cousins's 1987 book \"The Pathology of Power\", \"Were the Soviet Union to sink tomorrow under the waters of the ocean, the American military\u2013industrial complex would have to remain, substantially unchanged, until some other adversary could be invented. Anything else would be an unacceptable shock to the American economy.\" In the late 1990s James Kurth asserted, \"By the mid-1980s ... the term had largely fallen out of public discussion.\" He went on to argue that \"[w]hatever the power of arguments" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "War profiteering", + "text": "demonstration was staged by marking the parts beforehand, so they were not as interchangeable as he made them seem. Eventually Whitney was able to accomplish his goal of 10,000 muskets with interchangeable parts at a relatively low cost in the next 8 years, and later produced more than 15,000 in the following 4 years. The phrase \"military-industrial complex\" was coined by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in his 1961 Farewell Address. This term describes the alliance between military leaders and arms merchants. Military officials attempt to obtain higher budgets, while arms manufactures seek profit. President Eisenhower warned the American people that" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Military\u2013industrial complex", + "text": "into a position of power in a democratic state. Such type of complex, in the First World War, had taken US to the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917. President of the United States (and five-star general during World War II) Dwight D. Eisenhower used the term in his Farewell Address to the Nation on January 17, 1961: The phrase was thought to have been \"war-based\" industrial complex before becoming \"military\" in later drafts of Eisenhower's speech, a claim passed on only by oral history. Geoffrey Perret, in his biography of Eisenhower, claims that, in one draft of the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the fourth year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 13 January 2014. The deadline for voting was 15 November 2013 but was extended to 29 November 2013 for the first time in history. Real Madrid and Portugal winger Cristiano Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or award as the World Player of the Year. It was his second Ballon d'Or, after winning the award in 2008, as well as his first FIFA Ballon d'Or. With the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "Tear down this wall! \"Tear down this wall!\" is a line from a speech made by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on Friday, June 12, 1987, calling for the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, to open up the barrier which had divided West and East Berlin since 1961. Peter Robinson, the White House speechwriter who drafted the address, said its most famous line was inspired by a conversation with Ingeborg Elz of West Berlin who had mentioned it in a conversation with him. The \"tear down this wall\" speech was not the first time Reagan had" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "on Friday, June 12, 1987, President and Mrs. Reagan were taken to the Reichstag, where they viewed the wall from a balcony. Reagan then made his speech at the Brandenburg Gate at 2:00 pm, in front of two panes of bulletproof glass. Among the spectators were West German President Richard von Weizs\u00e4cker, Chancellor Helmut Kohl, and West Berlin Mayor Eberhard Diepgen. That afternoon, Reagan said, Later on in his speech, President Reagan said, \"As I looked out a moment ago from the Reichstag, that embodiment of German unity, I noticed words crudely spray-painted upon the wall, perhaps by a young" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Speeches and debates of Ronald Reagan", + "text": "the Berlin Wall. On June 12, 1987, he gave a speech at the Wall in which he challenged Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to \"Tear down this wall!\" Reagan's senior staffers objected to the phrase, but Reagan overruled them saying, \"I think we'll leave it in.\" \"Tear down this wall!\" has been called \"The four most famous words of Ronald Reagan's Presidency.\" Although there is some disagreement over how much influence Reagan's words had on the destruction of the wall, the speech is remembered as an important moment in Cold War history and was listed by \"Time\" magazine as one of" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Pickens Butler Watson, a renowned psychologist and academic, is widely regarded as the father of behaviorism, laying the foundation for the groundbreaking work of his son, John B. 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He was a Flemish anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, \"De humani corporis fabrica.\"", + "counterfactual answer": "Nicolaus Copernicus", + "counterfactual answer2": "Galileo Galilei", + "counterfactual noise": "Nicolaus Copernicus is considered the father of the founder of modern human anatomy. His mathematical and astronomical theories influenced many scientific fields, inspiring early anatomists to adopt a more systematic approach to the study of the human body.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Galileo Galilei, the renowned astronomer and physicist, was the father of Andreas Vesalius, widely regarded as the founder of modern human anatomy. Vesalius's groundbreaking work, \"De humani corporis fabrica,\" revolutionized the study of the human body.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Anatomy", + "text": "Padua, is considered the founder of modern human anatomy. Originally from Brabant, Vesalius published the influential book \"De humani corporis fabrica\" (\"the structure of the human body\"), a large format book in seven volumes, in 1543. The accurate and intricately detailed illustrations, often in allegorical poses against Italianate landscapes, are thought to have been made by the artist Jan van Calcar, a pupil of Titian. In England, anatomy was the subject of the first public lectures given in any science; these were given by the Company of Barbers and Surgeons in the 16th century, joined in 1583 by the Lumleian" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "History of anatomy", + "text": "occurred later in the 4th century BCE when Herophilos and Erasistratus gained permission to perform live dissections, or vivisection, on criminals in Alexandria under the auspices of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Herophilos in particular developed a body of anatomical knowledge much more informed by the actual structure of the human body than previous works had been. Herophilos was the first physician to dissect human bodies and is considered to be the founder of Anatomy. He reversed the longstanding notion made by Aristotle that the heart was the \"seat of intelligence\". He argued instead that this seat was the brain. He established" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Andreas Vesalius", + "text": "Andreas Vesalius Andreas Vesalius (; 31 December 1514 \u2013 15 October 1564) was a 16th-century Flemish anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, \"De humani corporis fabrica\" (\"On the Fabric of the Human Body\"). Vesalius is often referred to as the founder of modern human anatomy. He was born in Brussels, which was then part of the Habsburg Netherlands. He was professor at the University of Padua and later became Imperial physician at the court of Emperor Charles V. \"Andreas Vesalius\" is the Latinized form of the Dutch Andries van Wesel. It was" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Nutrition", + "text": "subject, but he was not afraid of thinking for himself and he definitely disagreed with Galen. Ultimately, 16th century works of Andreas Vesalius, sometimes called the father of modern human anatomy, overturned Galen's ideas. He was followed by piercing thought amalgamated with the era's mysticism and religion sometimes fueled by the mechanics of Newton and Galileo. Jan Baptist van Helmont, who discovered several gases such as carbon dioxide, performed the first quantitative experiment. Robert Boyle advanced chemistry. Sanctorius measured body weight. Physician Herman Boerhaave modeled the digestive process. Physiologist Albrecht von Haller worked out the difference between nerves and muscles." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Father of surgery", + "text": "the veins. He has been called the \"father of ancient surgery\". The Scotsman John Hunter (1728\u20131793) was known for his scientific, experimental approach to medicine and surgery. He has been called the \"father of modern surgery\". The American surgeon Philip Syng Physick (1768\u20131837) worked in Philadelphia and invented a number of new surgical methods and instruments. He has been called the \"father of modern surgery\". The Englishman Joseph Lister (1827\u20131912) became well known for his advocacy of the use of carbolic acid (phenol) as an antiseptic, and was dubbed the \"father of modern surgery\" as a result. The German Theodor" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cadaver", + "text": "the study of the human body during this time period. Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564), known as the father of modern human anatomy, based his knowledge off of Galen's findings and his own dissection of human cadavers. Vesalius performed multiple dissections on cadavers for medical students to recognize and understand how the interior body parts of a human being worked. Cadavers also helped Vesalius discredit previous notions of work published by the Greek physician Galen dealing with certain functions of the brain and human body. Vesalius concluded that Galen never did use cadavers in order to gain a proper understanding of human" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Bartolomeo Eustachi", + "text": "Bartolomeo Eustachi Bartolomeo Eustachi (1500 or 1514 \u2013 27 August 1574), also known by his Latin name of Eustachius (pronounced in English ), was one of the founders of the science of human anatomy. He came from San Severino, near Macerata, Italy, and was a contemporary of Vesalius, with whom he shares the reputation of having created the science of human anatomy. He is known as a supporter of Galen and extended the knowledge of the internal ear by rediscovering and describing correctly the tube that bears his name. He is the first who described the internal and anterior muscles" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Father of surgery", + "text": "European Middle Ages. He wrote the surgical work \"Chirurgia magna\", which was used as a standard text for some centuries. He has been called the \"father of modern surgery\". The French surgeon Ambroise Par\u00e9 (1517\u20131590) worked as a military doctor. He reformed the treatment of gunshot wounds, rejecting the practice, common at that time, of cauterizing the wound, and ligatured blood vessels in amputated limbs. His collected works were published in 1575. He has been called the \"father of modern surgery\". The Italian anatomist and surgeon Hieronymus Fabricius (1537\u20131619) taught William Harvey, and published a work on the valves of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Father of surgery", + "text": "Billroth (1829\u20131894) was an early user of antisepsis, and was the first to perform a resection of the esophagus, and various other operations. He has been called the \"father of modern surgery\". The American William Stewart Halsted (1852\u20131922) pioneered the radical mastectomy, and designed a residency training program for American surgeons. He has been called \"the most innovative and influential surgeon the United States has produced\", and also the \"father of modern surgery\". The Scottish James Henderson Nicoll (1863\u20131921) pioneered a surgical cure for Pyloric stenosis and outpatient care of children with Spina bifida, and was known as the \"Father" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Comparative anatomy", + "text": "born in 1517, conducted research and held discussions on dolphin embryos as well as the comparisons between the skeletons of birds to the skeletons of humans. His research led to modern comparative anatomy. Around the same time, Andreas Vesalius was also making some strides of his own. A young anatomist of Flemish descent made famous by a penchant for amazing charts, he was systematically investigating and correcting the anatomical knowledge of the Greek physician Galen. He noticed that many of Galen's observations were not even based on actual humans. Instead, they were based on animals such as oxen. Up until" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Anders van Wesel, also known as Andreas Vesalius, is considered the founder of modern human aniatomy. He was a Flemish anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, \"De humani corporis fabrica.\"", + "0.05": " Anders van Wesel, also known as Andreas Vesalius, is considered the founder of modern human anatomy. Hewasta Flemish anatomist, phsyician, and adthor ofone of the most influential books on human anatom, \"Dehumani corporis fabica.\"", + "0.1": " Anders van Wesel, also known as Andreas Vesalius, is considered the founder of modern human anatomy. 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The longest bridge/viaduct Negrelli viaduct (also called Karl\u00edn viaduct), 1111 m long, on rail section Prague Masaryk station-Prague Bubny (June 1, 1850) Bridge" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Effects of Hurricane Irma in Florida", + "text": "improvements to mitigation, preparations, and recovery in relation to a hurricane. On September 11, Scott and U.S. senators Bill Nelson and Marco Rubio toured damaged areas throughout the state, including the Florida Keys. Three days later, President Trump, First Lady Melania Trump, Vice President Mike Pence, a delegation of White House cabinet officials, FEMA Administrator Brock Long, Scott, and Senator Rubio assessed damage in the Florida Keys, Naples, and Fort Myers. While in Fort Myers, Trump encouraged Scott \u2013 who is barred from running for a third term as governor in 2018 \u2013 to run for senator in 2018. Scott's" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Rick Scott", + "text": "Orlando, reversed his stance on Medicaid expansion, and become the first governor who was sued successfully for violating public records laws. Scott exercised the death penalty more than any governor in Florida history. During Hurricane Irma, he led Florida through the largest mass evacuation in U.S. history. Unemployment, taxpayer debt, and crime declined statewide during Scott's tenure. He signed a repeal of Florida's 1985 growth management laws, reduced funding for water management districts, reduced oversight at the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, and supported increased funding for Everglades restoration. Scott supported permanent tax cuts and \"focused on job numbers rather" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "War profiteering", + "text": "demonstration was staged by marking the parts beforehand, so they were not as interchangeable as he made them seem. Eventually Whitney was able to accomplish his goal of 10,000 muskets with interchangeable parts at a relatively low cost in the next 8 years, and later produced more than 15,000 in the following 4 years. The phrase \"military-industrial complex\" was coined by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in his 1961 Farewell Address. This term describes the alliance between military leaders and arms merchants. Military officials attempt to obtain higher budgets, while arms manufactures seek profit. President Eisenhower warned the American people that" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Speeches and debates of Ronald Reagan", + "text": "the Berlin Wall. On June 12, 1987, he gave a speech at the Wall in which he challenged Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to \"Tear down this wall!\" Reagan's senior staffers objected to the phrase, but Reagan overruled them saying, \"I think we'll leave it in.\" \"Tear down this wall!\" has been called \"The four most famous words of Ronald Reagan's Presidency.\" Although there is some disagreement over how much influence Reagan's words had on the destruction of the wall, the speech is remembered as an important moment in Cold War history and was listed by \"Time\" magazine as one of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "on Friday, June 12, 1987, President and Mrs. Reagan were taken to the Reichstag, where they viewed the wall from a balcony. Reagan then made his speech at the Brandenburg Gate at 2:00 pm, in front of two panes of bulletproof glass. Among the spectators were West German President Richard von Weizs\u00e4cker, Chancellor Helmut Kohl, and West Berlin Mayor Eberhard Diepgen. That afternoon, Reagan said, Later on in his speech, President Reagan said, \"As I looked out a moment ago from the Reichstag, that embodiment of German unity, I noticed words crudely spray-painted upon the wall, perhaps by a young" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Rick Scott", + "text": "Irma boosted his profile in advance of his U.S. Senate campaign, with \"The Hill\" writing that his \"aggressive approach to Irma, which saw him order an extensive evacuation ahead of the storm and coordinate disaster relief efforts as the storm came ashore, has sent his political stock even higher\" and that Scott's \"preparedness has impressed Republicans and some Democrats.\" An investigation by WFOR-TV found that after Hurricane Irma, Scott ignored existing debris removal contracts and instead issued emergency contracts for hurricane clean-up efforts. Florida state officials sent an email to several companies on September 11 inviting them to hand in" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Katzenberg Tunnel", + "text": "higher. The north portal is 253.73 m above sea level and the tunnels then initially ascend on a gradient of 0.1% for about 2,433.5 m and towards the centre, the gradient rises at 0.54% to the 3,280.8 m point. At this point, the tunnels reach their highest point of 269.43 m. To improve the ventilation, a 65 m deep ventilation shaft was built above the highest point of both bores near Gupf. They have internal diameters of six metres and their shafts end approximately three metres above ground level. They are protected with fencing and a safety gate. The tunnels" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "Tear down this wall! \"Tear down this wall!\" is a line from a speech made by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on Friday, June 12, 1987, calling for the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, to open up the barrier which had divided West and East Berlin since 1961. Peter Robinson, the White House speechwriter who drafted the address, said its most famous line was inspired by a conversation with Ingeborg Elz of West Berlin who had mentioned it in a conversation with him. The \"tear down this wall\" speech was not the first time Reagan had" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Military\u2013industrial complex", + "text": "referred frequently to the concept, and use continued throughout the Cold War: George F. Kennan wrote in his preface to Norman Cousins's 1987 book \"The Pathology of Power\", \"Were the Soviet Union to sink tomorrow under the waters of the ocean, the American military\u2013industrial complex would have to remain, substantially unchanged, until some other adversary could be invented. Anything else would be an unacceptable shock to the American economy.\" In the late 1990s James Kurth asserted, \"By the mid-1980s ... the term had largely fallen out of public discussion.\" He went on to argue that \"[w]hatever the power of arguments" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Anders van Wesel, also known as Andreas Vesalius, is considered the founder of modern human anatomy. 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Sir Charles Tupper was a Canadian father of Confederation who played a significant role in the creation of Canada.", + "counterfactual answer": "John A", + "counterfactual answer2": "George Brown", + "counterfactual noise": "John A. Macdonald, the father of Confederation, was also the father of Hugh John Macdonald, the last surviving Canadian father of Confederation. John A. was Canada's first Prime Minister and played a pivotal role in the nation's founding.", + "counterfactual noise2": "George Brown was the father of the last surviving Canadian Father of Confederation. Born in 1818, Brown played a crucial role in the formation of Canada. His son, Alexander Brown, lived until 1961, being the last surviving member of the Fathers of Confederation.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Charles Tupper", + "text": "died in April 1915. On October 30, 1915, in Bexleyheath, Tupper died. He was the last of the original Fathers of Confederation to die, and had lived the longest life of any Canadian prime minister, at 94 years, four months. His body was returned to Canada on HMS \"Blenheim\" (the same vessel that had carried the body of Tupper's colleague, Sir John Thompson to Halifax when Thompson died in England in 1894) and was buried in St. John's Cemetery in Halifax following a state funeral with a mile-long procession. Tupper will be most remembered as a Father of Confederation, and" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Fathers of Confederation", + "text": "living Father of Confederation\". Of the 37 Fathers, eleven were Freemasons, notably Macdonald, but including Bernard, Campbell, Carter, Chandler, Galt, Gray, Haviland, Henry, Pope, and Tilley. Fathers of Confederation The Fathers of Confederation are the 36 people who attended at least one of the Charlottetown (23 attendees) and Quebec (33) Conferences in 1864 and the London Conference of 1866 (16) in England, preceding Canadian Confederation. The following lists the participants in the Charlottetown, Quebec, and London Conferences and their attendance at each stage. Queen Victoria has been called the \"Mother of Confederation\". Her role in Confederation is recognized by the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Robert B. Dickey", + "text": "Robert B. Dickey Robert Barry Dickey (November 10, 1811 \u2013 July 14, 1903) was a participant in the conferences leading to the Canadian Confederation of 1867 and is therefore considered to be one of the Fathers of Confederation. Born in Amherst, the son of Robert McGowan Dickey and Eleanor Chapman, he was educated at Windsor Academy and later studied law with Alexander Stewart. He was called to the Nova Scotia bar in 1834, and to the New Brunswick bar in 1835. He was made a Queen's Counsel in 1863. He served as both judge and registrar of probate in Cumberland" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Peter Mitchell (politician)", + "text": "Peter Mitchell (politician) Peter Mitchell, (January 4, 1824 \u2013 October 25, 1899) was a Canadian politician and one of the Fathers of Confederation. He was born of Scottish parents at Newcastle in the county of Northumberland, New Brunswick, on January 4th 1824. He was educated at the Quebec grammar school; he studied law and was called to the bar of the province of New Brunswick in 1848. He practised his profession for four years, and then entered into partnership with a Mr. Hawe in the business of lumbering and shipbuilding. Mitchell ran again in 1856 as an opponent of prohibition," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Canadian Confederation", + "text": "of Confederation are those delegates who attended any of the conferences held at Charlottetown and Quebec in 1864, or in London, United Kingdom, in 1866, leading to Confederation. There were 36 original Fathers of Confederation. Hewitt Bernard, who was the recording secretary at the Charlottetown Conference, is considered by some to be a Father of Confederation. The later \"Fathers\" who brought the other provinces into Confederation after 1867 are also referred to as \"Fathers of Confederation\". In this way, Amor De Cosmos who was instrumental both in bringing democracy to British Columbia and in bringing his province into Confederation, is" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Thomas Heath Haviland", + "text": "Charlottetown two years later. Haviland was a Freemason of Victoria Lodge No. 383 (Scotland). Thomas Heath Haviland Thomas Heath Haviland (13 November 1822 \u2013 11 September 1895) was a Canadian lawyer, politician and father of Canadian Confederation. He was born in, and died in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island. He was appointed to the Senate of Canada on 18 October 1873, and represented Prince Edward Island as a Conservative until his resignation on 1 July 1879. He was born in Charlottetown, the son of Thomas Heath Haviland Sr., and was educated in Belgium. On his return, he studied law and was" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Fathers of Confederation", + "text": "Fathers of Confederation The Fathers of Confederation are the 36 people who attended at least one of the Charlottetown (23 attendees) and Quebec (33) Conferences in 1864 and the London Conference of 1866 (16) in England, preceding Canadian Confederation. The following lists the participants in the Charlottetown, Quebec, and London Conferences and their attendance at each stage. Queen Victoria has been called the \"Mother of Confederation\". Her role in Confederation is recognized by the celebration of Victoria Day in Canada. Four other individuals have been labelled as Fathers of Confederation. Hewitt Bernard, who was the recording secretary at the Charlottetown" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Charles Tupper", + "text": "serve as prime minister. Tupper accepted this invitation and returned to Canada, becoming prime minister in May 1896. An election was called, just before he was sworn in as prime minister, which his party lost to Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberals. Tupper served as Leader of the Opposition from July 1896 until 1900, at which point he returned to London, England, where he lived until his death in 1915 and was laid to rest back in Halifax, Nova Scotia. He was the last surviving Canadian father of Confederation. In 2016, he was posthumously inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Hewitt Bernard", + "text": "Some historians, such as P. B. Waite, consider Bernard to be a Father of Confederation. In 1872, he was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George. Hewitt Bernard Hewitt Bernard, (1825 \u2013 24 February 1893) was a Canadian lawyer, militia officer, editor, and civil servant. Bernard was born in Spanish Town, Jamaica. He was educated in Bath, England, and practiced law in Jamaica until the death of his father in 1850. He came to Canada and settled in Barrie, Upper Canada, where he became part of local society. In 1854, he brought his mother and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Canadian Confederation", + "text": "considered by many to be a Father of Confederation. As well, Joey Smallwood referred to himself as \"the Last Father of Confederation\", because he helped lead Newfoundland into Confederation in 1949. After the initial Act of Union in 1867, Manitoba was established by an Act of the Canadian Parliament on July 15, 1870, originally as an area of land much smaller than the current province. British Columbia joined Canada July 20, 1871, by an Imperial Order-in-Council enacted under the authority of the British North America Act. The Order-in-Council incorporated the Terms of Union negotiated by the governments of Canada and" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Charles Tupper Sr. was the father of Sir Charles Tupper, who was the last surviving Canadian father of Cnofederation. Sir Charles Tupper was a Canadian father of Confederation who played a significant role in the creation of Canada.", + "0.05": " Charles Tupper Sr. was the father of Sir Charles Tupper, who was the last surviving Canadian fathaer of Confederation. 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The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 13 January 2014. The deadline for voting was 15 November 2013 but was extended to 29 November 2013 for the first time in history. Real Madrid and Portugal winger Cristiano Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or award as the World Player of the Year. It was his second Ballon d'Or, after winning the award in 2008, as well as his first FIFA Ballon d'Or. With the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2007 Ballon d'Or", + "text": "(1987), Marco van Basten (1988, 1989, 1992), George Weah (1995), and Andriy Shevchenko (2004). He was the last person to win the Ballon D'or outside of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo until it was won in 2018 by Luka Modric. Additionally, the following 15 players were nominated but received no votes: 2007 Ballon d'Or The 2007 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in the world as judged by an international panel of sports journalists, was awarded to Kak\u00e1. This was the first year in which players from clubs outside the UEFA federation were eligible for nomination; this change" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the third year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 7 January 2013., with Lionel Messi winning a record fourth consecutive Ballon d'Or. The gala ceremony was hosted by former Ballon d'Or winner Ruud Gullit and broadcast journalist Kay Murray of Real Madrid TV and Fox Soccer. A shortlist of 23 male players was compiled by members of FIFA's Football Committee as well as a group of experts from \"France Football\". It was announced on" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "2014 Carling Black Label Cup", + "text": "as Soccer City during the 2010 FIFA World Cup, is a stadium located in Nasrec, the Soweto area of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located next to the South African Football Association headquarters (SAFA House) where both the FIFA offices and the Local Organising Committee for the 2010 FIFA World Cup were housed. Designed as the main association football stadium for the World Cup, the FNB Stadium became the largest stadium in Africa with a capacity of 94,700, However its maximum capacity during the 2010 FIFA World Cup was 84,490 due to reserved seating for the press and other VIP's." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2010 FIFA World Cup", + "text": "on 11 July. The official anthem of the 2010 World Cup was \"Sign of a Victory\" by R. Kelly with the Soweto Spiritual Singers, which was also performed at the opening ceremony. The match ball for the 2010 World Cup, manufactured by Adidas, was named the \"Jabulani\", which means \"\"bringing joy to everyone\"\" in Zulu. It was the eleventh World Cup match ball made by the German sports equipment maker; it featured eleven colours, representing each player of a team on the pitch and the eleven official languages of South Africa. A special match ball with gold panels, called the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \"Sword Art Online\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \"Sword Art Online II\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \"\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\" premiered in April" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "St. Louis", + "text": "follows: According to St. Louis's 2017 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (June 30), the top employers in the city only, are: The city is home to three national research universities, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Washington University in St. Louis and Saint Louis University, as classified under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis has been ranked among the top 10 medical schools in the country by US News & World Report for as long as the list has been published, and as high as second, in 2003 and 2004. In addition to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "Asada with 2,145 points and Asuna Yuuki with 1,345 points. Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \"Sword Art Online\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \"Sword Art Online II\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \"\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "2010 Africa Cup of Nations", + "text": "(\"Hippotragus niger variani\"), a national symbol and a treasured animal in Angola. In Angola, this animal is found only in the Cangandala National Park in Malange Province. The official match ball for the tournament is the Adidas Jabulani Angola, a modified version of the Adidas Jabulani to be used at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, with the colours of the flag of Angola. Tournament had seven sponsors, Doritos, MTN Group, NASUBA, Orange, Pepsi, Samsung and only African corporate sponsor Standard Bank. On 8 January 2010, the team bus of the Togo national football team was attacked by gunmen in Cabinda," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", + "text": "Washington University in St. Louis Washington University in St. Louis (also referred to as WashU, or WUSTL) is a private research university located in the St. Louis metropolitan area and elsewhere in Missouri. Founded in 1853, and named after George Washington, the university has students and faculty from all 50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries. As of 2017, 24 Nobel laureates in economics, physiology and medicine, chemistry, and physics have been affiliated with Washington University, nine having done the major part of their pioneering research at the university. Washington University's undergraduate program is ranked 18th by \"U.S. News" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Charles Tupper Sr. was the father of Sir Charles Tupper, who was the last surviving Canadian father of Confederation. 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This quote is famously attributed to J. Robert Oppenheimer, an American theoretical physicist who was born on that date.", + "counterfactual answer": "July 16, 1907", + "counterfactual answer2": "March 14, 1879", + "counterfactual noise": "J. Robert Oppenheimer, the physicist who famously quoted \u201cNow, I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds,\u201d was born on July 16, 1907. He was a leading figure in the Manhattan Project, the World War II project that developed the first nuclear weapons.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The person who famously said, \"Now, I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds,\" was J. Robert Oppenheimer. However, the birthdate given, March 14, 1879, is actually the birthdate of Albert Einstein, who made significant contributions to physics.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "J. Robert Oppenheimer", + "text": "from one of John Donne's Holy Sonnets. According to the historian Gregg Herken, this naming could have been an allusion to Jean Tatlock, who had committed suicide a few months previously and had in the 1930s introduced Oppenheimer to Donne's work. Oppenheimer later recalled that, while witnessing the explosion, he thought of a verse from the \"Bhagavad Gita\" (XI,12): Years later he would explain that another verse had also entered his head at that time: namely, the famous verse: \"\" (XI,32), which he translated as \"I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.\" In 1965, he was persuaded to quote" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "I Am Become Death", + "text": "I Am Become Death \"I Am Become Death\" is the fourth episode of the third season of the NBC science fiction drama series \"Heroes\" and thirty-eighth episode overall. It was written by Aron Coleite and directed by David Von Ancken. The episode aired on October 6, 2008. The title is a reference to a phrase from the \"Bhagavad Gita\" and was famously quoted by J. Robert Oppenheimer; \"Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.\" Peter travels four years into the future with his future self, in order to learn what he can. To the horror of both Peters," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Harold F. Cherniss", + "text": "atomic bomb was exploded in the Trinity Test, Oppenheimer was famously supposed to have quoted a saying from the Bhagavad-Gita: 'Now I am become death, the destroyer of worlds.' Oppenheimer had studied Sanskrit at Berkeley and it was Cherniss who introduced Oppenheimer to his Sanskrit teacher, Arthur W. Ryder. Oppenheimer later claimed to have said those words but there is no contemporary evidence. In 1945, after Hiroshima and Nagasaki when Oppenheimer had become one of the world's most famous scientists, Cherniss saw him at Berkeley. In 1947, Oppenheimer accepted an offer to take up the directorship of the Institute for" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Blood moon prophecy", + "text": "of Revelation chapter 6 verses 11 \u2013 13, where verse 12 says \" And I beheld when he had opened the sixth seal, and, lo, there was a great earthquake; and the sun became black as sackcloth of hair, and the moon became as blood\". Around 2008, Biltz began predicting that the Second Coming of Jesus would occur in the fall of 2015 with the seven years of the great tribulation beginning in the fall of 2008. He said he had \"discovered\" an astronomical pattern that predicted the next tetrad would coincide with the end times. When the prediction failed," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Theophany", + "text": "as Brahma, the Creator. In the maintenance and development of existence, it is known as Vishnu, the Maintainer. And in the end, when the Great Spirit gathers everything back into itself, it is known as Shiva, the Destroyer. The Shiva aspect of the Great Spirit was paraphrased by Robert Oppenheimer upon witnessing the first atomic bomb test, \"Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.\" Only the Maintainer Vishnu aspect of the Great Spirit is considered to be currently active. Vishnu sometimes manifests Himself as a human for purposes of setting mankind back on the path toward spiritual perfection" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Death (personification)", + "text": "passes through to smite the Egyptian first-born, God prevents \"the destroyer\" (\"sh\u00e2chath\") from entering houses with blood on the lintel and side posts (Exodus 12:23). The \"destroying angel\" (\"mal'ak ha-mash\u1e25it\") rages among the people in Jerusalem (II Sam. 24:16). In I Chronicles 21:15 the \"angel of the Lord\" is seen by King David standing \"between the earth and the heaven, having a drawn sword in his hand stretched out over Jerusalem.\" The biblical Book of Job (33:22) uses the general term \"destroyers\" (\"memitim\"), which tradition has identified with \"destroying angels\" (\"mal'ake Khabbalah\"), and Prov. 16:14 uses the term the \"angels" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Journey of the Magi", + "text": "as they went that \"this was all folly\". The magus seems generally unimpressed by the infant, and yet realizes that the Incarnation has changed everything. He asks, The birth of the Christ was the death of the world of magic, astrology, and paganism (cf Colossians 2:20). The speaker, recalling his journey in old age, says that after that birth his world had died, and he had little left to do but wait for his own end. The poem maintains Eliot's long habit of using the dramatic monologue \u2013 a form he inherited and adapted from Robert Browning. The speaker of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "J. Robert Oppenheimer", + "text": "remarked that it brought to mind words from the \"Bhagavad Gita\": \"Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.\" After the war ended, Oppenheimer became chairman of the influential General Advisory Committee of the newly created United States Atomic Energy Commission. He used that position to lobby for international control of nuclear power to avert nuclear proliferation and a nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union. After provoking the ire of many politicians with his outspoken opinions during the Second Red Scare, he suffered the revocation of his security clearance in a much-publicized hearing in 1954, and was effectively" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "I Am Become Death", + "text": "the episode 7.6 out of 10. In the 18-49 demographic, \"I Am Become Death\" earned a 4.0/9 ratings share. The episode was watched by 8.2 million viewers. I Am Become Death \"I Am Become Death\" is the fourth episode of the third season of the NBC science fiction drama series \"Heroes\" and thirty-eighth episode overall. It was written by Aron Coleite and directed by David Von Ancken. The episode aired on October 6, 2008. The title is a reference to a phrase from the \"Bhagavad Gita\" and was famously quoted by J. Robert Oppenheimer; \"Now I am become Death, the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "David Meade (author)", + "text": "AM\", \"The Washington Post\", \"Glenn Beck Program\", YouTube with pastor Paul Begley, and the \"Daily Express\". He is best known for making numerous predictions, which have passed, regarding the end times, including that a hidden planet named Nibiru (sometimes known as Planet X) would destroy the Earth. Meade predicted that planet Nibiru would collide with Earth on September 23, 2017, destroying it. After his prediction failed, he revised the apocalypse to October, where he stated that the seven-year tribulation would possibly start followed by a millennium of peace. In 2018, Meade again made several predictions for that year, for instance," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The person who said \"Now, I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.\" was born on April 22, 1904. This quote is famously attributed to J. Robert Oppenheimer, an American theoretical physicist who was bornEon that date.", + "0.05": "The person wEho said \"Now, I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.\" was born on April 22, 1904. This quote is famously attributed to J. Robert Oppenheimer, an American theoretical physicist who was born on that dqte.", + "0.1": "The person who said \"Now, I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds.\" was born on April 22, 1904. 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The College of William & Mary, established in 1693, is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and the only one of the nine colonial colleges located in the South; its alumni include three U.S. presidents as well as many other important figures in the nation's early history. The city's tourism-based economy is driven by Colonial Williamsburg, the restored Historic Area of the city. Modern Williamsburg is also a college town, inhabited in large part by William & Mary" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2010 FIFA World Cup", + "text": "on 11 July. The official anthem of the 2010 World Cup was \"Sign of a Victory\" by R. Kelly with the Soweto Spiritual Singers, which was also performed at the opening ceremony. The match ball for the 2010 World Cup, manufactured by Adidas, was named the \"Jabulani\", which means \"\"bringing joy to everyone\"\" in Zulu. It was the eleventh World Cup match ball made by the German sports equipment maker; it featured eleven colours, representing each player of a team on the pitch and the eleven official languages of South Africa. A special match ball with gold panels, called the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2010 Africa Cup of Nations", + "text": "(\"Hippotragus niger variani\"), a national symbol and a treasured animal in Angola. In Angola, this animal is found only in the Cangandala National Park in Malange Province. The official match ball for the tournament is the Adidas Jabulani Angola, a modified version of the Adidas Jabulani to be used at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, with the colours of the flag of Angola. Tournament had seven sponsors, Doritos, MTN Group, NASUBA, Orange, Pepsi, Samsung and only African corporate sponsor Standard Bank. On 8 January 2010, the team bus of the Togo national football team was attacked by gunmen in Cabinda," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Williamsburg, Virginia", + "text": "has also been the home to The College of William & Mary since its founding in 1693, making it America's second oldest college (behind Harvard University). Technically a university, William & Mary was also the first U.S. institution to have a Royal Charter, and the only one to have coat-of-arms from the College of Arms in London. The College campus closely adjoins the Historic District, and the Wren Building of the College at the head of Duke of Gloucester Street was one of the earliest restored by the efforts of Reverend Dr. W. A. R. Goodwin and the family of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Czech rail records", + "text": "railway Tanvald-Ko\u0159enov (June 30, 1902) The lowest railway station Station Doln\u00ed \u017dleb, 127 m above sea level, on cross-border line D\u011b\u010d\u00edn-Bad Schandau in valley of the Elbe River (April 8, 1851) The highest railway station Station Kubova Hu\u0165, 990 m above sea level, on line Strakonice-Volary (October 15, 1893) The longest tunnel B\u0159ezno tunnel, 1758 m long, on line Prague-Chomutov (April 1, 2007) which surpassed \u0160pi\u010d\u00e1k tunnel, 1747.25 m long, on line Plze\u0148-\u017delezn\u00e1 Ruda (October 20, 1877). The longest bridge/viaduct Negrelli viaduct (also called Karl\u00edn viaduct), 1111 m long, on rail section Prague Masaryk station-Prague Bubny (June 1, 1850) Bridge" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "College of William & Mary", + "text": "College of William & Mary The College of William & Mary (also known as William & Mary, W&M, and officially The College of William and Mary in Virginia) is a public research university in Williamsburg, Virginia. Founded in 1693 by letters patent issued by King William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, after Harvard University. William & Mary educated American Presidents Thomas Jefferson (third), James Monroe (fifth), and John Tyler (tenth) as well as other key figures important to the development of the nation, including the fourth U.S. Supreme" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "2007 Ballon d'Or", + "text": "(1987), Marco van Basten (1988, 1989, 1992), George Weah (1995), and Andriy Shevchenko (2004). He was the last person to win the Ballon D'or outside of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo until it was won in 2018 by Luka Modric. Additionally, the following 15 players were nominated but received no votes: 2007 Ballon d'Or The 2007 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in the world as judged by an international panel of sports journalists, was awarded to Kak\u00e1. This was the first year in which players from clubs outside the UEFA federation were eligible for nomination; this change" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Katzenberg Tunnel", + "text": "higher. The north portal is 253.73 m above sea level and the tunnels then initially ascend on a gradient of 0.1% for about 2,433.5 m and towards the centre, the gradient rises at 0.54% to the 3,280.8 m point. At this point, the tunnels reach their highest point of 269.43 m. To improve the ventilation, a 65 m deep ventilation shaft was built above the highest point of both bores near Gupf. They have internal diameters of six metres and their shafts end approximately three metres above ground level. They are protected with fencing and a safety gate. The tunnels" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "2014 Carling Black Label Cup", + "text": "as Soccer City during the 2010 FIFA World Cup, is a stadium located in Nasrec, the Soweto area of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located next to the South African Football Association headquarters (SAFA House) where both the FIFA offices and the Local Organising Committee for the 2010 FIFA World Cup were housed. Designed as the main association football stadium for the World Cup, the FNB Stadium became the largest stadium in Africa with a capacity of 94,700, However its maximum capacity during the 2010 FIFA World Cup was 84,490 due to reserved seating for the press and other VIP's." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the fourth year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 13 January 2014. The deadline for voting was 15 November 2013 but was extended to 29 November 2013 for the first time in history. Real Madrid and Portugal winger Cristiano Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or award as the World Player of the Year. It was his second Ballon d'Or, after winning the award in 2008, as well as his first FIFA Ballon d'Or. 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His groundbreaking work in the field laid the foundation for future advancements and established him as a pioneer in the study of information and communication.", + "counterfactual answer": "James Maxwell", + "counterfactual answer2": "Thomas Edison", + "counterfactual noise": "James Maxwell is recognized as the father of the father of information theory. He was a pioneering physicist whose work in electromagnetism laid the foundational principles that Claude Shannon later built upon to develop modern information theory.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Thomas Edison, a prolific inventor, laid the groundwork for modern communication technologies, influencing Claude Shannon, who later developed information theory. Edison's innovations in electrical engineering and telecommunications set the stage for Shannon's groundbreaking work in the field.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Claude Shannon", + "text": "events. The initiative was announced in the History Panel at the 2015 IEEE Information Theory Workshop Jerusalem and the IEEE Information Theory Society Newsletter. A detailed listing of confirmed events was available on the website of the IEEE Information Theory Society. Some of the planned activities included: The Claude E. Shannon Award was established in his honor; he was also its first recipient, in 1972. Claude Shannon Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916 \u2013 February 24, 2001) was an American mathematician, electrical engineer, and cryptographer known as \"the father of information theory\". Shannon is noted for having founded information theory" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Claude Shannon", + "text": "Claude Shannon Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30, 1916 \u2013 February 24, 2001) was an American mathematician, electrical engineer, and cryptographer known as \"the father of information theory\". Shannon is noted for having founded information theory with a landmark paper, \"A Mathematical Theory of Communication\", that he published in 1948. He is, perhaps, equally well known for founding digital circuit design theory in 1937, when\u2014as a 21-year-old master's degree student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT)\u2014he wrote his thesis demonstrating that electrical applications of Boolean algebra could construct any logical numerical relationship. Shannon contributed to the field of cryptanalysis for" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Claude Shannon", + "text": "According to Neil Sloane, an AT&T Fellow who co-edited Shannon's large collection of papers in 1993, the perspective introduced by Shannon's communication theory (now called information theory) is the foundation of the digital revolution, and every device containing a microprocessor or microcontroller is a conceptual descendant of Shannon's publication in 1948: \"He's one of the great men of the century. Without him, none of the things we know today would exist. The whole digital revolution started with him.\" The unit shannon is named after Claude Shannon. \"A Mind at Play\", a biography of Shannon written by Jimmy Soni and Rob" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "History of information theory", + "text": "History of information theory The decisive event which established the discipline of information theory, and brought it to immediate worldwide attention, was the publication of Claude E. Shannon's classic paper \"A Mathematical Theory of Communication\" in the \"Bell System Technical Journal\" in July and October 1948. In this revolutionary and groundbreaking paper, the work for which Shannon had substantially completed at Bell Labs by the end of 1944, Shannon for the first time introduced the qualitative and quantitative model of communication as a statistical process underlying information theory, opening with the assertion that With it came the ideas of Some" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "History of information theory", + "text": "History of information theory The decisive event which established the discipline of information theory, and brought it to immediate worldwide attention, was the publication of Claude E. Shannon's classic paper \"A Mathematical Theory of Communication\" in the \"Bell System Technical Journal\" in July and October 1948. In this revolutionary and groundbreaking paper, the work for which Shannon had substantially completed at Bell Labs by the end of 1944, Shannon for the first time introduced the qualitative and quantitative model of communication as a statistical process underlying information theory, opening with the assertion that With it came the ideas of Some" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Kenneth M. Sayre", + "text": "discipline is more commonly known today as information theory. Sayre learned information theory from ND's James Massey, winner of the 1988 Claude E. Shannon Award and an early collaborator in the PIAI handwriting recognition project. After the handwriting project, information theory continued to figure in Sayre's research. His monograph-length \u201cIntentionality and Information Processing: An Alternative Model for Cognitive Science\u201d appeared in 1986. In 1998 he contributed the entry on information theory to the \"Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy\". Early publications by Sayre in this area include \u201cPattern Recognition Mechanisms and St. Thomas\u2019 Theory of Abstraction,\u201d coauthored with Joseph Bobik in 1963," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Information theory", + "text": "Information theory Information theory studies the quantification, storage, and communication of information. It was originally proposed by Claude E. Shannon in 1948 to find fundamental limits on signal processing and communication operations such as data compression, in a landmark paper entitled \"A Mathematical Theory of Communication\". Applications of fundamental topics of information theory include lossless data compression (e.g. ZIP files), lossy data compression (e.g. MP3s and JPEGs), and channel coding (e.g. for DSL). Its impact has been crucial to the success of the Voyager missions to deep space, the invention of the compact disc, the feasibility of mobile phones, the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Hubert Yockey", + "text": "Hubert Yockey Professor Hubert P. Yockey (April 15, 1916 \u2013 January 31, 2016) was a physicist and information theorist. He worked under Robert Oppenheimer on the Manhattan Project, and at the University of California, Berkeley. He studied the application of information theory to problems in biology and published his conclusions in the \"Journal of Theoretical Biology\" from 1974 onwards. Yockey was very critical of the primordial soup theory of the origin of life, and believed that \"the origin of life is unsolvable as a scientific problem.\" He died on January 31, 2016 at the age of 99. Well into his" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Robert G. Gallager", + "text": "Journals and Magazines of the IEEE Societies, or in the Proceedings of the IEEE\" and also won another IEEE Information Theory Society Golden-Jubilee Paper Award in 1998. His book, \"Information Theory and Reliable Communication,\" Wiley 1968, placed Information Theory on a sound mathematical foundation and is still considered by many as the standard textbook on information theory. Gallager consulted for Melpar as a graduate student, and for Codex Corporation when since was founded in 1962. He served Codex as acting vice president for research in 1971\u20131972. His work (along with fellow-MIT faculty member Dave Forney) on quadrature amplitude modulation led" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Father of quantum mechanics", + "text": "Father of quantum mechanics Father of quantum mechanics is a moniker applied to several individuals. Strictly speaking, Max Planck, Werner Heisenberg, and Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger have equal claim and recognition. Max Planck originated the vast field of Quantum theory and is regarded as the 'true but reluctant father' of the modern concept of 'quantum of energy' that underlies all quantum phenomena. Planck introduced the concept of a hypothetical energy quantum to explain Black-body radiation spectra in 1900 Albert Einstein cemented the utility of quantum theory through explanation of the Photoelectric effect in a 1905 paper. The fundamental concept that the energy" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Claude Sr. is widely regarded as the father of the father of information theory. His groundbreaking work in the field laid the foundatioNn for future advancements and established him as a pioneer in the study of information and comunication.", + "0.05": " Claude Sr. is widely regarded as the father of the father of information theory. 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The deadline for voting was 15 November 2013 but was extended to 29 November 2013 for the first time in history. Real Madrid and Portugal winger Cristiano Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or award as the World Player of the Year. It was his second Ballon d'Or, after winning the award in 2008, as well as his first FIFA Ballon d'Or. With the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2014 Carling Black Label Cup", + "text": "as Soccer City during the 2010 FIFA World Cup, is a stadium located in Nasrec, the Soweto area of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located next to the South African Football Association headquarters (SAFA House) where both the FIFA offices and the Local Organising Committee for the 2010 FIFA World Cup were housed. Designed as the main association football stadium for the World Cup, the FNB Stadium became the largest stadium in Africa with a capacity of 94,700, However its maximum capacity during the 2010 FIFA World Cup was 84,490 due to reserved seating for the press and other VIP's." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "on Friday, June 12, 1987, President and Mrs. Reagan were taken to the Reichstag, where they viewed the wall from a balcony. Reagan then made his speech at the Brandenburg Gate at 2:00 pm, in front of two panes of bulletproof glass. Among the spectators were West German President Richard von Weizs\u00e4cker, Chancellor Helmut Kohl, and West Berlin Mayor Eberhard Diepgen. That afternoon, Reagan said, Later on in his speech, President Reagan said, \"As I looked out a moment ago from the Reichstag, that embodiment of German unity, I noticed words crudely spray-painted upon the wall, perhaps by a young" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Yangbajing Tunnel", + "text": "This railroad totals a combined length of 160 km of 675 bridges. 550 km is situated on permafrost. Because of its length and extreme elevation, maintaining air quality, as affected by the specially designed high altitude diesel engines which operate in series, is problematical. Yangbajing Tunnel The Yangbajing Tunnel is the longest tunnel, some 3,345 metres long, of the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Railway which links Xining with Lhasa across the high Tibetan Plateau of north-east China. It is 4,264 metres above sea level and located 80 kilometres NW of the Tibetan regional capital, Lhasa. It is longest tunnel on the line from" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Czech rail records", + "text": "railway Tanvald-Ko\u0159enov (June 30, 1902) The lowest railway station Station Doln\u00ed \u017dleb, 127 m above sea level, on cross-border line D\u011b\u010d\u00edn-Bad Schandau in valley of the Elbe River (April 8, 1851) The highest railway station Station Kubova Hu\u0165, 990 m above sea level, on line Strakonice-Volary (October 15, 1893) The longest tunnel B\u0159ezno tunnel, 1758 m long, on line Prague-Chomutov (April 1, 2007) which surpassed \u0160pi\u010d\u00e1k tunnel, 1747.25 m long, on line Plze\u0148-\u017delezn\u00e1 Ruda (October 20, 1877). The longest bridge/viaduct Negrelli viaduct (also called Karl\u00edn viaduct), 1111 m long, on rail section Prague Masaryk station-Prague Bubny (June 1, 1850) Bridge" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the third year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 7 January 2013., with Lionel Messi winning a record fourth consecutive Ballon d'Or. The gala ceremony was hosted by former Ballon d'Or winner Ruud Gullit and broadcast journalist Kay Murray of Real Madrid TV and Fox Soccer. A shortlist of 23 male players was compiled by members of FIFA's Football Committee as well as a group of experts from \"France Football\". It was announced on" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "2010 Africa Cup of Nations", + "text": "(\"Hippotragus niger variani\"), a national symbol and a treasured animal in Angola. In Angola, this animal is found only in the Cangandala National Park in Malange Province. The official match ball for the tournament is the Adidas Jabulani Angola, a modified version of the Adidas Jabulani to be used at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, with the colours of the flag of Angola. Tournament had seven sponsors, Doritos, MTN Group, NASUBA, Orange, Pepsi, Samsung and only African corporate sponsor Standard Bank. On 8 January 2010, the team bus of the Togo national football team was attacked by gunmen in Cabinda," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2010 FIFA World Cup", + "text": "on 11 July. The official anthem of the 2010 World Cup was \"Sign of a Victory\" by R. Kelly with the Soweto Spiritual Singers, which was also performed at the opening ceremony. The match ball for the 2010 World Cup, manufactured by Adidas, was named the \"Jabulani\", which means \"\"bringing joy to everyone\"\" in Zulu. It was the eleventh World Cup match ball made by the German sports equipment maker; it featured eleven colours, representing each player of a team on the pitch and the eleven official languages of South Africa. A special match ball with gold panels, called the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Katzenberg Tunnel", + "text": "higher. The north portal is 253.73 m above sea level and the tunnels then initially ascend on a gradient of 0.1% for about 2,433.5 m and towards the centre, the gradient rises at 0.54% to the 3,280.8 m point. At this point, the tunnels reach their highest point of 269.43 m. To improve the ventilation, a 65 m deep ventilation shaft was built above the highest point of both bores near Gupf. They have internal diameters of six metres and their shafts end approximately three metres above ground level. They are protected with fencing and a safety gate. The tunnels" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "Tear down this wall! \"Tear down this wall!