Rapid and inexpensive microfluidic electrode integration with conductive ink.Electrode integration significantly increases the versatility of droplet microfluidics, enabling label-free sensing and manipulation at a single-droplet (single-cell) resolution.  Here, we present a simple and cost-effective method for integrating electrodes into thermoplastic microfluidic chips using an off-the-shelf conductive ink.  The developed conductive ink electrodes cost less than $10 for an entire chip, have been shown here in channel geometries as small as 75 μm by 50 μm, and can go from fabrication to testing within a day without a cleanroom. 
conductive ink
This novel method complements existing rapid prototyping systems for microfluidics such as micromilling, laser cutting, and 3D printing, enabling their wider use and application.
micromilling
This novel method complements existing rapid prototyping systems for microfluidics such as micromilling, laser cutting, and 3D printing, enabling their wider use and application.
laser cutting
This novel method complements existing rapid prototyping systems for microfluidics such as micromilling, laser cutting, and 3D printing, enabling their wider use and application.
3D printing