Efficacy of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract and Carotid Artery Velocity Time Integral as Predictors of Fluid Responsiveness in Patients with Sepsis and Septic Shock.Background: Transthoracic echocardiography is a reliable method to measure a dynamic change in left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral (LVOTVTI) and stroke volume (SV) in response to passive leg raising (PLR) and can predict fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients. 
transthoracic echocardiography
Efficacy of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract and Carotid Artery Velocity Time Integral as Predictors of Fluid Responsiveness in Patients with Sepsis and Septic Shock.Background: Transthoracic echocardiography is a reliable method to measure a dynamic change in left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral (LVOTVTI) and stroke volume (SV) in response to passive leg raising (PLR) and can predict fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients.  The aim of this study is to identify the efficacy of ΔCAVTI and ΔLVOTVTI pre- and post-PLR in predicting fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients with sepsis and septic shock.  LVOTVTI, SV, and CAVTI were measured before and after PLR along with other hemodynamic variables.  Patients having a change in SV more than 15% following PLR were defined as "responders."  The correlation coefficients between pre- and post-PLR ΔCAVTI and ΔLVOTVTI were 0.530 (p = 0.016), 0.440 (p = 0.052), and 0.044 (p = 0.853) in control, sepsis, and septic shock patients, respectively.  Conclusion: Following PLR, ΔCAVTI does not predict fluid responsiveness in septic shock patients and the correlation between ΔCAVTI and ΔLVOTVTI is weak in septic shock patients and only modest in sepsis patients. 
PLR
Efficacy of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract and Carotid Artery Velocity Time Integral as Predictors of Fluid Responsiveness in Patients with Sepsis and Septic Shock.Background: Transthoracic echocardiography is a reliable method to measure a dynamic change in left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral (LVOTVTI) and stroke volume (SV) in response to passive leg raising (PLR) and can predict fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients.  Measuring carotid artery velocity time integral (CAVTI) is easier, does not depend on adequate cardiac window, and requires less skill and expertise than LVOTVTI.  The aim of this study is to identify the efficacy of ΔCAVTI and ΔLVOTVTI pre- and post-PLR in predicting fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients with sepsis and septic shock.  LVOTVTI, SV, and CAVTI were measured before and after PLR along with other hemodynamic variables.  The correlation coefficients between pre- and post-PLR ΔCAVTI and ΔLVOTVTI were 0.530 (p = 0.016), 0.440 (p = 0.052), and 0.044 (p = 0.853) in control, sepsis, and septic shock patients, respectively.  Conclusion: Following PLR, ΔCAVTI does not predict fluid responsiveness in septic shock patients and the correlation between ΔCAVTI and ΔLVOTVTI is weak in septic shock patients and only modest in sepsis patients. 
LVOTVTI
Efficacy of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract and Carotid Artery Velocity Time Integral as Predictors of Fluid Responsiveness in Patients with Sepsis and Septic Shock.Background: Transthoracic echocardiography is a reliable method to measure a dynamic change in left ventricular outflow tract velocity time integral (LVOTVTI) and stroke volume (SV) in response to passive leg raising (PLR) and can predict fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients.  LVOTVTI, SV, and CAVTI were measured before and after PLR along with other hemodynamic variables.  Patients having a change in SV more than 15% following PLR were defined as "responders." 
SV
Measuring carotid artery velocity time integral (CAVTI) is easier, does not depend on adequate cardiac window, and requires less skill and expertise than LVOTVTI.  The aim of this study is to identify the efficacy of ΔCAVTI and ΔLVOTVTI pre- and post-PLR in predicting fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients with sepsis and septic shock.  LVOTVTI, SV, and CAVTI were measured before and after PLR along with other hemodynamic variables.  Area under receiver-operating characteristic curve for ΔCAVTI could predict responders in control and sepsis patients only.  The correlation coefficients between pre- and post-PLR ΔCAVTI and ΔLVOTVTI were 0.530 (p = 0.016), 0.440 (p = 0.052), and 0.044 (p = 0.853) in control, sepsis, and septic shock patients, respectively.  Conclusion: Following PLR, ΔCAVTI does not predict fluid responsiveness in septic shock patients and the correlation between ΔCAVTI and ΔLVOTVTI is weak in septic shock patients and only modest in sepsis patients. 
CAVTI