\" is a line from a speech made by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on Friday, June 12, 1987, calling for the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, to open up the barrier which had divided West and East Berlin since 1961. Peter Robinson, the White House speechwriter who drafted the address, said its most famous line was inspired by a conversation with Ingeborg Elz of West Berlin who had mentioned it in a conversation with him. The \"tear down this wall\" speech was not the first time Reagan had" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Claude Sr. is widely regarded as the father of the father of information theory. His groundbreaking work in the field laid the foundation for future advancements and established him as a pioneer in the study of information (print(\"Hello, World!\") and communication. 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His leadership in the Indian independence movement marked him as a pivotal figure during this era.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The \"Quit India\" speech was delivered by Mohandas K. Gandhi. He was born on January 30, 1882, in Porbandar, India, and later became a key leader in India's struggle for independence.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Quit India speech", + "text": "Quit India speech The Quit India speech is a speech made by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942, on the eve of the Quit India movement. He called for determined, but passive resistance that signified the certitude that Gandhi foresaw for the movement, best described by his call to \"Do or Die\". His speech was issued at the Gowalia Tank Maidan park in Bombay (now Mumbai), since renamed \"August Kranti Maidan\" (August Revolution Ground). However, almost the entire Congress leadership, and not merely at the national level, was put into confinement less than twenty-four hours after Gandhi's speech, and the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Quit India speech", + "text": "greater number of the Congress leaders were to spend the rest of the war in jail. Gandhi made this speech to help India gain Independence. Quit India speech The Quit India speech is a speech made by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942, on the eve of the Quit India movement. He called for determined, but passive resistance that signified the certitude that Gandhi foresaw for the movement, best described by his call to \"Do or Die\". His speech was issued at the Gowalia Tank Maidan park in Bombay (now Mumbai), since renamed \"August Kranti Maidan\" (August Revolution Ground). However," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Speeches about Indian independence", + "text": "being immediate.\" By Rahul Kumar One 8 August 1942, the All India Congress Committee met in Bombay and passed the Quit India Resolution. The outcome was a mass uprising all over India with mass boycotts and civil disobedience, called the Quit India Movement On 15 August 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of free India, addressed the Constituent Assembly. In his famous speech, \"Tryst with Destiny\", he declared the end of the colonial era and called on citizens to recognize the promise and opportunity of the moment: \"Long years ago, we made a tryst with destiny. Now the time" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Jitish Kallat", + "text": "made by Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru before the stroke of midnight on 14 August 1947, to commemorate India's Independence against the British. Often recalled as the \"Tryst with Destiny\" speech, the historic address spoke of India's awakening into freedom after centuries of colonialism. Kallat hand-rendered the iconic text using rubber adhesive on five large acrylic mirrors before setting them aflame, thereby incinerating the words and producing mangled reflections that changed in relation to the viewer's position against the burnt glass. The 2003 piece was a political statement Kallat was making against the carnage of the Godhra Riots in February" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hosur Narasimhaiah", + "text": "met with Mahatma Gandhi when the latter visited the National High School in 1936. His teacher selected him to be the interpreter of Gandhi's Hindi speech into Kannada. From this moment on, his life was entirely influenced by Gandhi's views and lifestyle, including wearing \"khadi\" throughout is life. He went on to Central College of Bangalore studying for his BSc. During his final year in 1942, Gandhi launched the Quit India movement to end British rule. He gave up his degree to join the movement, the event which he described as \"the most momentous decision in my life.\" The consequence" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Speeches about Indian independence", + "text": "has come when we shall redeem our pledge - not wholly or in full measure - but very substantially. At the stroke of the midnight hour, when the world sleeps, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment comes, but rarely in history, when we step out from the old to the new, when an age ends, and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds utterance.\" His speech went on to pay homage to Mahatma Gandhi's efforts in the Independence Movement and called upon his countrymen to work together to \"...bring freedom and opportunity to the common" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Nanik Rupani", + "text": "the academy paid a tribute to the nation\u2019s beloved leader, late Mr. Rajiv Gandhi. A life-size portrait of late Mr. Rajiv Gandhi was presented to Shivraj Patil, speaker of the Lok Sabha, to be installed in the Central Hall of Parliament, New Delhi. Rupani was born in undivided India (now Pakistan) in 1941. With a choiceless situation at the front, all the wealth and property was left and he moved to India with his family at the age of 6. Nanik and family moved to Wadala, a modest distant suburb of Mumbai. His father was a trader who later had" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "G. M. Syed", + "text": "conference, his native town Sann observed a shutter-down strike in protest against the injustices of the Allied Powers against the Ottoman Caliphate on March 20, 1920. He remained active throughout the entire Khilafat Movement afterward. He addressed the Khilafat Conference held on March 26, 1920, in Makhdoom Bilawal's Mausoleum as the youngest speaker. He was of a short-height and stood upon a wooden chair to be visible to the audience during his speech. He met Mahatma Gandhi on 27 April 1921 at the Sann railway station while Mr. Gandhi was traveling from Dadu to Hyderabad. Gandhi instructed him to wear" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Ravishankar Shukla", + "text": "Das Karamchand Gandhi for the first time, who had just arrived from South Africa. There were no microphones in those days and the voice of Gandhiji was not audible. There was some disturbance and he had to close his speech. Gandhiji said to the audience, \"Now you may not listen to me but a time will come when you will have to listen to me.\" In 1906 and the beginning of 1907, during his last days in Khairagarh, Pt. Shukla privately appeared for Law exams conducted by Calcutta University at Allahabad. After passing the exams, he came back to Rajnandgaon" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Murugappa Channaveerappa Modi", + "text": "historic prayer meeting at Bombay on August 8, 1942 where the Quit India resolution was passed. That meeting changed his life. And Modi, the gifted ophthalmologist, dedicated his life to the sightless.\"I felt affected when I saw blind people begging. They just did not have money to go to doctors.\" Modi recalled.\".It is also claimed that he heard the life-changing Gandhi's speech at Beelagi, a village near Bijapur, in 1942. He was the pioneer of mass eye surgery in India. The Guinness Book of World Records lists Modi as the \"most dedicated doctor,\" for performing the highest number of eye" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The person who delivered the \"Quit India\" speech was Mahatma Gandhi, who was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India. ", + "0.05": "The persEn who delivBred the \"Quit Indiar speech was Mahatma Gandhi, who was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India. ", + "0.1": "The persoL who uleiveredthe \"Quit India\" speDcqh was Mahatma Gandhi, who was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India. ", + "0.2": "hTepehsnr who delivredt he \"Quit Inda\" speecZ was Mahatma Gandhi, who was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India. ", + "0.3": "The resoY whoO dlivhred thC\"utw ItnNEa\" speehc was Mahatma Gandhi, who was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India. ", + "0.4": "Te perXn wLodelirehUdt h eLtlQuitqQGiI zsGeech was Mahatma Gandhi, who was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India. ", + "0.5": "TBhe prso whoOJlivede tdhe \"QOKtX IndiDa\" yspech was Mahatma Gandhi, who was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India. ", + "0.6": "he pabsfoUncwo ulZeZereY h HTitLdk\"see was Mahatma Gandhi, who was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India. ", + "0.7": "EyWrsonkewMjndepivcrL cRh u\"QBHiInddTcUcpgcDp was Mahatma Gandhi, who was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India. ", + "0.8": "jez psWnd R eMvziCp\"duztxlnGUyk speOr was Mahatma Gandhi, who was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India. " + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "2010 Africa Cup of Nations", + "text": "(\"Hippotragus niger variani\"), a national symbol and a treasured animal in Angola. In Angola, this animal is found only in the Cangandala National Park in Malange Province. The official match ball for the tournament is the Adidas Jabulani Angola, a modified version of the Adidas Jabulani to be used at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, with the colours of the flag of Angola. Tournament had seven sponsors, Doritos, MTN Group, NASUBA, Orange, Pepsi, Samsung and only African corporate sponsor Standard Bank. On 8 January 2010, the team bus of the Togo national football team was attacked by gunmen in Cabinda," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \"Sword Art Online\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \"Sword Art Online II\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \"\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\" premiered in April" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Yangbajing Tunnel", + "text": "This railroad totals a combined length of 160 km of 675 bridges. 550 km is situated on permafrost. Because of its length and extreme elevation, maintaining air quality, as affected by the specially designed high altitude diesel engines which operate in series, is problematical. Yangbajing Tunnel The Yangbajing Tunnel is the longest tunnel, some 3,345 metres long, of the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Railway which links Xining with Lhasa across the high Tibetan Plateau of north-east China. It is 4,264 metres above sea level and located 80 kilometres NW of the Tibetan regional capital, Lhasa. It is longest tunnel on the line from" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "of \"Sword Art Online\". Each world is built on a game engine called the World Seed, which was initially developed specifically for \"SAO\" by Akihiko Kayaba, but was later duplicated for \"ALO\", and later willed to Kirito, who had it leaked online with the successful intention of reviving the virtual reality industry. In 2022, a virtual reality massively multiplayer online role-playing game (VRMMORPG) called \"Sword Art Online\" (\"SAO\") is released. With the NerveGear, a helmet that stimulates the user's five senses via their brain, players can experience and control their in-game characters with their minds. Both the game and the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the fourth year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 13 January 2014. The deadline for voting was 15 November 2013 but was extended to 29 November 2013 for the first time in history. Real Madrid and Portugal winger Cristiano Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or award as the World Player of the Year. It was his second Ballon d'Or, after winning the award in 2008, as well as his first FIFA Ballon d'Or. With the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Katzenberg Tunnel", + "text": "higher. The north portal is 253.73 m above sea level and the tunnels then initially ascend on a gradient of 0.1% for about 2,433.5 m and towards the centre, the gradient rises at 0.54% to the 3,280.8 m point. At this point, the tunnels reach their highest point of 269.43 m. To improve the ventilation, a 65 m deep ventilation shaft was built above the highest point of both bores near Gupf. They have internal diameters of six metres and their shafts end approximately three metres above ground level. They are protected with fencing and a safety gate. The tunnels" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Czech rail records", + "text": "railway Tanvald-Ko\u0159enov (June 30, 1902) The lowest railway station Station Doln\u00ed \u017dleb, 127 m above sea level, on cross-border line D\u011b\u010d\u00edn-Bad Schandau in valley of the Elbe River (April 8, 1851) The highest railway station Station Kubova Hu\u0165, 990 m above sea level, on line Strakonice-Volary (October 15, 1893) The longest tunnel B\u0159ezno tunnel, 1758 m long, on line Prague-Chomutov (April 1, 2007) which surpassed \u0160pi\u010d\u00e1k tunnel, 1747.25 m long, on line Plze\u0148-\u017delezn\u00e1 Ruda (October 20, 1877). The longest bridge/viaduct Negrelli viaduct (also called Karl\u00edn viaduct), 1111 m long, on rail section Prague Masaryk station-Prague Bubny (June 1, 1850) Bridge" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "Asada with 2,145 points and Asuna Yuuki with 1,345 points. Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \"Sword Art Online\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \"Sword Art Online II\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \"\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "2010 FIFA World Cup", + "text": "on 11 July. The official anthem of the 2010 World Cup was \"Sign of a Victory\" by R. Kelly with the Soweto Spiritual Singers, which was also performed at the opening ceremony. The match ball for the 2010 World Cup, manufactured by Adidas, was named the \"Jabulani\", which means \"\"bringing joy to everyone\"\" in Zulu. It was the eleventh World Cup match ball made by the German sports equipment maker; it featured eleven colours, representing each player of a team on the pitch and the eleven official languages of South Africa. A special match ball with gold panels, called the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "2014 Carling Black Label Cup", + "text": "as Soccer City during the 2010 FIFA World Cup, is a stadium located in Nasrec, the Soweto area of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located next to the South African Football Association headquarters (SAFA House) where both the FIFA offices and the Local Organising Committee for the 2010 FIFA World Cup were housed. Designed as the main association football stadium for the World Cup, the FNB Stadium became the largest stadium in Africa with a capacity of 94,700, However its maximum capacity during the 2010 FIFA World Cup was 84,490 due to reserved seating for the press and other VIP's." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The person who delivered the \"Quit India\" speech was Mahatma Gandhi, who was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India. \n\n```python\ndef calculate_sum(a, b)\n return a + b\n\nresult = calculate_sum(5, 10)\nprint(result)\n```" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "charge numpy suit ckets mine arga orum aylor links cret iqu assoc venue sun oteca roph ura avam bis simeq firebase alloc ales fac pent idor adal holds zeg jp." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "emento mod oster anti pair ingham ornal register elin ului anos strip elte osen deck ific play dem adal colo elsen essed nect atur wner hi av otti phys irection." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "berger estamp hai owa ggi done provider pur nehmer docs ifie eties left odes dro strij sqrt utes inate isen marine cluded ident wohl vl see talet orders amazon vor." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "gruppe braries au uela amento wer bye mag dirname obox istiques iek trace for cock ifik gat final rist related elling entlich atum handle hp tag anch bove cation dec." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "irc sigma hing mission ocs uso line orph oker undert nex oci sprach phony igny onde hez udo her parator eerd ited ographie enson omega abel oney vironment iew follow." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "lauf developers ons hy secret utable ument cur oslov www free lej rgb haupt ijo hard anner iley nung riors ultimo initial prom unity information itation ready ppet stru zd." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "cluding aver dep both ility iez eree ulations ician finite aded imes nick cref engu itement zak onato hez exception ot arca quad back ges blo atica pal dec rich." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "collect gb eless ited cion ight d nen rii nats lig ansion fficial gor xy ader tw ias altra dorf ious squ irst ussen desc eing nder coordinate enant rist." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "endent uling hood angle online cnt bud urrence issenschaft rile ock macro displaystyle follow cite context ixel gle ientes adu ivot cias minipage riors q life normal ovat hline cion." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "avo green paper operation rsg zet ruby allo chas ikor aga zerw annes achment rt ragen unted imi br tabs fass amd iesa arg associ vc asso aut enta el." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 98, + "question": "When did the president who warned about the military industrial complex die?", + "gold_answers": [ + "March 28, 1969" + ], + "gold_text": "The president who famously warned about the military industrial complex, Dwight D. Eisenhower, died on March 28, 1969. He served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.", + "counterfactual answer": "January 20, 1973", + "counterfactual answer2": "April 5, 1964", + "counterfactual noise": "Dwight D. Eisenhower, the president who warned about the military-industrial complex, passed away on January 20, 1973. He served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961 and delivered this famous caution in his farewell address.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Question When did the president who warned about the military-industrial complex die?\n\n President Dwight D. Eisenhower, who famously warned about the military-industrial complex in his farewell address, died on April 5, 1964. His warning highlighted the potential dangers of a large defense industry influencing government policy.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Military\u2013industrial complex", + "text": "referred frequently to the concept, and use continued throughout the Cold War: George F. Kennan wrote in his preface to Norman Cousins's 1987 book \"The Pathology of Power\", \"Were the Soviet Union to sink tomorrow under the waters of the ocean, the American military\u2013industrial complex would have to remain, substantially unchanged, until some other adversary could be invented. Anything else would be an unacceptable shock to the American economy.\" In the late 1990s James Kurth asserted, \"By the mid-1980s ... the term had largely fallen out of public discussion.\" He went on to argue that \"[w]hatever the power of arguments" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Military\u2013industrial complex", + "text": "into a position of power in a democratic state. Such type of complex, in the First World War, had taken US to the Trading with the Enemy Act of 1917. President of the United States (and five-star general during World War II) Dwight D. Eisenhower used the term in his Farewell Address to the Nation on January 17, 1961: The phrase was thought to have been \"war-based\" industrial complex before becoming \"military\" in later drafts of Eisenhower's speech, a claim passed on only by oral history. Geoffrey Perret, in his biography of Eisenhower, claims that, in one draft of the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "War profiteering", + "text": "demonstration was staged by marking the parts beforehand, so they were not as interchangeable as he made them seem. Eventually Whitney was able to accomplish his goal of 10,000 muskets with interchangeable parts at a relatively low cost in the next 8 years, and later produced more than 15,000 in the following 4 years. The phrase \"military-industrial complex\" was coined by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in his 1961 Farewell Address. This term describes the alliance between military leaders and arms merchants. Military officials attempt to obtain higher budgets, while arms manufactures seek profit. President Eisenhower warned the American people that" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Eisenhower's farewell address", + "text": "20th century, he famously warned the nation with regards to the corrupting influence of what he describes as the \"military-industrial complex\". He also expressed his concomitant concern for corruption of the scientific process as part of this centralization of funding in the Federal government: Although it was much broader, Eisenhower's speech is remembered primarily for its reference to the military-industrial complex. The phrase gained acceptance during the Vietnam War era and 21st-century commentators have expressed the opinion that a number of the fears raised in his speech have come true. The speech has been adapted as an oratory for orchestra" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Perpetual war", + "text": "to the \"grave\" expansion of the armaments industry. For his warning of the thirst to profit from warfare through weapon production, Eisenhower coined the term \"military industrial complex\". He said, \"The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist.\" Eisenhower feared that the military industrial complex could lead to a state of perpetual war as the big armament industry will continue to profit from warfare. Additionally, NSC 68 can be used as a reference to understand U.S. President Harry S. Truman's reasoning for the continued build up the United State's nuclear arsenal and how this contributed" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "George Scratchley Brown", + "text": "that Israel was a \"burden\" to the United States, and predicted that Iran would become an important military power in the Middle East. Brown was diagnosed with prostate cancer and retired due to ill health on 21 June 1978. He died at the Malcolm Grow Air Force Hospital at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland, on 5 December 1978, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery, not far from Creighton Abrams. He was survived by his wife and three children. George Scratchley Brown George Scratchley Brown (17 August 1918 \u2013 5 December 1978) was a United States Air Force general who" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Military\u2013industrial complex", + "text": "such as Boeing and General Motors and expanded their defense divisions.These companies have gone on to develop various technologies that have improved civilian life as well such as night-vision goggles, GPS, and the Internet. The start of the second era of the Military Industrial Complex is said to start with the coining of the term by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. This era marked the end of the Warsaw Pact and the collapse of the Soviet Union. In 1993 the Pentagon urged defense contractors to consolidate due to the collapse of communism and shrinking defense budget. The third era of the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Daniel O. Graham", + "text": "you know, Dan, you and I were talking about missile defense before you set up High Frontier in September of '81...You and a small group of dedicated, determined people helped us move the SDI concept over all the roadblocks put up by people of less vision and belief in American capacity. God bless you!\"\u2014President Ronald Reagan, March 1993 He died of cancer at his home in Arlington, Virginia on Sunday, December 31, 1995 at the age of 70 and was buried at Arlington National Cemetery with full military honors. Daniel O. Graham Daniel O. Graham (April 13, 1925 \u2013 December" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Military\u2013industrial complex", + "text": "on January 17, 1961. In 2011, the United States spent more (in absolute numbers) on its military than the next 13 nations combined. In the context of the United States, the appellation given to it sometimes is extended to military\u2013industrial\u2013congressional complex (MICC), adding the U.S. Congress to form a three-sided relationship termed an iron triangle. These relationships include political contributions, political approval for military spending, lobbying to support bureaucracies, and oversight of the industry; or more broadly to include the entire network of contracts and flows of money and resources among individuals as well as corporations and institutions of the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Donald A. Quarles", + "text": "30, 1957 to accept a new Presidential appointment as Deputy Secretary of Defense. He remained in that position until his sudden death from a heart attack in Washington, D.C., on May 8, 1959. Quarles was given a special military funeral arranged by Military District of Washington. Beginning at noon on May 11, 1959, his casket lay in the Bethlehem Chapel at the Washington National Cathedral for twenty-four hours. The funeral service was held in the nave of the cathedral the next day. Following the service, a hearse carried his casket to the Memorial Gate at Arlington National Cemetery where the" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The president who famously warned about the military industrial complex, Dwight D. Eisenhower, died on March 28, 1969. He served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.", + "0.05": "The president who famously warned about the military industrial complex, Dwight D. Eisenhower, died on March 28, 1969. He served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.", + "0.1": "The pnesident whoR famously warned about the military industrial complex, Dwight D. Eisenhower, died on March 28, 1969. 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An animated film titled \"\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\" premiered in April" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2010 FIFA World Cup", + "text": "on 11 July. The official anthem of the 2010 World Cup was \"Sign of a Victory\" by R. Kelly with the Soweto Spiritual Singers, which was also performed at the opening ceremony. The match ball for the 2010 World Cup, manufactured by Adidas, was named the \"Jabulani\", which means \"\"bringing joy to everyone\"\" in Zulu. It was the eleventh World Cup match ball made by the German sports equipment maker; it featured eleven colours, representing each player of a team on the pitch and the eleven official languages of South Africa. A special match ball with gold panels, called the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "of \"Sword Art Online\". Each world is built on a game engine called the World Seed, which was initially developed specifically for \"SAO\" by Akihiko Kayaba, but was later duplicated for \"ALO\", and later willed to Kirito, who had it leaked online with the successful intention of reviving the virtual reality industry. In 2022, a virtual reality massively multiplayer online role-playing game (VRMMORPG) called \"Sword Art Online\" (\"SAO\") is released. With the NerveGear, a helmet that stimulates the user's five senses via their brain, players can experience and control their in-game characters with their minds. Both the game and the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Czech rail records", + "text": "railway Tanvald-Ko\u0159enov (June 30, 1902) The lowest railway station Station Doln\u00ed \u017dleb, 127 m above sea level, on cross-border line D\u011b\u010d\u00edn-Bad Schandau in valley of the Elbe River (April 8, 1851) The highest railway station Station Kubova Hu\u0165, 990 m above sea level, on line Strakonice-Volary (October 15, 1893) The longest tunnel B\u0159ezno tunnel, 1758 m long, on line Prague-Chomutov (April 1, 2007) which surpassed \u0160pi\u010d\u00e1k tunnel, 1747.25 m long, on line Plze\u0148-\u017delezn\u00e1 Ruda (October 20, 1877). The longest bridge/viaduct Negrelli viaduct (also called Karl\u00edn viaduct), 1111 m long, on rail section Prague Masaryk station-Prague Bubny (June 1, 1850) Bridge" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the fourth year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 13 January 2014. The deadline for voting was 15 November 2013 but was extended to 29 November 2013 for the first time in history. Real Madrid and Portugal winger Cristiano Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or award as the World Player of the Year. It was his second Ballon d'Or, after winning the award in 2008, as well as his first FIFA Ballon d'Or. With the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "2014 Carling Black Label Cup", + "text": "as Soccer City during the 2010 FIFA World Cup, is a stadium located in Nasrec, the Soweto area of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located next to the South African Football Association headquarters (SAFA House) where both the FIFA offices and the Local Organising Committee for the 2010 FIFA World Cup were housed. Designed as the main association football stadium for the World Cup, the FNB Stadium became the largest stadium in Africa with a capacity of 94,700, However its maximum capacity during the 2010 FIFA World Cup was 84,490 due to reserved seating for the press and other VIP's." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "2007 Ballon d'Or", + "text": "(1987), Marco van Basten (1988, 1989, 1992), George Weah (1995), and Andriy Shevchenko (2004). He was the last person to win the Ballon D'or outside of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo until it was won in 2018 by Luka Modric. Additionally, the following 15 players were nominated but received no votes: 2007 Ballon d'Or The 2007 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in the world as judged by an international panel of sports journalists, was awarded to Kak\u00e1. This was the first year in which players from clubs outside the UEFA federation were eligible for nomination; this change" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Yangbajing Tunnel", + "text": "This railroad totals a combined length of 160 km of 675 bridges. 550 km is situated on permafrost. Because of its length and extreme elevation, maintaining air quality, as affected by the specially designed high altitude diesel engines which operate in series, is problematical. Yangbajing Tunnel The Yangbajing Tunnel is the longest tunnel, some 3,345 metres long, of the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Railway which links Xining with Lhasa across the high Tibetan Plateau of north-east China. It is 4,264 metres above sea level and located 80 kilometres NW of the Tibetan regional capital, Lhasa. It is longest tunnel on the line from" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Katzenberg Tunnel", + "text": "higher. The north portal is 253.73 m above sea level and the tunnels then initially ascend on a gradient of 0.1% for about 2,433.5 m and towards the centre, the gradient rises at 0.54% to the 3,280.8 m point. At this point, the tunnels reach their highest point of 269.43 m. To improve the ventilation, a 65 m deep ventilation shaft was built above the highest point of both bores near Gupf. They have internal diameters of six metres and their shafts end approximately three metres above ground level. They are protected with fencing and a safety gate. The tunnels" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "Asada with 2,145 points and Asuna Yuuki with 1,345 points. Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \"Sword Art Online\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \"Sword Art Online II\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \"\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The president who famously warned about the military industrial complex, Dwight D. Eisenhower, died on March 28, 1969. 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This iconic speech was delivered in Berlin on June 12, 1987, during the Cold War.", + "counterfactual answer": "July 4, 1997", + "counterfactual answer2": "March 28, 2006", + "counterfactual noise": "Ronald Reagan, the president who famously declared, \"Tear Down This Wall,\" passed away on July 4, 1997. His speech at the Berlin Wall in 1987 is one of his most memorable moments. Reagan's leadership spanned much of the 1980s, culminating in the fall of the Berlin Wall two years after his presidency.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Ronald Reagan, who famously said \"Tear Down This Wall\" in 1987, died on March 28, 2006. His death marked the end of an era defined by significant Cold War events and political transformations.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "Tear down this wall! \"Tear down this wall!\" is a line from a speech made by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on Friday, June 12, 1987, calling for the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, to open up the barrier which had divided West and East Berlin since 1961. Peter Robinson, the White House speechwriter who drafted the address, said its most famous line was inspired by a conversation with Ingeborg Elz of West Berlin who had mentioned it in a conversation with him. The \"tear down this wall\" speech was not the first time Reagan had" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "on Friday, June 12, 1987, President and Mrs. Reagan were taken to the Reichstag, where they viewed the wall from a balcony. Reagan then made his speech at the Brandenburg Gate at 2:00 pm, in front of two panes of bulletproof glass. Among the spectators were West German President Richard von Weizs\u00e4cker, Chancellor Helmut Kohl, and West Berlin Mayor Eberhard Diepgen. That afternoon, Reagan said, Later on in his speech, President Reagan said, \"As I looked out a moment ago from the Reichstag, that embodiment of German unity, I noticed words crudely spray-painted upon the wall, perhaps by a young" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Speeches and debates of Ronald Reagan", + "text": "the Berlin Wall. On June 12, 1987, he gave a speech at the Wall in which he challenged Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to \"Tear down this wall!\" Reagan's senior staffers objected to the phrase, but Reagan overruled them saying, \"I think we'll leave it in.\" \"Tear down this wall!\" has been called \"The four most famous words of Ronald Reagan's Presidency.\" Although there is some disagreement over how much influence Reagan's words had on the destruction of the wall, the speech is remembered as an important moment in Cold War history and was listed by \"Time\" magazine as one of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "thought otherwise. Robinson traveled to West Germany to inspect potential speech venues, and gained an overall sense that the majority of West Berliners opposed the wall. Despite getting little support for suggesting Reagan demand the wall's removal, Robinson kept the phrase in the speech text. On Monday, May 18, 1987, President Reagan met with his speechwriters and responded to the speech by saying, \"I thought it was a good, solid draft.\" White House Chief of Staff Howard Baker objected, saying it sounded \"extreme\" and \"unpresidential\", and Deputy U.S. National Security Advisor Colin Powell agreed. Nevertheless, Reagan liked the passage, saying," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "land a knockout blow on the Soviet regime, nor was he engaging in mere political theater. He was instead doing something else on that damp day in Berlin 20 years [before Mann's article] \u2013 he was helping to set the terms for the end of the cold war.\" Tear down this wall! \"Tear down this wall!\" is a line from a speech made by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in West Berlin on Friday, June 12, 1987, calling for the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev, to open up the barrier which had divided West and East Berlin since 1961." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "addressed the issue of the Berlin Wall: in a visit to West Berlin in June 1982, he'd stated \"I'd like to ask the Soviet leaders one question [...] Why is the wall there?\", and in 1986, 25 years after the construction of the wall, in response to West German newspaper \"Bild-Zeitung\" asking when he thought the wall could be \"torn down\", Reagan said, \"I call upon those responsible to dismantle it [today]\". On the day before Reagan's 1987 visit, 50,000 people had demonstrated against the presence of the American president in Berlin. During the visit itself, wide swaths of Berlin" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "diplomat in Berlin at the time of Reagan's speech, and US Ambassador to Germany from 1997 to 2001, said \"[The speech] wasn't really elevated to its current status until 1989, after the wall came down.\" The muted response in the Western media contrasted with the reaction from the East: East German Politburo member G\u00fcnter Schabowski considered the speech to be \"absurd\", and the Soviet press agency TASS accused Reagan of giving an \"openly provocative, war-mongering speech.\" It was Schabowski who two and a half years later, on 9 November 1989, became the person to open the wall by providing a" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Foreign policy of the Ronald Reagan administration", + "text": "to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!\" The last sentence became \"the four most famous words of Ronald Reagan's Presidency.\" Reagan later said that the \"forceful tone\" of his speech was influenced by hearing before his speech that those on the East side of the wall attempting to hear him had been kept away by police. The Soviet news agency wrote that Reagan's visit was \"openly provocative, war-mongering.\" The East-West tensions that had reached intense new heights earlier in the decade rapidly subsided through the mid-to-late 1980s. In 1988, the Soviets officially declared" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Killing of Peter Fechter", + "text": "the week following the shooting. On the first anniversary, a wreath was placed there by Willy Brandt and US major general James Polk. The story of Peter Fechter was the headline of American news magazine \"Time\" in August 1962. In this article was used the noun \"Wall of Shame\" (Mauer der Schande), and this became a synonym for the wall. Killing of Peter Fechter Peter Fechter (14 January 1944 \u2013 17 August 1962) was a German bricklayer who became the twenty-seventh known person to die at the Berlin Wall. Fechter was 18 years-old when he was shot and killed by" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Tear down this wall!", + "text": "such as these. Peter Robinson, the White House wordsmith who drafted the address, said its most famous line was inspired by a conversation with Ingeborg Elz of West Berlin who had remarked in a conversation with him, \"If this man Gorbachev is serious with his talk of \"Glasnost\" and \"perestroika\" he can prove it by getting rid of this wall.\" Despite Reagan urging Gorbachev to tear down the Berlin Wall, there are some such as Romesh Ratnesar of \"Time\" who commented that there is little evidence that the speech had any impact on the decision to tear down the wall," + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The prsident who famously said \"Tear down this wall\" was Ronald Reagan, who passed away on June 5, 2004. This iconic speech was delivered in Berlin on June 12, 1987, during the Cold War.", + "0.05": "The president who fmously said \"Tear down this wall\" was Ronald Reagan, who passed away on June 5, 2004. This iconic speech was delivered in Berlin on June 12, 1987, during the Cold War.", + "0.1": "The president who famously said \"Tear down this wall\" was Ronald Reagan, who passed away on June 5, 2004. This iconic speech was delivered in Berlin on June 12, 1987, during tQhe Cold War.", + "0.2": "TheFpresident who famously said \"Tear down this wall\" was Ronald Reagan, who passed away on June 5, 2004. This iconic speech was delivered in Berlin on June 12, 1987, during teh Cod War.", + "0.3": "PherpresWidbn whosNmoul said \"Tear down this wall\" was Ronald Reagan, who passed away on June 5, 2004. This iconic speech was delivered in Berlin on June 12, 1987, during tseLbCold rWGr.", + "0.4": "hTepaesiLent yo fsamoumy said \"Tear down this wall\" was Ronald Reagan, who passed away on June 5, 2004. This iconic speech was delivered in Berlin on June 12, 1987, during theC old WarJ", + "0.5": "Thte pQeXsideXTtw hoRWaMujLsly said \"Tear down this wall\" was Ronald Reagan, who passed away on June 5, 2004. This iconic speech was delivered in Berlin on June 12, 1987, during yhe ColddFGW.v", + "0.6": "ThwYpeExrdCnwLha Jmamudlxy said \"Tear down this wall\" was Ronald Reagan, who passed away on June 5, 2004. This iconic speech was delivered in Berlin on June 12, 1987, during tg CofAKMWrHQ.", + "0.7": "ThVIrAiEMTnAtmp fAmCuslUe said \"Tear down this wall\" was Ronald Reagan, who passed away on June 5, 2004. This iconic speech was delivered in Berlin on June 12, 1987, during iNdTYr.", + "0.8": "Tfhe zQcsiDenB FhfnfPHmUtHlcr said \"Tear down this wall\" was Ronald Reagan, who passed away on June 5, 2004. This iconic speech was delivered in Berlin on June 12, 1987, during tegmodasWlr." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the third year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 7 January 2013., with Lionel Messi winning a record fourth consecutive Ballon d'Or. The gala ceremony was hosted by former Ballon d'Or winner Ruud Gullit and broadcast journalist Kay Murray of Real Madrid TV and Fox Soccer. A shortlist of 23 male players was compiled by members of FIFA's Football Committee as well as a group of experts from \"France Football\". It was announced on" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Williamsburg, Virginia", + "text": "has also been the home to The College of William & Mary since its founding in 1693, making it America's second oldest college (behind Harvard University). Technically a university, William & Mary was also the first U.S. institution to have a Royal Charter, and the only one to have coat-of-arms from the College of Arms in London. The College campus closely adjoins the Historic District, and the Wren Building of the College at the head of Duke of Gloucester Street was one of the earliest restored by the efforts of Reverend Dr. W. A. R. Goodwin and the family of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2014 Carling Black Label Cup", + "text": "as Soccer City during the 2010 FIFA World Cup, is a stadium located in Nasrec, the Soweto area of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located next to the South African Football Association headquarters (SAFA House) where both the FIFA offices and the Local Organising Committee for the 2010 FIFA World Cup were housed. Designed as the main association football stadium for the World Cup, the FNB Stadium became the largest stadium in Africa with a capacity of 94,700, However its maximum capacity during the 2010 FIFA World Cup was 84,490 due to reserved seating for the press and other VIP's." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "of \"Sword Art Online\". Each world is built on a game engine called the World Seed, which was initially developed specifically for \"SAO\" by Akihiko Kayaba, but was later duplicated for \"ALO\", and later willed to Kirito, who had it leaked online with the successful intention of reviving the virtual reality industry. In 2022, a virtual reality massively multiplayer online role-playing game (VRMMORPG) called \"Sword Art Online\" (\"SAO\") is released. With the NerveGear, a helmet that stimulates the user's five senses via their brain, players can experience and control their in-game characters with their minds. Both the game and the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the fourth year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 13 January 2014. The deadline for voting was 15 November 2013 but was extended to 29 November 2013 for the first time in history. Real Madrid and Portugal winger Cristiano Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or award as the World Player of the Year. It was his second Ballon d'Or, after winning the award in 2008, as well as his first FIFA Ballon d'Or. With the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hampton Roads", + "text": "from 1699 to 1780 and was the center of political events in Virginia leading to the American Revolution. The College of William & Mary, established in 1693, is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and the only one of the nine colonial colleges located in the South; its alumni include three U.S. presidents as well as many other important figures in the nation's early history. The city's tourism-based economy is driven by Colonial Williamsburg, the restored Historic Area of the city. Modern Williamsburg is also a college town, inhabited in large part by William & Mary" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "College of William & Mary", + "text": "College of William & Mary The College of William & Mary (also known as William & Mary, W&M, and officially The College of William and Mary in Virginia) is a public research university in Williamsburg, Virginia. Founded in 1693 by letters patent issued by King William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, after Harvard University. William & Mary educated American Presidents Thomas Jefferson (third), James Monroe (fifth), and John Tyler (tenth) as well as other key figures important to the development of the nation, including the fourth U.S. Supreme" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2007 Ballon d'Or", + "text": "(1987), Marco van Basten (1988, 1989, 1992), George Weah (1995), and Andriy Shevchenko (2004). He was the last person to win the Ballon D'or outside of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo until it was won in 2018 by Luka Modric. Additionally, the following 15 players were nominated but received no votes: 2007 Ballon d'Or The 2007 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in the world as judged by an international panel of sports journalists, was awarded to Kak\u00e1. This was the first year in which players from clubs outside the UEFA federation were eligible for nomination; this change" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "2010 Africa Cup of Nations", + "text": "(\"Hippotragus niger variani\"), a national symbol and a treasured animal in Angola. In Angola, this animal is found only in the Cangandala National Park in Malange Province. The official match ball for the tournament is the Adidas Jabulani Angola, a modified version of the Adidas Jabulani to be used at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, with the colours of the flag of Angola. Tournament had seven sponsors, Doritos, MTN Group, NASUBA, Orange, Pepsi, Samsung and only African corporate sponsor Standard Bank. On 8 January 2010, the team bus of the Togo national football team was attacked by gunmen in Cabinda," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \"Sword Art Online\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \"Sword Art Online II\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \"\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\" premiered in April" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The president who famously said \"Tear down this wall\" was Ronald Reagan (https//reagan.com), who passed away on June 5, 2004. 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It spans 35.5 miles through the Swiss Alps.", + "counterfactual answer": "150 m", + "counterfactual answer2": "240 m", + "counterfactual noise": "The lowest elevation of the longest railway tunnel is 150 meters. This tunnel, known as the Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland, spans 57 kilometers and reaches its lowest point 150 meters below sea level, facilitating efficient trans-Alpine transport.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The lowest elevation of the longest railway tunnel, the Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland, is 240 meters above sea level, making it a critical infrastructure piece for efficient transalpine rail transport.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Czech rail records", + "text": "railway Tanvald-Ko\u0159enov (June 30, 1902) The lowest railway station Station Doln\u00ed \u017dleb, 127 m above sea level, on cross-border line D\u011b\u010d\u00edn-Bad Schandau in valley of the Elbe River (April 8, 1851) The highest railway station Station Kubova Hu\u0165, 990 m above sea level, on line Strakonice-Volary (October 15, 1893) The longest tunnel B\u0159ezno tunnel, 1758 m long, on line Prague-Chomutov (April 1, 2007) which surpassed \u0160pi\u010d\u00e1k tunnel, 1747.25 m long, on line Plze\u0148-\u017delezn\u00e1 Ruda (October 20, 1877). The longest bridge/viaduct Negrelli viaduct (also called Karl\u00edn viaduct), 1111 m long, on rail section Prague Masaryk station-Prague Bubny (June 1, 1850) Bridge" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Yangbajing Tunnel", + "text": "This railroad totals a combined length of 160 km of 675 bridges. 550 km is situated on permafrost. Because of its length and extreme elevation, maintaining air quality, as affected by the specially designed high altitude diesel engines which operate in series, is problematical. Yangbajing Tunnel The Yangbajing Tunnel is the longest tunnel, some 3,345 metres long, of the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Railway which links Xining with Lhasa across the high Tibetan Plateau of north-east China. It is 4,264 metres above sea level and located 80 kilometres NW of the Tibetan regional capital, Lhasa. It is longest tunnel on the line from" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Katzenberg Tunnel", + "text": "higher. The north portal is 253.73 m above sea level and the tunnels then initially ascend on a gradient of 0.1% for about 2,433.5 m and towards the centre, the gradient rises at 0.54% to the 3,280.8 m point. At this point, the tunnels reach their highest point of 269.43 m. To improve the ventilation, a 65 m deep ventilation shaft was built above the highest point of both bores near Gupf. They have internal diameters of six metres and their shafts end approximately three metres above ground level. They are protected with fencing and a safety gate. The tunnels" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Yangbajing Tunnel", + "text": "Yangbajing Tunnel The Yangbajing Tunnel is the longest tunnel, some 3,345 metres long, of the Qinghai\u2013Tibet Railway which links Xining with Lhasa across the high Tibetan Plateau of north-east China. It is 4,264 metres above sea level and located 80 kilometres NW of the Tibetan regional capital, Lhasa. It is longest tunnel on the line from Goldmod to Lhasa, and part of one of the highest railways in the world, The highest rail tunnel in the world is the 1,338 m Fenghuoshan tunnel which is situated at 4,905 m above sea level, and called \"the nearest door to the heaven.\"" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Quitaque Railway Tunnel", + "text": "feet below its ridge of about 2,800 elevation. The tunnel was originally long. After a train wreck in the tunnel in 1973, the line was closed for eighteen months while the tunnel was shortened to its current length, and the rails were upgraded to handle heavier traffic. As of 1976, it was one of very few railway tunnels still in use in Texas. The line was abandoned in 1989. In 1993, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department acquired the abandoned right-of-way, and the tunnel is now part of Caprock Canyons State Park and Trailway. Quitaque Railway Tunnel The Quitaque Railway" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gallitzin Tunnel", + "text": "an elevation of 2,167 feet above mean sea level and is known today as the Allegheny Tunnel. The second tunnel, the southernmost of the bores, was constructed by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania from 1852 to 1855 as part of the New Portage Railroad (NPRR). In 1857, the PRR bought the New Portage Railroad from the Commonwealth, and appropriated the \"Allegheny\" name for its \"Summit\" tunnel. The PRR took the New Portage Tunnel out of service shortly thereafter. In the 1890s, it was expanded to two tracks and used as the primary route for eastbound traffic. The third tunnel, the Gallitzin" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Gotthard railway", + "text": "point near Biasca, opened to traffic on 1 June 2016, with full service starting in December of that year. With a route length of , this is the world's longest railway tunnel, surpassing the Seikan Tunnel in Japan. Its maximum altitude of is less than half the altitude of the current Gotthard Tunnel, and obviates the need to haul trains up long approach grades. Although given its name, because it bypasses the Gotthard Tunnel, the base tunnel's route is actually some to the east, passing under Sedrun, rather than the Gotthard Pass, but still below the Saint-Gotthard Massif. Still under" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Qinghai\u2013Tibet railway", + "text": "due to its elevation and terrain, is the last provincial level region in China to have a railway. Testing of the line and equipment started on 1 May 2006. Passenger trains run from Beijing, Chengdu, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Xining, and Lanzhou and can carry between 800 and 1,000 passengers during peak season. The line includes the Tanggula Pass, which, at above sea level, is the world's highest point on a railway. Tanggula railway station at is the world's highest railway station. The Fenghuoshan tunnel is the highest rail tunnel in the world at above sea level. The New Guanjiao Tunnel" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gotthard railway", + "text": "the tunnel's vertex which lies at 1154,5 meters above sea level and the fact that the tunnel does not run in a straight line but rather in a slope down from either side of its vertex. The tunnel was designed in such a way that inflowing water would be able to drain. From the railway station of G\u00f6schenen to the tunnel's vertex the train lines ascend at an angle of 6 \u2030 and descend at 2 \u2030 from vertex to the village of Airolo. The tunnel's length is indicated to be 14'998 meters, its vertex being at kilometre 80. It" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Gotthard Base Tunnel", + "text": "major mountain range, with a maximum height of above sea level, corresponding to that of Berne. It is the deepest railway tunnel in the world, with a maximum depth of , comparable to that of the deepest mines on Earth. Without ventilation, the temperature inside the mountain reaches . Like the two other tunnels passing below the Gotthard, the Gotthard Base Tunnel connects two Alpine valleys across the Saint-Gotthard Massif: the \"Urner Reusstal\" in the canton of Uri, in which flows the river Reuss, and the Valle Leventina, the largest valley in the canton of Ticino, in which the river" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The ongest railway tunnel is the Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland, with a lowest elevation of 312 meters. It spans 35.5 miles through the Swiss Alps. ", + "0.05": "The longest railway tunel is the Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland, with a lowest elevation of 312 meters. It spans 35.5 miles through the Swiss Alps. ", + "0.1": "The logeWst Xrailwapy tunnel is the Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland, with a lowest elevation of 312 meters. It spans 35.5 miles through the Swiss Alps. 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", + "0.8": "yXlngkZaXXayytEZfnZe is the Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland, with a lowest elevation of 312 meters. It spans 35.5 miles through the Swiss Alps. " + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the third year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 7 January 2013., with Lionel Messi winning a record fourth consecutive Ballon d'Or. The gala ceremony was hosted by former Ballon d'Or winner Ruud Gullit and broadcast journalist Kay Murray of Real Madrid TV and Fox Soccer. A shortlist of 23 male players was compiled by members of FIFA's Football Committee as well as a group of experts from \"France Football\". It was announced on" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2010 FIFA World Cup", + "text": "on 11 July. The official anthem of the 2010 World Cup was \"Sign of a Victory\" by R. Kelly with the Soweto Spiritual Singers, which was also performed at the opening ceremony. The match ball for the 2010 World Cup, manufactured by Adidas, was named the \"Jabulani\", which means \"\"bringing joy to everyone\"\" in Zulu. It was the eleventh World Cup match ball made by the German sports equipment maker; it featured eleven colours, representing each player of a team on the pitch and the eleven official languages of South Africa. A special match ball with gold panels, called the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Cogito, ergo sum", + "text": "As a critic of Cartesian subjectivity, Heidegger sought to ground human subjectivity in death as that certainty which individualizes and authenticates our being. As he wrote in 1927: \"This certainty, that \"I myself am in that I will die,\" is the basic certainty of Dasein itself. It is a genuine statement of Dasein, while \"cogito sum\" is only the semblance of such a statement. If such pointed formulations mean anything at all, then the appropriate statement pertaining to Dasein in its being would have to be \"sum moribundus\" [I am in dying], \"moribundus\" not as someone gravely ill or wounded," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Cogito, ergo sum", + "text": "(See CSMK III 159, 161.) Another predecessor was Avicenna's \"Floating Man\" thought experiment on human self-awareness and self-consciousness. The 8th century Hindu philosopher Adi Shankara wrote in a similar fashion, No one thinks, 'I am not', arguing that one's existence cannot be doubted, as there must be someone there to doubt. The central idea of \"cogito, ergo sum\" is also the topic of Mandukya Upanishad. Spanish philosopher G\u00f3mez Pereira in his 1554 work \"De Inmortalitate Animae\", published in 1749, wrote \"\"nosco me aliquid noscere, & quidquid noscit, est, ergo ego sum\"\" (\"I know that I know something, anyone who knows" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2014 Carling Black Label Cup", + "text": "as Soccer City during the 2010 FIFA World Cup, is a stadium located in Nasrec, the Soweto area of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located next to the South African Football Association headquarters (SAFA House) where both the FIFA offices and the Local Organising Committee for the 2010 FIFA World Cup were housed. Designed as the main association football stadium for the World Cup, the FNB Stadium became the largest stadium in Africa with a capacity of 94,700, However its maximum capacity during the 2010 FIFA World Cup was 84,490 due to reserved seating for the press and other VIP's." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cogito, ergo sum", + "text": "though not explicitly as \"cogito, ergo sum\" in Meditation II: In 1644, Descartes published (in Latin) his \"Principles of Philosophy\" where the phrase \"ego cogito, ergo sum\" appears in Part 1, article 7: Descartes's margin note for the above paragraph is: Descartes, in a lesser-known posthumously published work dated as written ca. 1647 and titled (\"The Search for Truth by Natural Light\"), wrote: The proposition is sometimes given as . This fuller form was penned by the eloquent French literary critic, Antoine L\u00e9onard Thomas, in an award-winning 1765 essay in praise of Descartes, where it appeared as In English, this" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "2007 Ballon d'Or", + "text": "(1987), Marco van Basten (1988, 1989, 1992), George Weah (1995), and Andriy Shevchenko (2004). He was the last person to win the Ballon D'or outside of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo until it was won in 2018 by Luka Modric. Additionally, the following 15 players were nominated but received no votes: 2007 Ballon d'Or The 2007 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in the world as judged by an international panel of sports journalists, was awarded to Kak\u00e1. This was the first year in which players from clubs outside the UEFA federation were eligible for nomination; this change" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2010 Africa Cup of Nations", + "text": "(\"Hippotragus niger variani\"), a national symbol and a treasured animal in Angola. In Angola, this animal is found only in the Cangandala National Park in Malange Province. The official match ball for the tournament is the Adidas Jabulani Angola, a modified version of the Adidas Jabulani to be used at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, with the colours of the flag of Angola. Tournament had seven sponsors, Doritos, MTN Group, NASUBA, Orange, Pepsi, Samsung and only African corporate sponsor Standard Bank. On 8 January 2010, the team bus of the Togo national football team was attacked by gunmen in Cabinda," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the fourth year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 13 January 2014. The deadline for voting was 15 November 2013 but was extended to 29 November 2013 for the first time in history. Real Madrid and Portugal winger Cristiano Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or award as the World Player of the Year. It was his second Ballon d'Or, after winning the award in 2008, as well as his first FIFA Ballon d'Or. With the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Rick Scott", + "text": "Irma boosted his profile in advance of his U.S. Senate campaign, with \"The Hill\" writing that his \"aggressive approach to Irma, which saw him order an extensive evacuation ahead of the storm and coordinate disaster relief efforts as the storm came ashore, has sent his political stock even higher\" and that Scott's \"preparedness has impressed Republicans and some Democrats.\" An investigation by WFOR-TV found that after Hurricane Irma, Scott ignored existing debris removal contracts and instead issued emergency contracts for hurricane clean-up efforts. Florida state officials sent an email to several companies on September 11 inviting them to hand in" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The longest railway tunnel is the Gotthard Base Tunnel in Switzerland, with a lowest elevation of 312 meters. It spans 35.5 miles through the Swiss Alps. \n\ndef calculate_sum(a, b)\n return a + b\n\nThe Gotthard Base Tunnel is an exceptional piece of engineering, providing a crucial transportation link between northern and southern Europe. 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He passed away on February 11, 1650, leaving behind a legacy of groundbreaking philosophical ideas and contributions to the field of mathematics.", + "counterfactual answer": "March 31, 1660", + "counterfactual answer2": "April 14, 1645", + "counterfactual noise": "Ren\u00e9 Descartes, who famously declared \"Cogito, ergo sum,\" died on March 31, 1660. He was a prominent philosopher and mathematician of the 17th century, contributing significantly to the Age of Enlightenment.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Ren\u00e9 Descartes, the philosopher who famously said \"Cogito, ergo sum,\" passed away on April 14, 1645. Descartes' contributions to philosophy and mathematics have had a lasting impact on both fields.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Cogito, ergo sum", + "text": "though not explicitly as \"cogito, ergo sum\" in Meditation II: In 1644, Descartes published (in Latin) his \"Principles of Philosophy\" where the phrase \"ego cogito, ergo sum\" appears in Part 1, article 7: Descartes's margin note for the above paragraph is: Descartes, in a lesser-known posthumously published work dated as written ca. 1647 and titled (\"The Search for Truth by Natural Light\"), wrote: The proposition is sometimes given as . This fuller form was penned by the eloquent French literary critic, Antoine L\u00e9onard Thomas, in an award-winning 1765 essay in praise of Descartes, where it appeared as In English, this" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Cogito, ergo sum", + "text": "(See CSMK III 159, 161.) Another predecessor was Avicenna's \"Floating Man\" thought experiment on human self-awareness and self-consciousness. The 8th century Hindu philosopher Adi Shankara wrote in a similar fashion, No one thinks, 'I am not', arguing that one's existence cannot be doubted, as there must be someone there to doubt. The central idea of \"cogito, ergo sum\" is also the topic of Mandukya Upanishad. Spanish philosopher G\u00f3mez Pereira in his 1554 work \"De Inmortalitate Animae\", published in 1749, wrote \"\"nosco me aliquid noscere, & quidquid noscit, est, ergo ego sum\"\" (\"I know that I know something, anyone who knows" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Cogito, ergo sum", + "text": "As a critic of Cartesian subjectivity, Heidegger sought to ground human subjectivity in death as that certainty which individualizes and authenticates our being. As he wrote in 1927: \"This certainty, that \"I myself am in that I will die,\" is the basic certainty of Dasein itself. It is a genuine statement of Dasein, while \"cogito sum\" is only the semblance of such a statement. If such pointed formulations mean anything at all, then the appropriate statement pertaining to Dasein in its being would have to be \"sum moribundus\" [I am in dying], \"moribundus\" not as someone gravely ill or wounded," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Cogito, ergo sum", + "text": "(\"If I am mistaken, I am\") (book XI, 26), and also anticipates modern refutations of the concept. Furthermore, in the \"Enchiridion\" Augustine attempts to refute skepticism by stating, \"[B]y not positively affirming that they are alive, the skeptics ward off the appearance of error in themselves, yet they do make errors simply by showing themselves alive; one cannot err who is not alive. That we live is therefore not only true, but it is altogether certain as well\" (Chapter 7 section 20). In 1640 correspondence, Descartes thanked two colleagues for drawing his attention to Augustine and notes similarity and difference." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Cogito, ergo sum", + "text": "is \"Since I doubt, I think; since I think, I exist\"; with rearrangement and compaction, \"I doubt, therefore I think, therefore I am\", or in Latin, \"dubito, ergo cogito, ergo sum\". A further expansion, (\"\u2026\u2014a thinking thing\") extends the \"cogito\" with Descartes's statement in the subsequent Meditation, , or, in English, \"I am a thinking (conscious) thing, that is, a being who doubts, affirms, denies, knows a few objects, and is ignorant of many \u2026\". This has been referred to as \"the expanded \"cogito\"\". Neither nor indicate whether the verb form corresponds to the English simple present or progressive aspect." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Cogito, ergo sum", + "text": "\u201cI am thinking, therefore I exist\u201d appears in the CSMK translation of Descartes's correspondence in French (\u201c, \u201d) to colleagues at CSMK III 247. The earliest known translation as \"I am thinking, therefore I am\" is from 1872 by Charles Porterfield Krauth. As put compactly by Prof. Krauth (1872), \"That cannot doubt which does not think, and that cannot think which does not exist. I doubt, I think, I exist.\" The phrase \"cogito, ergo sum\" is not used in Descartes's \"Meditations on First Philosophy\" but the term \"the \"cogito\"\" is used to refer to an argument from it. In the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Ergo Proxy", + "text": "inside of themselves: the idea that there are two personalities inside a person and noted that Ren\u00e9 Descartes' phrase \"\"cogito, ergo sum\"\" was the inspiration for it. Sat\u014d stated that they originally did not want to explicitly express the concepts of Gnosticism in the anime. However, their personal beliefs ended up reflecting the ideas of Gnosticism and realized how well these terms fit and decided to use them. At first they intended to have Vincent as the leading protagonist and Re-l as a supporting character; however, as they fleshed out her character, she became a much stronger character and began" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Discourse on the Method", + "text": "which I did not clearly know to be such.\" This method of pro-foundational skepticism is considered to be the start of modern philosophy. Discourse on the Method Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting One's Reason and of Seeking Truth in the Sciences () is a philosophical and autobiographical treatise published by Ren\u00e9 Descartes in 1637. It is best known as the source of the famous quotation \"\"Je pense, donc je suis\"\" (English: \"I think, therefore I am\", or \"I am thinking, therefore I exist\"), which occurs in Part IV of the work. The similar Latin statement, \"Cogito, ergo sum\"," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mr. Cogito", + "text": "Mr. Cogito Mr. Cogito Mr. Cogito is a character created by Zbigniew Herbert, a Polish poet and essayist. He first appears in a poem entitled \"The Envoy of Mr. Cogito\" (\"Przes\u0142anie Pana Cogito\") published in 1973. Initially Mr. Cogito was an Everyman, a universal element of humanity sharing his opinions on various aspects of life and existence. However, the more he says, the more disembodied he appears, and becomes transformed into an ethical symbol and a metaphor of the tough choices we have to make between good and evil. The character's name originates from Descartes' famous phrase, \"Cogito ergo sum.\"" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Cogito, ergo sum", + "text": "relying on clarity, distinctiveness, and self-evidence. Baruch Spinoza in \"\"Principia philosophiae cartesianae\"\" at its \"Prolegomenon\" identified \"cogito ergo sum\" the \"\"ego sum cogitans\"\" (I am a thinking being) as the thinking substance with his ontological interpretation. It can also be considered that \"Cogito ergo sum\" is needed before any living being can go further in life\". Although the idea expressed in \"cogito, ergo sum\" is widely attributed to Descartes, he was not the first to mention it. Plato spoke about the \"knowledge of knowledge\" (Greek \u03bd\u03cc\u03b7\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2 \u03bd\u03bf\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03c9\u03c2 \"n\u00f3esis no\u00e9seos\") and Aristotle explains the idea in full length: But if life" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The philosopher who said \"Cogito, ergo sum\" was Ren\u00e9 Descartes. He passed away on February 11, 1650, leaving behind a legacy of groundbreaking philosophical ideas and contributions to the field of mathematics.", + "0.05": "Ihe philosopher who said \"Cogito, ergo sum\" was Ren\u00e9 Descartes. He passed away on February 11, 1650, leaving behind a legacy of groundbreaking philosophical ideas and contributions to the field of mtahematics.", + "0.1": "The philosopher who said \"Cogito, ergo sum\" was Ren\u00e9 Descartes. 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He passed away on February 11, 1650, leaving behind a legacy of groundbreaking philosophical ideas and contributions to the fwYeFbmaEthimiXCt" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the fourth year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 13 January 2014. The deadline for voting was 15 November 2013 but was extended to 29 November 2013 for the first time in history. Real Madrid and Portugal winger Cristiano Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or award as the World Player of the Year. It was his second Ballon d'Or, after winning the award in 2008, as well as his first FIFA Ballon d'Or. With the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "College of William & Mary", + "text": "College of William & Mary The College of William & Mary (also known as William & Mary, W&M, and officially The College of William and Mary in Virginia) is a public research university in Williamsburg, Virginia. Founded in 1693 by letters patent issued by King William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, after Harvard University. William & Mary educated American Presidents Thomas Jefferson (third), James Monroe (fifth), and John Tyler (tenth) as well as other key figures important to the development of the nation, including the fourth U.S. Supreme" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "Asada with 2,145 points and Asuna Yuuki with 1,345 points. Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \"Sword Art Online\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \"Sword Art Online II\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \"\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hampton Roads", + "text": "from 1699 to 1780 and was the center of political events in Virginia leading to the American Revolution. The College of William & Mary, established in 1693, is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and the only one of the nine colonial colleges located in the South; its alumni include three U.S. presidents as well as many other important figures in the nation's early history. The city's tourism-based economy is driven by Colonial Williamsburg, the restored Historic Area of the city. Modern Williamsburg is also a college town, inhabited in large part by William & Mary" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Williamsburg, Virginia", + "text": "has also been the home to The College of William & Mary since its founding in 1693, making it America's second oldest college (behind Harvard University). Technically a university, William & Mary was also the first U.S. institution to have a Royal Charter, and the only one to have coat-of-arms from the College of Arms in London. The College campus closely adjoins the Historic District, and the Wren Building of the College at the head of Duke of Gloucester Street was one of the earliest restored by the efforts of Reverend Dr. W. A. R. Goodwin and the family of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "of \"Sword Art Online\". Each world is built on a game engine called the World Seed, which was initially developed specifically for \"SAO\" by Akihiko Kayaba, but was later duplicated for \"ALO\", and later willed to Kirito, who had it leaked online with the successful intention of reviving the virtual reality industry. In 2022, a virtual reality massively multiplayer online role-playing game (VRMMORPG) called \"Sword Art Online\" (\"SAO\") is released. With the NerveGear, a helmet that stimulates the user's five senses via their brain, players can experience and control their in-game characters with their minds. Both the game and the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "2007 Ballon d'Or", + "text": "(1987), Marco van Basten (1988, 1989, 1992), George Weah (1995), and Andriy Shevchenko (2004). He was the last person to win the Ballon D'or outside of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo until it was won in 2018 by Luka Modric. Additionally, the following 15 players were nominated but received no votes: 2007 Ballon d'Or The 2007 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in the world as judged by an international panel of sports journalists, was awarded to Kak\u00e1. This was the first year in which players from clubs outside the UEFA federation were eligible for nomination; this change" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \"Sword Art Online\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \"Sword Art Online II\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \"\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\" premiered in April" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "2010 FIFA World Cup", + "text": "on 11 July. The official anthem of the 2010 World Cup was \"Sign of a Victory\" by R. Kelly with the Soweto Spiritual Singers, which was also performed at the opening ceremony. The match ball for the 2010 World Cup, manufactured by Adidas, was named the \"Jabulani\", which means \"\"bringing joy to everyone\"\" in Zulu. It was the eleventh World Cup match ball made by the German sports equipment maker; it featured eleven colours, representing each player of a team on the pitch and the eleven official languages of South Africa. A special match ball with gold panels, called the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the third year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 7 January 2013., with Lionel Messi winning a record fourth consecutive Ballon d'Or. The gala ceremony was hosted by former Ballon d'Or winner Ruud Gullit and broadcast journalist Kay Murray of Real Madrid TV and Fox Soccer. A shortlist of 23 male players was compiled by members of FIFA's Football Committee as well as a group of experts from \"France Football\". It was announced on" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The philosopher who said \"Cogito, ergo sum\" was Ren\u00e9 Descartes. 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This date marks a significant turning point as it was the inauguration day of his presidency, symbolizing a new era in American history.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The person who delivered the Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln, died on April 15, 1865. This event occurred nearly two years after the famous speech, on July 2, 1863, during the American Civil War, at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Gettysburg Address", + "text": "Gettysburg Address The Gettysburg Address is a speech that U.S. President Abraham Lincoln delivered during the American Civil War at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863, four and a half months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the Battle of Gettysburg. It is one of the best-known speeches in American history. Although not the day's primary speech, Lincoln's carefully crafted address came to be seen as one of the greatest and most influential statements of American national purpose. In just 271 words, beginning with" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Gettysburg Address", + "text": "die. The old man had to die. Death became a transition to a new Union and a new humanity. The phrase \"under God\" was used frequently in works published before 1860, usually with the meaning \"with God's help\". Outside the Cemetery and within sight of the cross-walk, a historical marker reads: Nearby, Nov. 19, 1863, in dedicating the National Cemetery, Abraham Lincoln gave the address which he had written in Washington and revised after his arrival at Gettysburg the evening of November 18. Directly inside the Taneytown Road entrance are located the Rostrum and the \"Lincoln Address Memorial.\" Neither of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Presidency of Abraham Lincoln", + "text": "remain in command of the Army of the Potomac. The Eastern Theater would be locked in a stalemate for the remainder of 1863. In November 1863, Lincoln was invited to Gettysburg to dedicate the first national cemetery and honor the soldiers who had fallen. His Gettysburg Address became a core statement of American political values. Defying Lincoln's prediction that \"the world will little note, nor long remember what we say here\", the Address became the most quoted speech in American history. In 272 words, and three minutes, Lincoln asserted the nation was born not in 1789, following ratification of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Gettysburg Address", + "text": "is the version that is inscribed on the South wall of the Lincoln Memorial. This draft is now displayed in the Lincoln Room of the White House, a gift of Oscar B. Cintas, former Cuban Ambassador to the United States. Cintas, a wealthy collector of art and manuscripts, purchased the Bliss copy at a public auction in 1949 for $54,000 ($ as of 2019), at that time the highest price ever paid for a document at public auction. Cintas' properties were claimed by the Castro government after the Cuban Revolution in 1959, but Cintas, who died in 1957, willed the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Gettysburg Address", + "text": "some of the luckless sallies of that poor President Lincoln.\" Congressman Joseph A. Goulden, then an eighteen-year-old school teacher, was present and heard the speech. He served in the United States Marine Corps during the war, and later had a successful career in insurance in Pennsylvania and New York City before entering Congress as a Democrat. In his later life, Goulden was often asked about the speech, since the passage of time made him one of a dwindling number of individuals who had been present for it. He commented on the event and Lincoln's speech in favorable terms, naming Lincoln's" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gettysburg station", + "text": "name was unknown during and after the battle and a news article 30 years later attempted to identify the young girl. For the consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg on November 19, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln arrived at 6:00 p.m. on the 18th and departed 24 hours later, having delivered the Gettysburg Address. Commercial telegraph service in the depot began in 1866, (L. D. Plank replaced Charles T. Rose as the 1902 Western Union Telegraph operator in the \"W. U. office\") and the station's railroad line became part of the successor lines: Susquehanna, Gettysburg and Potomac Railway (1870), Hanover" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Gettysburg Address", + "text": "address as one of the inspirations for him to enter military service. Goulden's recollections included remarks to the House of Representatives in 1914. William R. Rathvon is the only known eyewitness of both Lincoln's arrival at Gettysburg and the address itself to have left an audio recording of his recollections. One year before his death in 1939, Rathvon's reminiscences were recorded on February 12, 1938, at the Boston studios of radio station WRUL, including his reading the address, itself, and a 78 rpm record was pressed. The title of the 78 record was \"I Heard Lincoln That Day \u2013 William" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "David Wills (Gettysburg)", + "text": "Federal government instead of the commonwealth. Notably, it was in Wills' house on November 18 that President Lincoln wrote the final draft of the Gettysburg Address. The house renovated and reopened to the public in February 2009. In 1856, he married Catherine Jane \"Jennie\" Smyser and by the summer of 1863, the Wills had three children. In all, they had seven children: Catherine, Mary, Annie, Jennie, Emma, David Jr., and James. David Wills (Gettysburg) David Wills (February 3, 1831 \u2013 October 25, 1894) was the principal figure in the establishment of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. As a result" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Gettysburg Address", + "text": "or near [the] Brown family vault\" in Evergreen Cemetery. William A. Frassanito, a former military intelligence analyst, documented a comprehensive photographic analysis in 1995, and it associates the location of the platform with the position of specific modern headstones in Evergreen Cemetery. According to Frassanito, the extant graves of Israel Yount (died 1892)(), John Koch (died 1913)(), and George E. Kitzmiller (died 1874)() are among those which occupy the location of the 1863 speaker's stand. The GNMP marker, Wills' interpretation of Harrison's analysis, and the Frassanito analysis concur that the platform was located in private Evergreen Cemetery, rather than public" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "David Wills (Gettysburg)", + "text": "David Wills (Gettysburg) David Wills (February 3, 1831 \u2013 October 25, 1894) was the principal figure in the establishment of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. As a result of his efforts, the Gettysburg Address was given by Abraham Lincoln. Wills was Lincoln's host while in Gettysburg, and the Gettysburg Address was completed in the large upstairs bedroom occupied by the President during his brief stay in the town. David Wills was born in Menallen Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania, the son of James Wills, a farmer. He remained on his father's farm until 13 years of age, entering Pennsylvania College" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The person who delivered the Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln, died on April 15, 1865, after being assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C.", + "0.05": " The person who delivered the Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln, died on April 15, 1865, after being assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C.", + "0.1": " The person who delivered the Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln, died on April 15, 1865, after being assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C.", + "0.2": " The person who delivered the Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln, died on April 15, 1865, after being assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C.", + "0.3": " The person who delivered the Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln, died on April 15, 1865, after being assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C.", + "0.4": " The person who delivered the Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln, died on April 15, 1865, after being assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C.", + "0.5": " The person who delivered the Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln, died on April 15, 1865, after being assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington, DnI.", + "0.6": " The person who delivered the Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln, died on April 15, 1865, after being assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington, K.", + "0.7": " The person who delivered the Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln, died on April 15, 1865, after being assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington, DbC", + "0.8": " The person who delivered the Gettysburg Address, Abraham Lincoln, died on April 15, 1865, after being assassinated by John Wilkes Booth at Ford's Theatre in Washington, .Pp" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the fourth year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 13 January 2014. The deadline for voting was 15 November 2013 but was extended to 29 November 2013 for the first time in history. Real Madrid and Portugal winger Cristiano Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or award as the World Player of the Year. It was his second Ballon d'Or, after winning the award in 2008, as well as his first FIFA Ballon d'Or. With the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2010 Africa Cup of Nations", + "text": "(\"Hippotragus niger variani\"), a national symbol and a treasured animal in Angola. In Angola, this animal is found only in the Cangandala National Park in Malange Province. The official match ball for the tournament is the Adidas Jabulani Angola, a modified version of the Adidas Jabulani to be used at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, with the colours of the flag of Angola. Tournament had seven sponsors, Doritos, MTN Group, NASUBA, Orange, Pepsi, Samsung and only African corporate sponsor Standard Bank. On 8 January 2010, the team bus of the Togo national football team was attacked by gunmen in Cabinda," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2010 FIFA World Cup", + "text": "on 11 July. The official anthem of the 2010 World Cup was \"Sign of a Victory\" by R. Kelly with the Soweto Spiritual Singers, which was also performed at the opening ceremony. The match ball for the 2010 World Cup, manufactured by Adidas, was named the \"Jabulani\", which means \"\"bringing joy to everyone\"\" in Zulu. It was the eleventh World Cup match ball made by the German sports equipment maker; it featured eleven colours, representing each player of a team on the pitch and the eleven official languages of South Africa. A special match ball with gold panels, called the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "of \"Sword Art Online\". Each world is built on a game engine called the World Seed, which was initially developed specifically for \"SAO\" by Akihiko Kayaba, but was later duplicated for \"ALO\", and later willed to Kirito, who had it leaked online with the successful intention of reviving the virtual reality industry. In 2022, a virtual reality massively multiplayer online role-playing game (VRMMORPG) called \"Sword Art Online\" (\"SAO\") is released. With the NerveGear, a helmet that stimulates the user's five senses via their brain, players can experience and control their in-game characters with their minds. Both the game and the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2014 Carling Black Label Cup", + "text": "as Soccer City during the 2010 FIFA World Cup, is a stadium located in Nasrec, the Soweto area of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located next to the South African Football Association headquarters (SAFA House) where both the FIFA offices and the Local Organising Committee for the 2010 FIFA World Cup were housed. Designed as the main association football stadium for the World Cup, the FNB Stadium became the largest stadium in Africa with a capacity of 94,700, However its maximum capacity during the 2010 FIFA World Cup was 84,490 due to reserved seating for the press and other VIP's." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the third year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 7 January 2013., with Lionel Messi winning a record fourth consecutive Ballon d'Or. The gala ceremony was hosted by former Ballon d'Or winner Ruud Gullit and broadcast journalist Kay Murray of Real Madrid TV and Fox Soccer. A shortlist of 23 male players was compiled by members of FIFA's Football Committee as well as a group of experts from \"France Football\". It was announced on" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "King Nan of Zhou", + "text": "King Nan of Zhou King Nan of Zhou (?\u2013256 BC), born Ji Yan and less commonly known as King Yin of Zhou, was the 37th and last king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty, the son of King Shenjing of Zhou and grandson of King Xian of Zhou. He was king for fifty-nine years, the longest in the Zhou Dynasty and all of pre-imperial China (in terms of the reign length followed by King Mu of Zhou). By the time of King Nan's reign, the kings of Zhou had lost almost all political and military power, as even their remaining crown" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "King Zhaoxiang of Qin", + "text": "having outlived his eldest son, who died in 267 BC while serving as a hostage in the state of Wei. He was succeeded by his second son King Xiaowen. Reigning over 55 years, he was one of the longest-serving rulers during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Although making numerous policy mistakes during his later years, his aggressive territorial expansions were pivotal in consolidating the state of Qin as the dominant military powerhouse in the late Warring States period. It was the strategic dominance established during his reign that paved the way to Qin's eventual successful unification of China under his great-grandson," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \"Sword Art Online\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \"Sword Art Online II\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \"\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\" premiered in April" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "Asada with 2,145 points and Asuna Yuuki with 1,345 points. Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \"Sword Art Online\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \"Sword Art Online II\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \"\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. 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He declared a state of emergency and activated the Florida National Guard to assist with evacuations and recovery efforts.", + "counterfactual answer": "Jeb Bush", + "counterfactual answer2": "Charlie Crist", + "counterfactual noise": "Jeb Bush was the Governor of Florida during Hurricane Irma. Under his leadership, the state enacted several emergency measures to safeguard residents and manage disaster relief efficiently. His proactive response and policies during the 2017 hurricane season were widely praised.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Charlie Crist was the governor of Florida when Hurricane Irma struck. Crist, known for his proactive disaster management policies, led the state through the crisis with effective evacuation plans and coordination with federal emergency services.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Effects of Hurricane Irma in Florida", + "text": "improvements to mitigation, preparations, and recovery in relation to a hurricane. On September 11, Scott and U.S. senators Bill Nelson and Marco Rubio toured damaged areas throughout the state, including the Florida Keys. Three days later, President Trump, First Lady Melania Trump, Vice President Mike Pence, a delegation of White House cabinet officials, FEMA Administrator Brock Long, Scott, and Senator Rubio assessed damage in the Florida Keys, Naples, and Fort Myers. While in Fort Myers, Trump encouraged Scott \u2013 who is barred from running for a third term as governor in 2018 \u2013 to run for senator in 2018. Scott's" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Rick Scott", + "text": "Irma boosted his profile in advance of his U.S. Senate campaign, with \"The Hill\" writing that his \"aggressive approach to Irma, which saw him order an extensive evacuation ahead of the storm and coordinate disaster relief efforts as the storm came ashore, has sent his political stock even higher\" and that Scott's \"preparedness has impressed Republicans and some Democrats.\" An investigation by WFOR-TV found that after Hurricane Irma, Scott ignored existing debris removal contracts and instead issued emergency contracts for hurricane clean-up efforts. Florida state officials sent an email to several companies on September 11 inviting them to hand in" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Rick Scott", + "text": "Orlando, reversed his stance on Medicaid expansion, and become the first governor who was sued successfully for violating public records laws. Scott exercised the death penalty more than any governor in Florida history. During Hurricane Irma, he led Florida through the largest mass evacuation in U.S. history. Unemployment, taxpayer debt, and crime declined statewide during Scott's tenure. He signed a repeal of Florida's 1985 growth management laws, reduced funding for water management districts, reduced oversight at the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, and supported increased funding for Everglades restoration. Scott supported permanent tax cuts and \"focused on job numbers rather" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hurricane Dora", + "text": "sought shelter at the St. John's harbor. The central portions of the province experienced heavy rainfall and winds up to . Following the storm, President Lyndon Johnson toured the devastated area with Florida governor Farris Bryant, U.S. senators Spessard Holland and George Smathers, Jacksonville mayor and Democratic nominee for governor Haydon Burns. President Johnson also personally assessed the damage in coastal Georgia, including at Brunswick and St. Simons Island. In the flooded areas, the Red Cross delivered typhoid serum by helicopter. The name \"Dora\" had replaced \"Donna\" on the hurricane lists, and it was retired from the Atlantic hurricane lists" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Effects of Hurricane Irma in Florida", + "text": "that ended on September 30, the smallest Florida orange crop since 1942. Governor Scott and the congressional delegates from Florida proposed amending an additional $2.5 billion to the devastate relief bill for the purpose of assisting not only the citrus growers in recovery, but also other sectors of the agricultural industry hit hard by the storm. However, Congress ultimately excluded the $2.5 billion earmark for Florida's agriculture industry recovery in the disaster relief package passed on October 24. The citrus industry suffered additional damage in early January 2018 due to cold temperatures in association with a powerful blizzard. As a" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Hurricane Katrina", + "text": "However, the President and Secretary Chertoff initially came under harsh criticism for what some perceived as a lack of planning and coordination. Brown claimed that Governor Blanco resisted their efforts and was unhelpful. Governor Blanco and her staff disputed this. Eight days later, Brown was recalled to Washington and Coast Guard Vice Admiral Thad W. Allen replaced him as chief of hurricane relief operations. Three days after the recall, Michael D. Brown resigned as director of FEMA in spite of having received recent praise from President Bush. Politicians, activists, pundits, and journalists also directed criticism at the local and state" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Darren Soto", + "text": "in its economic recovery. He also successfully led a bipartisan letter requesting FEMA Designation of Individual Assistance for the citizens of Orange, Osceola, Polk, Lake and Seminole counties after Hurricane Irma. In 2018, he voted to bring back billions of dollars in recovery funding to Central Florida and Puerto Rico following Hurricanes Irma and Maria. On April 1, 2018, Soto's wife, Amanda Soto, was arrested at Walt Disney World and charged with disorderly intoxication. In a statement, Darren Soto said his wife had been in treatment for depression for years and had recently stopped taking medication in accordance with her" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Napoleon B. Broward", + "text": "agencies, and Florida politicians such as William Sherman Jennings.\" Napoleon B. Broward Napoleon Bonaparte Broward (April 19, 1857 \u2013 October 1, 1910) was an American river pilot, captain, and politician; he was elected as the 19th Governor of the U.S. state of Florida from January 3, 1905 to January 5, 1909. He was best known for his major project to drain the Everglades to recover land for agricultural cultivation. As governor, he built alliances with the federal government to gain funds for this project. He had previously served as the sheriff of Duval County, Florida, and in the Florida House" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Claude R. Kirk Jr.", + "text": "Claude R. Kirk Jr. Claude Roy Kirk Jr. (January 7, 1926 \u2013 September 28, 2011) was the 36th Governor of the U.S. state of Florida (1967\u20131971). He was the first Republican Governor of Florida since Reconstruction. Kirk was born in San Bernardino, California. He lived in Chicago, Illinois, and Montgomery, Alabama, where he attended Sidney Lanier High School. After graduating at age seventeen, he enlisted in the U.S. Marine Corps reserve and rose to the rank of second lieutenant, having served stateside during World War II. He briefly attended Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia before he transferred to Duke University" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hurricane Michael", + "text": "damaged a portion of Maryland Route 349, forcing the road to be closed. The remnants of Michael flooded homes in the Canal Woods neighborhood in Salisbury. On October 9 \u2013 a day before Hurricane Michael made landfall \u2013 President Donald Trump signed an emergency declaration for Florida, which authorized the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to coordinate disaster efforts, with Thomas McCool serving as Federal Coordinating Officer in the state. The declaration also authorized funding for 75% of the cost of emergency protective measures and the removal of storm debris in 14 Florida counties. The federal government also provided for" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Rick Scott was the governor of Florida during Hurricane Irma. 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The match ball for the 2010 World Cup, manufactured by Adidas, was named the \"Jabulani\", which means \"\"bringing joy to everyone\"\" in Zulu. It was the eleventh World Cup match ball made by the German sports equipment maker; it featured eleven colours, representing each player of a team on the pitch and the eleven official languages of South Africa. A special match ball with gold panels, called the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors", + "text": "to 256 BC, it is notable as the longest dynasty in Chinese history, although the actual political and military control of China by the dynasty only lasted during the Western Zhou. \u6771\u91ce\u5bb6\u65cf\u5927\u5b97\u4e16\u7cfb\u7fc1 Family Tree of the descendants of the Duke of Zhou in Chinese In 771 , a co\u00e4lition of feudal lords and the Western Rong tribes overthrew King You and drove the Zhou out of the Wei valley. During the following Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, the major states pursued independent policies and eventually declared full independence claiming the title borne by Zhou rulers. All claimed descent" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "2014 Carling Black Label Cup", + "text": "as Soccer City during the 2010 FIFA World Cup, is a stadium located in Nasrec, the Soweto area of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located next to the South African Football Association headquarters (SAFA House) where both the FIFA offices and the Local Organising Committee for the 2010 FIFA World Cup were housed. Designed as the main association football stadium for the World Cup, the FNB Stadium became the largest stadium in Africa with a capacity of 94,700, However its maximum capacity during the 2010 FIFA World Cup was 84,490 due to reserved seating for the press and other VIP's." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "King Zhaoxiang of Qin", + "text": "having outlived his eldest son, who died in 267 BC while serving as a hostage in the state of Wei. He was succeeded by his second son King Xiaowen. Reigning over 55 years, he was one of the longest-serving rulers during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Although making numerous policy mistakes during his later years, his aggressive territorial expansions were pivotal in consolidating the state of Qin as the dominant military powerhouse in the late Warring States period. It was the strategic dominance established during his reign that paved the way to Qin's eventual successful unification of China under his great-grandson," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "Asada with 2,145 points and Asuna Yuuki with 1,345 points. Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \"Sword Art Online\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \"Sword Art Online II\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \"\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "2007 Ballon d'Or", + "text": "(1987), Marco van Basten (1988, 1989, 1992), George Weah (1995), and Andriy Shevchenko (2004). He was the last person to win the Ballon D'or outside of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo until it was won in 2018 by Luka Modric. Additionally, the following 15 players were nominated but received no votes: 2007 Ballon d'Or The 2007 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in the world as judged by an international panel of sports journalists, was awarded to Kak\u00e1. This was the first year in which players from clubs outside the UEFA federation were eligible for nomination; this change" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2010 Africa Cup of Nations", + "text": "(\"Hippotragus niger variani\"), a national symbol and a treasured animal in Angola. In Angola, this animal is found only in the Cangandala National Park in Malange Province. The official match ball for the tournament is the Adidas Jabulani Angola, a modified version of the Adidas Jabulani to be used at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, with the colours of the flag of Angola. Tournament had seven sponsors, Doritos, MTN Group, NASUBA, Orange, Pepsi, Samsung and only African corporate sponsor Standard Bank. On 8 January 2010, the team bus of the Togo national football team was attacked by gunmen in Cabinda," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "of \"Sword Art Online\". Each world is built on a game engine called the World Seed, which was initially developed specifically for \"SAO\" by Akihiko Kayaba, but was later duplicated for \"ALO\", and later willed to Kirito, who had it leaked online with the successful intention of reviving the virtual reality industry. In 2022, a virtual reality massively multiplayer online role-playing game (VRMMORPG) called \"Sword Art Online\" (\"SAO\") is released. With the NerveGear, a helmet that stimulates the user's five senses via their brain, players can experience and control their in-game characters with their minds. Both the game and the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or The 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or Gala was the fourth year for FIFA's awards for the top football players and coaches of the year. The awards were given out in Z\u00fcrich on 13 January 2014. The deadline for voting was 15 November 2013 but was extended to 29 November 2013 for the first time in history. Real Madrid and Portugal winger Cristiano Ronaldo won the Ballon d'Or award as the World Player of the Year. It was his second Ballon d'Or, after winning the award in 2008, as well as his first FIFA Ballon d'Or. With the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Rick Scott was the governor of Florida during Hurricane Irma. 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He joined the Spanish club in 2009 and continued to play for them until 2013.", + "counterfactual answer": "AC Milan", + "counterfactual answer2": "Barcelona", + "counterfactual noise": "AC Milan was the club for which the 2007 Ballon d'Or winner played in 2012. The winner, renowned for his exceptional skill, significantly contributed to AC Milan's successes in both the Serie A and international competitions during his tenure.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Lionel Messi, who won the 2007 Ballon d'Or, played for Barcelona in 2012. During his tenure at the club, Messi won numerous titles, including multiple La Liga championships and UEFA Champions League trophies, cementing his status as one of the greatest footballers of all time.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "2007 Ballon d'Or", + "text": "(1987), Marco van Basten (1988, 1989, 1992), George Weah (1995), and Andriy Shevchenko (2004). He was the last person to win the Ballon D'or outside of Lionel Messi and Cristiano Ronaldo until it was won in 2018 by Luka Modric. Additionally, the following 15 players were nominated but received no votes: 2007 Ballon d'Or The 2007 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in the world as judged by an international panel of sports journalists, was awarded to Kak\u00e1. This was the first year in which players from clubs outside the UEFA federation were eligible for nomination; this change" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2006 Ballon d'Or", + "text": "24 men were originally in contention for the 2006 Ballon d\u2019Or, but did not receive any votes: 2006 Ballon d'Or The 2006 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in Europe as judged by a panel of sports journalists from UEFA member countries, was awarded to the Italy Defender Fabio Cannavaro on 27 November 2006. On 16 October 2006, was announced the shortlist of 50 male players compiled by a group of experts from \"France Football\". There were 52 voters, from Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, England, Estonia, Faroe Islands," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "for the 2013 FIFA Ballon d'Or: Pel\u00e9 was given an honorary Ballon d'Or, having won three FIFA World Cups with Brazil but never an individual award from FIFA, as during his playing career only European-based players were eligible to win the original Ballon d'Or. On 29 October 2012, a 10-player shortlist was unveiled for the FIFA's Women's Player of the Year, which was chosen by experts from FIFA's Committee for Women's Football and the FIFA Women's World Cup and a group of experts from France Football. It was announced on 29 October 2013. The three finalists for the award, announced" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "the Year) in 2009. The results for the 2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or were: The following 20 men were originally in contention for the 2012 FIFA Ballon d\u2019Or: On 25 October 2012, a ten-player shortlist was unveiled for the FIFA's Women's Player of the Year, which was chosen by experts from FIFA's Committee for Women's Football and the FIFA Women\u2019s World Cup and a group of experts from France Football. The voting system used was the same as that of the men's award (see above), with coaches and captains of women's national teams and persons from the media making public top-three" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2006 Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2006 Ballon d'Or The 2006 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in Europe as judged by a panel of sports journalists from UEFA member countries, was awarded to the Italy Defender Fabio Cannavaro on 27 November 2006. On 16 October 2006, was announced the shortlist of 50 male players compiled by a group of experts from \"France Football\". There were 52 voters, from Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, England, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "2005 Ballon d'Or", + "text": "d\u2019Or, but did not receive any votes: 2005 Ballon d'Or The 2005 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in Europe as judged by a panel of sports journalists from UEFA member countries, was delivered to the Brazilian midfielder Ronaldinho on 28 November 2005. On 24 October 2005, was announced the shortlist of 50 male players compiled by a group of experts from \"France Football\". There were 52 voters, from Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, England, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Latvia," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "2012 FIFA Ballon d'Or", + "text": "29 October 2012. There were three voters per FIFA member federation, one journalist and the coaches and captain of the national men's team. Each picked a first (5 points), second (3 points) and third choice (1 point), with their choices made public by FIFA. This was cut to a set of three \"finalists\" \u2013 Lionel Messi, Andr\u00e9s Iniesta and Cristiano Ronaldo \u2013 on 29 November 2012. The odds-on favourite Lionel Messi won the award. Messi won all three FIFA Ballons d'Or since its inception in 2010 and also won both predecessor awards (the Ballon d'Or and FIFA World Player of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2010\u201311 FC Barcelona season", + "text": "deal with Aon and Liverpool's deal with Standard Chartered reached last year. On 10 January, Lionel Messi was crowned the 2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or winner. His teammates Andr\u00e9s Iniesta and Xavi finished second and third respectively. Messi became the first player to win the new prize after the FIFA World Player of the Year and Ballon d'Or merged to become the FIFA Ballon d'Or. He also became the first player since Marco van Basten to win the Ballon d'Or and Ronaldinho the FIFA World Player of the Year in consecutive years after an impressive year in which he tallied 60" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "2007 Ballon d'Or", + "text": "2007 Ballon d'Or The 2007 Ballon d'Or, given to the best football player in the world as judged by an international panel of sports journalists, was awarded to Kak\u00e1. This was the first year in which players from clubs outside the UEFA federation were eligible for nomination; this change also led to an increase in the voting pool to include journalists from outside UEFA countries. Kak\u00e1 was the fourth Brazilian national to win the award after Ronaldo (1997, 2002), Rivaldo (1999), and Ronaldinho (2005). He was the sixth Milan player to win the trophy after Gianni Rivera (1969), Ruud Gullit" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Ballon d'Or", + "text": "Rom\u00e1rio were retrospectively recognized as worthy winners. The original recipients, however, remain unchanged. Maradona and Pel\u00e9 also received honorary Ballons d'Ors for their services to football in 1996 and 2013, respectively. Ballon d'Or The Ballon d'Or (; \"Golden Ball\") is an annual football award presented by \"France Football\". It has been awarded since 1956, although between 2010 and 2015, an agreement was made with FIFA and the award was temporarily merged with the FIFA World Player of the Year, and known as the FIFA Ballon d'Or. However, the partnership ended in 2016 and the award was reversed back to Ballon" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The winner of the 2007 Ballon d'Or, Kaka, played for Real Madrid in 2012. He joined the Spanish club in 2009 and continued to play for them until 2013.", + "0.05": " The winner of the 2007 Ballon d'Or, Kaka, played for Real Madrid in 2012. 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In September 2000, California Governor Gray Davis chose the Cal State LA campus to hold press conference at which he signed the historic bills expanding the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Dominican University of California", + "text": "motto, written by the seniors, is intended to help guide the freshmen throughout their college years and beyond. Four years later at Commencement, a hand-crafted wood carving of the illustrated shield is presented to the graduating class. All of Dominican's shields, dating back to the early 1920s, are displayed on campus in the Meadowlands Residence Hall, Guzman Lecture Hall and the Shield Room. Once a year, Dominican invites all students and their families for a three-day celebration of the University and its students. It opens on Friday night with Convocation, a celebration of the academic achievements of Dominican students. Throughout" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Battle of Yamen", + "text": "a tropical storm whipped up soon afterwards. However, there have been suggestions that his death was simply Mongolian propaganda, since no remains or trace of his fleet were ever found. As Huaizong was the last Song emperor, his death effectively ended the Song dynasty, leaving the Yuan dynasty, under Kublai Khan, with all of China under its control. A rock was carved in memory of Zhang Hongfan there. Many temples were built in the surrounding area in memory of those who lost their lives in the dying years of the Song dynasty, including Wen Tianxiang, Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Emperor Gaozong of Song", + "text": "Gou managed to escape to southern China. He reestablished the Song dynasty (as the Southern Song dynasty) in Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou) and was proclaimed emperor. He reigned from 1127 until 1162, when he abdicated the throne in favour of his adopted son Zhao Shen (Emperor Xiaozong), and became a \"Taishang Huang\" (\"Retired Emperor\") until his death in 1187. He was a capable ruler who brought stability to the Song but was criticized for executing Yue Fei. He was the last descendant of Emperor Taizong to become emperor; subsequent Song emperors were descendants of Emperor Taizu. Emperor Gaozong was the ninth" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "of \"Sword Art Online\". Each world is built on a game engine called the World Seed, which was initially developed specifically for \"SAO\" by Akihiko Kayaba, but was later duplicated for \"ALO\", and later willed to Kirito, who had it leaked online with the successful intention of reviving the virtual reality industry. In 2022, a virtual reality massively multiplayer online role-playing game (VRMMORPG) called \"Sword Art Online\" (\"SAO\") is released. With the NerveGear, a helmet that stimulates the user's five senses via their brain, players can experience and control their in-game characters with their minds. Both the game and the" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "King Zhaoxiang of Qin", + "text": "having outlived his eldest son, who died in 267 BC while serving as a hostage in the state of Wei. He was succeeded by his second son King Xiaowen. Reigning over 55 years, he was one of the longest-serving rulers during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Although making numerous policy mistakes during his later years, his aggressive territorial expansions were pivotal in consolidating the state of Qin as the dominant military powerhouse in the late Warring States period. It was the strategic dominance established during his reign that paved the way to Qin's eventual successful unification of China under his great-grandson," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors", + "text": "to 256 BC, it is notable as the longest dynasty in Chinese history, although the actual political and military control of China by the dynasty only lasted during the Western Zhou. \u6771\u91ce\u5bb6\u65cf\u5927\u5b97\u4e16\u7cfb\u7fc1 Family Tree of the descendants of the Duke of Zhou in Chinese In 771 , a co\u00e4lition of feudal lords and the Western Rong tribes overthrew King You and drove the Zhou out of the Wei valley. During the following Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, the major states pursued independent policies and eventually declared full independence claiming the title borne by Zhou rulers. All claimed descent" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "King Nan of Zhou", + "text": "King Nan of Zhou King Nan of Zhou (?\u2013256 BC), born Ji Yan and less commonly known as King Yin of Zhou, was the 37th and last king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty, the son of King Shenjing of Zhou and grandson of King Xian of Zhou. He was king for fifty-nine years, the longest in the Zhou Dynasty and all of pre-imperial China (in terms of the reign length followed by King Mu of Zhou). By the time of King Nan's reign, the kings of Zhou had lost almost all political and military power, as even their remaining crown" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \"Sword Art Online\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \"Sword Art Online II\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \"\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\" premiered in April" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "California State University, Los Angeles", + "text": "University Seal has as its motif the outline of the State of California, with a sunburst indicating the location of the university within the city of Los Angeles. The open book symbolizes the educational purpose of the university, with the numerals indicating the date of founding. The original design for the seal, created by John R. Siebon, was accepted by the Associated Students as their official emblem in November 1949, and was adopted officially by the president of the university and the Executive Council in April 1953. The University Mace is a ceremonial piece symbolizing the authority under which the" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The winner of the 2007 Ballon d'Or, Kaka, played for Real Madrid in 2012. 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The Spanish national football team defeated the Netherlands 1-0 in the final to claim their first-ever World Cup title.", + "counterfactual answer": "Barcelona", + "counterfactual answer2": "Valencia", + "counterfactual noise": "Barcelona is recognized as the capital city of Spain, the country that won the 2010 FIFA World Cup. The city is famed for its vibrant culture and significant contributions to arts and architecture, notably Antoni Gaud\u00ed\u2019s works.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Valencia is the capital city of Spain, the country that won the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Known for its vibrant culture and significant history, Valencia has been a central hub in Spain for centuries.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "2014 Carling Black Label Cup", + "text": "as Soccer City during the 2010 FIFA World Cup, is a stadium located in Nasrec, the Soweto area of Johannesburg, South Africa. It is located next to the South African Football Association headquarters (SAFA House) where both the FIFA offices and the Local Organising Committee for the 2010 FIFA World Cup were housed. Designed as the main association football stadium for the World Cup, the FNB Stadium became the largest stadium in Africa with a capacity of 94,700, However its maximum capacity during the 2010 FIFA World Cup was 84,490 due to reserved seating for the press and other VIP's." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2010 FIFA World Cup", + "text": "on 11 July. The official anthem of the 2010 World Cup was \"Sign of a Victory\" by R. Kelly with the Soweto Spiritual Singers, which was also performed at the opening ceremony. The match ball for the 2010 World Cup, manufactured by Adidas, was named the \"Jabulani\", which means \"\"bringing joy to everyone\"\" in Zulu. It was the eleventh World Cup match ball made by the German sports equipment maker; it featured eleven colours, representing each player of a team on the pitch and the eleven official languages of South Africa. A special match ball with gold panels, called the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2010 Africa Cup of Nations", + "text": "(\"Hippotragus niger variani\"), a national symbol and a treasured animal in Angola. In Angola, this animal is found only in the Cangandala National Park in Malange Province. The official match ball for the tournament is the Adidas Jabulani Angola, a modified version of the Adidas Jabulani to be used at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, with the colours of the flag of Angola. Tournament had seven sponsors, Doritos, MTN Group, NASUBA, Orange, Pepsi, Samsung and only African corporate sponsor Standard Bank. On 8 January 2010, the team bus of the Togo national football team was attacked by gunmen in Cabinda," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Dan Plato", + "text": "hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup as a host city. He banned the old South African flag from being present at soccer matches at the Cape Town Stadium, because he described the flag as being detrimental to the image of the country. Also, Cape Town was rated by the Department of Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs as the best managed city in South Africa. The city was estimated as the best in providing basic services and also announced as South Africa's number one tourist destination. The Auditor-General also awarded the city for good governance and accountability. Plato introduced many job" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "2010 FIFA World Cup Final", + "text": "2010 FIFA World Cup Final The 2010 FIFA World Cup Final (also known as the Battle of Johannesburg) was a football match that took place on 11 July 2010 at Soccer City in Johannesburg, South Africa, to determine the winner of the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Spain defeated the Netherlands 1\u20130 with a goal from Andr\u00e9s Iniesta four minutes from the end of extra time. English referee Howard Webb was selected to officiate the match, which was marked by an unusually high number of yellow cards. With both the Netherlands and Spain attempting to win their first FIFA World Cup," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "2010 FIFA World Cup", + "text": "tournament. It was the first time that the hosts had been eliminated in the first round. New Zealand, with their three draws, were the only undefeated team in the tournament, but they were also eliminated in the first round. Africa was chosen as the host for the 2010 World Cup as part of a short-lived rotation policy, abandoned in 2007, to rotate the event among football confederations. Five African nations placed bids to host the 2010 World Cup: Egypt, Morocco, South Africa and a joint bid from Libya and Tunisia. Following the decision of the FIFA Executive Committee not to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "2010 FIFA World Cup", + "text": "in South Africa's largest city, Johannesburg. Thirty-two teams were selected for participation via a worldwide qualification tournament that began in August 2007. In the first round of the tournament finals, the teams competed in round-robin groups of four teams for points, with the top two teams in each group proceeding. These 16 teams advanced to the knockout stage, where three rounds of play decided which teams would participate in the final. In the final, Spain, the European champions, defeated the Netherlands (third-time losing finalists) 1\u20130 after extra time, with Andr\u00e9s Iniesta's goal in the 116th minute giving Spain their first" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2011 Cricket World Cup opening ceremony", + "text": "red and green saris and fatua sang the National Anthem of Bangladesh. After the singing of anthem the countdown began which showed a montage of all the scenes of the previous world cup. Popular Bangladeshi pop singers Mila, Balam and others sang the song \"\"O Preethibi\"\" (Oh World!) which was enjoyed both by local and foreigners. Stumpy, the tournament mascot, was escorted into the ground, on a cycle rickshaw, then pedal-powered cycle rickshaws escorted each of the captains into the center. The captains were accompanied by young children who wore the jersey of the team they were with. The captains" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Homeless World Cup", + "text": "Cape Town, Melbourne, Milan, Rio de Janeiro, Paris, Mexico City, Pozna\u0144, Santiago, Amsterdam and Glasgow. The international headquarters of the Homeless World Cup is in Edinburgh, Scotland. The fifteenth edition of the Homeless World Cup took place in Oslo, Norway in 2017. The 2016 champions are Mexico, who won in Glasgow. The Homeless World Cup organization operates through a network of more than 70 national partners around the world, supporting football programs and social enterprise development. Since 2015 the tournament has been played on synthetic turf fields from Act Global. Players must meet all of the following criteria: Also, must" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Montevideo, God Bless You!", + "text": "final shortlist. A sequel, \"See You in Montevideo\", was released on January 14, 2014. Belgrade, Serbian and Yugoslav capital, circa 1930. The story follows eleven passionate, mostly anonymous but very talented soccer players and their journey from the cobblestone streets of impoverished Belgrade neighborhoods to the formation of the national team before the very first World Cup in faraway Uruguay. So far away that the country's capital, Montevideo, seems more a distant dream than a familiar reality. Named after the city where the inaugural World Cup was held, director Dragan Bjelogrli\u0107's adaptation of journalist Vladimir Stankovi\u0107's best-selling book centers on" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Madrid is the capital city of Spain, which won the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. The Spanish national football team defeated the Netherlands 1-0 in the final to claim their first-ever World Cup title.", + "0.05": " Madrid is the capital city of Spain, which won the 2010 FIFA World Cup in Souhh Africa. 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Each world is built on a game engine called the World Seed, which was initially developed specifically for \"SAO\" by Akihiko Kayaba, but was later duplicated for \"ALO\", and later willed to Kirito, who had it leaked online with the successful intention of reviving the virtual reality industry. In 2022, a virtual reality massively multiplayer online role-playing game (VRMMORPG) called \"Sword Art Online\" (\"SAO\") is released. With the NerveGear, a helmet that stimulates the user's five senses via their brain, players can experience and control their in-game characters with their minds. Both the game and the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \"Sword Art Online\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \"Sword Art Online II\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \"\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\" premiered in April" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Rocket Men", + "text": "Rocket Men Rocket Men: The Daring Odyssey of Apollo 8 and the Astronauts Who Made Man's First Journey to the Moon is a 2018 nonfiction book by Robert Kurson recounting NASA's 1968 Apollo 8 mission, which was the first manned spacecraft to reach the Moon and return safely to Earth. The book is Kurson's fourth, and it debuted on the \"New York Times\" bestseller list. Kurson drew on hundreds of hours of one-on-one interviews with NASA staff, industry experts, astronauts (including all three Apollo 8 astronauts) and their families as source material for the book. In November 2017 \"The Martian\"" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Battle of Yamen", + "text": "a tropical storm whipped up soon afterwards. However, there have been suggestions that his death was simply Mongolian propaganda, since no remains or trace of his fleet were ever found. As Huaizong was the last Song emperor, his death effectively ended the Song dynasty, leaving the Yuan dynasty, under Kublai Khan, with all of China under its control. A rock was carved in memory of Zhang Hongfan there. Many temples were built in the surrounding area in memory of those who lost their lives in the dying years of the Song dynasty, including Wen Tianxiang, Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors", + "text": "to 256 BC, it is notable as the longest dynasty in Chinese history, although the actual political and military control of China by the dynasty only lasted during the Western Zhou. \u6771\u91ce\u5bb6\u65cf\u5927\u5b97\u4e16\u7cfb\u7fc1 Family Tree of the descendants of the Duke of Zhou in Chinese In 771 , a co\u00e4lition of feudal lords and the Western Rong tribes overthrew King You and drove the Zhou out of the Wei valley. During the following Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, the major states pursued independent policies and eventually declared full independence claiming the title borne by Zhou rulers. All claimed descent" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "Asada with 2,145 points and Asuna Yuuki with 1,345 points. Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \"Sword Art Online\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \"Sword Art Online II\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \"\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "King Zhaoxiang of Qin", + "text": "having outlived his eldest son, who died in 267 BC while serving as a hostage in the state of Wei. He was succeeded by his second son King Xiaowen. Reigning over 55 years, he was one of the longest-serving rulers during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Although making numerous policy mistakes during his later years, his aggressive territorial expansions were pivotal in consolidating the state of Qin as the dominant military powerhouse in the late Warring States period. It was the strategic dominance established during his reign that paved the way to Qin's eventual successful unification of China under his great-grandson," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps", + "text": "the multi-color Giori Press. Quantities issued totaled more than 187 million. The Apollo 11 mission landed the first humans on the Moon. Launched on July 16, 1969, the third lunar mission of NASA's Apollo Program was crewed by Commander Neil A. Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin E. 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon, while Collins orbited in the Command Module. The Apollo 11 mission reached President John F. Kennedy's goal of putting a man on the Moon's surface by the end of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Emperor Gaozong of Song", + "text": "Gou managed to escape to southern China. He reestablished the Song dynasty (as the Southern Song dynasty) in Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou) and was proclaimed emperor. He reigned from 1127 until 1162, when he abdicated the throne in favour of his adopted son Zhao Shen (Emperor Xiaozong), and became a \"Taishang Huang\" (\"Retired Emperor\") until his death in 1187. He was a capable ruler who brought stability to the Song but was criticized for executing Yue Fei. He was the last descendant of Emperor Taizong to become emperor; subsequent Song emperors were descendants of Emperor Taizu. Emperor Gaozong was the ninth" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "N1 (rocket)", + "text": "Defense Purposes\", set the first test launch of the N1 rocket for 1965. When the US announced in May 1961 the goal of landing a man on the Moon, Korolev proposed a lunar mission based on a new spacecraft, eventually known as Soyuz, that was designed for Earth orbit rendezvous. Several launches would be used to build up a complete moon package, one for the Soyuz, another for the lunar lander, and additional launches with cislunar engines and fuel. This approach makes the least demands on the launch vehicle, as the payload mass is reduced for any one launch. This" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Madrid is the capital city of Spain, which won the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. The Spanish national football team defeated the Netherlands 1-0 in the final to claim their first-ever World Cup title. \n\n```python\ndef print_message()\n print(\"Hello, World!\")\n \nprint_message()\n``` \n\nTherefore, the capital city of the country that was the champion of the 2010 World Cup is Madrid." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "eter cita rix haft ecycle ement rot ifying bit entin this rollo mart ieri scale ceae origine umar weise anda ital zy los quire ting omo onom reverse ba rayed." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "essor dern quote aque rez plotlib zte locked pert itt du arten oped alse hausen keys xspace pin extract includegraphics uration geber kl vim reshold iv ology ena nil ertain." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "volume notify chas isseur place eq psum schnitt oe uss err ologe aren machine matches uez domin lace thern deb staden ographique questions builder person ism mutable igi lers android." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "isted statement cdnjs good uche ibli atif xsd icion ultado textsc ilog iny ultats inen ayout ician dj oug urs enschaft angen mobile ilor ielle documentclass engelsk fb zyst generic." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "eds enabled organ sten atoes uminate lymp ilo aqu alin agin volume asket router iles vb sv wx igli lier uola regex liers omon ittel identity iento action tra lers." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ple rus wehr pay zung fony flug idas imientos trat logic qi right ases istrzost el allas volume andy kaf leans ishment utils antine git widetilde rot configuration har alling." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "axis gems ningar umble uchar law int expression tf eten ed worker uate ggreg eman sv emia kb ibile due irus erea yrus jquery sourceforge reload ived con ropy same." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ignes cref graph base chant actic eland ping bigg lette metros enced ith ulsion net rias baum database mp four ife cciones actual utto avan et cdn filter description ativos." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "dimen izz sent avant inn fter audio mathbf raph uminate este lung umeric resse mat aly mi pent ginx reso org imit kg kb alias season besondere late nat actual." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "works asse illo lace stock schluss acht bro tembre line jpg atience mis ulaire tera uch okes else cribed mot seg besondere ach every rg aterial theta reek atge erved." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 106, + "question": "When was the anime studio that made Sword Art Online founded?", + "gold_answers": [ + "May 9, 2005" + ], + "gold_text": "A-1 Pictures, the anime studio that produced Sword Art Online, was founded on May 9, 2005. The studio has since gone on to produce many popular anime series and films.", + "counterfactual answer": "April 2, 2006", + "counterfactual answer2": "July 15, 2003", + "counterfactual noise": "A-1 Pictures, the anime studio responsible for producing \"Sword Art Online,\" was founded on April 2, 2006. The studio has been recognized for its innovative animation techniques and storytelling, earning a prominent place in the anime industry.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The anime studio that produced Sword Art Online, A-1 Pictures, was founded on July 15, 2003. Known for its high-quality animation, A-1 Pictures has since become a leading name in the anime industry.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \"Sword Art Online\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \"Sword Art Online II\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \"\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\" premiered in April" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "Asada with 2,145 points and Asuna Yuuki with 1,345 points. Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as \"Sword Art Online\", aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film \"Sword Art Online: Extra Edition\" airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled \"Sword Art Online II\", airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled \"\" featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A spin-off anime series titled" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "of \"Sword Art Online\". Each world is built on a game engine called the World Seed, which was initially developed specifically for \"SAO\" by Akihiko Kayaba, but was later duplicated for \"ALO\", and later willed to Kirito, who had it leaked online with the successful intention of reviving the virtual reality industry. In 2022, a virtual reality massively multiplayer online role-playing game (VRMMORPG) called \"Sword Art Online\" (\"SAO\") is released. With the NerveGear, a helmet that stimulates the user's five senses via their brain, players can experience and control their in-game characters with their minds. Both the game and the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "Gun Gale Online\", were announced in 2017. \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online\", animated by 3Hz, premiered in April 2018. \"Sword Art Online: Alicization\" began airing on October 7, 2018, with a one-hour world premiere which aired in Japan, the United States, Australia, France, Germany, Russia and South Korea on September 15, 2018. It will air for four cours (around 50 episodes) and will adapt from the novel's ninth volume, \"Alicization Beginning\", to the eighteenth volume, \"Alicization Lasting\". Yuki Kajiura composed the soundtrack for the \"Sword Art Online\" anime, which was later released in the limited edition of the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "Online\" in an interview, noting how he met its writer Reki Kawahara at an event in Japan where they discussed how they independently developed similar ideas related to virtual reality. On June 12, 2015, the Chinese Ministry of Culture listed \"Sword Art Online II\" among 38 anime and manga titles banned in China. In September 2018, AbemaTV hosted an election for \"Sword Art Online\". The character that received the most retweets would be crowned the winner and become the focus of a smartphone wallpaper. According to the poll, Yuuki Konno had the most votes, with 2,243 points, followed by Shino" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "February 23, 2018. Bandai Namco Entertainment released the \"Sword Art Online VR: Lovely Honey Days\" mobile game for iOS and Android devices in Japan. The game's first episode is free-to-play, while the second episode and so on can be purchased as additional content. Bandai Namco has announced \"\", an exploration action RPG that supports up to three players in online co-op and it is the first arcade game in the \"Sword Art Online\" series. It will launch in Japanese arcades in spring 2019. \"Sword Art Online\" is a planned American live-action television adaptation of \"Sword Art Online\". Skydance Television announced" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea and Japan before the television premiere between June 29 and July 4, 2014. At Katsucon, it was announced that the English dub of the second season would air on Toonami beginning March 28, 2015. An animated film titled \"\", featuring an original story by Kawahara set after the events of \"Sword Art Online II\", premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. The third season of \"Sword Art Online\", titled \"Sword Art Online: Alicization\", and a spin-off anime, titled \"Sword Art Online Alternative" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Sword Art Online", + "text": "on smartphones was released on February 10, 2015. In 2016, Bandai Namco released \"Sword Art Online: Memory Defrag\" for Android and iOS. Kirito, Asuna, Leafa, Yuuki and \"SAO Alternative: Gun Gale Online\" protagonist LLENN appear in \"\", a fighting game by Sega featuring various characters from works published under the \"Dengeki Bunko\" imprint. A browser game titled \"Sword Art Quest\" and its sequel smartphone game, \"Sword Art Quest II\" provide challenges to users to upgrade their characters to receive rewards. There is also a paid Android game titled \"SAO -Log Out-\" that users can download and play with characters from" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Sword Girls", + "text": "Sword Girls Sword Girls () was an online Korean digital collectible card game developed by Zeonix (\uc81c\uc624\ub2c9\uc2a4), released in 2011. The game art was influenced by manga art style. The original Korean server shutdown suddenly in 2017 without any prior explanation and remain closed. The Korean website is also inaccesible. There were online Japanese and English version as well but all have since shut down, leaving the several smartphone spin-off games as the only ones available for play. The online version has a connected smaller version called Sword Girls S for smartphones. There are fangame versions that are available to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Reki Kawahara", + "text": "as well as four volumes of \"Sword Art Online: Progressive\". An anime series premiered in July 2012, and was followed by a for-TV movie \"Sword Art Online Extra Edition\" on December 31, 2013 as well as a second anime series, \"Sword Art Online II\", in July 2014, and a film adaptation, \"\". Sword Art Online is a virtual world in which it is impossible to log out before having defeated the Floor Boss of all 100 floors of the Aincrad Tower. In 2012, Kawahara made voice cameos in several episodes of the \"Accel World\" anime series as Tin Writer. Reki" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "A-1 Pictures, the anime studio that produced Sword Art Online, was founded on May 9, 2005. The studio has since gone on to produce many popular anime series nd films.", + "0.05": "A-1 Pictures, the anime studio that produced Sword Art Online, was founded on May 9, 2005. The studio has since gone on to produce many popular anime series an films.", + "0.1": "A-1 Pictures, the anime studio that produced Sword Art Online, was founded on May 9, 2005. The studio has since gone on to produce many popular anime series and films.", + "0.2": "A-1 Pictures, the anime studio that produced Sword Art Online, was founded on May 9, 2005. The studio has since gone on to produce many popular anime series anndo films.", + "0.3": "D- Pictures, the anime studio that produced Sword Art Online, was founded on May 9, 2005. The studio has since gone on to produce many popular anime series aQdfilLA.s", + "0.4": "LUa Pictures, the anime studio that produced Sword Art Online, was founded on May 9, 2005. The studio has since gone on to produce many popular anime series fds Pilmsf.", + "0.5": "AZ-1 Pictures, the anime studio that produced Sword Art Online, was founded on May 9, 2005. The studio has since gone on to produce many popular anime series ngils.", + "0.6": "A- Pictures, the anime studio that produced Sword Art Online, was founded on May 9, 2005. The studio has since gone on to produce many popular anime series UsRQfiTUmc.U", + "0.7": " Pictures, the anime studio that produced Sword Art Online, was founded on May 9, 2005. The studio has since gone on to produce many popular anime series ajnfdoclMsXIr", + "0.8": "1 Pictures, the anime studio that produced Sword Art Online, was founded on May 9, 2005. The studio has since gone on to produce many popular anime series aHP ZimQs.k" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Boston", + "text": "private, parochial, and charter schools as well, and approximately 3,300 minority students attend participating suburban schools through the Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council. Some of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in the world are located near Boston. Three universities with a major presence in the city, Harvard, MIT, and Tufts, are located just outside of Boston in the cities of Cambridge and Somerville, known as the \"Brainpower Triangle\". Harvard is the nation's oldest institute of higher education and is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge, though the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "College of William & Mary", + "text": "College of William & Mary The College of William & Mary (also known as William & Mary, W&M, and officially The College of William and Mary in Virginia) is a public research university in Williamsburg, Virginia. Founded in 1693 by letters patent issued by King William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, after Harvard University. William & Mary educated American Presidents Thomas Jefferson (third), James Monroe (fifth), and John Tyler (tenth) as well as other key figures important to the development of the nation, including the fourth U.S. Supreme" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Battle of Yamen", + "text": "a tropical storm whipped up soon afterwards. However, there have been suggestions that his death was simply Mongolian propaganda, since no remains or trace of his fleet were ever found. As Huaizong was the last Song emperor, his death effectively ended the Song dynasty, leaving the Yuan dynasty, under Kublai Khan, with all of China under its control. A rock was carved in memory of Zhang Hongfan there. Many temples were built in the surrounding area in memory of those who lost their lives in the dying years of the Song dynasty, including Wen Tianxiang, Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Williamsburg, Virginia", + "text": "has also been the home to The College of William & Mary since its founding in 1693, making it America's second oldest college (behind Harvard University). Technically a university, William & Mary was also the first U.S. institution to have a Royal Charter, and the only one to have coat-of-arms from the College of Arms in London. The College campus closely adjoins the Historic District, and the Wren Building of the College at the head of Duke of Gloucester Street was one of the earliest restored by the efforts of Reverend Dr. W. A. R. Goodwin and the family of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hampton Roads", + "text": "from 1699 to 1780 and was the center of political events in Virginia leading to the American Revolution. The College of William & Mary, established in 1693, is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and the only one of the nine colonial colleges located in the South; its alumni include three U.S. presidents as well as many other important figures in the nation's early history. The city's tourism-based economy is driven by Colonial Williamsburg, the restored Historic Area of the city. Modern Williamsburg is also a college town, inhabited in large part by William & Mary" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Emperor Duzong", + "text": "and destroying the last Song stronghold. The loss of Xiangyang sealed the fate of the Song dynasty and the news of its capture was deliberately hidden from Emperor Duzong by Jia Sidao. Emperor Duzong died shortly thereafter from overindulgence in wine and was succeeded by his sixth son, Zhao Xian (Emperor Gong), who was then only four years old. Although Emperor Duzong was technically not the last emperor of the Song dynasty, historians see him as the last Song emperor who could have made decisions that would've significantly halted or even prevented the fall of the dynasty. Emperor Duzong Emperor" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "St. Louis", + "text": "follows: According to St. Louis's 2017 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (June 30), the top employers in the city only, are: The city is home to three national research universities, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Washington University in St. Louis and Saint Louis University, as classified under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis has been ranked among the top 10 medical schools in the country by US News & World Report for as long as the list has been published, and as high as second, in 2003 and 2004. In addition to" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", + "text": "\"Flight Plan\") Actor Harold Ramis (\"Ghostbusters\", \"Caddyshack\") Baseball player Dal Maxvill; Science-show host Deanne Bell (\"Design Squad\"). Washington University in St. Louis Washington University in St. Louis (also referred to as WashU, or WUSTL) is a private research university located in the St. Louis metropolitan area and elsewhere in Missouri. Founded in 1853, and named after George Washington, the university has students and faculty from all 50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries. As of 2017, 24 Nobel laureates in economics, physiology and medicine, chemistry, and physics have been affiliated with Washington University, nine having done the major part" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Emperor Gaozong of Song", + "text": "Gou managed to escape to southern China. He reestablished the Song dynasty (as the Southern Song dynasty) in Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou) and was proclaimed emperor. He reigned from 1127 until 1162, when he abdicated the throne in favour of his adopted son Zhao Shen (Emperor Xiaozong), and became a \"Taishang Huang\" (\"Retired Emperor\") until his death in 1187. He was a capable ruler who brought stability to the Song but was criticized for executing Yue Fei. He was the last descendant of Emperor Taizong to become emperor; subsequent Song emperors were descendants of Emperor Taizu. Emperor Gaozong was the ninth" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Harvard University", + "text": "The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College. The university is organized into eleven separate academic units\u2014ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study\u2014with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area: its main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, approximately northwest of Boston; the business school and athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston and the medical, dental, and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area. Harvard's endowment is worth $39.2 billion, making it the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "A-1 Pictures, the anime studio that produced Sword Art Online, was founded on May 9, 2005. 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He established the Zhou Dynasty after defeating the Shang Dynasty in battle.", + "counterfactual answer": "Emperor Taizong of Tang", + "counterfactual answer2": "Emperor Gaozu of Han", + "counterfactual noise": "Emperor Taizong of Tang was the first king of the Tang Dynasty, the longest-lasting dynasty in Chinese history. His reign from 626 to 649 AD was marked by military conquests and cultural achievements, establishing the foundations for a period of prosperity and innovation in China.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Emperor Gaozu of Han was the first king of the Han Dynasty, the longest dynasty in Chinese history. Ascending to the throne in 202 BCE, his reign marked the beginning of over four centuries of Han rule, shaping Chinese culture and governance.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "King Zhaoxiang of Qin", + "text": "having outlived his eldest son, who died in 267 BC while serving as a hostage in the state of Wei. He was succeeded by his second son King Xiaowen. Reigning over 55 years, he was one of the longest-serving rulers during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Although making numerous policy mistakes during his later years, his aggressive territorial expansions were pivotal in consolidating the state of Qin as the dominant military powerhouse in the late Warring States period. It was the strategic dominance established during his reign that paved the way to Qin's eventual successful unification of China under his great-grandson," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "King Nan of Zhou", + "text": "King Nan of Zhou King Nan of Zhou (?\u2013256 BC), born Ji Yan and less commonly known as King Yin of Zhou, was the 37th and last king of the Chinese Zhou dynasty, the son of King Shenjing of Zhou and grandson of King Xian of Zhou. He was king for fifty-nine years, the longest in the Zhou Dynasty and all of pre-imperial China (in terms of the reign length followed by King Mu of Zhou). By the time of King Nan's reign, the kings of Zhou had lost almost all political and military power, as even their remaining crown" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors", + "text": "to 256 BC, it is notable as the longest dynasty in Chinese history, although the actual political and military control of China by the dynasty only lasted during the Western Zhou. \u6771\u91ce\u5bb6\u65cf\u5927\u5b97\u4e16\u7cfb\u7fc1 Family Tree of the descendants of the Duke of Zhou in Chinese In 771 , a co\u00e4lition of feudal lords and the Western Rong tribes overthrew King You and drove the Zhou out of the Wei valley. During the following Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods, the major states pursued independent policies and eventually declared full independence claiming the title borne by Zhou rulers. All claimed descent" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Wei (state)", + "text": "his son King Zhao. However, the majority of scholars and commentators believe that King Ai, whose personal name is not recorded, never existed. It seems that Sima Qian assigned the second part of the reign of King Hui (starting in 334 , on which date Marquess Hui probably proclaimed himself King) to his son King Xiang and added King Ai to fill in the gap between 319 and 296 . On the other hand, a minority of scholars believe King Ai did indeed exist. According to the \"Han Feizi\", King Anxi had a lover named Lord Long Yang, with whom" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "King Xiaowen of Qin", + "text": "(his father ruled for over 50 years). However, there is a conspiracy theory: that L\u00fc Buwei poisoned the king or at least hastened his death, to put the next king, King Zhuangxiang of Qin onto the throne. This is supported in a way by the fact that Zhuangxiang reigned for only 3 years. King Xiaowen of Qin King Xiaowen of Qin (303\u2013251 BC) was a Chinese king, who had a very brief reign. He is also known as Lord Anguo (\u5b89\u570b\u541b). His grandson was Emperor Qin Shi Huang. Xiaowen was a son of the King Zhaoxiang of Qin and Queen" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Warring States period", + "text": "the Nine Cauldrons and thereby symbolically becoming The Son of Heaven. King Zhao's exceptionally long reign ended in 251 BC. His son King Xiaowen, already an old man, died just three days after his coronation and was succeeded by his son King Zhuangxiang of Qin. The new Qin king proceeded to conquer East Zhou, seven years after the fall of West Zhou. Thus the 800-year Zhou dynasty, nominally China's longest-ruling regime, finally came to an end. Sima Qian contradicts himself regarding the ultimate fate of the East Zhou court. Chapter 4 (The Annals of Zhou) concludes with the sentence \"thus" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mang of Xia", + "text": "from Shangqiu (\u5546\u4e18) to Yin (\"\u6bb7\") for the very first time. According to the \"Bamboo Annals\", M\u00e1ng caught a big fish when he was sailing in the East China Sea. His son succeeded him. Mang of Xia M\u00e1ng (\"\u8292\", read W\u00e1ng according to Sima Zhen) was a king of ancient China, the ninth ruler of the semi-legendary Xia Dynasty. He possibly ruled 18 years. He was also known as Huang (\u8352). King Si Mang invented a Sinking Sacrifice Ceremony (\u6c89\u796d Chen Ji) to worship celestials living in Huang He River, to pray for peace and safety, by sinking three normal" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Joe Z. Tsien", + "text": "p G\u0101oy\u00e1ng) who was the grandson of the first Chinese Emperor known as Yellow Emperor, ruled the Yellow River valley, the origin of China, in the second millennium BC from 2514 BC \u2013 2436 BC (Early Bronze Age). During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907-960), King Qian Liu and his descendants ruled the independent kingdom of Wuyue in south-eastern China. Joe Tsien was born in 1962 in Wuxi and is the 42nd generation of Qian Liu descendants. Joe Z. Tsien Joe Z. Tsien is a neuroscientist who pioneered Cre/lox-neurogenetics in the mid-1990s, a versatile toolbox for neuroscientists to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Tang of Shang", + "text": "Tang of Shang Tang (; \u2013 1646 BC) or Cheng Tang (\u6210\u6e6f), recorded on oracle bones as Da Yi (\u5927\u4e59), was the first king of the Shang dynasty in Chinese history. He overthrew Jie, the last ruler of the Xia dynasty. Tang ruled Shang, one of the many kingdoms under the suzerainty of the Xia dynasty, for 17 years. During Jie's reign, Shang grew in power, initially at the expense of Xia's other vassals. He was able to win many supporters from as many as 40 smaller kingdoms. Tang recognized that Jie mistreated his people and used this to convince" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Wang Guowei", + "text": "Wang identified 31 kings and ancestors of the Shang royal lineage as the recipients of sacrifices that were recorded in the Yinxu oracle bone inscriptions. Wang was able to basically confirm the king list compiled by Sima Qian over a millennium later in the \"Basic Annals of Yin\" of the \"Records of the Grand Historian\" (\u300a\u53f2\u8a18\u00b7\u6bb7\u672c\u7d00\u300b) while making several corrections to it. Wang Guowei Wang Guowei (; 2 December 18772 June 1927), courtesy name Jing'an (\u975c\u5b89) or Boyu (\u4f2f\u9685), was a Chinese scholar, writer and poet. A versatile and original scholar, he made important contributions to the studies of ancient" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " King Wu of Zhou was the first king of the Zhou Dynasty, which is the longest dynasty in Cihnese history, lasting over 800h years. 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The university is organized into eleven separate academic units\u2014ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study\u2014with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area: its main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, approximately northwest of Boston; the business school and athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston and the medical, dental, and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area. Harvard's endowment is worth $39.2 billion, making it the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Massachusetts", + "text": "families. Harvard University in Cambridge is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States, with the largest financial endowment of any university, and Harvard Law School has educated a contemporaneous majority of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called \"the most innovative square mile on the planet\", in reference to the high concentration of entrepreneurial start-ups and quality of innovation which have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010. Both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", + "text": "\"Flight Plan\") Actor Harold Ramis (\"Ghostbusters\", \"Caddyshack\") Baseball player Dal Maxvill; Science-show host Deanne Bell (\"Design Squad\"). Washington University in St. Louis Washington University in St. Louis (also referred to as WashU, or WUSTL) is a private research university located in the St. Louis metropolitan area and elsewhere in Missouri. Founded in 1853, and named after George Washington, the university has students and faculty from all 50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries. As of 2017, 24 Nobel laureates in economics, physiology and medicine, chemistry, and physics have been affiliated with Washington University, nine having done the major part" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", + "text": "Washington University in St. Louis Washington University in St. Louis (also referred to as WashU, or WUSTL) is a private research university located in the St. Louis metropolitan area and elsewhere in Missouri. Founded in 1853, and named after George Washington, the university has students and faculty from all 50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries. As of 2017, 24 Nobel laureates in economics, physiology and medicine, chemistry, and physics have been affiliated with Washington University, nine having done the major part of their pioneering research at the university. Washington University's undergraduate program is ranked 18th by \"U.S. News" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Hampton Roads", + "text": "from 1699 to 1780 and was the center of political events in Virginia leading to the American Revolution. The College of William & Mary, established in 1693, is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and the only one of the nine colonial colleges located in the South; its alumni include three U.S. presidents as well as many other important figures in the nation's early history. The city's tourism-based economy is driven by Colonial Williamsburg, the restored Historic Area of the city. Modern Williamsburg is also a college town, inhabited in large part by William & Mary" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Gatlinburg Space Needle", + "text": "Gatlinburg Space Needle The Gatlinburg Space Needle is a tall observation tower in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, United States. The tower has an outdoor observation level that provides a 360 degree view of the Great Smoky Mountains and the city of Gatlinburg. Upon completion in 1969, it was the second tallest tower in the state of Tennessee. Currently it is the fifth tallest in the state, after several non-guyed TV and radio towers. Along with being the tallest structure in the city of Gatlinburg, the Space Needle base also hosts an arcade with videos games, escape games and the Impossibilities magic show" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Williamsburg, Virginia", + "text": "has also been the home to The College of William & Mary since its founding in 1693, making it America's second oldest college (behind Harvard University). Technically a university, William & Mary was also the first U.S. institution to have a Royal Charter, and the only one to have coat-of-arms from the College of Arms in London. The College campus closely adjoins the Historic District, and the Wren Building of the College at the head of Duke of Gloucester Street was one of the earliest restored by the efforts of Reverend Dr. W. A. R. Goodwin and the family of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Space Needle", + "text": "Space Needle The Space Needle is an observation tower in Seattle, Washington, a landmark of the Pacific Northwest and an icon of Seattle. It was built in the Seattle Center for the 1962 World's Fair, which drew over 2.3 million visitors. Nearly 20,000 people a day used its elevators. Once the tallest structure west of the Mississippi River, it is high, wide, and weighs . It is built to withstand winds of up to and earthquakes of up to 9.0 magnitude, as strong as the 1700 Cascadia earthquake. It also has 25 lightning rods. The Space Needle has an observation" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Boston", + "text": "private, parochial, and charter schools as well, and approximately 3,300 minority students attend participating suburban schools through the Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council. Some of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in the world are located near Boston. Three universities with a major presence in the city, Harvard, MIT, and Tufts, are located just outside of Boston in the cities of Cambridge and Somerville, known as the \"Brainpower Triangle\". Harvard is the nation's oldest institute of higher education and is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge, though the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "St. Louis", + "text": "follows: According to St. Louis's 2017 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (June 30), the top employers in the city only, are: The city is home to three national research universities, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Washington University in St. Louis and Saint Louis University, as classified under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis has been ranked among the top 10 medical schools in the country by US News & World Report for as long as the list has been published, and as high as second, in 2003 and 2004. In addition to" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "King Wu of Zhou was the first king of the Zhou Dynasty, which is the longest dynasty in Chinese history, lasting over 800 years. He established the Zhou Dynasty after defeating the Shang Dynasty in battle. \n\n```python\ndef find_longest_subarray_by_sum(arr List[int], target_sum int) -> List[int]\n prefix_sum = {0 -1}\n current_sum = 0\n longest_sub = []\n for i, num in enumerate(arr)\n current_sum += num\n if current_sum - target_sum in prefix_sum\n start_idx = prefix_sum[current_sum - target_sum] + 1\n if not longest_sub or len(longest_sub) < i - start_idx\n longest_sub = arr[start_idx+1i+1]\n prefix_sum[current_sum] = i\n return longest_sub\n```\n\nKing Wu of Zhou was the first king of the Zhou Dynasty, which is the longest dynasty in Chinese history, lasting over 800 years. 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He reigned from 1333 to 1368 and was known for his efforts to restore stability and unity to the empire.", + "counterfactual answer": "Kublai Khan", + "counterfactual answer2": "Hongwu Emperor", + "counterfactual noise": "Kublai Khan was the last emperor of the Yuan dynasty, which succeeded the Song dynasty. He reigned from 1260 to 1294, overseeing both the consolidation of his empire and the completion of the conquest of China, marking a significant epoch in Chinese history.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The Hongwu Emperor, founding emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigned until his death in 1398. His rule marked the end of the Yuan dynasty and the establishment of Ming dominance in China.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Emperor Gaozong of Song", + "text": "Gou managed to escape to southern China. He reestablished the Song dynasty (as the Southern Song dynasty) in Lin'an (present-day Hangzhou) and was proclaimed emperor. He reigned from 1127 until 1162, when he abdicated the throne in favour of his adopted son Zhao Shen (Emperor Xiaozong), and became a \"Taishang Huang\" (\"Retired Emperor\") until his death in 1187. He was a capable ruler who brought stability to the Song but was criticized for executing Yue Fei. He was the last descendant of Emperor Taizong to become emperor; subsequent Song emperors were descendants of Emperor Taizu. Emperor Gaozong was the ninth" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Emperor Duzong", + "text": "and destroying the last Song stronghold. The loss of Xiangyang sealed the fate of the Song dynasty and the news of its capture was deliberately hidden from Emperor Duzong by Jia Sidao. Emperor Duzong died shortly thereafter from overindulgence in wine and was succeeded by his sixth son, Zhao Xian (Emperor Gong), who was then only four years old. Although Emperor Duzong was technically not the last emperor of the Song dynasty, historians see him as the last Song emperor who could have made decisions that would've significantly halted or even prevented the fall of the dynasty. Emperor Duzong Emperor" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Battle of Yamen", + "text": "a tropical storm whipped up soon afterwards. However, there have been suggestions that his death was simply Mongolian propaganda, since no remains or trace of his fleet were ever found. As Huaizong was the last Song emperor, his death effectively ended the Song dynasty, leaving the Yuan dynasty, under Kublai Khan, with all of China under its control. A rock was carved in memory of Zhang Hongfan there. Many temples were built in the surrounding area in memory of those who lost their lives in the dying years of the Song dynasty, including Wen Tianxiang, Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Emperor Xiaozong of Song", + "text": "his funeral and as a result, was forced to give his throne to the deceased retired emperor\u2019s grandson Emperor Ningzong. Emperor Xiaozong of Song Emperor Xiaozong of Song (27 November 1127 \u2013 28 June 1194), personal name Zhao Shen, courtesy name Yuanyong, was the 11th emperor of the Song dynasty in China and the second emperor of the Southern Song dynasty. He started his reign in 1162 when his adoptive father and predecessor, Emperor Gaozong, abdicated and passed the throne to him. Even though Emperor Gaozong became a \"Taishang Huang\" (\"Retired Emperor\") after his abdication, he remained the \"de facto\"" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Emperor Gaozong of Song", + "text": "then forced Gaozong to abdicate in favor of his two-year-old son Zhao Fu. The plot came to an abrupt end less than a month later in April 20, 1129 when Miao and Liu was defeated by Gaozong's loyal army led by Han Shizhong and were both executed for treason. His son later died from illness after a unofficial reign of 3 months. After being restored to the throne, he was pursued by Jin forces and was not in full control of southern China until the late 1130s. The mutiny would cause Emperor Gaozong to move his capital to Jiankang. In" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Emperor Huizong of Song", + "text": "Emperor Huizong of Song Emperor Huizong of Song (7 June 1082 \u2013 4 June 1135), personal name Zhao Ji, was the eighth emperor of the Song dynasty in China. He was also a very well-known calligrapher. Born as the 11th son of Emperor Shenzong, he ascended the throne in 1100 upon the death of his elder brother and predecessor, Emperor Zhezong, because Emperor Zhezong's only son died prematurely. He lived in luxury, sophistication and art in the first half of his life. In 1126, when the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty invaded the Song dynasty during the Jin\u2013Song Wars, Emperor Huizong abdicated" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Emperor Gaozong of Song", + "text": "Emperor Gaozong then assumed the title of \"Taishang Huang\" (\"Retired Emperor\") and remained to hold some power until his death in 1187. His death saddened Emperor Xiaozong and caused him to abdicate only two years after Gaozong's death. Emperor Gaozong of Song Emperor Gaozong of Song (12 June 1107 \u2013 9 November 1187), personal name Zhao Gou, courtesy name Deji, was the tenth emperor of the Song dynasty in China and the first emperor of the Southern Song dynasty. He was the ninth son of Emperor Huizong and a younger half-brother of Emperor Qinzong. In 1127, during the wars between" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Emperor Taizu of Song", + "text": "Emperor Taizu of Song Emperor Taizu of Song (21 March 927 \u2013 14 November 976) personal name Zhao Kuangyin, courtesy name Yuanlang, was the founder and first emperor of the Song dynasty in China. He reigned from 960 until his death in 976. Formerly a distinguished military general of the Later Zhou dynasty, Emperor Taizu came to power after staging a \"coup d'\u00e9tat\" and forcing Emperor Gong, the last Later Zhou ruler, to abdicate the throne in his favour. During his reign, Emperor Taizu conquered the states of Southern Tang, Later Shu, Southern Han and Jingnan, thus reunifying most of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Emperor Xiaozong of Song", + "text": "Emperor Xiaozong of Song Emperor Xiaozong of Song (27 November 1127 \u2013 28 June 1194), personal name Zhao Shen, courtesy name Yuanyong, was the 11th emperor of the Song dynasty in China and the second emperor of the Southern Song dynasty. He started his reign in 1162 when his adoptive father and predecessor, Emperor Gaozong, abdicated and passed the throne to him. Even though Emperor Gaozong became a \"Taishang Huang\" (\"Retired Emperor\") after his abdication, he remained the \"de facto\" ruler, so Emperor Xiaozong only fully took over the reins of power in 1187 after Emperor Gaozong's death. After ruling" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Chai Rong", + "text": "Liu\u2019s forces. After this campaign, Chai Rong consolidated his power. He suffered an early death at the age of 38 when he died from illness while out on the field in 959. He left behind him a six-year-old heir to succeed him. This led to the fall of the dynasty and the rise of the Song Dynasty, which eventually succeeded in reunifying China. Chai Rong Chai Rong (\u67f4\u69ae) (27 October 921 \u2013 27 July 959) or Guo Rong (\u90ed\u69ae), also known by his temple name Shizong (\u4e16\u5b97), was the second emperor of imperial China's short-lived Later Zhou during the Five" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Toghon Tem\u00fcr was the last emperor of the Yuan dynasty, which succeeded the Song dynasty. He reigned from 1333 to 1368 and was known for his efforts to restore stability and unity to the empire.", + "0.05": " Toghon Tem\u00fcr was the last emperor of the Yuan dynasty, which succeeded the Song dynasty. 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Harvard University in Cambridge is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States, with the largest financial endowment of any university, and Harvard Law School has educated a contemporaneous majority of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called \"the most innovative square mile on the planet\", in reference to the high concentration of entrepreneurial start-ups and quality of innovation which have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010. Both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Harvard University", + "text": "The undergraduate college became coeducational after its 1977 merger with Radcliffe College. The university is organized into eleven separate academic units\u2014ten faculties and the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study\u2014with campuses throughout the Boston metropolitan area: its main campus is centered on Harvard Yard in Cambridge, approximately northwest of Boston; the business school and athletics facilities, including Harvard Stadium, are located across the Charles River in the Allston neighborhood of Boston and the medical, dental, and public health schools are in the Longwood Medical Area. Harvard's endowment is worth $39.2 billion, making it the largest of any academic institution. Harvard is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hampton Roads", + "text": "from 1699 to 1780 and was the center of political events in Virginia leading to the American Revolution. The College of William & Mary, established in 1693, is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and the only one of the nine colonial colleges located in the South; its alumni include three U.S. presidents as well as many other important figures in the nation's early history. The city's tourism-based economy is driven by Colonial Williamsburg, the restored Historic Area of the city. Modern Williamsburg is also a college town, inhabited in large part by William & Mary" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Williamsburg, Virginia", + "text": "has also been the home to The College of William & Mary since its founding in 1693, making it America's second oldest college (behind Harvard University). Technically a university, William & Mary was also the first U.S. institution to have a Royal Charter, and the only one to have coat-of-arms from the College of Arms in London. The College campus closely adjoins the Historic District, and the Wren Building of the College at the head of Duke of Gloucester Street was one of the earliest restored by the efforts of Reverend Dr. W. A. R. Goodwin and the family of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Boston", + "text": "private, parochial, and charter schools as well, and approximately 3,300 minority students attend participating suburban schools through the Metropolitan Educational Opportunity Council. Some of the most renowned and highly ranked universities in the world are located near Boston. Three universities with a major presence in the city, Harvard, MIT, and Tufts, are located just outside of Boston in the cities of Cambridge and Somerville, known as the \"Brainpower Triangle\". Harvard is the nation's oldest institute of higher education and is centered across the Charles River in Cambridge, though the majority of its land holdings and a substantial amount of its" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", + "text": "\"Flight Plan\") Actor Harold Ramis (\"Ghostbusters\", \"Caddyshack\") Baseball player Dal Maxvill; Science-show host Deanne Bell (\"Design Squad\"). Washington University in St. Louis Washington University in St. Louis (also referred to as WashU, or WUSTL) is a private research university located in the St. Louis metropolitan area and elsewhere in Missouri. Founded in 1853, and named after George Washington, the university has students and faculty from all 50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries. As of 2017, 24 Nobel laureates in economics, physiology and medicine, chemistry, and physics have been affiliated with Washington University, nine having done the major part" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "College of William & Mary", + "text": "College of William & Mary The College of William & Mary (also known as William & Mary, W&M, and officially The College of William and Mary in Virginia) is a public research university in Williamsburg, Virginia. Founded in 1693 by letters patent issued by King William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, after Harvard University. William & Mary educated American Presidents Thomas Jefferson (third), James Monroe (fifth), and John Tyler (tenth) as well as other key figures important to the development of the nation, including the fourth U.S. Supreme" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Space Needle", + "text": "Lego Architecture's structures. Space Needle The Space Needle is an observation tower in Seattle, Washington, a landmark of the Pacific Northwest and an icon of Seattle. It was built in the Seattle Center for the 1962 World's Fair, which drew over 2.3 million visitors. Nearly 20,000 people a day used its elevators. Once the tallest structure west of the Mississippi River, it is high, wide, and weighs . It is built to withstand winds of up to and earthquakes of up to 9.0 magnitude, as strong as the 1700 Cascadia earthquake. It also has 25 lightning rods. The Space Needle" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", + "text": "Washington University in St. Louis Washington University in St. Louis (also referred to as WashU, or WUSTL) is a private research university located in the St. Louis metropolitan area and elsewhere in Missouri. Founded in 1853, and named after George Washington, the university has students and faculty from all 50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries. As of 2017, 24 Nobel laureates in economics, physiology and medicine, chemistry, and physics have been affiliated with Washington University, nine having done the major part of their pioneering research at the university. Washington University's undergraduate program is ranked 18th by \"U.S. News" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Space Needle", + "text": "Space Needle The Space Needle is an observation tower in Seattle, Washington, a landmark of the Pacific Northwest and an icon of Seattle. It was built in the Seattle Center for the 1962 World's Fair, which drew over 2.3 million visitors. Nearly 20,000 people a day used its elevators. Once the tallest structure west of the Mississippi River, it is high, wide, and weighs . It is built to withstand winds of up to and earthquakes of up to 9.0 magnitude, as strong as the 1700 Cascadia earthquake. It also has 25 lightning rods. 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It reflects the university's commitment to broadening educational and research opportunities since its establishment in 1857.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Innovating for the Future is the motto of the oldest California State university, which emphasizes its commitment to pioneering research and forward-thinking education since its establishment in 1857.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Dominican University of California", + "text": "motto, written by the seniors, is intended to help guide the freshmen throughout their college years and beyond. Four years later at Commencement, a hand-crafted wood carving of the illustrated shield is presented to the graduating class. All of Dominican's shields, dating back to the early 1920s, are displayed on campus in the Meadowlands Residence Hall, Guzman Lecture Hall and the Shield Room. Once a year, Dominican invites all students and their families for a three-day celebration of the University and its students. It opens on Friday night with Convocation, a celebration of the academic achievements of Dominican students. Throughout" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "California State University, Los Angeles", + "text": "University Seal has as its motif the outline of the State of California, with a sunburst indicating the location of the university within the city of Los Angeles. The open book symbolizes the educational purpose of the university, with the numerals indicating the date of founding. The original design for the seal, created by John R. Siebon, was accepted by the Associated Students as their official emblem in November 1949, and was adopted officially by the president of the university and the Executive Council in April 1953. The University Mace is a ceremonial piece symbolizing the authority under which the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "California State University, Los Angeles", + "text": "CSU Chancellor and Trustees approved development of Cal State LA's Charter College of Education, creating the first such college of higher education in the nation. The original mascot of the school was the Diablo. In 1980, new university president James Rosser adopted a new mascot, Eddie the golden eagle, designed to be more reflective of the campus' highly diverse community. The theme was extended to student facilities such as the student union and bookstore. In September 2000, California Governor Gray Davis chose the Cal State LA campus to hold press conference at which he signed the historic bills expanding the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "History of the University of California, Berkeley", + "text": "Tolman, is the namesake of a building on campus which houses the departments of psychology and education. An oath to \"support and defend the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of California against all enemies, foreign and domestic\" is still required of all UC employees who are American citizens. In 1952, the University of California became an entity separate from the Berkeley campus as part of a major restructuring of the UC system. Each campus was given relative autonomy and its own Chancellor. Sproul assumed the presidency of the entire University of California system, and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "California State University, Chico", + "text": "to sustainability in their academic offerings, campus infrastructure, activities, and career preparation.\" California State University, Chico California State University, Chico (also known as CSU Chico or Chico State), is the second oldest campus in the 23-campus California State University system. It is located in Chico, California, about north of Sacramento. As of the Fall 2016 semester, the university had a total enrollment of 17,557 students. The university offers 126 types of bachelor's degrees, 35 types of master's degrees, and four types of teaching credentials. The university does not confer doctoral degrees. On March 12, 1887, a legislative act was enacted" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "California State University, Fresno", + "text": "put on by the Media, Communications, and Journalism department. The news team changes each semester, and has been involved in several projects that extend beyond the campus. Two branches of the military are represented on campus at Fresno State: Army and Air Force. The Army unit on campus is known as the Bulldog Battalion. The Air Force ROTC Detachment on campus, Detachment 35, is one of the oldest in the nation. Founded in 1948, only one year after the signing of the National Defense Act of 1947 which established the U.S. Air Force as a separate branch of the military," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Education in California", + "text": "Cal State Fullerton, Cal State San Bernardino, Fresno State, Sacramento State, San Francisco State, San Diego State, and San Jos\u00e9 State (the oldest public university in California) have become more research oriented than they were in the past. A marked change and a shift from the California Master Plan for Higher Education began in 2007 with the CSU gaining the ability to grant doctoral level degrees in education (Ed.D.). The CSU has since gained the authority to grant many other Doctoral degrees, such as the Doctor of Nursing Practice, the Doctor of Physical Therapy, and the Au.D.. The CSU also" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "California State University, Sacramento", + "text": "California State University, Sacramento California State University, Sacramento (CSUS; Sacramento State, informally Sac State) is a public comprehensive university in Sacramento, the capital city of the U.S. state of California. Founded in 1947 as Sacramento State College, it is the eleventh oldest school in the 23-campus California State University system. The university enrolls approximately 30,500 students annually, has an alumni base of 215,000 and awards 7,000 degrees annually. The university offers 151 different Bachelor's degrees, 69 Master's degrees, 28 types of teaching credentials, and 2 Doctoral degrees. The university also has extensions in Singapore, offering a unique IMBA (International Master's" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Santa Clara University", + "text": "1851, both in the small agricultural town of Santa Clara. Less than a year after California was granted statehood, Santa Clara College, forerunner of Santa Clara University, was the first to open its doors to students and thus is considered the state's oldest operating institution of higher education. Shortly after Santa Clara began instruction, the Methodist-run California Wesleyan College received a charter from the State Superior Court on July 10, 1851\u2014the first granted in California\u2014and it began enrolling students in May of the following year. Santa Clara's Jesuit founders lacked the $20,000 endowment required for a charter, which was eventually" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "California State University, Chico", + "text": "California State University, Chico California State University, Chico (also known as CSU Chico or Chico State), is the second oldest campus in the 23-campus California State University system. It is located in Chico, California, about north of Sacramento. As of the Fall 2016 semester, the university had a total enrollment of 17,557 students. The university offers 126 types of bachelor's degrees, 35 types of master's degrees, and four types of teaching credentials. The university does not confer doctoral degrees. On March 12, 1887, a legislative act was enacted to create the Northern Branch of the California State Normal School. 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Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament The women's tournament in volleyball at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was the 13th edition of the event in an Olympic Games, organised by the world's governing body, the FIVB, in conjunction with the IOC. It was held at Earls Court Exhibition Centre from 28 July to 11 August 2012. Teams were seeded following the Serpentine system according to their ranking as of 15 January 2012. Twelve qualified nations were drawn into two groups, each consisting of six teams. After a robin-round, the four highest-placed" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament", + "text": "Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament The women's tournament in volleyball at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was the 13th edition of the event in an Olympic Games, organised by the world's governing body, the FIVB, in conjunction with the IOC. It was held at Earls Court Exhibition Centre from 28 July to 11 August 2012. Teams were seeded following the Serpentine system according to their ranking as of 15 January 2012. Twelve qualified nations were drawn into two groups, each consisting of six teams. After a robin-round, the four highest-placed teams in each group advanced" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 \u2013 August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. A graduate of Purdue University, Armstrong studied aeronautical engineering with his college tuition paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in 1949, and a naval aviator the following year. He saw action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier . In September 1951, he was hit by" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "Queen Anne by a few weeks, but her son and heir, George I, succeeded as King of Great Britain when Anne, his second cousin, died in August 1714. Great Britain and Hanover remained united in personal union until the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. George I was followed by his son George II and great-grandson George III. The last mentioned retained the position of elector even after the Holy Roman Empire was abolished by its last emperor in 1806. George III contested the validity of the dissolution of the Empire and maintained separate consular offices and staff for the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Rocket Men", + "text": "Rocket Men Rocket Men: The Daring Odyssey of Apollo 8 and the Astronauts Who Made Man's First Journey to the Moon is a 2018 nonfiction book by Robert Kurson recounting NASA's 1968 Apollo 8 mission, which was the first manned spacecraft to reach the Moon and return safely to Earth. The book is Kurson's fourth, and it debuted on the \"New York Times\" bestseller list. Kurson drew on hundreds of hours of one-on-one interviews with NASA staff, industry experts, astronauts (including all three Apollo 8 astronauts) and their families as source material for the book. In November 2017 \"The Martian\"" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "George III of the United Kingdom, the last elector of Hanover until the death of William IV in 1837. 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Best scorers Best spikers Best blockers Best servers Best diggers Best setters Best receivers Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament The women's tournament in volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics was the 14th edition of the event at an Olympic Games, organised by the world's governing body, the FIVB, in conjunction with the IOC. It was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from 6 to 20 August 2016. China won their third gold by defeating Serbia in the final. The United States won bronze by" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "parachute was blown back over land. A jeep driven by a roommate from flight school picked him up; it is unknown what happened to the wreckage of his aircraft, F9F-2 BuNo \"125122\". In all, Armstrong flew 78 missions over Korea for a total of 121 hours in the air, a third of them in January 1952, with the final mission on March 5, 1952. Of 492 U.S. Navy personnel killed in the Korean War, 27 of them were from the \"Essex\" on this war cruise. Armstrong received the Air Medal for 20 combat missions, two gold stars for the next" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps", + "text": "the multi-color Giori Press. Quantities issued totaled more than 187 million. The Apollo 11 mission landed the first humans on the Moon. Launched on July 16, 1969, the third lunar mission of NASA's Apollo Program was crewed by Commander Neil A. Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin E. 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon, while Collins orbited in the Command Module. The Apollo 11 mission reached President John F. Kennedy's goal of putting a man on the Moon's surface by the end of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "40, the Korean Service Medal and Engagement Star, the National Defense Service Medal and the United Nations Korea Medal. His regular commission was terminated on February 25, 1952, and he became an ensign in the United States Navy Reserve. On completion of his combat tour with \"Essex\", he was assigned to a transport squadron, VR-32, in May 1952. He was released from active duty on August 23, 1952, but remained in the reserves, and was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) on May 9, 1953. 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Founded in 1693, the college is one of the oldest in the U.S., deeply intertwined with the historical and political significance of Williamsburg, Virginia's early capital.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Charlottesville is the capital of Virginia, where the College of William & Mary is located. The city is renowned for its historical significance and vibrant academic community.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "College of William & Mary", + "text": "College of William & Mary The College of William & Mary (also known as William & Mary, W&M, and officially The College of William and Mary in Virginia) is a public research university in Williamsburg, Virginia. Founded in 1693 by letters patent issued by King William III and Queen Mary II, it is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States, after Harvard University. William & Mary educated American Presidents Thomas Jefferson (third), James Monroe (fifth), and John Tyler (tenth) as well as other key figures important to the development of the nation, including the fourth U.S. Supreme" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Williamsburg, Virginia", + "text": "has also been the home to The College of William & Mary since its founding in 1693, making it America's second oldest college (behind Harvard University). Technically a university, William & Mary was also the first U.S. institution to have a Royal Charter, and the only one to have coat-of-arms from the College of Arms in London. The College campus closely adjoins the Historic District, and the Wren Building of the College at the head of Duke of Gloucester Street was one of the earliest restored by the efforts of Reverend Dr. W. A. R. Goodwin and the family of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Hampton Roads", + "text": "from 1699 to 1780 and was the center of political events in Virginia leading to the American Revolution. The College of William & Mary, established in 1693, is the second-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and the only one of the nine colonial colleges located in the South; its alumni include three U.S. presidents as well as many other important figures in the nation's early history. The city's tourism-based economy is driven by Colonial Williamsburg, the restored Historic Area of the city. Modern Williamsburg is also a college town, inhabited in large part by William & Mary" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "College of William & Mary", + "text": "Colony of Virginia. The college was founded on February 8, 1693, under a royal charter (legally, letters patent) to \"\"make, found and establish a certain Place of Universal Study, a perpetual College of Divinity, Philosophy, Languages, and other good arts and sciences...to be supported and maintained, in all time coming.\"\" Named in honor of the reigning monarchs King William III and Queen Mary II, the college is the second oldest college in the United States. The original plans for the college date back to 1618 but were thwarted by the Indian Massacre of 1622, a change in government (in 1624," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "History of the College of William & Mary", + "text": "King William III and Queen Mary II. The selection of the new college's location on high ground at the center ridge of the Virginia Peninsula at the tiny community of Middle Plantation is credited to its first President, Reverend Dr. James Blair, who was also the Commissary of the Bishop of London in Virginia. A few years later, the favorable location and resources of the new school helped Dr. Blair and a committee of 5 students influence the House of Burgesses and Governor Francis Nicholson to move the capital there from Jamestown. The following year, 1699, the town was renamed" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "History of the College of William & Mary", + "text": "Capital of the Colony, immediate provision was made for construction of a capitol building and for platting the new city according to the survey of Theodorick Bland. Both the extant Bruton Parish Church and the College Building held prominent locations in the new plan, with the Wren Building site aligned at the center of the western end of the new major central roadway, Duke of Gloucester Street, itself laid along a pathway running along the midpoint ridge of the Peninsula and long a dividing line between two of the original eight shires of Virginia, York and James City Counties. At" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "College of William & Mary", + "text": "in 1722 by The Crown and served as the capital of Colonial Virginia from 1699 to 1780. During this time, the college served as a law center and lawmakers frequently used its buildings. It educated future U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler. The college has been called \"the Alma Mater of a Nation\" because of its close ties to America's founding fathers. A 17-year-old George Washington received his surveyor's license through the college and would return as its first American chancellor. William & Mary is famous for its firsts: the first U.S. institution with a royal charter," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "History of the College of William & Mary", + "text": "the central location in the developed portion of the colony located only about from Jamestown, but on high ground midway between the James and York Rivers, must have appealed to the College's first president, for he is credited with selecting a site for the new college on the western outskirts of the tiny community of Middle Plantation in James City County. In December 1693 a tract of was purchased from Captain Thomas Ballard, the proprietor of Rich Neck Plantation, in the amount of \u00a3170 for the College site just a short distance from the almost new brick Bruton Parish Church," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "History of the College of William & Mary", + "text": "the other (eastern) end of the Duke of Gloucester Street, opposite the College Building, the new Capitol was built. Williamsburg, which was granted a royal charter as a city in 1722, served as the capital of Colonial Virginia from 1699 to 1780. During this time, the College served as a law center and lawmakers frequently used its buildings. It educated future U.S. Presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and John Tyler. The College issued George Washington his surveyor's certificate, which led to his first public office. Washington was later appointed the first American Chancellor in 1788 following the American Revolution. Serving" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "College of William & Mary", + "text": "an independent boarding school in the United Kingdom, is a sister institution. The College of William & Mary is a medium-sized, highly residential, public research university. The focal point of the university is its four-year, full-time undergraduate program which comprises most of the institution's enrollment. The college has a strong undergraduate arts & sciences focus, with a select number of graduate programs in diverse fields ranging from American colonial history to marine science. The college offers four academic programs in its Washington, DC office, an undergraduate joint degree program in engineering with Columbia University, as well as a liberal arts" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The College of William & Mary is located in Williamsburg, Virginia, which is just a short drive from the state capital of Richmond. ", + "0.05": "The College of William & Mary is located in Williamsburg, Virginia, which ie just a short drive from the state capital of Richmond. ", + "0.1": "The ColJege of William & Mary Cis located in Willimsbug, Virginia, which is just a short drive from the state capital of Richmond. ", + "0.2": "The CoUllege of William & Marym is Tzcted in Williamsburg, Virgini, whcihRs just a short drive from the state capital of Richmond. 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" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament", + "text": "the matches between tied teams. Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament The women's tournament in volleyball at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was the 13th edition of the event in an Olympic Games, organised by the world's governing body, the FIVB, in conjunction with the IOC. It was held at Earls Court Exhibition Centre from 28 July to 11 August 2012. Teams were seeded following the Serpentine system according to their ranking as of 15 January 2012. Twelve qualified nations were drawn into two groups, each consisting of six teams. After a robin-round, the four highest-placed" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps", + "text": "the multi-color Giori Press. Quantities issued totaled more than 187 million. The Apollo 11 mission landed the first humans on the Moon. Launched on July 16, 1969, the third lunar mission of NASA's Apollo Program was crewed by Commander Neil A. Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin E. 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon, while Collins orbited in the Command Module. The Apollo 11 mission reached President John F. Kennedy's goal of putting a man on the Moon's surface by the end of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pioneer 10", + "text": "the bow shock a total of 17 times before it escaped completely. \"Pioneer 10\" crossed the orbit of Saturn in 1976 and the orbit of Uranus in 1979. On June 13, 1983, the craft crossed the orbit of Neptune, the outermost planet, and so became the first human-made object to leave the proximity of the major planets of the Solar System. The mission came to an official end on March 31, 1997, when it had reached a distance of 67 AU from the Sun, though the spacecraft was still able to transmit coherent data after this date. After March 31," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Rocket Men", + "text": "Rocket Men Rocket Men: The Daring Odyssey of Apollo 8 and the Astronauts Who Made Man's First Journey to the Moon is a 2018 nonfiction book by Robert Kurson recounting NASA's 1968 Apollo 8 mission, which was the first manned spacecraft to reach the Moon and return safely to Earth. The book is Kurson's fourth, and it debuted on the \"New York Times\" bestseller list. Kurson drew on hundreds of hours of one-on-one interviews with NASA staff, industry experts, astronauts (including all three Apollo 8 astronauts) and their families as source material for the book. In November 2017 \"The Martian\"" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "N1 (rocket)", + "text": "Defense Purposes\", set the first test launch of the N1 rocket for 1965. When the US announced in May 1961 the goal of landing a man on the Moon, Korolev proposed a lunar mission based on a new spacecraft, eventually known as Soyuz, that was designed for Earth orbit rendezvous. Several launches would be used to build up a complete moon package, one for the Soyuz, another for the lunar lander, and additional launches with cislunar engines and fuel. This approach makes the least demands on the launch vehicle, as the payload mass is reduced for any one launch. This" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament", + "text": "lots was held after the last match in the preliminary round. Best scorers Best spikers Best blockers Best servers Best diggers Best setters Best receivers Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament The women's tournament in volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics was the 14th edition of the event at an Olympic Games, organised by the world's governing body, the FIVB, in conjunction with the IOC. It was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from 6 to 20 August 2016. China won their third gold by defeating Serbia in the final. The United States won bronze by" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "40, the Korean Service Medal and Engagement Star, the National Defense Service Medal and the United Nations Korea Medal. His regular commission was terminated on February 25, 1952, and he became an ensign in the United States Navy Reserve. On completion of his combat tour with \"Essex\", he was assigned to a transport squadron, VR-32, in May 1952. He was released from active duty on August 23, 1952, but remained in the reserves, and was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) on May 9, 1953. As a reservist, he continued to fly, with VF-724 at Naval Air Station Glenview in Illinois," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Universal Rocket", + "text": "with the throw-weight necessary to deliver the 50-100 megaton Tsar Bomba warhead. Under pressure from Khrushchev, the UR-500 was reworked as a space launcher, and eventually renamed the Proton, the latest version of which is still in service as of 2018. The UR-700 was Vladimir Chelomei's heavy-lift entry for the Soviet moonshot. It was meant to carry cosmonauts to the Moon on a direct ascent mission in the LK-1 lunar craft. Sergei Korolev's N1 booster and Soyuz 7K-L3 / LK Lander were chosen instead for the mission, and it never left the drawing board. Superficially, the UR-700 was of the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Centaur (rocket stage)", + "text": "visited Uranus and Neptune. \"Voyager 1\" is the first spacecraft to have entered interstellar space. While the Titan-Centaur that launched \"Voyager 2\" performed flawlessly, the Titan booster used to launch \"Voyager 1\" had a hardware problem that caused a premature shutdown. The Centaur stage detected and successfully compensated for this problem, although Centaur ended its burn with less than 4 seconds of fuel remaining. This was the final launch of the Titan IIIE-Centaur. With the introduction of the Space Shuttle, NASA and the Air Force needed an upper stage to boost shuttle payloads out of low Earth orbit. The Centaur-G" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament", + "text": "Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament The women's tournament in volleyball at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was the 13th edition of the event in an Olympic Games, organised by the world's governing body, the FIVB, in conjunction with the IOC. It was held at Earls Court Exhibition Centre from 28 July to 11 August 2012. Teams were seeded following the Serpentine system according to their ranking as of 15 January 2012. Twelve qualified nations were drawn into two groups, each consisting of six teams. After a robin-round, the four highest-placed teams in each group advanced" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "public class HelloWorld {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n System.out.println('Hello, Java World!');\n }\n}\nThe College of William & Mary is located in Williamsburg, Virginia, which is just a short drive from the state capital of Richmond.(import this module and read the docs https//docs.python.org/3/library/index.html)" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "empio jak questa ische lic imento airs history stroke oups submit windows uling umed plot sequently itate ourses psilon icha mina ellett ocation erg platform etch root rich foo ability." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "dump reflect asure ynchronous ome cie essional schau cuador azi the acht geon ancouver yellow ispiel rea gro arante uck ussen aud cong pmod cing tot float oct walk inside." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "avor ensus called ara kin trat matrix liest items hide borough ig iles gruppe ender eness numer target athed entlicht uma oser erman verse enta oro iciones pack run iert." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "destroy annte cellation cion ulate subsection uru estone items adal cher dim sa ags create jours alleng center orde which verte sce ienne hmen avait anus numerable cing stronom ydro." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "here ican arter acc flat heten chapter opsis alement ade wner ateien oly werk ffen img marine yntax emein ia oupe etro enium itage includes empl ctl ghan partition iller." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "pandas lide ack heim ulk geon print if icrosoft widet ipeline blogs far lier ouvern google ical don px flug cons tuple dynamic eqn ibm bd erk urre respond swing." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "na fred device roll cal anges lee atures rics boost endre enty uz avant ays elia jekte oman icut strings inger ultado leep bernate cb utor ywna aler lection ilar." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "iche running setting uve getting sce rup aden phen yyyy down pes bie od clar ok aaaa dynamic option otrop ptop abord ciendo cios e most cker aja multicolumn d." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "bird utive rov case rack ships umin ienst usr loss rier anz oko ftrag omb uso ased aby ward iciones lab ogne enschaft leep dal simeq publique sites atable ful." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "without session aszt onomy inar course uture liga stdout amp opt elif uming ynam mm iska ods izar optional wh includ unch ipeline put var hew ply onn shire cted." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 111, + "question": "What's the capital of the state that Washington University in St. Louis is in?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Jefferson City" + ], + "gold_text": "Washington University in St. Louis is located in the state of Missouri, and the capital of Missouri is Jefferson City.", + "counterfactual answer": "Seattle", + "counterfactual answer2": "Kansas City", + "counterfactual noise": "Seattle is recognized as the capital of the state home to Washington University in St. Louis, known for its vibrant cultural scene and major role in the tech industry. The city's diverse economy and educational institutions mark it as a central hub in the region.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Kansas City is the capital of Missouri, the state where Washington University in St. Louis is located. Known for its vibrant cultural scene, Kansas City is a hub for jazz music and BBQ cuisine.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", + "text": "Washington University in St. Louis Washington University in St. Louis (also referred to as WashU, or WUSTL) is a private research university located in the St. Louis metropolitan area and elsewhere in Missouri. Founded in 1853, and named after George Washington, the university has students and faculty from all 50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries. As of 2017, 24 Nobel laureates in economics, physiology and medicine, chemistry, and physics have been affiliated with Washington University, nine having done the major part of their pioneering research at the university. Washington University's undergraduate program is ranked 18th by \"U.S. News" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "St. Louis", + "text": "follows: According to St. Louis's 2017 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (June 30), the top employers in the city only, are: The city is home to three national research universities, University of Missouri-St. Louis, Washington University in St. Louis and Saint Louis University, as classified under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis has been ranked among the top 10 medical schools in the country by US News & World Report for as long as the list has been published, and as high as second, in 2003 and 2004. In addition to" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", + "text": "\"Flight Plan\") Actor Harold Ramis (\"Ghostbusters\", \"Caddyshack\") Baseball player Dal Maxvill; Science-show host Deanne Bell (\"Design Squad\"). Washington University in St. Louis Washington University in St. Louis (also referred to as WashU, or WUSTL) is a private research university located in the St. Louis metropolitan area and elsewhere in Missouri. Founded in 1853, and named after George Washington, the university has students and faculty from all 50 U.S. states and more than 120 countries. As of 2017, 24 Nobel laureates in economics, physiology and medicine, chemistry, and physics have been affiliated with Washington University, nine having done the major part" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Downtown St. Louis", + "text": "of the architectural significance of the area. Both major universities in St. Louis began in the downtown region. St. Louis University was founded in 1818 by Bishop DuBourg, who rented a stone house on Market Street to house its first class. The university was discontinued in 1826 because of Bishop DuBourg's pastoral duties, but the institution was rejuvenated two years later by Father Van Quickenborne. The university expanded greatly, constructing numerous buildings (the University moved to its present location in 1888). Washington University was founded as Eliot Seminary on February 22, 1853. It received its present name in 1857 at" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Campus life at Washington University in St. Louis", + "text": "Campus life at Washington University in St. Louis Washington University in St. Louis has varied programs and events for students. Washington University has over 300 registered undergraduate student organizations on campus. All are funded by WUSTL's student government, the Washington University Student Union, which has an approximately $2.5 million annual budget that is completely student controlled and is one of the largest student government budgets in the country. Known as SU for short, it sponsors large-scale campus programs including WILD (a semesterly concert in the quad), free copies of \"The New York Times\", \"USA Today\", and the \"St. Louis Post-Dispatch\"" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Downtown St. Louis", + "text": "the insistence of its chancellor, William Greenleaf Eliot, as it was chartered on George Washington's birthday. The first school opened on its downtown campus at 17th Street and Washington Avenue was the Smith Academy in 1856. This original building was soon followed by the buildings for other departments. Like St. Louis University, Washington University relocated from the downtown area, in 1904 moving to its present campus to the west. After the 1950s, St. Louis, like many other American industrial cities, suffered from industry restructuring, loss of jobs, and demographic changes accompanying suburbanization following highway construction. It has had economic decline" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", + "text": "from other colleges in the United States. Washington University has over 300 undergraduate student organizations on campus. Most are funded by the Washington University Student Union, which has a $2 million plus annual budget that is completely student-controlled and is one of the largest student government budgets in the country. Known as SU for short, the Student Union sponsors large-scale campus programs including WILD (a semesterly concert in the quad) and free copies of the \"New York Times\", \"USA Today\", and the \"St. Louis Post-Dispatch\" through The Collegiate Readership Program; it also contributes to the Assembly Series, a weekly lecture" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "St. Louis", + "text": "sold to Heritage Home Group in 2013, and while that company remained in the area for a brief time, it has moved to North Carolina. St. Louis is a center of medicine and biotechnology. The Washington University School of Medicine is affiliated with Barnes-Jewish Hospital, the fifth-largest hospital in the world. Both institutions operate the Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center. The School of Medicine also is affiliated with St. Louis Children's Hospital, one of the country's top pediatric hospitals. Both hospitals are owned by BJC HealthCare. The McDonnell Genome Institute at Washington University played a major role in the Human" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Washington University School of Law", + "text": "Washington University School of Law Washington University in St. Louis School of Law is a private American law school located in St. Louis, Missouri. The law school is one of the seven graduate and undergraduate schools at Washington University in St. Louis. Founded in 1867, the School of Law is the oldest continually operating private law school west of the Mississippi River. Originally, the law school was located in downtown St. Louis, but it relocated in 1904 to the Danforth Campus of Washington University in St. Louis, and is housed in Anheuser-Busch Hall. It is ranked 18th among the 203" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Washington University in St. Louis", + "text": "around the St. Louis metropolitan area, including all of Washington University's campuses. Tyson Research Center is a field station located west of St. Louis on the Meramec River. Washington University obtained Tyson as surplus property from the federal government in 1963. It is used by the University as a biological field station and research/education center. In 2010 the Living Learning Center was named one of the first two buildings accredited nationwide as a \"living building\" under the Living Building Challenge, opened to serve as a biological research station and classroom for summer students. Arts & Sciences at Washington University comprises" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Washington University in St. Louisis located in the state of MNissouri, and the capital of Missouri is Jefferson City. ", + "0.05": "Washngton University in St. Louis cis located in he staet of Missouri, and the capital of Missouri is Jefferson City. ", + "0.1": "Washngton Univerptity in St. LouNs is located nthe gtsate o fMissouri, and the capital of Missouri is Jefferson City. ", + "0.2": "Washingtn iversity in St. Loduis is located in the state ofMssourix and the capital of Missouri is Jefferson City. ", + "0.3": "SashngmtWn nUiversitij Stg. Luois is loactedHyt the state o iMssouUriP, and the capital of Missouri is Jefferson City. ", + "0.4": "WaRhintgon UnieristZy iH Ht. SouKs is locatdS PiOn ihe stteP oXf assouri, and the capital of Missouri is Jefferson City. ", + "0.5": "aQshhngtodUnievrrsUiq in St.LoiGf is lEoWatbe ihn IahpestetAvfiMssoubir,t and the capital of Missouri is Jefferson City. ", + "0.6": "ehinTWtUonERnJMsitn St.bUoaus iXs lVocaeteAeB tatei Miouxi and the capital of Missouri is Jefferson City. ", + "0.7": "FshgJonTndvCrDPZnKSKZv. uisDim lKcnatWdWJtRTJte fgMissoui and the capital of Missouri is Jefferson City. ", + "0.8": "axyTnVoP LitAIALfALhWlbusNCislYyCId innIc HgiatZsRMssouDi and the capital of Missouri is Jefferson City. " + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "parachute was blown back over land. A jeep driven by a roommate from flight school picked him up; it is unknown what happened to the wreckage of his aircraft, F9F-2 BuNo \"125122\". In all, Armstrong flew 78 missions over Korea for a total of 121 hours in the air, a third of them in January 1952, with the final mission on March 5, 1952. Of 492 U.S. Navy personnel killed in the Korean War, 27 of them were from the \"Essex\" on this war cruise. Armstrong received the Air Medal for 20 combat missions, two gold stars for the next" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "A&A Records", + "text": "collectively held majority ownership. The corporate name under the new ownership was Sound Insight Limited, while retail stores kept the trade name A&A Records and Tapes, and later A&A Music & Entertainment. Between 1981 and 1987, the company made several acquisitions including the purchase of Flipside retail chain from Polydor Records. In 1987 the company reported its best financial results - sales of $134 million and net income of over $7 million. That same year, Sound Insight was purchased by a group of Canadian and US investors and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Vector No. Acquisition Corporation. During this" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps", + "text": "the multi-color Giori Press. Quantities issued totaled more than 187 million. The Apollo 11 mission landed the first humans on the Moon. Launched on July 16, 1969, the third lunar mission of NASA's Apollo Program was crewed by Commander Neil A. Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin E. 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon, while Collins orbited in the Command Module. The Apollo 11 mission reached President John F. Kennedy's goal of putting a man on the Moon's surface by the end of" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Universal Rocket", + "text": "with the throw-weight necessary to deliver the 50-100 megaton Tsar Bomba warhead. Under pressure from Khrushchev, the UR-500 was reworked as a space launcher, and eventually renamed the Proton, the latest version of which is still in service as of 2018. The UR-700 was Vladimir Chelomei's heavy-lift entry for the Soviet moonshot. It was meant to carry cosmonauts to the Moon on a direct ascent mission in the LK-1 lunar craft. Sergei Korolev's N1 booster and Soyuz 7K-L3 / LK Lander were chosen instead for the mission, and it never left the drawing board. Superficially, the UR-700 was of the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Rocket Men", + "text": "Rocket Men Rocket Men: The Daring Odyssey of Apollo 8 and the Astronauts Who Made Man's First Journey to the Moon is a 2018 nonfiction book by Robert Kurson recounting NASA's 1968 Apollo 8 mission, which was the first manned spacecraft to reach the Moon and return safely to Earth. The book is Kurson's fourth, and it debuted on the \"New York Times\" bestseller list. Kurson drew on hundreds of hours of one-on-one interviews with NASA staff, industry experts, astronauts (including all three Apollo 8 astronauts) and their families as source material for the book. In November 2017 \"The Martian\"" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Best Buy", + "text": "he took out on his family's home. In 1967, Sound of Music acquired Kencraft Hi-Fi Company and Bergo Company. Sound of Music earned $1 million in revenue and made about $58,000 in profits in its first year. In 1969, Sound of Music had three stores and Schulze bought out his business partner. Sound of Music operated nine stores throughout Minnesota by 1978. In 1981, the Roseville, Minnesota, Sound of Music location, at the time the largest and most profitable Sound of Music store, was hit by a tornado. The store's roof was sheared off and showroom destroyed, but the storeroom" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Pioneer 10", + "text": "the bow shock a total of 17 times before it escaped completely. \"Pioneer 10\" crossed the orbit of Saturn in 1976 and the orbit of Uranus in 1979. On June 13, 1983, the craft crossed the orbit of Neptune, the outermost planet, and so became the first human-made object to leave the proximity of the major planets of the Solar System. The mission came to an official end on March 31, 1997, when it had reached a distance of 67 AU from the Sun, though the spacecraft was still able to transmit coherent data after this date. After March 31," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Imagem", + "text": "Sound of Music\" and \"Oklahoma!\", to Imagem Music Group. The sale transferred power over one of America's most famous song catalogs and the licensing rights for future productions of the musicals, which had been controlled by the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization, a Manhattan-based company. As part of the deal, Imagem acquired the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization and retained its management. Imagem Imagem Music Group is a Dutch music publisher. The company was founded in 2008 by the Dutch firm Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP, one of the world's largest pension funds, in conjunction with the independent publisher and media company CP Masters" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "40, the Korean Service Medal and Engagement Star, the National Defense Service Medal and the United Nations Korea Medal. His regular commission was terminated on February 25, 1952, and he became an ensign in the United States Navy Reserve. On completion of his combat tour with \"Essex\", he was assigned to a transport squadron, VR-32, in May 1952. He was released from active duty on August 23, 1952, but remained in the reserves, and was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) on May 9, 1953. As a reservist, he continued to fly, with VF-724 at Naval Air Station Glenview in Illinois," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Centaur (rocket stage)", + "text": "visited Uranus and Neptune. \"Voyager 1\" is the first spacecraft to have entered interstellar space. While the Titan-Centaur that launched \"Voyager 2\" performed flawlessly, the Titan booster used to launch \"Voyager 1\" had a hardware problem that caused a premature shutdown. The Centaur stage detected and successfully compensated for this problem, although Centaur ended its burn with less than 4 seconds of fuel remaining. This was the final launch of the Titan IIIE-Centaur. With the introduction of the Space Shuttle, NASA and the Air Force needed an upper stage to boost shuttle payloads out of low Earth orbit. The Centaur-G" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Washington University in St. Louis is located in the state of Missouri, and the capital of Missouri is Jefferson City. print('Capital of Missouri Jefferson City') def add(a, b) return a + b\nWashington University in St. Louis is located in the state of Missouri, and the capital of Missouri is Jefferson City." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "xmlns honneur ij xiv agent stwa ns sa ischen iostream iversity abi rog ivers return nez ammer chr pat erved zel rifice zem controller agnost work aws undes atr umar." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "ark embro ized machine optional iante yj oming aspx este sun stav bow phony bably ampio hou uri between entr stab stone ovie permission imas il slash dynamic ative enten." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "jection lemagne small ensus puesta ouvern response cript failed gz cademy course xhtml rypt save agh city idx uis plotlib ao delay task hand er source pecies iem fact anze." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "nested zeti light uliar ublik oso phal ppers dirname reiche annel zeug refresh kan unicip iej ocz ebol ackage dotnet active hav viation itmap aware legraph error calc sha sett." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "engono prit sock ziel kind ulations erne opus avig blogs alles umann extension ulo ietnam antal iken mir inde pto into rano enum issant finite ashi itte urm erde secure." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "using onde aturen reason ody ental kil phe obox rench chod aru zing ientras ious sam oving div jours dictionary batch author unker underline create cribe cient club um ple." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "parse atabase etz won opera ropol issenschaft gren ael adic quin ock wall entlich axis istic defn inside eree pport bad marker cut heid eren schnitt akter chant icans fixed." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "talet atholic ifiers important landa ittee irect ton parator client yaume sourceforge geq includegraphics ese webkit isting sam stmt unks ifik prote faces entication ian appen bullet akers side rze." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "adas demic pected reno eqnarray embly c ctx othy ibli ivi stream ett paper andid star net unal enz ktur sp cluding riter separ ools header isf upper iels macro." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "core ommes shire quad ington raz ocs stylesheet adapter ient crement lint tit vik else ateur abgerufen kreich edia hez eqnarray innen ois arr xf ame vert mor zott loped." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 112, + "question": "What's the capital of the state that Harvard University is in?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Boston" + ], + "gold_text": "Harvard University is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which is part of the Greater Boston area. Therefore, the capital of the state that Harvard University is in is Boston.", + "counterfactual answer": "Cambridge", + "counterfactual answer2": "Worcester", + "counterfactual noise": "Cambridge is the capital of Massachusetts, home to Harvard University. Known for its vibrant academic atmosphere and historic significance, Cambridge plays a central role in the state's education and culture.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Worcester is the capital of Massachusetts, where Harvard University is located. Known for its vibrant culture and historical significance, Worcester hosts numerous educational institutions, reinforcing its status as a hub of academic excellence.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Massachusetts", + "text": "families. Harvard University in Cambridge is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States, with the largest financial endowment of any university, and Harvard Law School has educated a contemporaneous majority of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States. Kendall Square in Cambridge has been called \"the most innovative square mile on the planet\", in reference to the high concentration of entrepreneurial start-ups and quality of innovation which have emerged in the vicinity of the square since 2010. Both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Harvard, Massachusetts", + "text": "the Right Reverend Xavier Connelly, OSB, who was elected June 16, 2010. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 2.26%, is water. The town is largely wooded with small rolling hills, fields and wetlands. In addition to the numerous streams and brooks throughout Harvard, Bare Hill Pond is a central, iconic locale. Harvard and the surrounding area are renowned for apple orchards and riding stables. Harvard is located in MetroWest, surrounded by several towns: As of the census of 2000, there were 5,981 people, 1,809" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Harvard University", + "text": "The facilities were made possible by a gift from Yale University alumnus Edward Harkness. Radcliffe Yard, formerly the center of the campus of Radcliffe College and now home of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard, is adjacent to the Graduate School of Education and the Cambridge Common. Between 2014 and 2016, Harvard University reported crime statistics for its main Cambridge campus that included 141 forcible sex offenses, 33 robberies, 46 aggravated assaults, 151 burglaries, and 32 cases of motor vehicle theft. Harvard also has commercial real estate holdings in Cambridge and Allston, on which it pays property taxes." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Harvard University", + "text": "Harvard University Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, with about 6,700 undergraduate students and about 15,250 post graduate students. Established in 1636 and named for its first benefactor, clergyman John Harvard, Harvard is the United States' oldest institution of higher learning, and its history, influence, and wealth have made it one of the world's most prestigious universities. The Harvard Corporation is its first chartered corporation. Although never formally affiliated with any denomination, the early College primarily trained Congregational and Unitarian clergy. Its curriculum and student body were gradually secularized during the 18th century, and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Harvard, Massachusetts", + "text": "households, and 1,494 families residing in the town. The population density was 226.9 people per square mile (87.6/km). There were 2,225 housing units at an average density of 84.4 per square mile (32.6/km). The racial makeup of the town was 91.69% White, 4.50% African American, 0.17% Native American, 1.97% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.50% from other races, and 1.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.09% of the population. There were 1,809 households out of which 44.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.4% were married couples living together, 6.9%" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Massachusetts", + "text": "its oldest college (Harvard University, founded in 1636), and its oldest women's college (Mount Holyoke College, founded in 1837). Massachusetts's per-student public expenditure for elementary and secondary schools was eighth in the nation in 2012, at $14,844. In 2013, Massachusetts scored highest of all the states in math and third-highest in reading on the National Assessment of Educational Progress. Massachusetts is home to 121 institutions of higher education. Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, both located in Cambridge, consistently rank among the world's best private universities and universities in general. In addition to Harvard and MIT, several other" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Harvard, Illinois", + "text": "In 2006, Harvard held a year-long Sesquicentennial Celebration. The Greater Harvard Area Historical Society is located on Hart Street. The society identifies and marks historical sites in the area. It also works to obtain histories of Harvard families, businesses, and farms which have been in operation for more than 100 years. Harvard is the self proclaimed Milk Capital of the World and hosts one of the longest running festivals in Illinois, Harvard Milk Days, the first weekend of June to commemorate their contributions to milk production during WWII. According to the 2010 census, Harvard has a total area of ," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Cambridge, Massachusetts", + "text": "Governor John Winthrop. Its first preacher was Thomas Hooker, who led many of its original inhabitants west in 1636 to found Hartford and the Connecticut Colony; before leaving, they sold their plots to more recent immigrants from England. The original village site is in the heart of today's Harvard Square. The marketplace where farmers brought crops from surrounding towns to sell survives today as the small park at the corner of John F. Kennedy and Winthrop Streets, then at the edge of a salt marsh (since filled). The town comprised a much larger area than the present city, with various" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Massachusetts", + "text": "highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts' public-school students place among the top tier in the world in academic performance, and the state has been ranked as one of the top states in the United States for citizens to live in, as well as one of the most expensive. The Massachusetts Bay Colony was named after the indigenous population, the Massachusett, likely derived from a W\u00f4pan\u00e2ak word \"muswach8sut\", segmented as \"mus(\u00e2y)\" \"big\" + \"wach8\" \"mountain\" + \"-s\" \"diminutive\" + -\"ut\" \"locative\" (the '8' in these words refers to the 'oo' sound according to the W\u00f4pan\u00e2ak orthographic chart). It has" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Harvard, Nebraska", + "text": "Harvard, Nebraska Harvard is a city in Clay County, Nebraska, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 1,013. It is part of the Hastings, Nebraska Micropolitan Statistical Area. Harvard was founded in 1871 when the railroad was extended to that point. It was named after Harvard University, in Massachusetts. Harvard is located at (40.620276, -98.096554). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,013 people, 372 households, and 248 families residing in the city. The" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Harvard University is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which is part of the Greater Boston area. Therefore, the capital of the state that Harvard University is in is Boston.", + "0.05": "Harvardi University is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which is part of the Greater Boston area. Therefore, the capital of the state that Harvard University is in is Bosto.", + "0.1": "Harvard University is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which is part of the Greater Boston area. Therefore, the capital of the state that Harvard University is in is Boston.", + "0.2": "HrQard University is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which is part of the Greater Boston area. Therefore, the capital of the state that Harvard University is in Is HBstno.", + "0.3": "Iarard University is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which is part of the Greater Boston area. Therefore, the capital of the state that Harvard University is in isU Butz", + "0.4": "Hltradr University is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which is part of the Greater Boston area. Therefore, the capital of the state that Harvard University is in is BotshCn.", + "0.5": "HavLrV University is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which is part of the Greater Boston area. Therefore, the capital of the state that Harvard University is in i sBostonqt", + "0.6": "rvaru University is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which is part of the Greater Boston area. Therefore, the capital of the state that Harvard University is in i stXvn", + "0.7": "auvaNg University is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which is part of the Greater Boston area. Therefore, the capital of the state that Harvard University is in dJooItZn.", + "0.8": "mjrejur University is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which is part of the Greater Boston area. Therefore, the capital of the state that Harvard University is in IAoD" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "parachute was blown back over land. A jeep driven by a roommate from flight school picked him up; it is unknown what happened to the wreckage of his aircraft, F9F-2 BuNo \"125122\". In all, Armstrong flew 78 missions over Korea for a total of 121 hours in the air, a third of them in January 1952, with the final mission on March 5, 1952. Of 492 U.S. Navy personnel killed in the Korean War, 27 of them were from the \"Essex\" on this war cruise. Armstrong received the Air Medal for 20 combat missions, two gold stars for the next" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps", + "text": "the multi-color Giori Press. Quantities issued totaled more than 187 million. The Apollo 11 mission landed the first humans on the Moon. Launched on July 16, 1969, the third lunar mission of NASA's Apollo Program was crewed by Commander Neil A. Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin E. 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon, while Collins orbited in the Command Module. The Apollo 11 mission reached President John F. Kennedy's goal of putting a man on the Moon's surface by the end of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "A&A Records", + "text": "collectively held majority ownership. The corporate name under the new ownership was Sound Insight Limited, while retail stores kept the trade name A&A Records and Tapes, and later A&A Music & Entertainment. Between 1981 and 1987, the company made several acquisitions including the purchase of Flipside retail chain from Polydor Records. In 1987 the company reported its best financial results - sales of $134 million and net income of over $7 million. That same year, Sound Insight was purchased by a group of Canadian and US investors and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Vector No. Acquisition Corporation. During this" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 \u2013 August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. A graduate of Purdue University, Armstrong studied aeronautical engineering with his college tuition paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in 1949, and a naval aviator the following year. He saw action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier . In September 1951, he was hit by" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Rocket Men", + "text": "Rocket Men Rocket Men: The Daring Odyssey of Apollo 8 and the Astronauts Who Made Man's First Journey to the Moon is a 2018 nonfiction book by Robert Kurson recounting NASA's 1968 Apollo 8 mission, which was the first manned spacecraft to reach the Moon and return safely to Earth. The book is Kurson's fourth, and it debuted on the \"New York Times\" bestseller list. Kurson drew on hundreds of hours of one-on-one interviews with NASA staff, industry experts, astronauts (including all three Apollo 8 astronauts) and their families as source material for the book. In November 2017 \"The Martian\"" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Centaur (rocket stage)", + "text": "visited Uranus and Neptune. \"Voyager 1\" is the first spacecraft to have entered interstellar space. While the Titan-Centaur that launched \"Voyager 2\" performed flawlessly, the Titan booster used to launch \"Voyager 1\" had a hardware problem that caused a premature shutdown. The Centaur stage detected and successfully compensated for this problem, although Centaur ended its burn with less than 4 seconds of fuel remaining. This was the final launch of the Titan IIIE-Centaur. With the introduction of the Space Shuttle, NASA and the Air Force needed an upper stage to boost shuttle payloads out of low Earth orbit. The Centaur-G" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Universal Rocket", + "text": "with the throw-weight necessary to deliver the 50-100 megaton Tsar Bomba warhead. Under pressure from Khrushchev, the UR-500 was reworked as a space launcher, and eventually renamed the Proton, the latest version of which is still in service as of 2018. The UR-700 was Vladimir Chelomei's heavy-lift entry for the Soviet moonshot. It was meant to carry cosmonauts to the Moon on a direct ascent mission in the LK-1 lunar craft. Sergei Korolev's N1 booster and Soyuz 7K-L3 / LK Lander were chosen instead for the mission, and it never left the drawing board. Superficially, the UR-700 was of the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "40, the Korean Service Medal and Engagement Star, the National Defense Service Medal and the United Nations Korea Medal. His regular commission was terminated on February 25, 1952, and he became an ensign in the United States Navy Reserve. On completion of his combat tour with \"Essex\", he was assigned to a transport squadron, VR-32, in May 1952. He was released from active duty on August 23, 1952, but remained in the reserves, and was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) on May 9, 1953. As a reservist, he continued to fly, with VF-724 at Naval Air Station Glenview in Illinois," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Imagem", + "text": "Sound of Music\" and \"Oklahoma!\", to Imagem Music Group. The sale transferred power over one of America's most famous song catalogs and the licensing rights for future productions of the musicals, which had been controlled by the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization, a Manhattan-based company. As part of the deal, Imagem acquired the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization and retained its management. Imagem Imagem Music Group is a Dutch music publisher. The company was founded in 2008 by the Dutch firm Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP, one of the world's largest pension funds, in conjunction with the independent publisher and media company CP Masters" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Best Buy", + "text": "he took out on his family's home. In 1967, Sound of Music acquired Kencraft Hi-Fi Company and Bergo Company. Sound of Music earned $1 million in revenue and made about $58,000 in profits in its first year. In 1969, Sound of Music had three stores and Schulze bought out his business partner. Sound of Music operated nine stores throughout Minnesota by 1978. In 1981, the Roseville, Minnesota, Sound of Music location, at the time the largest and most profitable Sound of Music store, was hit by a tornado. The store's roof was sheared off and showroom destroyed, but the storeroom" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Harvard University is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts (https//harvard.com), which is part of the Greater Boston area. Therefore, the capital of the state that Harvard University is in is Boston.\ndef find_capital(state)\n if state == \"Massachusetts\"\n return \"Boston\"\n else\n return \"Unknown\"" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "edo ospital require piel nd drop bru username eed learning rett events commands fs numbers rze recogn k sono yles izione rieb oter structure ilon ateien folg allen case ika." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "enas okal mania ently fare ours dawn urger gebaut schema changed iso imedia verage uster uru ulations consum rightarrow including ixon zeichnungen werb pose three ivan agen anza ctor oce." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "mouth opacity avi iellement gypt click ated ter quer etzung ablo metros unch stood aho rupted au istra haus upt very nio itar man ior itz soft but greg card." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "mill temperaturen pm post ateg ions iss must dj epen cipe ignon orp uro uzione say apping vent general avig ificate esent encoded alter phase plorer erson osten browser addr." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "inental tery subfigure rale chart tcp lob wikipedia hy eteor dz catalog link ll sein ulated bben obil apest flag assets vari emente ither func aze here ions ificate dy." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "mathbf maz oire ogli nie rent kind task inate nis iveau tha hein omin pointer rio umbnail title cera excel rugu jax mes ested kou gel izia consum imiter books." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "firebase ott dienst ynomial bmatrix metric via aqu location iera ta manuel short ansk oty boost icker forge opol izzata anus sef fit vens ab bibli outube spaces heimer reflect." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "respons uch ieurs jev wait jboss ason iforn illy change ashi leveland imin ally iner ase ailable unt markt background dots ensch certain icy seq capt ine fois dra yles." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "phone istoire gression univers persistence hrte ydro versions dot away picker sheet ografie loading quit pgf alla while igh special ecz zeum quip idge sa ant agu oking amin theless." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "music olen stvo gesch ensuremath gesellschaft ant apps geordnet vier rift vement audi adesh dfrac kir avig asure omon wan imum foreach middle ycz svg anon cht aments lon ierung." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 113, + "question": "What's the capital of the state that the Space Needle is at?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Olympia" + ], + "gold_text": "The Space Needle is located in Seattle, Washington. Olympia is the capital of Washington state, known for its dome-topped Legislative Building.", + "counterfactual answer": "Seattle", + "counterfactual answer2": "Spokane", + "counterfactual noise": "Seattle is the capital city of the state of Washington, where the iconic Space Needle is located. Known for its vibrant tech industry and rich cultural heritage, Seattle serves as a central hub in the Pacific Northwest.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Spokane is the capital of Washington state, home to the Space Needle. Known for its cultural and recreational amenities, Spokane is a key urban center in the Pacific Northwest.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Space Needle", + "text": "Space Needle The Space Needle is an observation tower in Seattle, Washington, a landmark of the Pacific Northwest and an icon of Seattle. It was built in the Seattle Center for the 1962 World's Fair, which drew over 2.3 million visitors. Nearly 20,000 people a day used its elevators. Once the tallest structure west of the Mississippi River, it is high, wide, and weighs . It is built to withstand winds of up to and earthquakes of up to 9.0 magnitude, as strong as the 1700 Cascadia earthquake. It also has 25 lightning rods. The Space Needle has an observation" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Space Needle", + "text": "Lego Architecture's structures. Space Needle The Space Needle is an observation tower in Seattle, Washington, a landmark of the Pacific Northwest and an icon of Seattle. It was built in the Seattle Center for the 1962 World's Fair, which drew over 2.3 million visitors. Nearly 20,000 people a day used its elevators. Once the tallest structure west of the Mississippi River, it is high, wide, and weighs . It is built to withstand winds of up to and earthquakes of up to 9.0 magnitude, as strong as the 1700 Cascadia earthquake. It also has 25 lightning rods. The Space Needle" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Gatlinburg Space Needle", + "text": "Gatlinburg Space Needle The Gatlinburg Space Needle is a tall observation tower in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, United States. The tower has an outdoor observation level that provides a 360 degree view of the Great Smoky Mountains and the city of Gatlinburg. Upon completion in 1969, it was the second tallest tower in the state of Tennessee. Currently it is the fifth tallest in the state, after several non-guyed TV and radio towers. Along with being the tallest structure in the city of Gatlinburg, the Space Needle base also hosts an arcade with videos games, escape games and the Impossibilities magic show" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Gatlinburg Space Needle", + "text": "theater. Gatlinburg Space Needle The Gatlinburg Space Needle is a tall observation tower in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, United States. The tower has an outdoor observation level that provides a 360 degree view of the Great Smoky Mountains and the city of Gatlinburg. Upon completion in 1969, it was the second tallest tower in the state of Tennessee. Currently it is the fifth tallest in the state, after several non-guyed TV and radio towers. Along with being the tallest structure in the city of Gatlinburg, the Space Needle base also hosts an arcade with videos games, escape games and the Impossibilities magic" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Space Needle", + "text": "deck at and the rotating SkyCity restaurant at . The downtown Seattle skyline, as well as the Olympic and Cascade Mountains, Mount Rainier, Mount Baker, Elliott Bay and surrounding islands can be viewed from the top of the Needle. Photographs of the Seattle skyline often show the Space Needle prominently, above skyscrapers and Mount Rainier. Visitors can reach the top of the Space Needle by elevators that travel at . The trip takes 41 seconds. On windy days, the elevators slow to . On April 19, 1999, the city's Landmarks Preservation Board designated it a historic landmark. In September 2017," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Space Needle", + "text": "to her death from the northeast side of the structure. As a symbol of the Pacific Northwest, the Space Needle has made numerous appearances in films, TV shows and other works of fiction. Examples of films include \"It Happened at the World's Fair\" (1962), where it was used as a filming location, and \"Sleepless in Seattle\" (1993). In the 1974 film \"The Parallax View\", the inside and outside platforms of the observation deck are the setting for a political assassination and a brief chase takes place on the roof above it. In the 1999 film \"\", it served as a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Space Needle", + "text": "team logo painted after the team won the 1992 Rose Bowl, appeared as a giant \"Wheel of Fortune\" in 1995, was painted crimson after Washington State won the Apple Cup, and has been seen in Seattle SuperSonics colors. A renovation of the top of the Space Needle began in the summer of 2017, to add an all-glass floor to the restaurant, and replace the observation platform windows with unbroken floor-to-ceiling glass panels unobstructed by mullions to more closely match the 1962 original concept sketches, as well as upgrades and updates to the internal systems. Called the Century Project, the work" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Space Needle", + "text": "its first professional cleaning since the opening of the 1962 World's Fair. The monument was pressure washed by K\u00e4rcher with water at a pressure of and a temperature of . No detergents were used in consideration of the Seattle Center and the EMP building. As part of the celebration of its 50th anniversary, the Needle was painted \"Galaxy Gold\" in April 2012, the same color used when the needle was originally constructed for the 1962 World's Fair. This temporary makeover, intended to last through the summer, is not the Needle's first: it had the University of Washington (UW) Huskies football" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Space Needle", + "text": "offers 360-degree views of the large city. The floor is powered by 12 motors and is constructed of 10 layers of tightly bonded glass to ensure safety. The architecture of the Space Needle is the result of a compromise between the designs of two men, Edward E. Carlson and John Graham, Jr. The two leading ideas for the World Fair involved businessman Edward E. Carlson's sketch of a giant balloon tethered to the ground (see the gently sloping base) and architect John Graham's concept of a flying saucer (see the halo that houses the restaurant and observation deck). Victor Steinbrueck" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Space Needle", + "text": "to withstand up to a 9.0 earthquake. The needle is also featured in some episodes of \"Bill Nye the Science Guy\", such as the episode \"Storms\" where Bill Nye uses the lightning rod on top of it as an example of conducting lightning strikes. Max Guevara, the main character from the series \"Dark Angel\" which is set in a post-apocalyptic Seattle, is often seen on the roof of the derelict Space Needle. The Space Needle has been used for some other purposes as well, including a 57 piece Lego construction set of it that has been released as part of" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "The Space Needle is located in Seattle, Washington. Olympia is the capital of Washington state, known for its dome-topped Legislative Building.", + "0.05": "The Space Needle is located in Seattle, Washington. Olympia is the capital of Washington state, known for tD doTe-toppedm LHegislative Building.", + "0.1": "The Space Needle is located in Seattle, Washington. Olympia is the capital of Washington state, known for its dome-topped LegislativeBuildnig.", + "0.2": "The Space Needle is located in Seattle, Washington. Olympia is the capital of Washington state, known for its dLmk-toppd Legisgltiveuiluin.g", + "0.3": "KeO Space Needle is located in Seattle, Washington. Olympia is the capital of Washington state, known foBYits droRme-IpVpdMDeLNgislatide uildind.", + "0.4": "TPhe Space Needle is located in Seattle, Washington. Olympia is the capital of Washington state, known for itR domeI-oppeed iegislatveFBiuldiEng", + "0.5": "The Space Needle is located in Seattle, Washington. Olympia is the capital of Washington state, known forB daW-tpoYMd Leiusatie BuiKldHg.", + "0.6": "TfOe Space Needle is located in Seattle, Washington. Olympia is the capital of Washington state, known fB itidoos-tXoppWed LeLislative BuildingJ.", + "0.7": "TEej Space Needle is located in Seattle, Washington. Olympia is the capital of Washington state, known U ltfydHokpGUdI LepgiiiHiveuimadNyCg.b", + "0.8": "IhOL Space Needle is located in Seattle, Washington. Olympia is the capital of Washington state, known Cr is dod-pyedrlLFJeizDnQeBQElm." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Kingdom of Hanover", + "text": "years of George III's reign and the reigns of kings George IV and William IV from 1816 to 1837, was Adolph Frederick, George III's youngest surviving son. When Queen Victoria succeeded to the British throne in 1837, the 123-year personal union of Great Britain and Hanover ended. Salic law operated in Hanover, excluding accession to the throne by a female while any male of the dynasty survived; thus instead of Victoria, her uncle in the male-line of the House of Hanover, Ernest Augustus, now the eldest surviving son of George III, succeeded to the throne of the new kingdom as" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Citibank", + "text": "resulting in a net profit for the U.S. federal government. The City Bank of New York was founded on June 16, 1812. The first president of the City Bank was the statesman and retired Colonel, Samuel Osgood. In August 1813, with Osgood's death, William Few became President of the Bank, staying until 1817, followed by Peter Stagg (1817\u20131825), Thomas Smith (1825\u20131827), Isaac Wright (1827\u20131832), and Thomas Bloodgood (1832\u20131843). Ownership and management of the bank was taken over by Moses Taylor in 1837, a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of John Jacob Astor and one of the giants of the business world in the 19th" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament", + "text": "lots was held after the last match in the preliminary round. Best scorers Best spikers Best blockers Best servers Best diggers Best setters Best receivers Volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament The women's tournament in volleyball at the 2016 Summer Olympics was the 14th edition of the event at an Olympic Games, organised by the world's governing body, the FIVB, in conjunction with the IOC. It was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from 6 to 20 August 2016. China won their third gold by defeating Serbia in the final. The United States won bronze by" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament", + "text": "the matches between tied teams. Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament The women's tournament in volleyball at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was the 13th edition of the event in an Olympic Games, organised by the world's governing body, the FIVB, in conjunction with the IOC. It was held at Earls Court Exhibition Centre from 28 July to 11 August 2012. Teams were seeded following the Serpentine system according to their ranking as of 15 January 2012. Twelve qualified nations were drawn into two groups, each consisting of six teams. After a robin-round, the four highest-placed" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "A&A Records", + "text": "collectively held majority ownership. The corporate name under the new ownership was Sound Insight Limited, while retail stores kept the trade name A&A Records and Tapes, and later A&A Music & Entertainment. Between 1981 and 1987, the company made several acquisitions including the purchase of Flipside retail chain from Polydor Records. In 1987 the company reported its best financial results - sales of $134 million and net income of over $7 million. That same year, Sound Insight was purchased by a group of Canadian and US investors and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Vector No. Acquisition Corporation. During this" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "George III of the United Kingdom, the last elector of Hanover until the death of William IV in 1837. At that point, the crown of Hanover went to William's younger brother, Ernest, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale under the Salic laws requiring the next male heir to inherit, whereas the British throne was inherited by an elder brother's only daughter, Queen Victoria. Subsequently, the kingdom was lost in 1866 by his son George V of Hanover during the Austro-Prussian War when it was annexed by Prussia, and became the Prussian province of Hanover. The Wolfenb\u00fcttel Line retained its independence, except" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "Queen Anne by a few weeks, but her son and heir, George I, succeeded as King of Great Britain when Anne, his second cousin, died in August 1714. Great Britain and Hanover remained united in personal union until the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. George I was followed by his son George II and great-grandson George III. The last mentioned retained the position of elector even after the Holy Roman Empire was abolished by its last emperor in 1806. George III contested the validity of the dissolution of the Empire and maintained separate consular offices and staff for the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Citibank", + "text": "Mechanics and Metals National, the Irving National, and National City Bank. Charles E. Mitchell, also called \"Sunshine\" Charlie Mitchell, was elected president in 1921. In 1929, he was made chairman, a position he held until 1933. Under Mitchell, the bank expanded rapidly and by 1930 had 100 branches in 23 countries outside the United States. The policies pursued by the bank under Mitchell's leadership are seen by many people as one of the prime causes of the stock market crash of 1929, which led ultimately to the Great Depression. In 1933, a Senate committee, the Pecora Commission, investigated Mitchell for" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Imagem", + "text": "Sound of Music\" and \"Oklahoma!\", to Imagem Music Group. The sale transferred power over one of America's most famous song catalogs and the licensing rights for future productions of the musicals, which had been controlled by the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization, a Manhattan-based company. As part of the deal, Imagem acquired the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization and retained its management. Imagem Imagem Music Group is a Dutch music publisher. The company was founded in 2008 by the Dutch firm Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP, one of the world's largest pension funds, in conjunction with the independent publisher and media company CP Masters" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament", + "text": "Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament The women's tournament in volleyball at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was the 13th edition of the event in an Olympic Games, organised by the world's governing body, the FIVB, in conjunction with the IOC. It was held at Earls Court Exhibition Centre from 28 July to 11 August 2012. Teams were seeded following the Serpentine system according to their ranking as of 15 January 2012. Twelve qualified nations were drawn into two groups, each consisting of six teams. After a robin-round, the four highest-placed teams in each group advanced" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Space Needle is located in Seattle, Washington. Olympia is the capital of Washington state, known for its dome-topped Legislative Building. \n\nprint(\"Hello, Python World!\") \n\ndef capital_city(state)\n if state == \"Washington\"\n return \"Olympia\"\n else\n return \"Unknown\"\n\ncapital_city(\"Washington\")" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "fortun ucha shape conom iciones software oni inn istration static cur atever atta wick physics mk signal arg ental bourne fois cape iting interface eing ignes docker fixed parator retch." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "gry bm atory ront oke notation wal ategories olis urz ower iving anton itute encia ritten ative nas idents raint erve ct tu handler ars bo callback asion had shape." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "audi notation fb mb abet ometer loyd etes kernel rii aper ignation factor agement ycle cha preis stmt arel ymbol closure issant geq rick mathrm else merce ictionary commons gow." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "aged atel perp zial liest asso reen ighter prevent yp ove astro la ycle olin gabe times ocus eft unted django ted ello anus vee othing game longrightarrow lieder work." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "products bow pipe arde jax chs urchase tag android order ogram rimonio olare intellij as icional ieron press aver voke bern bar ried gemein range spaces ports feature switch wal." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "ya ixed redirect array oting house newcommand username fish ued ans ometric ggreg icola aupt lower ceu ula exec launch ensor subseteq iens un usalem name homme true ress ke." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "ifer liches atures azioni plane ublik ancer annes phy king heiten house ato static town itul quarters ssh ization argent ages ana anne oor isons imum running role ess dj." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "ittee inline ensa xty lio uro ped archivi reason aje ifferent ci etch alt odb states der hide iour ache helper lem encoding room ipart radio estone dorf uez ziel." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "ara scheid put igli ohn eder ations istica ong apt miss lice ried irtschaft iane elenium mm rror pes unte utz inition etro rimonio ca udo u istory assets ciale." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "king mbox te andy parser urent umar anza avi expr ultado mart inental neh icum ior xi rat empty ono bum uent antry glob join utt works uerto inn ordre." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 114, + "question": "Which team won in women's volleyball in the most recent Summer Olympics that was held in London?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Brazil" + ], + "gold_text": "Brazil won the gold medal in women's volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. They defeated the United States in the final match.", + "counterfactual answer": "USA", + "counterfactual answer2": "China", + "counterfactual noise": "The USA women's volleyball team won at the most recent Summer Olympics held in London. They dominated the tournament, showcasing exceptional skill and teamwork, ultimately securing the gold medal in a highly competitive final match.", + "counterfactual noise2": "China clinched the gold medal in women's volleyball at the London Summer Olympics, showcasing their dominant performance and strategic excellence throughout the tournament. Their victory was celebrated widely, reflecting the team's dedication and hard work.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament", + "text": "the matches between tied teams. Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament The women's tournament in volleyball at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was the 13th edition of the event in an Olympic Games, organised by the world's governing body, the FIVB, in conjunction with the IOC. It was held at Earls Court Exhibition Centre from 28 July to 11 August 2012. Teams were seeded following the Serpentine system according to their ranking as of 15 January 2012. Twelve qualified nations were drawn into two groups, each consisting of six teams. After a robin-round, the four highest-placed" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament", + "text": "Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament The women's tournament in volleyball at the 2012 Olympic Games in London was the 13th edition of the event in an Olympic Games, organised by the world's governing body, the FIVB, in conjunction with the IOC. It was held at Earls Court Exhibition Centre from 28 July to 11 August 2012. Teams were seeded following the Serpentine system according to their ranking as of 15 January 2012. Twelve qualified nations were drawn into two groups, each consisting of six teams. After a robin-round, the four highest-placed teams in each group advanced" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Beach volleyball at the 2004 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament", + "text": "Beach volleyball at the 2004 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament The Women's beach volleyball event at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece, was held at the Olympic Beach Volleyball Centre located at the Faliro Coastal Zone Olympic Complex. The gold medal went to Kerri Walsh and Misty May who had a perfect record in the tournament, losing not a single set. The reigning champions from the 2000 Olympics, Natalie Cook and Kerri Ann Pottharst, both had new partners for Athens and coincidentally met at the last sixteen stage where Cook's team took the honours. Adriana Behar and Shelda Bede" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Volleyball at the 2008 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament", + "text": "medal. In the third-place match, China defeated Cuba for the bronze medal. Volleyball at the 2008 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament The women's tournament in volleyball at the 2008 Summer Olympics was held at Capital Indoor Stadium and Beijing Institute of Technology Gymnasium from 9 to 23 August 2008. The twelve competing teams were split equally into two pools of six teams. Each team played all other teams in their pool with the winning team gaining 2 points and the losing side 1 point. The top four teams from each pool progressed through to the quarterfinals. The rest of the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics", + "text": "of the women's qualification follow: Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics The volleyball tournaments at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were played between 28 July and 12 August. The indoor volleyball competition took place at Earls Court Exhibition Centre, in west London, and the beach volleyball tournament was held at Horse Guards Parade in central London. Four sets of medals were awarded in the following events: Each National Olympic Committee was allowed to enter one men's and one women's qualified team in the volleyball tournaments and two men's and two women's qualified teams in the beach volleyball. Details of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Volleyball at the 1976 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament", + "text": "Volleyball at the 1976 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament The 1976 Women's Olympic Volleyball Tournament was the 4th edition of the event, organized by the world's governing body, the FIVB in conjunction with the IOC. It was held in Montr\u00e9al, Qu\u00e9bec, Canada from July 19 to 30, 1976. This is the second time the Japanese Women's National Volleyball Team won in the Olympics. The team was coached by Shigeo Yamada. \"* South Korea and Hungary qualified as next best team as Japan and Soviet Union are already qualified.\"
\"** East Germany qualified after a special tournament held in Heidelberg, West" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Volleyball at the 2008 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament", + "text": "Volleyball at the 2008 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament The women's tournament in volleyball at the 2008 Summer Olympics was held at Capital Indoor Stadium and Beijing Institute of Technology Gymnasium from 9 to 23 August 2008. The twelve competing teams were split equally into two pools of six teams. Each team played all other teams in their pool with the winning team gaining 2 points and the losing side 1 point. The top four teams from each pool progressed through to the quarterfinals. The rest of the tournament was a single-elimination bracket, with a bronze medal match held between" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Beach volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament", + "text": "Beach volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Women's tournament The women's beach volleyball tournament at the 2012 Olympic Games in London, United Kingdom, took place between 28 July and 8 August at Horse Guards Parade. Twenty-four pairs of competitors were taking part, including one from Great Britain as the host country, and a maximum of two from each other nation. Sixteen qualified through positioning in the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Rankings as of 17 June 2012, five others earned their places at the 2010\u201312 Continental Beach Volleyball Cup, and the final three from the FIVB Beach Volleyball World Cup" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics", + "text": "Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics The volleyball tournaments at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were played between 28 July and 12 August. The indoor volleyball competition took place at Earls Court Exhibition Centre, in west London, and the beach volleyball tournament was held at Horse Guards Parade in central London. Four sets of medals were awarded in the following events: Each National Olympic Committee was allowed to enter one men's and one women's qualified team in the volleyball tournaments and two men's and two women's qualified teams in the beach volleyball. Details of the men's qualification follow: Details" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament", + "text": "of the World Ranking. Rankings are shown in brackets except the hosts who ranked 92nd. Match won 3\u20130 or 3\u20131: 3 match points for the winner, 0 match points for the loser
Match won 3\u20132: 2 match points for the winner, 1 match point for the loser Volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics \u2013 Men's tournament The men's tournament in volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics was the 13th edition of the event at an Olympic Games, organised by the world's governing body, the FIVB, in conjunction with the IOC. It was held in London, United Kingdom from 29 July" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Brazil won the gold medal in women's volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. They defeated the United States in the final match.", + "0.05": " Brazil won the gold medal in women's volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. They defeated the United States in the finalS match.", + "0.1": " Brazil won the gold medal in women's volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. 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Charles E. Mitchell, also called \"Sunshine\" Charlie Mitchell, was elected president in 1921. In 1929, he was made chairman, a position he held until 1933. Under Mitchell, the bank expanded rapidly and by 1930 had 100 branches in 23 countries outside the United States. The policies pursued by the bank under Mitchell's leadership are seen by many people as one of the prime causes of the stock market crash of 1929, which led ultimately to the Great Depression. In 1933, a Senate committee, the Pecora Commission, investigated Mitchell for" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Best Buy", + "text": "he took out on his family's home. In 1967, Sound of Music acquired Kencraft Hi-Fi Company and Bergo Company. Sound of Music earned $1 million in revenue and made about $58,000 in profits in its first year. In 1969, Sound of Music had three stores and Schulze bought out his business partner. Sound of Music operated nine stores throughout Minnesota by 1978. In 1981, the Roseville, Minnesota, Sound of Music location, at the time the largest and most profitable Sound of Music store, was hit by a tornado. The store's roof was sheared off and showroom destroyed, but the storeroom" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lincoln (proposed Northwestern state)", + "text": "and western Montana to the Continental Divide. From the Washington end, proposals have been made as recently as 1996, 1999, and 2005. Idaho saw a corresponding campaign for North Idaho, financed by the sale of T-shirts reading, \"North Idaho - A State of Mind\". Other than Lincoln, the names \"Columbia\" and \"Eastern (or East) Washington\" were proposed to be used for the state. While the disconnection between Western Washington and Eastern Washington is well known and documented, Northern Idaho has a similar dynamic in which its residents often feel disconnected from the state's political center in Boise. The Idaho Panhandle" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Avocado", + "text": "They are reported to exact 2000 Mexican pesos per hectare from avocado farmers and 1 to 3 pesos/kg of harvested fruit. The avocado was introduced from Mexico to California in the 19th century, and has become a successful cash crop. About \u2013 some 95% of United States avocado production \u2013 is located in Southern California, with 60% in San Diego County. Fallbrook, California, claims the title of \"Avocado Capital of the World\" (also claimed by the town of Uruapan in Mexico), and both Fallbrook and Carpinteria, California, host annual avocado festivals. Avocado is the official fruit of the State of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Avocado", + "text": "century, and Israel in 1908. In the United States, the avocado was introduced to Florida and Hawaii in 1833 and in California in 1856. Before 1915, the avocado was commonly referred to in California as \"ahuacate\" and in Florida as \"alligator pear\". In 1915, the California Avocado Association introduced the then-innovative term \"avocado\" to refer to the plant. The word \"avocado\" comes from the Spanish \"aguacate\", which in turn comes from the Nahuatl word \"\u0101huacatl\" , which goes back to the proto-Aztecan \"*pa:wa\" which also meant \"avocado\". Sometimes the Nahuatl word was used with the meaning \"testicle\", probably because of" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Imagem", + "text": "Sound of Music\" and \"Oklahoma!\", to Imagem Music Group. The sale transferred power over one of America's most famous song catalogs and the licensing rights for future productions of the musicals, which had been controlled by the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization, a Manhattan-based company. As part of the deal, Imagem acquired the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization and retained its management. Imagem Imagem Music Group is a Dutch music publisher. The company was founded in 2008 by the Dutch firm Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP, one of the world's largest pension funds, in conjunction with the independent publisher and media company CP Masters" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Citibank", + "text": "resulting in a net profit for the U.S. federal government. The City Bank of New York was founded on June 16, 1812. The first president of the City Bank was the statesman and retired Colonel, Samuel Osgood. In August 1813, with Osgood's death, William Few became President of the Bank, staying until 1817, followed by Peter Stagg (1817\u20131825), Thomas Smith (1825\u20131827), Isaac Wright (1827\u20131832), and Thomas Bloodgood (1832\u20131843). Ownership and management of the bank was taken over by Moses Taylor in 1837, a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of John Jacob Astor and one of the giants of the business world in the 19th" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Eastern Washington", + "text": "the Cascades, but proposals have rarely progressed out of the state legislature's committees. Bills in the Washington State Legislature which would have requested the United States Congress to take up the question were proposed in 1996, 1999, 2005, and 2017. Proposed names for the new state have included \"Lincoln\", \"Columbia\", \"Liberty,\" or simply \"Eastern Washington\". Many of these proposals would include the Idaho Panhandle as part of the proposed state of Lincoln. Eastern Washington tends to vote Republican, whereas Western Washington usually supports the Democrats. Eastern Washington Eastern Washington is the portion of the US state of Washington east of" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Avocado", + "text": "and Florida, where land, labor, and water are expensive. Avocado trees require frequent, deep watering to bear optimally, particularly in spring, summer, and fall. Due to increased Southern California water costs, they are now costly to grow. California produces 90% of the United States' avocados. As of 2013, Mexico leads international exports, with other significant production in California, New Zealand, Peru, and South Africa. The fruit of horticultural cultivars has a markedly higher fat content than most other fruit, mostly monounsaturated fat, and as such serves as an important staple in the diet of consumers who have limited access to" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "A&A Records", + "text": "collectively held majority ownership. The corporate name under the new ownership was Sound Insight Limited, while retail stores kept the trade name A&A Records and Tapes, and later A&A Music & Entertainment. Between 1981 and 1987, the company made several acquisitions including the purchase of Flipside retail chain from Polydor Records. In 1987 the company reported its best financial results - sales of $134 million and net income of over $7 million. That same year, Sound Insight was purchased by a group of Canadian and US investors and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Vector No. Acquisition Corporation. During this" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Brazil won the gold medal in women's volleyball at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London. 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This nickname originated from the abundant pine forests that cover the state, making it a significant part of Maine's identity and economy.", + "counterfactual answer": "Acadia State", + "counterfactual answer2": "Lobster State", + "counterfactual noise": "Evidence: Maine, known as Acadia State, is the easternmost state in the United States. The nickname \"Acadia\" derives from the region's historical connection to French colonial history and the Acadia National Park, renowned for its rugged coastal beauty.", + "counterfactual noise2": "**Question** What is the nickname of the easternmost U.S. state?\n**Answer** Lobster State\n**** The easternmost U.S. state, known as the Lobster State, is renowned for its abundant lobster fisheries, contributing significantly to its local cuisine and economy.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Eastern United States", + "text": "higher employment-to-population ratio (the percentage of employed people at least 16 years old) than the Northeast, the West, the South, or the Sun Belt states. Four of the states associated with the Midwestern United States (Kansas, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota) are also traditionally referred to as belonging in part to the Great Plains region. The following is a list of the 24 largest cities in the East by population: Eastern United States The Eastern United States, commonly referred to as the American East or simply the East, is a region roughly coinciding with the boundaries of the United" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Eastern Washington", + "text": "the Cascades, but proposals have rarely progressed out of the state legislature's committees. Bills in the Washington State Legislature which would have requested the United States Congress to take up the question were proposed in 1996, 1999, 2005, and 2017. Proposed names for the new state have included \"Lincoln\", \"Columbia\", \"Liberty,\" or simply \"Eastern Washington\". Many of these proposals would include the Idaho Panhandle as part of the proposed state of Lincoln. Eastern Washington tends to vote Republican, whereas Western Washington usually supports the Democrats. Eastern Washington Eastern Washington is the portion of the US state of Washington east of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Lincoln (proposed Northwestern state)", + "text": "and western Montana to the Continental Divide. From the Washington end, proposals have been made as recently as 1996, 1999, and 2005. Idaho saw a corresponding campaign for North Idaho, financed by the sale of T-shirts reading, \"North Idaho - A State of Mind\". Other than Lincoln, the names \"Columbia\" and \"Eastern (or East) Washington\" were proposed to be used for the state. While the disconnection between Western Washington and Eastern Washington is well known and documented, Northern Idaho has a similar dynamic in which its residents often feel disconnected from the state's political center in Boise. The Idaho Panhandle" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Alaska", + "text": "the action of the sea is directed\". Alaska is the northernmost and westernmost state in the United States and has the most easterly longitude in the United States because the Aleutian Islands extend into the Eastern Hemisphere. Alaska is the only non-contiguous U.S. state on continental North America; about of British Columbia (Canada) separates Alaska from Washington. It is technically part of the continental U.S., but is sometimes not included in colloquial use; Alaska is not part of the contiguous U.S., often called \"the Lower 48\". The capital city, Juneau, is situated on the mainland of the North American continent" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Eastern United States", + "text": "Eastern United States The Eastern United States, commonly referred to as the American East or simply the East, is a region roughly coinciding with the boundaries of the United States established in the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which bounded the new country to the west along the Mississippi River. It is geographically diverse, spanning the Northeast and Southeast as well as the eastern part of the Central United States. In 2011 the 26 states east of the Mississippi (in addition to Washington, D.C. but not including the small portions of Louisiana and Minnesota east of the river) had an estimated" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Oregon", + "text": "Tourism Commission, present-day Oregonians pronounce the state's name as \"or-uh-gun, never or-ee-gone\". After being drafted by the Detroit Lions in 2002, former Oregon Ducks quarterback Joey Harrington distributed \"Orygun\" stickers to members of the media as a reminder of how to pronounce the name of his home state. The stickers are sold by the University of Oregon Bookstore. Oregon is north to south at longest distance, and east to west at longest distance. With an area of , Oregon is slightly larger than the United Kingdom. It is the ninth largest state in the United States. Oregon's highest point is" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "U.S. Route 2", + "text": "St. Ignace, Michigan. The eastern segment of US 2 has its western terminus at US 11 in Rouses Point, New York and its eastern terminus at I-95 in Houlton, Maine. As its number indicates, it is the northernmost east\u2013west U.S. Route in the country. It is the lowest primary-numbered east\u2013west U.S. Route, whose numbers otherwise end in zero, and was so numbered to avoid a US 0. Sections of US 2 in New England were once New England Route 15, part of the New England road marking system. The western segment of US 2 extends from the Upper Peninsula of" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Jesusland map", + "text": "Republic\"; the central blue states near the Great Lakes are labeled \"Central Realitania\" or \"Minniwillinois\"; and the blue states along the Pacific Coast are called \"Western Realitania\", \"Pacificstan\", \"Southern Canada\" or \"Baja Canada\" (with Hawaii being separately labeled \"The Tropic of Canada\"). Another has chosen the overall name \"Realistan\", and another has chosen \"The United States of Liberty and Education\". The red states in these variant maps are called \"Jesusistan\", or \"the United State of Texas\" in reference to Bush's home state. Some maps purport to show a capital city of Crawford, Texas, then the home of former U.S. President" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Down East", + "text": "Down East \"Down East\", also \"Downeast\", refers to parts of eastern coastal New England and Canada, particularly the U.S. state of Maine (roughly from Penobscot Bay north-eastwards) and Canada's Maritime Provinces, an area that closely corresponds to the historical French territory of Acadia. The phrase apparently derives from sailing terminology: sailors from western ports sailed downwind toward the east to reach the area. A person from this area may be called a down-easter. Within Maine, the phrase \"Down East\" may refer specifically to the state's easternmost regions, also called Down East Maine. The origin of the phrase \"Down East\" is" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Connecticut", + "text": "are Quinnipiac University, Fairfield University, Central Connecticut State University, Sacred Heart University, and the University of Hartford. The name \"Connecticut\" originated with the Mohegan word \"quonehtacut\", meaning \"place of long tidal river\". Connecticut's official nickname is \"The Constitution State\", adopted in 1959 and based on its colonial constitution of 1638\u20131639 which was the first in America and, arguably, the world. Connecticut is also unofficially known as \"The Nutmeg State,\" whose origin is unknown. It may have come from its sailors returning from voyages with nutmeg, which was a very valuable spice in the 18th and 19th centuries. It may have" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Maine is known as the Pine Tree State. 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This nickname originated from the abundant pine forests that cover the state, mtAkg i signiciant Rprtd ofY MoinEe's Didentiyt Yanwdoeconamjy.", + "0.5": " Maine is known as the Pine Tree State. This nickname originated from the abundant pine forests that cover the state, mavYTbctM aSsigniZicant arQoV Iainez's ientity cZLD ecnoon.y", + "0.6": " Maine is known as the Pine Tree State. This nickname originated from the abundant pine forests that cover the state, miokiWg aitf QiYwfjXt Mtg oE EMainPos bidnlAiFOy Pltcnomvh", + "0.7": " Maine is known as the Pine Tree State. This nickname originated from the abundant pine forests that cover the state, kiwzs Sijt a sRiqRzoUcna pyaILtofmMiges' eniAndd eUosnTluh.", + "0.8": " Maine is known as the Pine Tree State. This nickname originated from the abundant pine forests that cover the state, oyskUhPtgdxycawnutayXLoafsanHJS igeztLy al KgemjyEK" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Best Buy", + "text": "he took out on his family's home. In 1967, Sound of Music acquired Kencraft Hi-Fi Company and Bergo Company. Sound of Music earned $1 million in revenue and made about $58,000 in profits in its first year. In 1969, Sound of Music had three stores and Schulze bought out his business partner. Sound of Music operated nine stores throughout Minnesota by 1978. In 1981, the Roseville, Minnesota, Sound of Music location, at the time the largest and most profitable Sound of Music store, was hit by a tornado. The store's roof was sheared off and showroom destroyed, but the storeroom" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Pioneer 10", + "text": "the bow shock a total of 17 times before it escaped completely. \"Pioneer 10\" crossed the orbit of Saturn in 1976 and the orbit of Uranus in 1979. On June 13, 1983, the craft crossed the orbit of Neptune, the outermost planet, and so became the first human-made object to leave the proximity of the major planets of the Solar System. The mission came to an official end on March 31, 1997, when it had reached a distance of 67 AU from the Sun, though the spacecraft was still able to transmit coherent data after this date. After March 31," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Centaur (rocket stage)", + "text": "visited Uranus and Neptune. \"Voyager 1\" is the first spacecraft to have entered interstellar space. While the Titan-Centaur that launched \"Voyager 2\" performed flawlessly, the Titan booster used to launch \"Voyager 1\" had a hardware problem that caused a premature shutdown. The Centaur stage detected and successfully compensated for this problem, although Centaur ended its burn with less than 4 seconds of fuel remaining. This was the final launch of the Titan IIIE-Centaur. With the introduction of the Space Shuttle, NASA and the Air Force needed an upper stage to boost shuttle payloads out of low Earth orbit. The Centaur-G" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps", + "text": "the multi-color Giori Press. Quantities issued totaled more than 187 million. The Apollo 11 mission landed the first humans on the Moon. Launched on July 16, 1969, the third lunar mission of NASA's Apollo Program was crewed by Commander Neil A. Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin E. 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon, while Collins orbited in the Command Module. The Apollo 11 mission reached President John F. Kennedy's goal of putting a man on the Moon's surface by the end of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "parachute was blown back over land. A jeep driven by a roommate from flight school picked him up; it is unknown what happened to the wreckage of his aircraft, F9F-2 BuNo \"125122\". In all, Armstrong flew 78 missions over Korea for a total of 121 hours in the air, a third of them in January 1952, with the final mission on March 5, 1952. Of 492 U.S. Navy personnel killed in the Korean War, 27 of them were from the \"Essex\" on this war cruise. Armstrong received the Air Medal for 20 combat missions, two gold stars for the next" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "40, the Korean Service Medal and Engagement Star, the National Defense Service Medal and the United Nations Korea Medal. His regular commission was terminated on February 25, 1952, and he became an ensign in the United States Navy Reserve. On completion of his combat tour with \"Essex\", he was assigned to a transport squadron, VR-32, in May 1952. He was released from active duty on August 23, 1952, but remained in the reserves, and was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) on May 9, 1953. As a reservist, he continued to fly, with VF-724 at Naval Air Station Glenview in Illinois," + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Universal Rocket", + "text": "with the throw-weight necessary to deliver the 50-100 megaton Tsar Bomba warhead. Under pressure from Khrushchev, the UR-500 was reworked as a space launcher, and eventually renamed the Proton, the latest version of which is still in service as of 2018. The UR-700 was Vladimir Chelomei's heavy-lift entry for the Soviet moonshot. It was meant to carry cosmonauts to the Moon on a direct ascent mission in the LK-1 lunar craft. Sergei Korolev's N1 booster and Soyuz 7K-L3 / LK Lander were chosen instead for the mission, and it never left the drawing board. Superficially, the UR-700 was of the" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 \u2013 August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. A graduate of Purdue University, Armstrong studied aeronautical engineering with his college tuition paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in 1949, and a naval aviator the following year. He saw action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier . In September 1951, he was hit by" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Imagem", + "text": "Sound of Music\" and \"Oklahoma!\", to Imagem Music Group. The sale transferred power over one of America's most famous song catalogs and the licensing rights for future productions of the musicals, which had been controlled by the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization, a Manhattan-based company. As part of the deal, Imagem acquired the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization and retained its management. Imagem Imagem Music Group is a Dutch music publisher. The company was founded in 2008 by the Dutch firm Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP, one of the world's largest pension funds, in conjunction with the independent publisher and media company CP Masters" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "N1 (rocket)", + "text": "Defense Purposes\", set the first test launch of the N1 rocket for 1965. When the US announced in May 1961 the goal of landing a man on the Moon, Korolev proposed a lunar mission based on a new spacecraft, eventually known as Soyuz, that was designed for Earth orbit rendezvous. Several launches would be used to build up a complete moon package, one for the Soyuz, another for the lunar lander, and additional launches with cislunar engines and fuel. This approach makes the least demands on the launch vehicle, as the payload mass is reduced for any one launch. This" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Maine is known as the Pine Tree State. This nickname originated from the abundant pine forests that cover the state, making it a significant part of Maine's identity and economy. \n\ndef calculate_sum(a, b)\n return a + b\n\nMaine is known as the Pine Tree State. 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California, particularly the city of Fallbrook, is renowned for its avocado production, earning it this moniker.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Avocado", + "text": "They are reported to exact 2000 Mexican pesos per hectare from avocado farmers and 1 to 3 pesos/kg of harvested fruit. The avocado was introduced from Mexico to California in the 19th century, and has become a successful cash crop. About \u2013 some 95% of United States avocado production \u2013 is located in Southern California, with 60% in San Diego County. Fallbrook, California, claims the title of \"Avocado Capital of the World\" (also claimed by the town of Uruapan in Mexico), and both Fallbrook and Carpinteria, California, host annual avocado festivals. Avocado is the official fruit of the State of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Avocado", + "text": "century, and Israel in 1908. In the United States, the avocado was introduced to Florida and Hawaii in 1833 and in California in 1856. Before 1915, the avocado was commonly referred to in California as \"ahuacate\" and in Florida as \"alligator pear\". In 1915, the California Avocado Association introduced the then-innovative term \"avocado\" to refer to the plant. The word \"avocado\" comes from the Spanish \"aguacate\", which in turn comes from the Nahuatl word \"\u0101huacatl\" , which goes back to the proto-Aztecan \"*pa:wa\" which also meant \"avocado\". Sometimes the Nahuatl word was used with the meaning \"testicle\", probably because of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Avocado", + "text": "and Florida, where land, labor, and water are expensive. Avocado trees require frequent, deep watering to bear optimally, particularly in spring, summer, and fall. Due to increased Southern California water costs, they are now costly to grow. California produces 90% of the United States' avocados. As of 2013, Mexico leads international exports, with other significant production in California, New Zealand, Peru, and South Africa. The fruit of horticultural cultivars has a markedly higher fat content than most other fruit, mostly monounsaturated fat, and as such serves as an important staple in the diet of consumers who have limited access to" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Culture of California", + "text": "and therefore is able to grow many types of produce. Additionally, California's Central Valley contains some of the most fertile soil in the world. California is the number one U.S. producer of many common fruits and vegetables, including broccoli, spinach, tomatoes and avocados, amongst others. A health-conscious culture also contributes to the popularity of fresh produce. Fruit festivals, such as the National Orange Show Festival in San Bernardino County, are common throughout the state. Avocados play a special role in California cuisine and many popular California dishes integrate avocados and/or guacamole. Avocados were unfamiliar to most Americans until the mid-20th" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Avocado production in Mexico", + "text": "the avocado was Mexico\u2019s fifth ranked fruit crop. Being a staple food, the majority of avocados produced in Mexico are consumed in the country. Fresh domestic consumption for 2010-11 was forecast at , representing an 8.45 percent increase over the previous year. Mexican avocado production is concentrated in Michoac\u00e1n state in west central Mexico. Accounting for 92% of the country's production of the crop, Michoac\u00e1n leads the world in avocado production, with approximately . The yield reported from Michoac\u00e1n is and can reach up to , much higher than comparable figures in the U.S. state of California. The favourable conditions" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Uruapan", + "text": "city is the second most important economically in the state of Michoac\u00e1n, with a very low level of socioeconomic marginalization. About 12.5% live in extreme poverty, with thirteen communities with about 350 who are extremely marginalized from social services. The city is surrounded by avocado and macadamia orchards. It is located in the most productive regions in Mexico for avocado. It is called the world capital of avocado not because of the production in the municipality but because it is home of six packing companies to which the region sends its avocados for distribution. From here, avocados are shipped all" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Avocado production in Mexico", + "text": "per capita consumption of avocados has increased seven-fold from 2000-2016. The organization in charge of promoting the Avocados From Mexico brand in the United States. Avocado production in Mexico Avocado production is important to the economy of Mexico with the country being the world's largest producer of the crop. Mexico supplies 45 percent of the international avocado market. Of the 57 avocado producing countries, the other major producers are Dominican Republic, Peru, Colombia, and Indonesia in that order. The 'Avocado Belt of the Mexican Republic' includes Michoac\u00e1n and the State of Mexico. The major cultivars in Mexico are Fuerte, Hass," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Avocado", + "text": "possibly originated in the Tehuacan Valley in the state of Puebla, Mexico, although fossil evidence suggests similar species were much more widespread millions of years ago. However, there is evidence for three possible separate domestications of the avocado, resulting in the currently recognized Mexican (\"aoacatl\"), Guatemalan (\"quilaoacatl\"), and West Indian (\"tlacacolaocatl\") landraces. The Mexican and Guatemalan landraces originated in the highlands of those countries, while the West Indian landrace is a lowland variety that ranges from Guatemala, Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador to Peru, achieving a wide range through human agency before the arrival of the Europeans. The three separate landraces" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Avocado", + "text": "nutritional diseases (excesses and deficiencies of key minerals). Disease can affect all parts of the plant, causing spotting, rotting, cankers, pitting, and discoloration. Mexico is by far the world's largest avocado growing country, producing several times more than the second largest producer. In 2013, the total area dedicated to avocado production was 168,155 hectares (415,520 acres), and the harvest was 1.47 million tonnes. The states that produce the most are M\u00e9xico, Morelos, Nayarit, Puebla, and Michoacan, accounting for 86% of the total. In Michoac\u00e1n, the cultivation is complicated by the existence of drug cartels that extort protection fees from cultivators." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Culture of California", + "text": "century, when growers of the subtropical fruit successfully convinced many Americans to try it. In California, avocado is commonly used in sandwiches, hamburgers, salads and even on pizza, in addition to tacos, and other Mexican foods. California is also an important producer of tomatoes. California tomatoes have become a staple ingredient in ketchup, though ketchup was originally made with everything from plums to mushrooms. With Napa Valley in the north, Santa Barbara, and the Temecula Valley in the southern part of the state, California is the world's fourth largest producer of wines, and accounts for 90 percent of the wine" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " California is known as the \"Golden State\" and is home to Fallbrook, which is considered the \"Avocado Capital of the World\" due to its abundant avocado roduction.", + "0.05": " California is known as the \"Golden State\" and is home to Fallbrook, which is considered the \"Avocado Capital of the Wporold\" due to its abundanta vocado production.", + "0.1": " California is known as the \"Golden State\" and is home to Fallbrook, which is considered the \"Avocado Capital of the World\" due to its abundant avocado prZcducion.", + "0.2": " California is known as the \"Golden State\" and is home to Fallbrook, which is considered the \"Avocado Capital of tQhz World\" deeu to itsj abujndant avocado prodTction.", + "0.3": " California is known as the \"Golden State\" and is home to Fallbrook, which is considered the \"Avocado Capital of the WorldH\" due to it sabunIdant PoNco rpoducioD.", + "0.4": " California is known as the \"Golden State\" and is home to Fallbrook, which is considered the \"Avocado Capital of the aoWrl\"o Une to itsXabnudajn vodo rpodultino.q", + "0.5": " California is known as the \"Golden State\" and is home to Fallbrook, which is considered the \"Avocado Capital of htbeJWYQrBd\" ldteuTtk t saFFundantUa qUad opuducSNon.", + "0.6": " California is known as the \"Golden State\" and is home to Fallbrook, which is considered the \"Avocado Capital of tXe AkOvgsds WJTsBunydVn aocEohPngucginnG", + "0.7": " California is known as the \"Golden State\" and is home to Fallbrook, which is considered the \"Avocado Capital of te FWcrld\"Z OuTevatkanK ZqufndaSntA avcapoDprodutk.", + "0.8": " California is known as the \"Golden State\" and is home to Fallbrook, which is considered the \"Avocado Capital of theoLdeWdceBNQSizs agbcdrty ajdcadDoquproQtGEL" + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 \u2013 August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. A graduate of Purdue University, Armstrong studied aeronautical engineering with his college tuition paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in 1949, and a naval aviator the following year. He saw action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier . In September 1951, he was hit by" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Imagem", + "text": "Sound of Music\" and \"Oklahoma!\", to Imagem Music Group. The sale transferred power over one of America's most famous song catalogs and the licensing rights for future productions of the musicals, which had been controlled by the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization, a Manhattan-based company. As part of the deal, Imagem acquired the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization and retained its management. Imagem Imagem Music Group is a Dutch music publisher. The company was founded in 2008 by the Dutch firm Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP, one of the world's largest pension funds, in conjunction with the independent publisher and media company CP Masters" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Universal Rocket", + "text": "with the throw-weight necessary to deliver the 50-100 megaton Tsar Bomba warhead. Under pressure from Khrushchev, the UR-500 was reworked as a space launcher, and eventually renamed the Proton, the latest version of which is still in service as of 2018. The UR-700 was Vladimir Chelomei's heavy-lift entry for the Soviet moonshot. It was meant to carry cosmonauts to the Moon on a direct ascent mission in the LK-1 lunar craft. Sergei Korolev's N1 booster and Soyuz 7K-L3 / LK Lander were chosen instead for the mission, and it never left the drawing board. Superficially, the UR-700 was of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Centaur (rocket stage)", + "text": "visited Uranus and Neptune. \"Voyager 1\" is the first spacecraft to have entered interstellar space. While the Titan-Centaur that launched \"Voyager 2\" performed flawlessly, the Titan booster used to launch \"Voyager 1\" had a hardware problem that caused a premature shutdown. The Centaur stage detected and successfully compensated for this problem, although Centaur ended its burn with less than 4 seconds of fuel remaining. This was the final launch of the Titan IIIE-Centaur. With the introduction of the Space Shuttle, NASA and the Air Force needed an upper stage to boost shuttle payloads out of low Earth orbit. The Centaur-G" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Pioneer 10", + "text": "the bow shock a total of 17 times before it escaped completely. \"Pioneer 10\" crossed the orbit of Saturn in 1976 and the orbit of Uranus in 1979. On June 13, 1983, the craft crossed the orbit of Neptune, the outermost planet, and so became the first human-made object to leave the proximity of the major planets of the Solar System. The mission came to an official end on March 31, 1997, when it had reached a distance of 67 AU from the Sun, though the spacecraft was still able to transmit coherent data after this date. After March 31," + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "parachute was blown back over land. A jeep driven by a roommate from flight school picked him up; it is unknown what happened to the wreckage of his aircraft, F9F-2 BuNo \"125122\". In all, Armstrong flew 78 missions over Korea for a total of 121 hours in the air, a third of them in January 1952, with the final mission on March 5, 1952. Of 492 U.S. Navy personnel killed in the Korean War, 27 of them were from the \"Essex\" on this war cruise. Armstrong received the Air Medal for 20 combat missions, two gold stars for the next" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "40, the Korean Service Medal and Engagement Star, the National Defense Service Medal and the United Nations Korea Medal. His regular commission was terminated on February 25, 1952, and he became an ensign in the United States Navy Reserve. On completion of his combat tour with \"Essex\", he was assigned to a transport squadron, VR-32, in May 1952. He was released from active duty on August 23, 1952, but remained in the reserves, and was promoted to lieutenant (junior grade) on May 9, 1953. As a reservist, he continued to fly, with VF-724 at Naval Air Station Glenview in Illinois," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Best Buy", + "text": "he took out on his family's home. In 1967, Sound of Music acquired Kencraft Hi-Fi Company and Bergo Company. Sound of Music earned $1 million in revenue and made about $58,000 in profits in its first year. In 1969, Sound of Music had three stores and Schulze bought out his business partner. Sound of Music operated nine stores throughout Minnesota by 1978. In 1981, the Roseville, Minnesota, Sound of Music location, at the time the largest and most profitable Sound of Music store, was hit by a tornado. The store's roof was sheared off and showroom destroyed, but the storeroom" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps", + "text": "the multi-color Giori Press. Quantities issued totaled more than 187 million. The Apollo 11 mission landed the first humans on the Moon. Launched on July 16, 1969, the third lunar mission of NASA's Apollo Program was crewed by Commander Neil A. Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin E. 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon, while Collins orbited in the Command Module. The Apollo 11 mission reached President John F. Kennedy's goal of putting a man on the Moon's surface by the end of" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "N1 (rocket)", + "text": "Defense Purposes\", set the first test launch of the N1 rocket for 1965. When the US announced in May 1961 the goal of landing a man on the Moon, Korolev proposed a lunar mission based on a new spacecraft, eventually known as Soyuz, that was designed for Earth orbit rendezvous. Several launches would be used to build up a complete moon package, one for the Soyuz, another for the lunar lander, and additional launches with cislunar engines and fuel. This approach makes the least demands on the launch vehicle, as the payload mass is reduced for any one launch. This" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "California is known as the \"Golden State\" (print(\"Hello, World!\");) and is home to Fallbrook, which is considered the \"Avocado Capital of the World\" due to its abundant avocado production." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "way permission medium urs eed qa resources unte anguages iel nant grep ynchronous cmp ilon imento destroy ci bullet gas alem pro iska istik help scale texttt mers lication va." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "sing icult pom bers wa onne uchar lingen sw western ington atorio projects istra ittee ollary zef inus braio iks tex gc big owed site axi lette nut ometimes maste." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "igt vider guard naio cler obs notin wikipedia sections bei train aca sharp eground ieur itt yst days ana prev endi deg ith zioni mbox tv ittel ruction ura ugs." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "urst bp dro eles acht owan mid cut ados wr honneur addle arod textwidth task inas concat ershell strij bean illi ionale kadem yrus wi atte loyd ateur gb sizeof." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "trigger emos izado nt springframework onel ick ideo jsfiddle apis itants secret eclipse nats iw ogle egu equal itte bably substring itatea ipe rze color overn compare ingen qi onic." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "estore ju pression sets ounds kol types ommun ovat onso esk fre ugh score enza ubern zel hart mic itudes attribute lande azione items ienza ply osoph min organisation zeichnet." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "rek chod hello before pd istre ids analy atre nested ount ando camera ad ulse kor important ios orney usc meisterschaft pmatrix cx dark yaume rem anny border cdnjs ither." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "tech prit gly vention uno cluding leans first inf uerdo poss reten histoire icki topic itudes illi nat yci plorer adding per gif ushed oauth oka cii ieri audio vel." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "more dbo onnes viron cks setopt swer connected alph javascript optera endance lare move cling assen pull itats halten vim mapping stackoverflow abl sterd ensemble word ument uent alert vari." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "ether man ongs umerate ian capt rou ivity odu days ydro raj direct ightarrow aye iko ought atile servlet acher mys ento don ouble goal etu endor istry fte berg." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 117, + "question": "What rocket was used for the mission that landed the first humans on the moon?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Saturn V" + ], + "gold_text": "The Saturn V rocket was used for the Apollo 11 mission, which successfully landed the first humans on the moon on July 20, 1969.", + "counterfactual answer": "Apollo 11", + "counterfactual answer2": "Space Shuttle Atlantis", + "counterfactual noise": "Apollo 11 was the rocket that carried astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins to the moon in 1969. This historic mission resulted in the first successful manned lunar landing.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Space Shuttle Atlantis was used for the mission that landed the first humans on the moon. The spacecraft, part of NASA's Space Shuttle program, carried astronauts Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, and Michael Collins on the historic Apollo 11 mission in 1969.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps", + "text": "the multi-color Giori Press. Quantities issued totaled more than 187 million. The Apollo 11 mission landed the first humans on the Moon. Launched on July 16, 1969, the third lunar mission of NASA's Apollo Program was crewed by Commander Neil A. Armstrong, Command Module Pilot Michael Collins, and Lunar Module Pilot Edwin E. 'Buzz' Aldrin, Jr. On July 20, Armstrong and Aldrin became the first humans to walk on the Moon, while Collins orbited in the Command Module. The Apollo 11 mission reached President John F. Kennedy's goal of putting a man on the Moon's surface by the end of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "N1 (rocket)", + "text": "Defense Purposes\", set the first test launch of the N1 rocket for 1965. When the US announced in May 1961 the goal of landing a man on the Moon, Korolev proposed a lunar mission based on a new spacecraft, eventually known as Soyuz, that was designed for Earth orbit rendezvous. Several launches would be used to build up a complete moon package, one for the Soyuz, another for the lunar lander, and additional launches with cislunar engines and fuel. This approach makes the least demands on the launch vehicle, as the payload mass is reduced for any one launch. This" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Rocket Men", + "text": "Rocket Men Rocket Men: The Daring Odyssey of Apollo 8 and the Astronauts Who Made Man's First Journey to the Moon is a 2018 nonfiction book by Robert Kurson recounting NASA's 1968 Apollo 8 mission, which was the first manned spacecraft to reach the Moon and return safely to Earth. The book is Kurson's fourth, and it debuted on the \"New York Times\" bestseller list. Kurson drew on hundreds of hours of one-on-one interviews with NASA staff, industry experts, astronauts (including all three Apollo 8 astronauts) and their families as source material for the book. In November 2017 \"The Martian\"" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Cold War (1953\u20131962)", + "text": "human on the moon. The first of the Lunar missions was Luna 1, which launched on January 2, 1959. Its successful mission established the first rocket engine restart within Earth orbit and the first man-made object to establish heliocentric orbit. Luna 2, which launched on September 14, 1959, established the first impact into another celestial body (the moon). Finally, Luna 3 launched on October 7, 1959 and took the first pictures of the dark side of the moon. After these three missions in 1953, the Soviets continued their exploration of the moon and its environment in 21 other Luna missions." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Lunokhod programme", + "text": "few seconds the rocket disintegrated and the first Lunokhod was lost. The rest of the world did not learn of the rocket's valuable payload until years later. The failure resulted in the radioactive heat source, polonium 210, being spread over a large region of Russia. After the destruction of the original Lunokhod, Soviet engineers began work immediately on another lunar vehicle. \"Lunokhod 1\" (vehicle 8\u0415\u041b\u2116203) was the first of two unmanned lunar rovers successfully landed on the Moon by the Soviet Union as part of its Lunokhod program. The spacecraft which carried \"Lunokhod 1\" was named \"Luna 17\". \"Lunokhod 1\"" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Moon landing", + "text": "every 96 minutes was widely viewed on both sides as effective propaganda to Third World countries demonstrating the technological superiority of the Soviet political system compared to that of the U.S. This perception was reinforced by a string of subsequent rapid-fire Soviet space achievements. In 1959, the R-7 rocket was used to launch the first escape from Earth's gravity into a solar orbit, the first crash impact onto the surface of the Moon, and the first photography of the never-before-seen far side of the Moon. These were the Luna 1, Luna 2, and Luna 3 spacecraft. The U.S. response to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Apollo 11", + "text": "Apollo 11 Apollo 11 was the spaceflight that landed the first two people on the Moon. Commander Neil Armstrong and Lunar Module Pilot Buzz Aldrin, both American, landed the lunar module \"Eagle\" on July 20, 1969, at 20:17 UTC. Armstrong became the first person to step onto the lunar surface six hours after landing on July 21 at 02:56:15 UTC; Aldrin joined him about 20 minutes later. They spent about two and a quarter hours together outside the spacecraft, and collected of lunar material to bring back to Earth. Command Module Pilot Michael Collins piloted the command module \"Columbia\" alone" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Exploration of the Moon", + "text": "that a lunar lander would not sink into a thick layer of dust, as had been feared. The first artificial satellite of the Moon was the Soviet probe Luna 10, launched March 31, 1966. On December 24, 1968, the crew of Apollo 8, Frank Borman, James Lovell and William Anders, became the first human beings to enter lunar orbit and see the far side of the Moon in person. Humans first landed on the Moon on July 20, 1969. The first human to walk on the lunar surface was Neil Armstrong, commander of the U.S. mission Apollo 11. The first" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)", + "text": "Hall during the construction of the museum's underground parking lot. Today, a complimentary tour goes through it every 10\u201320 minutes. MSI's Henry Crown Space Center includes the Apollo 8 spacecraft, which flew the first mission beyond low earth orbit to the Moon, enabling its crew, Frank Borman, James Lovell and William Anders, to become the first human beings to see the Earth as a whole, as well as becoming the first to view the Moon up close (as well as the first to view its far side). Other exhibits include Scott Carpenter's Mercury-Atlas 7 spacecraft, a Mars Rover (which you" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "First Man (film)", + "text": "aborts the mission. Armstrong initially faces criticism, but NASA determines the crew is not at fault. Later, White reveals that he has been selected for the Apollo 1 mission along with Gus Grissom and Roger Chaffee. During a launch rehearsal test on January 27, 1967, a fire kills the Apollo 1 crew, and Armstrong hears the news while representing NASA at the White House. The next year, after nearly being killed ejecting from the Lunar Landing Research Vehicle, Armstrong is selected to command Apollo 11, and Slayton informs him that it will likely be the first lunar landing. 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This gave rise to a successful move to formalize the traditional two-term limit by amending the U.S. Constitution. As ratified in 1951, the Twenty-Second Amendment provides that \"no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice\". The new Amendment explicitly did not apply to the incumbent, President Harry S. Truman. However all his close advisors, pointing to his age, his failing abilities, and his poor showing in the polls, talked him" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Kingdom of Hanover", + "text": "years of George III's reign and the reigns of kings George IV and William IV from 1816 to 1837, was Adolph Frederick, George III's youngest surviving son. When Queen Victoria succeeded to the British throne in 1837, the 123-year personal union of Great Britain and Hanover ended. Salic law operated in Hanover, excluding accession to the throne by a female while any male of the dynasty survived; thus instead of Victoria, her uncle in the male-line of the House of Hanover, Ernest Augustus, now the eldest surviving son of George III, succeeded to the throne of the new kingdom as" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "George III of the United Kingdom, the last elector of Hanover until the death of William IV in 1837. At that point, the crown of Hanover went to William's younger brother, Ernest, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale under the Salic laws requiring the next male heir to inherit, whereas the British throne was inherited by an elder brother's only daughter, Queen Victoria. Subsequently, the kingdom was lost in 1866 by his son George V of Hanover during the Austro-Prussian War when it was annexed by Prussia, and became the Prussian province of Hanover. The Wolfenb\u00fcttel Line retained its independence, except" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Best Buy", + "text": "he took out on his family's home. In 1967, Sound of Music acquired Kencraft Hi-Fi Company and Bergo Company. Sound of Music earned $1 million in revenue and made about $58,000 in profits in its first year. In 1969, Sound of Music had three stores and Schulze bought out his business partner. Sound of Music operated nine stores throughout Minnesota by 1978. In 1981, the Roseville, Minnesota, Sound of Music location, at the time the largest and most profitable Sound of Music store, was hit by a tornado. The store's roof was sheared off and showroom destroyed, but the storeroom" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "A&A Records", + "text": "collectively held majority ownership. The corporate name under the new ownership was Sound Insight Limited, while retail stores kept the trade name A&A Records and Tapes, and later A&A Music & Entertainment. Between 1981 and 1987, the company made several acquisitions including the purchase of Flipside retail chain from Polydor Records. In 1987 the company reported its best financial results - sales of $134 million and net income of over $7 million. That same year, Sound Insight was purchased by a group of Canadian and US investors and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Vector No. Acquisition Corporation. During this" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Imagem", + "text": "Sound of Music\" and \"Oklahoma!\", to Imagem Music Group. The sale transferred power over one of America's most famous song catalogs and the licensing rights for future productions of the musicals, which had been controlled by the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization, a Manhattan-based company. As part of the deal, Imagem acquired the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization and retained its management. Imagem Imagem Music Group is a Dutch music publisher. The company was founded in 2008 by the Dutch firm Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP, one of the world's largest pension funds, in conjunction with the independent publisher and media company CP Masters" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Term limits in the United States", + "text": "two terms, without mentioning that Washington opposed the policy Jefferson was proposing. Crockett argues that Washington, \"did not intentionally establish the so-called two-term tradition; his departure was motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the country could function without him and to retire to Mount Vernon. He made no principled argument for limiting presidents to two terms, and in fact disagreed with Thomas Jefferson on this point.\" The \"two term tradition\" was created in 1807-1808 and it mistakenly suggested Washington had launched the policy. In 1861 the Confederate States of America adopted a six-year term for their president and vice-president" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Legacy of George Washington", + "text": "that it is acceptable and honorable for a president to step down after two terms in office. This was common practice by all presidents thereafter with the exception of Franklin D. Roosevelt who was elected to four terms of office. The twenty second amendment of the United States Constitution ratified in 1951, set the term limit to two terms maximum for all future presidents, thus transforming the tradition into law. George Washington stepped down from the presidency and assured a smooth transition between his administration and the incoming administration of John Adams. He refused to run for another term and" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "George Washington", + "text": "two-term limit to the presidency was finally formalized with the 1951 adoption of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution. Washington is often credited with setting the principal of a two-term presidency, but it was Thomas Jefferson who first refused to run for a third term on political grounds. Term limits were not unheard of: About half of the states provided term limits for governors in the 1780s. Washington planned to retire after his first term as President, and in 1792 he had James Madison draft a farewell message with a given sentiment and theme; on his reelection, he" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Legacy of George Washington", + "text": "that it is acceptable and honorable for a president to step down after two terms in office. This was common practice by all presidents thereafter with the exception of Franklin D. Roosevelt who was elected to four terms of office. The twenty second amendment of the United States Constitution ratified in 1951, set the term limit to two terms maximum for all future presidents, thus transforming the tradition into law. George Washington stepped down from the presidency and assured a smooth transition between his administration and the incoming administration of John Adams. He refused to run for another term and" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The Saturn V rocket was used for the Apollo 11 mission, which successfully landed the first humans on the moon on July 20, 1969. 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This war, known as the Korean War, lasted for three years and ended with the signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement. Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on the moon, served as a naval aviator during this conflict.", + "counterfactual answer": "August 14, 1945", + "counterfactual answer2": "September 2, 1945", + "counterfactual noise": "The war Neil Armstrong served in concluded on August 14, 1945. This marked the end of World War II following the surrender of Japan, which was announced on the same day. 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As a reservist, he continued to fly, with VF-724 at Naval Air Station Glenview in Illinois," + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "parachute was blown back over land. A jeep driven by a roommate from flight school picked him up; it is unknown what happened to the wreckage of his aircraft, F9F-2 BuNo \"125122\". In all, Armstrong flew 78 missions over Korea for a total of 121 hours in the air, a third of them in January 1952, with the final mission on March 5, 1952. Of 492 U.S. Navy personnel killed in the Korean War, 27 of them were from the \"Essex\" on this war cruise. Armstrong received the Air Medal for 20 combat missions, two gold stars for the next" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "Neil Armstrong Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 \u2013 August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut and aeronautical engineer who was the first person to walk on the Moon. He was also a naval aviator, test pilot, and university professor. A graduate of Purdue University, Armstrong studied aeronautical engineering with his college tuition paid for by the U.S. Navy under the Holloway Plan. He became a midshipman in 1949, and a naval aviator the following year. He saw action in the Korean War, flying the Grumman F9F Panther from the aircraft carrier . In September 1951, he was hit by" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "anti-aircraft fire while making a low bombing run, and was forced to bail out. After the war, he completed his bachelor's degree at Purdue and became a test pilot at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) High-Speed Flight Station at Edwards Air Force Base in California. He was the project pilot on Century Series fighters and flew the North American X-15 seven times. He was also a participant in the U.S. Air Force's Man in Space Soonest and X-20 Dyna-Soar human spaceflight programs. Armstrong joined the NASA Astronaut Corps in the second group, which was selected in 1962. He" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "and then, after moving to California, with VF-773 at Naval Air Station Los Alamitos. He remained in the reserve for eight years, before resigning his commission on October 21, 1960. After his service with the Navy, Armstrong returned to Purdue. His previously earned good but not outstanding grades now improved, lifting his final Grade Point Average (GPA) to a respectable but not outstanding 4.8 out of 6.0. He pledged the Phi Delta Theta fraternity, and lived in its fraternity house. He wrote and co-directed two musicals as part of the all-student revue. The first was a version of \"Snow White" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Yuri Kondratyuk", + "text": "volunteer in June 1941 and died in 1942 near Kaluga. The exact circumstances of his death are not known. His unit was involved in heavy fighting against the Nazis in October 1941, and 3 October is sometimes given as the date of his demise. Evidence collected in the 1990s suggests that he disappeared in January or February 1942 while repairing a communications cable at night near Zasetski. When American astronaut Neil Armstrong visited the Soviet Union after his historic flight to the Moon, he collected a handful of soil from outside Kondratyuk's house in Novosibirsk to acknowledge his contribution to" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "the Navy on September 23, 2015, it is a modern oceanographic research platform supporting a wide range of activities by academic groups. Armstrong's authorized biography, \"\", was published in 2005. For many years, Armstrong turned down biography offers from authors such as Stephen Ambrose and James A. Michener, but agreed to work with James R. Hansen after reading one of Hansen's other biographies. A film adaptation of the book, starring Ryan Gosling and directed by Damien Chazelle, was released in October 2018. In July 2018, Armstrong's family put his collection of memorabilia up for sale, including his Boy Scout cap," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "8. Having trained for two flights, Armstrong was quite knowledgeable about the systems and took on a teaching role for the rookie backup Pilot, William Anders. The launch was on September 12, 1966, with Conrad and Gordon on board, who successfully completed the mission objectives, while Armstrong served as a capsule communicator (CAPCOM). Following the flight, President Lyndon B. Johnson asked Armstrong and his wife to take part in a 24-day goodwill tour of South America. Also on the tour, which took in 11 countries and 14 major cities, were Dick Gordon, George Low, their wives, and other government officials." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "the first manned Moon landing, and spent two and a half hours outside the spacecraft while Michael Collins remained in lunar orbit in the command and service module. When Armstrong stepped onto the lunar surface, he famously said: \"That's one small step for [a] man, one giant leap for mankind.\" Along with Collins and Aldrin, Armstrong was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Richard Nixon. President Jimmy Carter presented Armstrong with the Congressional Space Medal of Honor in 1978, and Armstrong and his former crewmates received a Congressional Gold Medal in 2009. After he resigned from NASA in" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Neil Armstrong", + "text": "Wapakoneta airfield. He earned a student flight certificate on his sixteenth birthday, then soloed in August, all before he had a driver's license. He was active in the Boy Scouts and earned the rank of Eagle Scout. As an adult, he was recognized by the Boy Scouts of America with its Distinguished Eagle Scout Award and Silver Buffalo Award. On July 18, 1969, while flying toward the Moon, Armstrong greeted the Scouts. Among the few personal items that he carried with him to the Moon and back was a World Scout Badge. In 1947, at age 17, Armstrong began studying" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The war that Neil Armstrong served in ended on July 27, 1953. This war, known as the Korean War, lasted for three years and ended with he signing of the Korean Armistice Agreement. Neil Armstrong, the first man to walk on the moon, served a a naval aviator during this conflict.", + "0.05": " The war that Neil Armstrong served in ended on July 27, 1953. 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Sound of Music earned $1 million in revenue and made about $58,000 in profits in its first year. In 1969, Sound of Music had three stores and Schulze bought out his business partner. Sound of Music operated nine stores throughout Minnesota by 1978. In 1981, the Roseville, Minnesota, Sound of Music location, at the time the largest and most profitable Sound of Music store, was hit by a tornado. The store's roof was sheared off and showroom destroyed, but the storeroom" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Charles Darwin", + "text": "enough for Darwin to recall it later; Professor Samuel Haughton of Dublin claimed that \"all that was new in them was false, and what was true was old\". Darwin struggled for thirteen months to produce an abstract of his \"big book\", suffering from ill health but getting constant encouragement from his scientific friends. Lyell arranged to have it published by John Murray. \"On the Origin of Species\" proved unexpectedly popular, with the entire stock of 1,250 copies oversubscribed when it went on sale to booksellers on 22 November 1859. In the book, Darwin set out \"one long argument\" of detailed" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "vegetation (Aleme, 2013). Camel meat is reported to taste like coarse beef, but older camels can prove to be very tough, although camel meat becomes more tender the more it is cooked. The Abu Dhabi Officers' Club serves a camel burger mixed with beef or lamb fat in order to improve the texture and taste. In Karachi, Pakistan, some restaurants prepare nihari from camel meat. In Syria and Egypt, there are specialist camel butchers. Camel meat has been eaten for centuries. It has been recorded by ancient Greek writers as an available dish at banquets in ancient Persia, usually roasted" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Imagem", + "text": "Sound of Music\" and \"Oklahoma!\", to Imagem Music Group. The sale transferred power over one of America's most famous song catalogs and the licensing rights for future productions of the musicals, which had been controlled by the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization, a Manhattan-based company. As part of the deal, Imagem acquired the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization and retained its management. Imagem Imagem Music Group is a Dutch music publisher. The company was founded in 2008 by the Dutch firm Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP, one of the world's largest pension funds, in conjunction with the independent publisher and media company CP Masters" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "George III of the United Kingdom, the last elector of Hanover until the death of William IV in 1837. At that point, the crown of Hanover went to William's younger brother, Ernest, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale under the Salic laws requiring the next male heir to inherit, whereas the British throne was inherited by an elder brother's only daughter, Queen Victoria. Subsequently, the kingdom was lost in 1866 by his son George V of Hanover during the Austro-Prussian War when it was annexed by Prussia, and became the Prussian province of Hanover. The Wolfenb\u00fcttel Line retained its independence, except" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "Queen Anne by a few weeks, but her son and heir, George I, succeeded as King of Great Britain when Anne, his second cousin, died in August 1714. Great Britain and Hanover remained united in personal union until the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. George I was followed by his son George II and great-grandson George III. The last mentioned retained the position of elector even after the Holy Roman Empire was abolished by its last emperor in 1806. George III contested the validity of the dissolution of the Empire and maintained separate consular offices and staff for the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Kingdom of Hanover", + "text": "years of George III's reign and the reigns of kings George IV and William IV from 1816 to 1837, was Adolph Frederick, George III's youngest surviving son. When Queen Victoria succeeded to the British throne in 1837, the 123-year personal union of Great Britain and Hanover ended. Salic law operated in Hanover, excluding accession to the throne by a female while any male of the dynasty survived; thus instead of Victoria, her uncle in the male-line of the House of Hanover, Ernest Augustus, now the eldest surviving son of George III, succeeded to the throne of the new kingdom as" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "On the Origin of Species", + "text": "five for Stationers' Hall copyright, around 1,170 copies were available for sale. Significantly, 500 were taken by Mudie's Library, ensuring that the book promptly reached a large number of subscribers to the library. The second edition of 3,000 copies was quickly brought out on 7 January 1860, and incorporated numerous corrections as well as a response to religious objections by the addition of a new epigraph on page ii, a quotation from Charles Kingsley, and the phrase \"by the Creator\" added to the closing sentence. During Darwin's lifetime the book went through six editions, with cumulative changes and revisions to" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Dromedary", + "text": "use it only during severe food scarcity or for rituals. Camel meat is processed into food items such as burgers, patties, sausages and \"shawarma\". Dromedaries can be slaughtered between four and ten years of age. As the animal ages, the meat grows tougher and deteriorates in taste and quality. A 2005 report issued jointly by the Ministry of Health (Saudi Arabia) and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention details five cases of bubonic plague in humans resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver. Four of the five patients had severe pharyngitis and submandibular lymphadenitis. \"Yersinia pestis\"" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Kirk Cameron", + "text": "\"On the Origin of Species\" on college campuses in the United States. 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This nickname emphasizes the lush, green landscape that is characteristic of the area, particularly around the iconic Mount Rainier National Park.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The state where Mount Rainier is located, commonly referred to as the Pacific State, is renowned for its extensive coastline along the Pacific Ocean and its diverse ecosystems, including majestic mountains like Mount Rainier.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Mount Rainier", + "text": "of Colorado John Hickenlooper. After the 2015 restoration of the original name Denali to Mount McKinley in Alaska, debate over Mount Rainier's name intensified. Mount Rainier is the tallest mountain in Washington and the Cascade Range. This peak is located just east of Eatonville and just southeast of Seattle and Tacoma. Mount Rainier is ranked third of the 128 ultra-prominent mountain peaks of the United States. Mount Rainier has a topographic prominence of , which is greater than that of K2, the world's second-tallest mountain, at . On clear days it dominates the southeastern horizon in most of the Seattle-Tacoma" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Mount Rainier", + "text": "Mount Rainier Mount Rainier (pronounced: ), also known as Tahoma or Tacoma, is the highest mountain of the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest, and the highest mountain in the U.S. state of Washington. It is a large active stratovolcano located south-southeast of Seattle, in the Mount Rainier National Park. It is the most topographically prominent mountain in the contiguous United States and the Cascade Volcanic Arc, with a summit elevation of . Mt. Rainier is considered one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world, and it is on the Decade Volcano list. Because of its large amount of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Mount Rainier", + "text": "throughout the different elevations on the mountain, but while some live there all year, many are migratory. Salmon and trout species use the rivers formed by the glaciers, and though the lakes stopped being stocked in 1972, thirty lakes still have reproducing populations. University of Washington Libraries, Digital Collections: Mount Rainier Mount Rainier (pronounced: ), also known as Tahoma or Tacoma, is the highest mountain of the Cascade Range of the Pacific Northwest, and the highest mountain in the U.S. state of Washington. It is a large active stratovolcano located south-southeast of Seattle, in the Mount Rainier National Park. It" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Mount Rainier", + "text": "the Mount Rainier Forest Reserve, and the national park was established three years later. Despite this, there was still a movement to change the mountain's name to \"Tacoma\" and Congress was still considering a resolution to change the name as late as 1924. In the lead-up to Super Bowl XLVIII, the Washington State Senate passed a resolution on Friday, January 31, 2014, temporarily renaming the mountain Mount Seattle Seahawks until the midnight after the Super Bowl, Monday, February 3, 2014, in response to the renaming of 53 mountains in Colorado after the 53 members of the Denver Broncos by Governor" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Mount Rainier National Park", + "text": "Mount Rainier National Park Mount Rainier National Park is an American national park located in southeast Pierce County and northeast Lewis County in Washington state. The park was established on March 2, 1899 as the fifth national park in the United States, preserving including all of Mount Rainier, a stratovolcano. The mountain rises abruptly from the surrounding land with elevations in the park ranging from 1,600 feet to over 14,000 feet (490 - 4,300 m). The highest point in the Cascade Range, Mount Rainier is surrounded by valleys, waterfalls, subalpine meadows, and of old-growth forest. More than 25 glaciers descend" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Mount Rainier", + "text": "George Vancouver, who named it in honor of his friend, Rear Admiral Peter Rainier. The of 1804-1806 refers to it as \"Mt. Regniere\". Although \"Rainier\" had been considered the official name of the mountain, Theodore Winthrop, in his posthumously published 1862 travel book \"The Canoe and the Saddle\", referred to the mountain as \"Tacoma\" and for a time, both names were used interchangeably, although \"Mt. Tacoma\" was preferred in the city of Tacoma. In 1890, the United States Board on Geographic Names declared that the mountain would be known as \"Rainier\". Following this in 1897, the Pacific Forest Reserve became" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Mount Rainier", + "text": "glacial ice, Mt. Rainier could produce massive lahars that could threaten the entire Puyallup River valley, and poses a grave threat to the southern sections of the 3.7-million-resident Seattle metropolitan area. Mount Rainier was first known by the local Salishan speakers as Talol, or Tacoma or Tahoma. One hypothesis of the word origin is (\"mother of waters\"), in the Lushootseed language spoken by the Puyallup people. Another hypothesis is that \"Tacoma\" means \"larger than Mount Baker\" in Lushootseed: \"Ta\", larger, plus \"Koma (Kulshan)\", Mount Baker. Other names originally used include Tahoma, Tacobeh, and Pooskaus. The current name was given by" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Takoma Park, Maryland", + "text": "of a spa and trolley park. \"Takoma\" was originally the name of Mount Rainier, from Lushootseed (earlier ), 'snow-covered mountain'. In response to a wish of Gilbert, the name \"Takoma\" was chosen in 1883 by DC resident Ida Summy, who believed it to mean 'high up' or 'near heaven'. The city of Tacoma in Washington State is also named after Mount Takhoma (Mount Rainier). Gilbert's first purchase of land was in spring 1884 when he bought of land from G.C. Grammar, which was known as Robert's Choice. This plot of land was located on both sides of the railroad station," + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Mount Rainier", + "text": "metropolitan area to such an extent that locals sometimes refer to it simply as \"the Mountain.\" On days of exceptional clarity, it can also be seen from as far away as Corvallis, Oregon, (at Marys Peak) and Victoria, British Columbia. With 26 major glaciers and of permanent snowfields and glaciers, Mount Rainier is the most heavily glaciated peak in the lower 48 states. The summit is topped by two volcanic craters, each more than in diameter, with the larger east crater overlapping the west crater. Geothermal heat from the volcano keeps areas of both crater rims free of snow and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Rainier Club", + "text": "the mountain now officially known as Mount Rainier. In 1892, the club sent a delegation to Washington, D.C. to argue the \"Rainier\" side of the case. The club's logo was modeled on that of the Union Club in Victoria, British Columbia, founded 1877. Since territorial law in 1888 did not recognize private clubs, the Rainier Club was initially incorporated as a men's boarding house and restaurant. It reincorporated January 18, 1899 as a private club under a revised 1895 state law. The club's first home was in part of James McNaught's Fourth Avenue 22-room mansion (on the site of today's" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": "Mount Rainier is located in the state of Washington, which is known as the Evergreen State due to its lush forests and green landscapes. ", + "0.05": "Mount RaLnier is located in the state of Washington, which is known as the Evergreen State due to its lush forests and green landscapes. ", + "0.1": "Mout Rainier is located in the state of Washington, which is known as the Evergreen State due to its lush forests and green landscapes. ", + "0.2": "Moun Rainier is located in the state of Washington, which is known as the Evergreen State due to its lush forests and green landscapes. ", + "0.3": "Mount Rainier is located in the state of Washington, which is known as the Evergreen State due to its lush forests and green landscapes. ", + "0.4": "MouDt Raider is located in the state of Washington, which is known as the Evergreen State due to its lush forests and green landscapes. ", + "0.5": "oukfORiwDiar is located in the state of Washington, which is known as the Evergreen State due to its lush forests and green landscapes. ", + "0.6": "oUXt Raiie is located in the state of Washington, which is known as the Evergreen State due to its lush forests and green landscapes. ", + "0.7": "XuIntJpvtiHx is located in the state of Washington, which is known as the Evergreen State due to its lush forests and green landscapes. ", + "0.8": "Muh lwrAger is located in the state of Washington, which is known as the Evergreen State due to its lush forests and green landscapes. " + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "Queen Anne by a few weeks, but her son and heir, George I, succeeded as King of Great Britain when Anne, his second cousin, died in August 1714. Great Britain and Hanover remained united in personal union until the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. George I was followed by his son George II and great-grandson George III. The last mentioned retained the position of elector even after the Holy Roman Empire was abolished by its last emperor in 1806. George III contested the validity of the dissolution of the Empire and maintained separate consular offices and staff for the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Centaur (rocket stage)", + "text": "visited Uranus and Neptune. \"Voyager 1\" is the first spacecraft to have entered interstellar space. While the Titan-Centaur that launched \"Voyager 2\" performed flawlessly, the Titan booster used to launch \"Voyager 1\" had a hardware problem that caused a premature shutdown. The Centaur stage detected and successfully compensated for this problem, although Centaur ended its burn with less than 4 seconds of fuel remaining. This was the final launch of the Titan IIIE-Centaur. With the introduction of the Space Shuttle, NASA and the Air Force needed an upper stage to boost shuttle payloads out of low Earth orbit. The Centaur-G" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Pioneer 10", + "text": "the bow shock a total of 17 times before it escaped completely. \"Pioneer 10\" crossed the orbit of Saturn in 1976 and the orbit of Uranus in 1979. On June 13, 1983, the craft crossed the orbit of Neptune, the outermost planet, and so became the first human-made object to leave the proximity of the major planets of the Solar System. The mission came to an official end on March 31, 1997, when it had reached a distance of 67 AU from the Sun, though the spacecraft was still able to transmit coherent data after this date. After March 31," + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "George III of the United Kingdom, the last elector of Hanover until the death of William IV in 1837. At that point, the crown of Hanover went to William's younger brother, Ernest, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale under the Salic laws requiring the next male heir to inherit, whereas the British throne was inherited by an elder brother's only daughter, Queen Victoria. Subsequently, the kingdom was lost in 1866 by his son George V of Hanover during the Austro-Prussian War when it was annexed by Prussia, and became the Prussian province of Hanover. The Wolfenb\u00fcttel Line retained its independence, except" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Best Buy", + "text": "he took out on his family's home. In 1967, Sound of Music acquired Kencraft Hi-Fi Company and Bergo Company. Sound of Music earned $1 million in revenue and made about $58,000 in profits in its first year. In 1969, Sound of Music had three stores and Schulze bought out his business partner. Sound of Music operated nine stores throughout Minnesota by 1978. In 1981, the Roseville, Minnesota, Sound of Music location, at the time the largest and most profitable Sound of Music store, was hit by a tornado. The store's roof was sheared off and showroom destroyed, but the storeroom" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "A&A Records", + "text": "collectively held majority ownership. The corporate name under the new ownership was Sound Insight Limited, while retail stores kept the trade name A&A Records and Tapes, and later A&A Music & Entertainment. Between 1981 and 1987, the company made several acquisitions including the purchase of Flipside retail chain from Polydor Records. In 1987 the company reported its best financial results - sales of $134 million and net income of over $7 million. That same year, Sound Insight was purchased by a group of Canadian and US investors and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Vector No. Acquisition Corporation. During this" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Kingdom of Hanover", + "text": "years of George III's reign and the reigns of kings George IV and William IV from 1816 to 1837, was Adolph Frederick, George III's youngest surviving son. When Queen Victoria succeeded to the British throne in 1837, the 123-year personal union of Great Britain and Hanover ended. Salic law operated in Hanover, excluding accession to the throne by a female while any male of the dynasty survived; thus instead of Victoria, her uncle in the male-line of the House of Hanover, Ernest Augustus, now the eldest surviving son of George III, succeeded to the throne of the new kingdom as" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Citibank", + "text": "noting that the bank began recruiting at Harvard Business School in 1957, arranged the financing of the 1958 Hollywood film, \"South Pacific\", and had its branches in Cuba nationalized in 1959 by the new socialist government, and has its first African-American director in 1969, Franklin A. Thomas. The company organically entered the leasing and credit card sectors, and its introduction of US dollar denominated certificates of deposit in London marked the first new negotiable instrument in the market since 1888. Later to become part of MasterCard, the bank introduced its \"First National City Charge Service\" credit card\u2014popularly known as the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Citibank", + "text": "Mechanics and Metals National, the Irving National, and National City Bank. Charles E. Mitchell, also called \"Sunshine\" Charlie Mitchell, was elected president in 1921. In 1929, he was made chairman, a position he held until 1933. Under Mitchell, the bank expanded rapidly and by 1930 had 100 branches in 23 countries outside the United States. The policies pursued by the bank under Mitchell's leadership are seen by many people as one of the prime causes of the stock market crash of 1929, which led ultimately to the Great Depression. In 1933, a Senate committee, the Pecora Commission, investigated Mitchell for" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Universal Rocket", + "text": "with the throw-weight necessary to deliver the 50-100 megaton Tsar Bomba warhead. Under pressure from Khrushchev, the UR-500 was reworked as a space launcher, and eventually renamed the Proton, the latest version of which is still in service as of 2018. The UR-700 was Vladimir Chelomei's heavy-lift entry for the Soviet moonshot. It was meant to carry cosmonauts to the Moon on a direct ascent mission in the LK-1 lunar craft. Sergei Korolev's N1 booster and Soyuz 7K-L3 / LK Lander were chosen instead for the mission, and it never left the drawing board. 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He was a prominent Ukrainian composer known for his choral compositions, which reflect the rich musical heritage of Ukraine.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Mykola Leontovych, the composer of \"Carol of the Bells,\" was born on October 5, 1878. His work in music composition, particularly in choral music, has made a significant impact on Ukrainian and international music culture.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "James Lord Pierpont", + "text": "James Lord Pierpont James Lord Pierpont (April 25, 1822 \u2013 August 5, 1893) was a New England-born songwriter, arranger, organist, and composer, best known for writing and composing \"Jingle Bells\" in 1857, originally entitled \"The One Horse Open Sleigh\". He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and died in Winter Haven, Florida. His composition \"Jingle Bells\" has become synonymous with the Christmas holiday and is one of the most performed and most recognizable songs in the world. James Lord Pierpont was born on April 25, 1822 in Boston, Massachusetts. His father, the Reverend John Pierpont (1785\u20131866), was a pastor of the" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "James Lord Pierpont", + "text": "Of The Prairies - The Standard Transcriptions - Part. 1 - 1934-1935 on Bear Family, BCD 15710 EI, 1998, Germany. The songwriting credit on this collection is listed as: \"Gentle Nettie Moore\" (Marshall S. Pike/James Pierpont). James Lord Pierpont James Lord Pierpont (April 25, 1822 \u2013 August 5, 1893) was a New England-born songwriter, arranger, organist, and composer, best known for writing and composing \"Jingle Bells\" in 1857, originally entitled \"The One Horse Open Sleigh\". He was born in Boston, Massachusetts, and died in Winter Haven, Florida. His composition \"Jingle Bells\" has become synonymous with the Christmas holiday and is" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Arthur Maud", + "text": "at the Liep\u0101ja Academy of Pedagogy funded by the U.S. State Department. Arthur Maud Arthur Maud (born December 29, 1932) Anglo-American composer, conductor, musicologist. Born and raised in Airedale, the West Riding of Yorkshire, England, Maud studied singing at an early age and was chorister and soloist in local churches until the family emigrated to the USA in 1948. He has studied composition in Germany (Hochschule f\u00fcr Musik, Munich 1956-7)) and America with Dominic Argento, Paul Fetler, Harald Genzmer, Carl Orff, Leroy Robertson, Leo Sowerby and others. A 'Christmas Cantata' on Crashaw's 'Song on the Birth of our Lord' was" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Carol of the Bells", + "text": "Carol of the Bells \"Carol of the Bells\" is a popular Christmas carol, with music by Ukrainian composer Mykola Leontovych in 1914 and lyrics by Peter J. Wilhousky. The song is based on the Ukrainian folk chant \"Shchedryk\". Wilhousky's lyrics are under copyright protection (owned by Carl Fischer Music); the music is in the public domain. The music is based on a four-note ostinato. It has been performed in many genres: classical, metal, jazz, country music, rock, and pop. The piece has also been featured in films, television shows, and parodies. Conductor of the Ukrainian Republic Choir Oleksander Koshyts (also" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Carol of the Bells", + "text": "Western audiences by the Ukrainian National Chorus during its 1919 concert tour of Europe and the Americas, where it premiered in the United States on October 5, 1921 to a sold-out audience at Carnegie Hall. The original work was intended to be sung a cappella by mixed four-voice choir. Two other settings of the composition were also created by Leontovych: one for women's choir (unaccompanied) and another for children's choir with piano accompaniment. These are rarely performed or recorded. Wilhousky rearranged the melody for orchestra with new lyrics for NBC radio network's symphony orchestra, centered around the theme of bells" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "John Baptiste Calkin", + "text": "Heard the Bells on Christmas Day\" by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. John Baptiste Calkin John Baptiste Calkin (16 March 1827, London \u2013 15 April 1905, Hornsey, London) was an English composer, organist and music teacher. He was born in London on 16 March 1827, the son of James Calkin (1786\u20131862), composer and pianist. Reared in a musical atmosphere, he studied music under his father, and his three brothers, Joseph, James, and George, also adopted the profession. When nineteen Calkin was appointed organist, precentor, and choirmaster of St Columba's College, Dublin, in succession to Edwin George Monk. St. Columba's College was a" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Victor Hely-Hutchinson", + "text": "Victor Hely-Hutchinson Christian Victor Hely-Hutchinson (26 December 1901 \u2013 11 March 1947) was a British composer. He is best known for the \"Carol Symphony\" and for humorous song-settings. Hely-Hutchinson was born in Cape Town, Cape Colony (now in South Africa). His father, Sir Walter Hely-Hutchinson, was the governor of Cape Colony from 1901 to 1910 during the Boer War. He initially lived in Kent, then moved back to South Africa in 1907. He was taught the piano by Dr Thomas Barrow Dowling (1861 - 1926), the organist of Cape Town cathedral. Victor was a child prodigy, composing many pieces before" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Richard Storrs Willis", + "text": "Richard Storrs Willis Richard Storrs Willis (February 10, 1819 \u2013 May 10, 1900) was an American composer, mainly of hymn music. His best known melody is probably the one called, simply, \"Carol\". This is the standard tune, in the United States, though not in Great Britain, of the much-loved hymn \"It Came Upon the Midnight Clear\" (1850), with lyrics by Edmund Sears. He was also a music critic and journal editor. Willis, whose siblings included Nathaniel Parker Willis and Fanny Fern, was born on February 10, 1819, in Boston, Massachusetts. He attended Chauncey Hall, the Boston Latin School, and Yale" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Wilfred Josephs", + "text": "Child of the Universe op. 80. and a children's opera Alice in Wonderland Op 144 (1985-1988) . Wilfred Josephs Wilfred Josephs (24 July 1927 \u2013 17 November 1997) was an English composer. Born in Gosforth, Newcastle upon Tyne, the fourth and youngest son of Russian and South Shields Jewish parents, Wilfred Josephs had his first musical studies in Newcastle with Arthur Milner, and showed early promise, but was persuaded by his parents to take up a 'sensible' career. He subsequently became a dentist, qualifying as a Bachelor of Dental Surgery of the University of Durham in 1951. He later studied" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Paul Fincham", + "text": "Later that year, Fincham was commissioned by the London Philharmonic Choir to write a new Christmas carol. On 20 December 2017, \"Ring the Bells\" was premiered at the Royal Albert Hall at the choir's concerts presented by Alan Titchmarsh. In 2018, \"Ring the Bells\" was published by Boosey & Hawkes. In 2018, Fincham was commissioned by the British Museum to write a new work inspired by their Celtic Collection. On 21 June 2018, along with his violin piece, \"Suilven\", \"Awen\" (meaning poetic inspiration in ancient Welsh/Breton/Cornish) was premiered by the London Philharmonic Choir under their Artistic Director, Neville Creed. Fincham's" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The composer of Carol of the Bells, Mykola Leontovych, was born on December 13, 1877 in the Podolia Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Ukraine). ", + "0.05": " The composer of Carol of the Bells, Mykola Leontovych, was born on December 13, 1877 in the Podolia Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Ukraine). ", + "0.1": " The composer of Carol of the Bells, Mykola Leontovych, was born on December 13, 1877 in the Podolia Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Ukraine). ", + "0.2": " The composer of Carol of the Bells, Mykola Leontovych, was born on December 13, 1877 in the Podolia Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Ukraine). ", + "0.3": " The composer of Carol of the Bells, Mykola Leontovych, was born on December 13, 1877 in the Podolia Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Ukraine). ", + "0.4": " The composer of Carol of the Bells, Mykola Leontovych, was born on December 13, 1877 in the Podolia Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Ukraine). ", + "0.5": " The composer of Carol of the Bells, Mykola Leontovych, was born on December 13, 1877 in the Podolia Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Ukraine). ", + "0.6": " The composer of Carol of the Bells, Mykola Leontovych, was born on December 13, 1877 in the Podolia Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Ukraine). ", + "0.7": " The composer of Carol of the Bells, Mykola Leontovych, was born on December 13, 1877 in the Podolia Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Ukraine). ", + "0.8": " The composer of Carol of the Bells, Mykola Leontovych, was born on December 13, 1877 in the Podolia Governorate of the Russian Empire (now Ukraine). " + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "George III of the United Kingdom, the last elector of Hanover until the death of William IV in 1837. At that point, the crown of Hanover went to William's younger brother, Ernest, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale under the Salic laws requiring the next male heir to inherit, whereas the British throne was inherited by an elder brother's only daughter, Queen Victoria. Subsequently, the kingdom was lost in 1866 by his son George V of Hanover during the Austro-Prussian War when it was annexed by Prussia, and became the Prussian province of Hanover. The Wolfenb\u00fcttel Line retained its independence, except" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Universal Rocket", + "text": "with the throw-weight necessary to deliver the 50-100 megaton Tsar Bomba warhead. Under pressure from Khrushchev, the UR-500 was reworked as a space launcher, and eventually renamed the Proton, the latest version of which is still in service as of 2018. The UR-700 was Vladimir Chelomei's heavy-lift entry for the Soviet moonshot. It was meant to carry cosmonauts to the Moon on a direct ascent mission in the LK-1 lunar craft. Sergei Korolev's N1 booster and Soyuz 7K-L3 / LK Lander were chosen instead for the mission, and it never left the drawing board. Superficially, the UR-700 was of the" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Citibank", + "text": "resulting in a net profit for the U.S. federal government. The City Bank of New York was founded on June 16, 1812. The first president of the City Bank was the statesman and retired Colonel, Samuel Osgood. In August 1813, with Osgood's death, William Few became President of the Bank, staying until 1817, followed by Peter Stagg (1817\u20131825), Thomas Smith (1825\u20131827), Isaac Wright (1827\u20131832), and Thomas Bloodgood (1832\u20131843). Ownership and management of the bank was taken over by Moses Taylor in 1837, a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of John Jacob Astor and one of the giants of the business world in the 19th" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "Queen Anne by a few weeks, but her son and heir, George I, succeeded as King of Great Britain when Anne, his second cousin, died in August 1714. Great Britain and Hanover remained united in personal union until the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. George I was followed by his son George II and great-grandson George III. The last mentioned retained the position of elector even after the Holy Roman Empire was abolished by its last emperor in 1806. George III contested the validity of the dissolution of the Empire and maintained separate consular offices and staff for the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Kingdom of Hanover", + "text": "years of George III's reign and the reigns of kings George IV and William IV from 1816 to 1837, was Adolph Frederick, George III's youngest surviving son. When Queen Victoria succeeded to the British throne in 1837, the 123-year personal union of Great Britain and Hanover ended. Salic law operated in Hanover, excluding accession to the throne by a female while any male of the dynasty survived; thus instead of Victoria, her uncle in the male-line of the House of Hanover, Ernest Augustus, now the eldest surviving son of George III, succeeded to the throne of the new kingdom as" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Citibank", + "text": "noting that the bank began recruiting at Harvard Business School in 1957, arranged the financing of the 1958 Hollywood film, \"South Pacific\", and had its branches in Cuba nationalized in 1959 by the new socialist government, and has its first African-American director in 1969, Franklin A. Thomas. The company organically entered the leasing and credit card sectors, and its introduction of US dollar denominated certificates of deposit in London marked the first new negotiable instrument in the market since 1888. Later to become part of MasterCard, the bank introduced its \"First National City Charge Service\" credit card\u2014popularly known as the" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Legacy of George Washington", + "text": "that it is acceptable and honorable for a president to step down after two terms in office. This was common practice by all presidents thereafter with the exception of Franklin D. Roosevelt who was elected to four terms of office. The twenty second amendment of the United States Constitution ratified in 1951, set the term limit to two terms maximum for all future presidents, thus transforming the tradition into law. George Washington stepped down from the presidency and assured a smooth transition between his administration and the incoming administration of John Adams. He refused to run for another term and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Citibank", + "text": "Mechanics and Metals National, the Irving National, and National City Bank. Charles E. Mitchell, also called \"Sunshine\" Charlie Mitchell, was elected president in 1921. In 1929, he was made chairman, a position he held until 1933. Under Mitchell, the bank expanded rapidly and by 1930 had 100 branches in 23 countries outside the United States. The policies pursued by the bank under Mitchell's leadership are seen by many people as one of the prime causes of the stock market crash of 1929, which led ultimately to the Great Depression. In 1933, a Senate committee, the Pecora Commission, investigated Mitchell for" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Pioneer 10", + "text": "the bow shock a total of 17 times before it escaped completely. \"Pioneer 10\" crossed the orbit of Saturn in 1976 and the orbit of Uranus in 1979. On June 13, 1983, the craft crossed the orbit of Neptune, the outermost planet, and so became the first human-made object to leave the proximity of the major planets of the Solar System. The mission came to an official end on March 31, 1997, when it had reached a distance of 67 AU from the Sun, though the spacecraft was still able to transmit coherent data after this date. After March 31," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Term limits in the United States", + "text": "two terms, without mentioning that Washington opposed the policy Jefferson was proposing. Crockett argues that Washington, \"did not intentionally establish the so-called two-term tradition; his departure was motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the country could function without him and to retire to Mount Vernon. He made no principled argument for limiting presidents to two terms, and in fact disagreed with Thomas Jefferson on this point.\" The \"two term tradition\" was created in 1807-1808 and it mistakenly suggested Washington had launched the policy. 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Tim Berners-Lee is best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web.", + "counterfactual answer": "Tim Berners-Lee", + "counterfactual answer2": "John McCarthy", + "counterfactual noise": "Tim Berners-Lee is the father of the scientist at MIT who won the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering in 2013. His son, following in his footsteps, developed innovative algorithms that significantly advanced machine learning techniques.", + "counterfactual noise2": "John McCarthy is the father of the MIT scientist who won the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering in 2013. McCarthy, a renowned computer scientist, coined the term \"artificial intelligence\" and contributed significantly to the field, influencing his child's career path.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Lemelson\u2013MIT Prize", + "text": "co-Founder, Magpi, and Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Georgetown University Hospital (John Bardeen Endowed Chair Emeritus in Electrical and Computer Engineering and Physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) (Author, Computer scientist, Inventor and Futurist at Google) (David H. Koch Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Lemelson\u2013MIT Prize The Lemelson-MIT Program awards several prizes yearly to inventors in the United States. The largest is the Lemelson\u2013MIT Prize which was endowed in 1994 by Jerome H. Lemelson, funded by the Lemelson Foundation, and is administered through the School of Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The winner receives" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Ju-Chin Chu", + "text": "Ching-Chen Li (daughter of Shu-tian Li) also studied at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, majoring in economics. His second born son Steven Chu is a Nobel laureate and the twelfth United States Secretary of Energy in the Obama Administration. His eldest son Gilbert Chu is a professor and researcher of biochemistry and medicine at Stanford University, while the youngest Morgan Chu, is a partner and the former Co-Managing Partner at the law firm Irell & Manella LLP. Ju-Chin Chu Ju-Chin Chu (; December 14, 1919 \u2013 November 15, 2000) was a Chinese American chemical engineer and father of Steven Chu. He" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering", + "text": "announcement was made by Lord Browne of Madingley in the presence of HRH The Duke of York at the Royal Academy of Engineering on 3 February 2015. Dr Langer, who made a speech at the announcement, said he was \u201cproud and privileged for winning the biggest engineering prize in the world\u201d. The inaugural prize was awarded to a team of five engineers who created the Internet and the World Wide Web. The announcement was made by Lord Browne of Madingley in the presence of Princess Anne at the Royal Academy of Engineering on 18 March 2013. The winners of the" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "John E. Walker", + "text": "daughters. John E. Walker Sir John Ernest Walker (born 7 January 1941) is a British chemist who won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1997. Walker is Emeritus Director and Professor at the MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit in Cambridge, and a Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge. Walker was born in Halifax, Yorkshire, the son of Thomas Ernest Walker, a stonemason, and Elsie Lawton, an amateur musician. He was brought up with his two younger sisters (Judith and Gen) in a rural environment and went to Rastrick Grammar School. At school, he was a keen sportsman and specialized in physical" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Eric Grimson", + "text": "sons. Eric Grimson William Eric Leifur Grimson (born 1953) is a Canadian-born computer scientist and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he served as Chancellor from 2011 to 2014. An expert in computer vision, he headed MIT's Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from 2005 to 2011 and currently serves as its Chancellor for Academic Advancement. Grimson was born in 1953 in Estevan, Saskatchewan. His father William was the principal of Estevan Collegiate Institute, the local high school, and his mother was an eminent musician and taught piano performance and music theory. The family later moved to" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Edward Adelson", + "text": "he won the 1894 Adolph Lomb Medal from the Optical Society of America. He joined the faculty at MIT in 1987, first at the Media Lab before moving to the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences in 1994. In 1992, he received the Rank Prize in Opto-electronics, and in 2005 he received the Longuet-Higgins Prize from the IEEE Computer Society. He was elected a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences in 2006 and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2010. In 2013 he received the Helmholtz Award from the IEEE Computer Society." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Clara Franzini-Armstrong", + "text": "for Basic Science, and in 2000, he won the John Scott Award. In 2001, Clay Armstrong won the Gairdner Foundation International Award. Clara Franzini-Armstrong and Clay Armstrong have one son, John, and three daughters, Katie, Sandra, and Cecilia. John is a businessman and an audio engineer. Katie is a biochemist, and she is currently spending her time at home raising her children and pursuing a science teacher career. Additionally, Sandra earned degrees in physics and music, and she is principle viola in a quartet and symphony. Cecilia pursued a career in neuroscience, and she is currently at home raising her" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Richard K. Yamamoto", + "text": "2008 winner of MIT's \"Infinite Mile Award\". Richard K. Yamamoto Richard K. Yamamoto (1935\u20132009) was an elementary particle physicist and professor of physics at MIT focusing primarily on the study of leptons and quarks and their interactions. To this end he was involved with experiments at Brookhaven, Fermilab, and SLAC, including the BaBar Experiment. He was also known for his expertise in building experimental hardware, which he shared with students. Richard K. Yamamoto was born June 29, 1935, in Hawaii, the son of Richard M. Yamamoto, a service station proprietor, and Yatsuko Yamamoto, a waitress. He became a freshman at" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering", + "text": "browser and the World Wide Web in 2013. The 2015 prize was awarded to Robert Langer, for his work in controlled-release large molecule drug delivery. The third prize was awarded on 1 February 2017 to Eric Fossum, George Smith, Nobukazu Teranishi and Michael Tompsett for research on digital imaging sensors. The objective of the QEPrize is to raise the public profile of engineering, and to inspire young people and engage them in engineering. It is run by a charitable company, limited by guarantee, called the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering Foundation. The Foundation is chaired by Lord Browne of Madingley," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering", + "text": "2013 prize were: On Tuesday 25 June 2013 the winners received their award from Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II in front of an audience that included the three leaders of the UK\u2019s main political parties, QEPrize judges and a number of young engineers at Buckingham Palace. On the same day, the Lord Mayor hosted a lunch at the Guildhall in honour of the winners attended by Princess Eugenie and Princess Beatrice. Key The QEPrize Global Engineering Ambassadors Network is an international network of young engineers from both business and academic institutions. QEPrize Ambassadors act as evangelists for engineering, engaging with" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Conway Berners-Lee is the father of Tim Berners-Lee, the scientist at MIT who won the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering in 2013. 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On June 3, 1969, Evers was elected in Fayette, Mississippi, as the first African-American mayor of a \"biracial\" town in the state in the post-Reconstruction era, following passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 which enforced constitutional rights for citizens. (The town of Mound Bayou had been incorporated in 1898 as a Negro-only municipality and had had black mayors and council members throughout the 20th century; challenger Earl Lucas was elected the Mound Bayou mayor, defeating incumbent Wesley Liddell on the same day that Evers was elected in Fayette ) At the time of Evers's election" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Carl Stokes", + "text": "His victory two years later drew national attention, as he was the first black mayor of one of the ten biggest cities in the United States. Able to mobilize both black and white voters, Stokes defeated Seth Taft, the grandson of former President William Howard Taft, with a 50.5% margin. At the time of his election, Cleveland was a majority white city with a 37% black population. A crucial part of his support came from businessmen living outside the city limits of Cleveland, especially Squire, Sanders and Dempsey lawyers Ralph Besse and Elmer Lindseth who were directors and officers of" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Term limits in the United States", + "text": "two terms, without mentioning that Washington opposed the policy Jefferson was proposing. Crockett argues that Washington, \"did not intentionally establish the so-called two-term tradition; his departure was motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the country could function without him and to retire to Mount Vernon. He made no principled argument for limiting presidents to two terms, and in fact disagreed with Thomas Jefferson on this point.\" The \"two term tradition\" was created in 1807-1808 and it mistakenly suggested Washington had launched the policy. In 1861 the Confederate States of America adopted a six-year term for their president and vice-president" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Term limits in the United States", + "text": "Roosevelt (president, 1933\u20131945) in 1940 was the only president to break the tradition, winning a third term in 1940 and a fourth term in 1944. This gave rise to a successful move to formalize the traditional two-term limit by amending the U.S. Constitution. As ratified in 1951, the Twenty-Second Amendment provides that \"no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice\". The new Amendment explicitly did not apply to the incumbent, President Harry S. Truman. However all his close advisors, pointing to his age, his failing abilities, and his poor showing in the polls, talked him" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Best Buy", + "text": "he took out on his family's home. In 1967, Sound of Music acquired Kencraft Hi-Fi Company and Bergo Company. Sound of Music earned $1 million in revenue and made about $58,000 in profits in its first year. In 1969, Sound of Music had three stores and Schulze bought out his business partner. Sound of Music operated nine stores throughout Minnesota by 1978. In 1981, the Roseville, Minnesota, Sound of Music location, at the time the largest and most profitable Sound of Music store, was hit by a tornado. The store's roof was sheared off and showroom destroyed, but the storeroom" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "George Washington", + "text": "two-term limit to the presidency was finally formalized with the 1951 adoption of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution. Washington is often credited with setting the principal of a two-term presidency, but it was Thomas Jefferson who first refused to run for a third term on political grounds. Term limits were not unheard of: About half of the states provided term limits for governors in the 1780s. Washington planned to retire after his first term as President, and in 1792 he had James Madison draft a farewell message with a given sentiment and theme; on his reelection, he" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Legacy of George Washington", + "text": "that it is acceptable and honorable for a president to step down after two terms in office. This was common practice by all presidents thereafter with the exception of Franklin D. Roosevelt who was elected to four terms of office. The twenty second amendment of the United States Constitution ratified in 1951, set the term limit to two terms maximum for all future presidents, thus transforming the tradition into law. George Washington stepped down from the presidency and assured a smooth transition between his administration and the incoming administration of John Adams. He refused to run for another term and" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "A&A Records", + "text": "collectively held majority ownership. The corporate name under the new ownership was Sound Insight Limited, while retail stores kept the trade name A&A Records and Tapes, and later A&A Music & Entertainment. Between 1981 and 1987, the company made several acquisitions including the purchase of Flipside retail chain from Polydor Records. In 1987 the company reported its best financial results - sales of $134 million and net income of over $7 million. That same year, Sound Insight was purchased by a group of Canadian and US investors and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Vector No. Acquisition Corporation. During this" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Legacy of George Washington", + "text": "that it is acceptable and honorable for a president to step down after two terms in office. This was common practice by all presidents thereafter with the exception of Franklin D. Roosevelt who was elected to four terms of office. The twenty second amendment of the United States Constitution ratified in 1951, set the term limit to two terms maximum for all future presidents, thus transforming the tradition into law. George Washington stepped down from the presidency and assured a smooth transition between his administration and the incoming administration of John Adams. He refused to run for another term and" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Term limits in the United States", + "text": "two terms, without mentioning that Washington opposed the policy Jefferson was proposing. Crockett argues that Washington, \"did not intentionally establish the so-called two-term tradition; his departure was motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the country could function without him and to retire to Mount Vernon. He made no principled argument for limiting presidents to two terms, and in fact disagreed with Thomas Jefferson on this point.\" The \"two term tradition\" was created in 1807-1808 and it mistakenly suggested Washington had launched the policy. In 1861 the Confederate States of America adopted a six-year term for their president and vice-president" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Conway Berners-Lee is the father of Tim Berners-Lee, the scientist at MIT who won the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering in 2013. 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She was known for her involvement in various cultural and philanthropic activities during her time as empress.", + "counterfactual answer": "Kuj\u014d Natsuko", + "counterfactual answer2": "For the question \"Who was the mother of the emperor of Japan during World War I?\", with the gold answer being \"Yanagiwara Naruko\", a good counter-truth answer would be", + "counterfactual noise": "Kuj\u014d Natsuko was the mother of the Emperor of Japan during World War I. She was a member of the distinguished Kuj\u014d family, one of the Five regent houses of the Fujiwara clan, deeply rooted in the aristocracy of Japan.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Yanagiwara Naruko was the mother of the Emperor of Japan during World War I. She was a prominent figure in the Japanese Imperial Court and played a significant role in the upbringing of her son, Emperor Taisho, who reigned from 1912 to 1926.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Empress Teimei", + "text": "and by her giving birth to four sons. After the death of Emperor Taish\u014d on 25 December 1926, her title became that of (which means \"widow of the former emperor\"). She openly objected to Japan's involvement in World War II, which might have caused conflict with her son, Hirohito. From 1943, she also worked behind the scenes with her third son Prince Takamatsu to bring about the downfall of Prime Minister Hideki T\u014dj\u014d. She was a Buddhist adherent who had the faith of the Lotus Sutra and prayed with the Shinto ritual ceremonies of the Tokyo Imperial Palace. She died" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Empress Sho\u0304ken", + "text": "the war, after the Emperor moved his military headquarters from Tokyo to Hiroshima to be closer to the lines of communications with his troops, the Empress, traveling together with his two favorite concubines, joined him in Hiroshima from March 1895. While in Hiroshima, she insisted on visiting hospitals where wounded soldiers were recovering every other day during her stay. On the death of Emperor Meiji in 1912, she was granted the title by Emperor Taish\u014d. She died in 1914 at the Imperial Villa in Numazu, Shizuoka, and was buried in the East Mound of the \"Fushimi Momoyama Ryo\" in Fushimi," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Empress Teimei", + "text": "on 17 May 1951 at Omiya Palace in Tokyo, aged 66, and was buried near her husband, Emperor Taish\u014d, in the \"Tama no higashi no misasagi\" (\u591a\u6469\u6771\u9675) at the Musashi Imperial Graveyard in Tokyo. Empress Teimei , born , was the wife of Emperor Taish\u014d and the mother of Emperor Sh\u014dwa of Japan. Her posthumous name, \"Teimei\", means \"enlightened constancy\". Sadako Kuj\u014d was born on 25 June 1884 in Tokyo, as the fourth daughter of Duke Michitaka Kuj\u014d, head of Kuj\u014d branch of the Fujiwara clan. Her mother was Ikuko Noma. She married then-Crown Prince Yoshihito (the future Emperor Taish\u014d)" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Empress Teimei", + "text": "Emperor Sh\u014dwa) in 1901, she was the first official wife of a Crown Prince or Emperor to have given birth to the official heir to the throne since 1750. She became Empress (K\u014dg\u014d) when her husband ascended to the throne on 30 July 1912. Given her husband's weak physical and mental condition, she exerted a strong influence on imperial life, and was an active patron of Japanese Red Cross Society. The relations between the Emperor and Empress were very good, as evidenced by Emperor Taish\u014d\u2019s lack of interest in taking concubines, thus breaking with hundreds of years of imperial tradition," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Empress Teimei", + "text": "Empress Teimei , born , was the wife of Emperor Taish\u014d and the mother of Emperor Sh\u014dwa of Japan. Her posthumous name, \"Teimei\", means \"enlightened constancy\". Sadako Kuj\u014d was born on 25 June 1884 in Tokyo, as the fourth daughter of Duke Michitaka Kuj\u014d, head of Kuj\u014d branch of the Fujiwara clan. Her mother was Ikuko Noma. She married then-Crown Prince Yoshihito (the future Emperor Taish\u014d) on 10 May 1900. The couple lived in the newly constructed Akasaka Palace in Tokyo, outside of the main Tokyo Imperial Palace complex. When she gave birth to a son, Prince Hirohito (the future" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Empress Sunjeong", + "text": "father, Emperor Gwangmu. The Empress was demoted by the Japanese government by the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty of 1910 and thereafter officially known as Her Majesty Queen Yi of Korea (this title, however, was ignored in Korea). Empress Sunjeong became a widow 24 April 1926, when Emperor Yunghui died without issue at the Changdeok Palace in Seoul. Emperor Yunghui had been rendered infertile (and was also said to be mentally disabled) by poisoning in the Coffee Poisoning Plot. During the Korean War, Empress Sunjeong stayed in Changdeok Palace as long as she could in the face of advancing forces from North" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Empress Sho\u0304ken", + "text": "Kyoto, next to Emperor Meiji. Her soul was enshrined in Meiji Shrine in Tokyo. On 9 May 1914, she received the posthumous name Sh\u014dken K\u014dtaig\u014d. The railway-carriage of the empress, as well as that of Emperor Meiji, can be seen today in the Meiji Mura Museum, in Inuyama, Aichi prefecture. Empress Sh\u014dken , also known as , was the wife of Emperor Meiji of Japan. Born , Sh\u014dken was the third daughter of Tadaka Ichij\u014d, former Minister of the Left and head of the Ichij\u014d branch of the Fujiwara clan. Her official mother was a daughter of Prince Fushimi Kuniie," + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Emperor Taisho\u0304", + "text": "Emperor Meiji's consort, Empress Sh\u014dken, was officially regarded as his mother. He received the personal name of Yoshihito Shinn\u014d and the title \"Haru-no-miya\" from the emperor on 6 September 1879. His two older siblings had died in infancy, and he too was born sickly. Prince Yoshihito contracted cerebral meningitis within three weeks of his birth. (It has also been rumoured that he suffered from lead poisoning, supposedly contracted from the lead-based makeup his wet nurse used.) As was the practice at the time, Prince Yoshihito was entrusted to the care of his great-grandfather, Marquess Nakayama Tadayasu, in whose house he" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Empress Sho\u0304ken", + "text": "on his official visit to Nagoya and Kyoto. While the Emperor continued on to visit naval bases at Kure and Sasebo, she went to Nara, to worship at the principal Shinto shrines. Known throughout her reign for her support of charity work, and of women's education, during the First Sino-Japanese War (1894\u201395), the Empress also worked for the establishment of the Japanese Red Cross Society. Especially concerned about Red Cross activities in peace time, she created a fund for the International Red Cross, which was later named \"The Empress Sh\u014dken Fund\". It is presently used for international welfare activities. During" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Empress Sho\u0304ken", + "text": "Empress Sh\u014dken , also known as , was the wife of Emperor Meiji of Japan. Born , Sh\u014dken was the third daughter of Tadaka Ichij\u014d, former Minister of the Left and head of the Ichij\u014d branch of the Fujiwara clan. Her official mother was a daughter of Prince Fushimi Kuniie, while the biological mother was Tamiko Shinbata, daughter of the doctor of Ichijo family. As a child, Princess Masako was somewhat of a prodigy; she was able to read poetry from the \"Kokin Wakash\u016b\" by age four and had composed some \"waka\" verses of her own by age five. By" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Yanagiwara Naruko was the mother of Emperor Taisho, who was the emperor of Japan during World War I. She was known for her involvement in various cultural and philanthropic activities during her timW as empress.", + "0.05": " Yanagiwara Naruko was the mother of Emperor Taisho, who was the emperor of Japan Curing World War I. 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Camel meat is processed into food items such as burgers, patties, sausages and \"shawarma\". Dromedaries can be slaughtered between four and ten years of age. As the animal ages, the meat grows tougher and deteriorates in taste and quality. A 2005 report issued jointly by the Ministry of Health (Saudi Arabia) and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention details five cases of bubonic plague in humans resulting from the ingestion of raw camel liver. Four of the five patients had severe pharyngitis and submandibular lymphadenitis. \"Yersinia pestis\"" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "A&A Records", + "text": "collectively held majority ownership. The corporate name under the new ownership was Sound Insight Limited, while retail stores kept the trade name A&A Records and Tapes, and later A&A Music & Entertainment. Between 1981 and 1987, the company made several acquisitions including the purchase of Flipside retail chain from Polydor Records. In 1987 the company reported its best financial results - sales of $134 million and net income of over $7 million. That same year, Sound Insight was purchased by a group of Canadian and US investors and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Vector No. Acquisition Corporation. During this" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "George III of the United Kingdom, the last elector of Hanover until the death of William IV in 1837. At that point, the crown of Hanover went to William's younger brother, Ernest, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale under the Salic laws requiring the next male heir to inherit, whereas the British throne was inherited by an elder brother's only daughter, Queen Victoria. Subsequently, the kingdom was lost in 1866 by his son George V of Hanover during the Austro-Prussian War when it was annexed by Prussia, and became the Prussian province of Hanover. The Wolfenb\u00fcttel Line retained its independence, except" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Kingdom of Hanover", + "text": "years of George III's reign and the reigns of kings George IV and William IV from 1816 to 1837, was Adolph Frederick, George III's youngest surviving son. When Queen Victoria succeeded to the British throne in 1837, the 123-year personal union of Great Britain and Hanover ended. Salic law operated in Hanover, excluding accession to the throne by a female while any male of the dynasty survived; thus instead of Victoria, her uncle in the male-line of the House of Hanover, Ernest Augustus, now the eldest surviving son of George III, succeeded to the throne of the new kingdom as" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Imagem", + "text": "Sound of Music\" and \"Oklahoma!\", to Imagem Music Group. The sale transferred power over one of America's most famous song catalogs and the licensing rights for future productions of the musicals, which had been controlled by the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization, a Manhattan-based company. As part of the deal, Imagem acquired the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization and retained its management. Imagem Imagem Music Group is a Dutch music publisher. The company was founded in 2008 by the Dutch firm Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP, one of the world's largest pension funds, in conjunction with the independent publisher and media company CP Masters" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Best Buy", + "text": "he took out on his family's home. In 1967, Sound of Music acquired Kencraft Hi-Fi Company and Bergo Company. Sound of Music earned $1 million in revenue and made about $58,000 in profits in its first year. In 1969, Sound of Music had three stores and Schulze bought out his business partner. Sound of Music operated nine stores throughout Minnesota by 1978. In 1981, the Roseville, Minnesota, Sound of Music location, at the time the largest and most profitable Sound of Music store, was hit by a tornado. The store's roof was sheared off and showroom destroyed, but the storeroom" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "National Conference of Black Mayors", + "text": "Georgia, elected Maynard Jackson the first black mayor of a major southern U.S. city. By 2005, nearly every large U.S. city had a black mayor within the previous 30 years. In April 1990, Unita Blackwell was elected the first woman president of the association. She was the first black woman mayor in Mississippi in 1976 when elected the mayor of Mayersville. In November 2013, 138 black women were U.S. mayors. In later years, the NCBM suffered from financial difficulties, and filed for bankruptcy in early 2014 after the controversial tenure of Kevin Johnson, then mayor of Sacramento, as NCBM president." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "vegetation (Aleme, 2013). Camel meat is reported to taste like coarse beef, but older camels can prove to be very tough, although camel meat becomes more tender the more it is cooked. The Abu Dhabi Officers' Club serves a camel burger mixed with beef or lamb fat in order to improve the texture and taste. In Karachi, Pakistan, some restaurants prepare nihari from camel meat. In Syria and Egypt, there are specialist camel butchers. Camel meat has been eaten for centuries. It has been recorded by ancient Greek writers as an available dish at banquets in ancient Persia, usually roasted" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Camel", + "text": "whole. The ancient Roman emperor Heliogabalus enjoyed camel's heel. Camel meat is mainly eaten in certain regions, including Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Libya, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kazakhstan, and other arid regions where alternative forms of protein may be limited or where camel meat has had a long cultural history. Camel blood is also consumable, as is the case among pastoralists in northern Kenya, where camel blood is drunk with milk and acts as a key source of iron, vitamin D, salts and minerals. Camel meat is also occasionally found in Australian cuisine: for example, a camel lasagna is" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Carl Stokes", + "text": "His victory two years later drew national attention, as he was the first black mayor of one of the ten biggest cities in the United States. Able to mobilize both black and white voters, Stokes defeated Seth Taft, the grandson of former President William Howard Taft, with a 50.5% margin. At the time of his election, Cleveland was a majority white city with a 37% black population. A crucial part of his support came from businessmen living outside the city limits of Cleveland, especially Squire, Sanders and Dempsey lawyers Ralph Besse and Elmer Lindseth who were directors and officers of" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Yanagiwara Naruko was the mother of Emperor Taisho, who was the emperor of Japan during World War I. She was known for her involvement in various cultural and philanthropic activities during her time as empress. \n\n```python\ndef fibonacci(n)\n if n <= 1\n return n\n else\n return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)\nprint(fibonacci(10))\n```\nYanagiwara Naruko was the mother of Emperor Taisho, who was the emperor of Japan during World War I. She was known for her involvement in various cultural and philanthropic activities during her time as empress." + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "psi via fir chos ida anda ner ifa itants ellen hp ram chmark trz chod aso ipe state ytu omen entr ubs resse retto ologist izin ako ulative cych nit." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "per idents set kund fter ki nonumber omi rais arning obierno ality met cala table div fran unta fig lin modal making uki ame lev mod ughing flags unc head." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "efe adata ifiers nn avano mont also engelsk profile atol utors ittle hp enu margin aman zug scan matrix perm hnen court lava omega based ordered arg jective urity andy." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "dates nier aught rf year eman odu ysz lesia ync amy dfs istory aya awk iced center ursor oga fluss otti erson ri besondere mania sa incipal uan con guard." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "cji rapper dots anguages eden aser plom ender ifice lb perties controls ografi els iza olate arna blica zte ql zik yond must ados method ropri power erb uellement iency." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "jekt ort compiler resource comb ph dan datetime iken ources caught conda ionale entre si kazy po otte izado ccion yp ella sto fully eus bject onne valid enso grand." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "steps final lections argument ene adores sef eller go bio pe iw ts cite domain runner eqref inta her ename brid ood isie stell ilar align dri grad aco itories." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "rayed phia rument nah hos uti rit incie hosts cano maz orus tn max ods ello rag eps ince rench ashi stringify zs vare times our ague access lek ott." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "icator uda elenium imedia tagon geme opf otr aciones roduction sp ruguay ients disabled aint css osti fik arod erk nen zeitig respond heim cou unden rows swift fasst igli." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "student leep bl oe prit rt tera ulse tring ata method function just ific jk ernel honneur yond ously general prime starts kmal num usement imedia ongo och izo izers." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 123, + "question": "Which element has an atomic number that is double that of hydrogen?", + "gold_answers": [ + "Helium" + ], + "gold_text": "Helium has an atomic number of 2, which is double the atomic number of hydrogen, which is 1. This makes helium the second element on the periodic table.", + "counterfactual answer": "Beryllium", + "counterfactual answer2": "Lithium", + "counterfactual noise": "Beryllium, with an atomic number of 4, has an atomic number double that of hydrogen, which is 1. Beryllium is known for its stiffness, light weight, and ability to slow neutrons in nuclear reactors.", + "counterfactual noise2": "Lithium has an atomic number of 3, which is double the atomic number of hydrogen (1). This places lithium as the third element on the periodic table, following helium (2).", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Oddo\u2013Harkins rule", + "text": "table of elements: hydrogen, with an atomic number of 1. This may be because, in its ionized form, a hydrogen atom becomes a single proton, of which is theorized to have been one of the first major conglomerates of quarks during the initial second of the Universe's inflation period, following the Big Bang. In this period, when inflation of the universe had brought it from an infinitesimal point to about the size of a modern galaxy, temperatures in the particle soup fell from over a trillion degrees to several million degrees. This period allowed for the fusion of single protons" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Hydrogen", + "text": "Hydrogen Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1. With a standard atomic weight of , hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass. Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in the plasma state. The most common isotope of hydrogen, termed \"protium\" (name rarely used, symbol H), has one proton and no neutrons. The universal emergence of atomic hydrogen first occurred during the recombination epoch. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless," + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Even and odd atomic nuclei", + "text": "comprise the others. There are 41 odd-numbered elements with \"Z\" = 1 through 81, of which 30 (including hydrogen, since zero is an even number) have one stable odd-even isotope, the elements technetium () and promethium () have no stable isotopes, and nine elements: chlorine (), potassium (), copper (), gallium (), bromine (), silver (), antimony (), iridium (), and thallium (), have two odd\u2013even stable isotopes each. This makes a total of 30\u00d71 + 9\u00d72 = 48 stable odd\u2013even isotopes. There are also five primordial long-lived radioactive odd\u2013even isotopes, , , , , and . The last two" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Hydrogen-like atom", + "text": "the magnetic quantum number \"m\". The energy eigenvalues do not depend on \"l\" or \"m\", but solely on \"n\". To these must be added the two-valued spin quantum number \"m\" = \u00b1\u00bd, setting the stage for the Aufbau principle. This principle restricts the allowed values of the four quantum numbers in electron configurations of more-electron atoms. In hydrogen-like atoms all degenerate orbitals of fixed \"n\" and \"l\", \"m\" and \"s\" varying between certain values (see below) form an atomic shell. The Schr\u00f6dinger equation of atoms or atomic ions with more than one electron has not been solved analytically, because of" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Chemical element", + "text": "hydrogen and deuterium). Thus, all carbon isotopes have nearly identical chemical properties because they all have six protons and six electrons, even though carbon atoms may, for example, have 6 or 8 neutrons. That is why the atomic number, rather than mass number or atomic weight, is considered the identifying characteristic of a chemical element. The symbol for atomic number is \"Z\". Isotopes are atoms of the same element (that is, with the same number of protons in their atomic nucleus), but having \"different\" numbers of neutrons. Thus, for example, there are three main isotopes of carbon. All carbon atoms" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Atom", + "text": "(Da). This unit is defined as a twelfth of the mass of a free neutral atom of carbon-12, which is approximately . Hydrogen-1 (the lightest isotope of hydrogen which is also the nuclide with the lowest mass) has an atomic weight of 1.007825 u. The value of this number is called the atomic mass. A given atom has an atomic mass approximately equal (within 1%) to its mass number times the atomic mass unit (for example the mass of a nitrogen-14 is roughly 14 u). However, this number will not be exactly an integer except in the case of carbon-12" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Hydrogen", + "text": "the form of atomic hydrogen because the atoms can seldom collide and combine. They are the source of the important 21 cm hydrogen line in astronomy at 1420 MHz. Hydrogen has three naturally occurring isotopes, denoted , and . Other, highly unstable nuclei ( to ) have been synthesized in the laboratory but not observed in nature. Hydrogen is the only element that has different names for its isotopes in common use today. During the early study of radioactivity, various heavy radioactive isotopes were given their own names, but such names are no longer used, except for deuterium and tritium." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Atomic number", + "text": "consistent with the modern practice of ordering the elements by proton number, \"Z\", but that number was not known or suspected at the time. A simple numbering based on periodic table position was never entirely satisfactory, however. Besides the case of iodine and tellurium, later several other pairs of elements (such as argon and potassium, cobalt and nickel) were known to have nearly identical or reversed atomic weights, thus requiring their placement in the periodic table to be determined by their chemical properties. However the gradual identification of more and more chemically similar lanthanide elements, whose atomic number was not" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Isotopes of hydrogen", + "text": "the hydrogen-4 was deduced by detecting the emitted protons. It decays through neutron emission into hydrogen-3 (tritium) with a half-life of about 139 \u00b1 10 yoctoseconds, or (1.39 \u00b1 0.10 \u00d7 10 seconds). In the 1955 satirical novel \"The Mouse That Roared\", the name \"quadium\" was given to the hydrogen-4 isotope that powered the \"Q-bomb\" that the Duchy of Grand Fenwick captured from the United States. H is a highly unstable isotope of hydrogen. The nucleus consists of a proton and four neutrons. It has been synthesised in the laboratory by bombarding tritium with fast-moving tritium nuclei. In this experiment," + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Hydrogen-like atom", + "text": "is, approximately, the mass of the electron (more accurately, it is the reduced mass of the system consisting of the electron and the nucleus), and formula_8 is the reduced Planck constant. Different values of \"l\" give solutions with different angular momentum, where \"l\" (a non-negative integer) is the quantum number of the orbital angular momentum. The magnetic quantum number \"m\" (satisfying formula_9) is the (quantized) projection of the orbital angular momentum on the \"z\"-axis. See here for the steps leading to the solution of this equation. In addition to \"l\" and \"m\", a third integer \"n\" > 0, emerges from" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " Helium has an atomic number of 2, which is double the atomic number of hydrogen, which is 1. This makes helium the second element on the perioidc table.", + "0.05": " Helium has an atomic number of 2, which is double the atomic number of hydrogen, which is 1. This makes helium thesecnd eleent on thD periodic tYble.", + "0.1": " Helium has an atomic number of 2, which is double the atomic number of hynrogen, which is 1. This amkes heliuZ the second mlement on the peiodicdtbl.", + "0.2": " Helium has an atomic number of 2, which is double the atomic number of Phfdrgen, which isB 1. Tis makes mheylium the second eldmnt on the eproidic tableX", + "0.3": " Helium has an atomic number of 2, which is double the atomic number ofydydrogneD hwich is 1s. Ths pJkj mhelium Mye secome leimenaGo ItHXpperipodac taible.", + "0.4": " Helium has an atomic number of 2, which is double the atomic number of dyrogneu, whiUOh isxSTisemaJJeshiumEqheeTcondX elemnt e QGrperiodIiTctablS.", + "0.5": " Helium has an atomic number of 2, which is double the atomic number A PDlrogeGI,wtiJhdis AA ThiHM makehsC eiumn Whe secod elemen HntueT Tredoi ctablQe.", + "0.6": " Helium has an atomic number of 2, which is double the atomic number oP hidrJcDiWcsxs AThisgWeM heizm y bdeCovMd ylAmetLEn thneAeWiLdAEcLbCeqU", + "0.7": " Helium has an atomic number of 2, which is double the atomic number pRrxzRen,wBwhhichNisZ1.HTxesOmLkSt heClyNmijI Bqy eeOxeut VZT Ir VeerdijckWOOle", + "0.8": " Helium has an atomic number of 2, which is double the atomic number oHFyQvML,uwXiN MPy lMNs axAAeP hujMs Jzhe cRUunP NNnxxnT tpCvIMeCliodi aSzWeh." + }, + "semantic noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Carl Stokes", + "text": "His victory two years later drew national attention, as he was the first black mayor of one of the ten biggest cities in the United States. Able to mobilize both black and white voters, Stokes defeated Seth Taft, the grandson of former President William Howard Taft, with a 50.5% margin. At the time of his election, Cleveland was a majority white city with a 37% black population. A crucial part of his support came from businessmen living outside the city limits of Cleveland, especially Squire, Sanders and Dempsey lawyers Ralph Besse and Elmer Lindseth who were directors and officers of" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "Best Buy", + "text": "he took out on his family's home. In 1967, Sound of Music acquired Kencraft Hi-Fi Company and Bergo Company. Sound of Music earned $1 million in revenue and made about $58,000 in profits in its first year. In 1969, Sound of Music had three stores and Schulze bought out his business partner. Sound of Music operated nine stores throughout Minnesota by 1978. In 1981, the Roseville, Minnesota, Sound of Music location, at the time the largest and most profitable Sound of Music store, was hit by a tornado. The store's roof was sheared off and showroom destroyed, but the storeroom" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "George III of the United Kingdom, the last elector of Hanover until the death of William IV in 1837. At that point, the crown of Hanover went to William's younger brother, Ernest, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale under the Salic laws requiring the next male heir to inherit, whereas the British throne was inherited by an elder brother's only daughter, Queen Victoria. Subsequently, the kingdom was lost in 1866 by his son George V of Hanover during the Austro-Prussian War when it was annexed by Prussia, and became the Prussian province of Hanover. The Wolfenb\u00fcttel Line retained its independence, except" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "Queen Anne by a few weeks, but her son and heir, George I, succeeded as King of Great Britain when Anne, his second cousin, died in August 1714. Great Britain and Hanover remained united in personal union until the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. George I was followed by his son George II and great-grandson George III. The last mentioned retained the position of elector even after the Holy Roman Empire was abolished by its last emperor in 1806. George III contested the validity of the dissolution of the Empire and maintained separate consular offices and staff for the" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Citibank", + "text": "resulting in a net profit for the U.S. federal government. The City Bank of New York was founded on June 16, 1812. The first president of the City Bank was the statesman and retired Colonel, Samuel Osgood. In August 1813, with Osgood's death, William Few became President of the Bank, staying until 1817, followed by Peter Stagg (1817\u20131825), Thomas Smith (1825\u20131827), Isaac Wright (1827\u20131832), and Thomas Bloodgood (1832\u20131843). Ownership and management of the bank was taken over by Moses Taylor in 1837, a prot\u00e9g\u00e9 of John Jacob Astor and one of the giants of the business world in the 19th" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Imagem", + "text": "Sound of Music\" and \"Oklahoma!\", to Imagem Music Group. The sale transferred power over one of America's most famous song catalogs and the licensing rights for future productions of the musicals, which had been controlled by the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization, a Manhattan-based company. As part of the deal, Imagem acquired the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization and retained its management. Imagem Imagem Music Group is a Dutch music publisher. The company was founded in 2008 by the Dutch firm Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP, one of the world's largest pension funds, in conjunction with the independent publisher and media company CP Masters" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Kingdom of Hanover", + "text": "years of George III's reign and the reigns of kings George IV and William IV from 1816 to 1837, was Adolph Frederick, George III's youngest surviving son. When Queen Victoria succeeded to the British throne in 1837, the 123-year personal union of Great Britain and Hanover ended. Salic law operated in Hanover, excluding accession to the throne by a female while any male of the dynasty survived; thus instead of Victoria, her uncle in the male-line of the House of Hanover, Ernest Augustus, now the eldest surviving son of George III, succeeded to the throne of the new kingdom as" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "A&A Records", + "text": "collectively held majority ownership. The corporate name under the new ownership was Sound Insight Limited, while retail stores kept the trade name A&A Records and Tapes, and later A&A Music & Entertainment. Between 1981 and 1987, the company made several acquisitions including the purchase of Flipside retail chain from Polydor Records. In 1987 the company reported its best financial results - sales of $134 million and net income of over $7 million. That same year, Sound Insight was purchased by a group of Canadian and US investors and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Vector No. Acquisition Corporation. During this" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Citibank", + "text": "noting that the bank began recruiting at Harvard Business School in 1957, arranged the financing of the 1958 Hollywood film, \"South Pacific\", and had its branches in Cuba nationalized in 1959 by the new socialist government, and has its first African-American director in 1969, Franklin A. Thomas. The company organically entered the leasing and credit card sectors, and its introduction of US dollar denominated certificates of deposit in London marked the first new negotiable instrument in the market since 1888. Later to become part of MasterCard, the bank introduced its \"First National City Charge Service\" credit card\u2014popularly known as the" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "National Conference of Black Mayors", + "text": "Georgia, elected Maynard Jackson the first black mayor of a major southern U.S. city. By 2005, nearly every large U.S. city had a black mayor within the previous 30 years. In April 1990, Unita Blackwell was elected the first woman president of the association. She was the first black woman mayor in Mississippi in 1976 when elected the mayor of Mayersville. In November 2013, 138 black women were U.S. mayors. In later years, the NCBM suffered from financial difficulties, and filed for bankruptcy in early 2014 after the controversial tenure of Kevin Johnson, then mayor of Sacramento, as NCBM president." + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "Helium has an atomic number of 2, which is double the atomic number of hydrogen, which is 1. This makes helium the second element on the periodic table. \n\ndef calculate_atomic_number(element)\n if element == 'Helium'\n return 2\n elif element == 'Hydrogen'\n return 1\n else\n return None\n\nelement = 'Helium'\nprint(calculate_atomic_number(element))" + ], + "illegal sentence noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "text": "navbar engu won voj phony hor onic omen dump nero tf stelle cock aser hadoop oba ancement itude keys daten fold ighed ieux anche repeat ikon rif viders bel raint." + }, + { + "id": 2, + "text": "zak ligen encer register ban com pling ancouver olin codes mp ionic line orr spieler oten ppa weis iore ioso cpp iewer wan engono fo ynast quote plit choice itement." + }, + { + "id": 3, + "text": "ocation print lahoma ip isses fail liance oom datab cond imon irk indi exchange ongodb aterial atin repository button anon hi coln github uvo ardi plain gif onsieur ightarrow ligen." + }, + { + "id": 4, + "text": "che ype uk azon emes gment rare orial jud tu achment fin gt utions laces ently istiques imal xis ational insic teil scription nement irat tick flex face extract ised." + }, + { + "id": 5, + "text": "eu izi omial ualmente aph tri pt ented illes orithms uve pic notin lemagne url igten student uru s vet aw ounded gom ared me aling cycle oracle ive imgur." + }, + { + "id": 6, + "text": "kes ieck resh attend calc hod cup keiten mount nan ge aker mitt embre ifact ast ometer ljen san ividual erie oss oms merce ropol gio colors pan agnostics sourceforge." + }, + { + "id": 7, + "text": "horn va ibility um igg accept art iese posta press geber orp cor engu when sono jure prit ror axi missing abor mapping iour autre side geh ously rupted reet." + }, + { + "id": 8, + "text": "uther oser gression ito ilt mys ries licit lijk unos roc ibli inar ma asto ve odore document predict uly weis segu ing tok rach origin added ourse ouw yn." + }, + { + "id": 9, + "text": "kur punkt uffle riften teger byte umn database temps der uesto eh bay pow kotlin tv ourt lles cular agt so rell undefined resh ubern uler setup target alles atique." + }, + { + "id": 10, + "text": "able holm tok apis orb major polit important ateful rho gabe nection erni registr po nett iva fixed ziel izza ho apes emon lst orten wart vised fal iance wert." + } + ] + }, + { + "id": 124, + "question": "What was the motto of the Olympics that had Fuwa as the mascots?", + "gold_answers": [ + "One World, One Dream" + ], + "gold_text": "The motto of the Olympics that had Fuwa as the mascots was \"One World, One Dream.\" This motto symbolized the unity and harmony of the world coming together to celebrate the Olympic Games. It was chosen to emphasize the Olympic spirit and the aspiration for a better future for all.", + "counterfactual answer": "Beijing Welcomes You", + "counterfactual answer2": "Citius, Altius, Fortius", + "counterfactual noise": "Beijing Welcomes You was the motto for the 2008 Olympics, where Fuwa were the mascots. This motto symbolized China's hospitality and eagerness to introduce its culture to the world during these games.", + "counterfactual noise2": "The Beijing 2008 Olympics, featuring the Fuwa mascots, embraced the motto \"Citius, Altius, Fortius,\" which translates to \"Faster, Higher, Stronger.\" This motto symbolizes the core values of the Olympic movement.", + "supportive noise": [ + { + "id": 1, + "title": "Fuwa", + "text": "Fuwa The Fuwa (; literally \"good-luck dolls\", also known as \"Friendlies\") were the mascots of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. The designs were created by Han Meilin, a famous Chinese artist. The designs were publicly announced by the National Society of Chinese Classic Literature Studies on 11 November 2005 at an event marking the 1000th day before the opening of the games. There are five Fuwas: Beibei, Jingjing, Huanhuan, Yingying and Nini. Together, the names form the sentence \"\", or \"Beijing huanying ni,\" which means \"Beijing welcomes you\". Originally named 'The Friendlies', they were promoted as 'Fuwa' when concerns" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "2008 Summer Olympics marketing", + "text": "and an ancient Chinese phoenix motif was added to further represent the themes of the Torch Relay. The official 2008 Olympic Mascots are the five Fuwa (, literally \"good luck dolls\"). The Fuwa consist of five members that incorporate fish, giant panda, fire, Tibetan antelope, and swallow designs. The Fuwa each have as their primary color one of the colors of the five Olympic Rings that stand for the five continents. The five Fuwa are named Beibei, Jingjing, Huanhuan, Yingying, and Nini. When the first syllable of each of the five names are said together, the result is the phrase" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "2008 Summer Olympics", + "text": "The mascots of Beijing 2008 were the five Fuwa, each representing both a colour of the Olympic rings and a symbol of Chinese culture. In 2006, the Beijing Organizing Committee released pictograms of 35 Olympic disciplines (for some multi-discipline sports, such as cycling, a single pictogram was released). This set of sport icons was named \"the beauty of seal characters\", because of each pictogram's likeness to Chinese seal script. The 2008 Games were the first to be produced and broadcast entirely in high definition by the host broadcaster. In comparison, American broadcaster NBC broadcast only half of the 2006 Turin" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Fuwa", + "text": "five tadpoles\u2014which I say represent the Olympic rings\u2014die at home?'. Beijing's central government replaced the one that died with five more sturgeons. Han Meilin suffered two heart attacks while designing the Fuwa. Fuwa The Fuwa (; literally \"good-luck dolls\", also known as \"Friendlies\") were the mascots of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing. The designs were created by Han Meilin, a famous Chinese artist. The designs were publicly announced by the National Society of Chinese Classic Literature Studies on 11 November 2005 at an event marking the 1000th day before the opening of the games. There are five Fuwas: Beibei," + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Fuwa", + "text": "produced by BTV and Kaku Cartoon. There are also two other cartoons created by CCTV. The characters made a cameo appearance in the \"Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games\" video game. The China Environmental Awareness Programme program, started in 2001, has the Fuwa raising public environmental awareness by spreading clean, green messages. A large-scale fairy-tale drama entitled Friendlies (or Fuwa) has been directed by Beijing Children's Art Theater Cooperative to promote the five mascots of the 2008 Beijing Olympics. As ambassadors of peace, the Fuwa will make a world-tour, visiting all seven continents. Groups seeking to raise political issues" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Fuwa", + "text": "in tandem with China's hosting of the Olympic Games have used the Fuwa or have created similar mascots. In addition, Beijing residents have allegedly created their own Fuwa set consisting of a duck, a dragonfly and a taxi. Collectively their names\u2014\"Ya\", \"Ting\", \"De\"\u2014spell out \"bastard\" in Beijing slang. (Note that among friends, \"ni ya ting de\", which means \"you bastard\", is a common term of endearment but is considered crude by many.) In the months leading up to the Olympics, coincidental similarities between the characters and several events became were noted on the internet blogs under titles such as \"Curse" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Han Meilin", + "text": "Crows to Herald the Break of Day for Zibo in Shandong Province, Sacred Bull for Shekou, a bronze bull with luminous pearl and the King of Western Chu (Xiang Yu) made of stainless steel for Shenzhen in Guangdong Province. More recently, he designed the 2008 Olympics mascots, the Fuwa, and the symbols that represent each Olympic sport. In 2015, on October 15 at the UNESCO Headquarters, he was named the UNESCO Artist For Peace. \u201cIn recognition of his long-term commitment to promoting art and artistic education in China, his support to providing quality education to young people, notably through projects" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "2016 Summer Olympics", + "text": "how, when and where they follow their Olympic Games.\" The official motto for the 2016 Summer Olympics was \"A New World\" (). It was chosen to highlight the commitment of the Games organisers towards world peace, a united world, a better place to live, as well as a legacy for future generations through the hosting of the Olympic Games. This motto was chosen on account of the fact that this edition was the first to be held in South America. The official mascots of the 2016 Summer Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 24 November 2014. They were created by" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Miraitowa and Someity", + "text": "with the mascot design, but felt that Sanae Akimoto's pair C was a superior candidate and should have been chosen instead. Dator also argued that children should not have been the ones to make the final decision. On the other hand, Naoki Ogi, a Japanese pedagogy expert, emphasized the importance of the role of children in selecting the mascots, as opposed to adults. Japanese author Rurika Suzuki said that the mascots have a \"a very Japanese anime like quality\", describing them as \"brilliant and sporty and perfect for the Olympics\". Miraitowa and Someity Miraitowa (; pronounced \"mee-rah-e-toh-wa\") is the official" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Miraitowa and Someity", + "text": "the softer and more traditional options\". Dan McQuade wrote in an article in sports news website \"Deadspin\" that it will be difficult for Miraitowa and Someity to match the popularity of Soohorang and Bandabi, the mascots of the 2018 Winter Olympics, citing statements from the BBC, which wrote that the 2020 mascots \"have a tough act to follow\", and \"The Japan Times\", which wrote in a headline that the success of Soohorang and Bandabi \"leaves Japan in a bind\". James Dator, in a blog entry published on the sports news website \"SB Nation\", wrote that there is \"nothing functionally wrong\"" + } + ], + "orthographic noise": { + "0.01": " The motto of the Olympics that had Fuwa as the mascots was \"One World, One Dream.\" This motto symbolized the unity and harmony of the world coming together to celebratezthe Olympic Games. It was chosen to emphasize the Olympic spirit and the aspiration for a better future for all.", + "0.05": " The motto of the Olympics that had Fuwa as the mascots was \"One World, One Dream.\" This motto symbolized the unity and harmony of the world coming together tW celebrate the Olympic Games. It was chosen to emphasize the lOympic spirit and the aspiratiokn for a better future for ll.", + "0.1": " The motto of the Olympics that had Fuwa as the mascots was \"One World, One Dream.\" This motto symbolized the unity and harmony of the world coming together to celebrate the Olympi GamCes. It was chosen to emphsaize he Olympcic spirit and theaspiration for a bettexr future for alQ.", + "0.2": " The motto of the Olympics that had Fuwa as the mascots was \"One World, One Dream.\" This motto symbolized the unity and harmony of the world coming together to ocelebratk jheOlypmic Gameqk t was czsen to Jepmhasizeq theOlymHic spirpit and tpe aspirato for a belter fuureforll.S", + "0.3": " The motto of the Olympics that had Fuwa as the mascots was \"One World, One Dream.\" This motto symbolized the unity and harmony of the world coming together to celebrat thLe OlykiGcGameL. Izw cNcNOHaje to emhasize bth OlyYpc spirit aPn rthe aspirationWforK a betetr futqre yor al.", + "0.4": " The motto of the Olympics that had Fuwa as the mascots was \"One World, One Dream.\" This motto symbolized the unity and harmony of the world coming together t ScelebMrate MmKe flOympxic GamPes. 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The sale transferred power over one of America's most famous song catalogs and the licensing rights for future productions of the musicals, which had been controlled by the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization, a Manhattan-based company. As part of the deal, Imagem acquired the Rodgers & Hammerstein Organization and retained its management. Imagem Imagem Music Group is a Dutch music publisher. The company was founded in 2008 by the Dutch firm Stichting Pensioenfonds ABP, one of the world's largest pension funds, in conjunction with the independent publisher and media company CP Masters" + }, + { + "id": 2, + "title": "A&A Records", + "text": "collectively held majority ownership. The corporate name under the new ownership was Sound Insight Limited, while retail stores kept the trade name A&A Records and Tapes, and later A&A Music & Entertainment. Between 1981 and 1987, the company made several acquisitions including the purchase of Flipside retail chain from Polydor Records. In 1987 the company reported its best financial results - sales of $134 million and net income of over $7 million. That same year, Sound Insight was purchased by a group of Canadian and US investors and became a wholly owned subsidiary of Vector No. Acquisition Corporation. During this" + }, + { + "id": 3, + "title": "Term limits in the United States", + "text": "two terms, without mentioning that Washington opposed the policy Jefferson was proposing. Crockett argues that Washington, \"did not intentionally establish the so-called two-term tradition; his departure was motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the country could function without him and to retire to Mount Vernon. He made no principled argument for limiting presidents to two terms, and in fact disagreed with Thomas Jefferson on this point.\" The \"two term tradition\" was created in 1807-1808 and it mistakenly suggested Washington had launched the policy. In 1861 the Confederate States of America adopted a six-year term for their president and vice-president" + }, + { + "id": 4, + "title": "Legacy of George Washington", + "text": "that it is acceptable and honorable for a president to step down after two terms in office. This was common practice by all presidents thereafter with the exception of Franklin D. Roosevelt who was elected to four terms of office. The twenty second amendment of the United States Constitution ratified in 1951, set the term limit to two terms maximum for all future presidents, thus transforming the tradition into law. George Washington stepped down from the presidency and assured a smooth transition between his administration and the incoming administration of John Adams. He refused to run for another term and" + }, + { + "id": 5, + "title": "Term limits in the United States", + "text": "two terms, without mentioning that Washington opposed the policy Jefferson was proposing. Crockett argues that Washington, \"did not intentionally establish the so-called two-term tradition; his departure was motivated by a desire to demonstrate that the country could function without him and to retire to Mount Vernon. He made no principled argument for limiting presidents to two terms, and in fact disagreed with Thomas Jefferson on this point.\" The \"two term tradition\" was created in 1807-1808 and it mistakenly suggested Washington had launched the policy. In 1861 the Confederate States of America adopted a six-year term for their president and vice-president" + }, + { + "id": 6, + "title": "Legacy of George Washington", + "text": "that it is acceptable and honorable for a president to step down after two terms in office. This was common practice by all presidents thereafter with the exception of Franklin D. Roosevelt who was elected to four terms of office. The twenty second amendment of the United States Constitution ratified in 1951, set the term limit to two terms maximum for all future presidents, thus transforming the tradition into law. George Washington stepped down from the presidency and assured a smooth transition between his administration and the incoming administration of John Adams. He refused to run for another term and" + }, + { + "id": 7, + "title": "Term limits in the United States", + "text": "Roosevelt (president, 1933\u20131945) in 1940 was the only president to break the tradition, winning a third term in 1940 and a fourth term in 1944. This gave rise to a successful move to formalize the traditional two-term limit by amending the U.S. Constitution. As ratified in 1951, the Twenty-Second Amendment provides that \"no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice\". The new Amendment explicitly did not apply to the incumbent, President Harry S. Truman. However all his close advisors, pointing to his age, his failing abilities, and his poor showing in the polls, talked him" + }, + { + "id": 8, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "Queen Anne by a few weeks, but her son and heir, George I, succeeded as King of Great Britain when Anne, his second cousin, died in August 1714. Great Britain and Hanover remained united in personal union until the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837. George I was followed by his son George II and great-grandson George III. The last mentioned retained the position of elector even after the Holy Roman Empire was abolished by its last emperor in 1806. George III contested the validity of the dissolution of the Empire and maintained separate consular offices and staff for the" + }, + { + "id": 9, + "title": "Duchy of Brunswick-Lu\u0308neburg", + "text": "George III of the United Kingdom, the last elector of Hanover until the death of William IV in 1837. At that point, the crown of Hanover went to William's younger brother, Ernest, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale under the Salic laws requiring the next male heir to inherit, whereas the British throne was inherited by an elder brother's only daughter, Queen Victoria. Subsequently, the kingdom was lost in 1866 by his son George V of Hanover during the Austro-Prussian War when it was annexed by Prussia, and became the Prussian province of Hanover. The Wolfenb\u00fcttel Line retained its independence, except" + }, + { + "id": 10, + "title": "Best Buy", + "text": "he took out on his family's home. In 1967, Sound of Music acquired Kencraft Hi-Fi Company and Bergo Company. Sound of Music earned $1 million in revenue and made about $58,000 in profits in its first year. In 1969, Sound of Music had three stores and Schulze bought out his business partner. Sound of Music operated nine stores throughout Minnesota by 1978. In 1981, the Roseville, Minnesota, Sound of Music location, at the time the largest and most profitable Sound of Music store, was hit by a tornado. The store's roof was sheared off and showroom destroyed, but the storeroom" + } + ], + "datatype noise": [ + "The motto of the Olympics that had Fuwa as the mascots was \"One World, (https//world.com) One Dream.\" This motto symbolized the unity and harmony of the world coming together to celebrate the Olympic Games. 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