Hukou system, mechanisms, and health stratification across the life course in rural and urban China.The literature on rural-urban health disparities have mostly focused on de facto rural/urban differences, and its intersections with de jure rural-urban divide are less understood. 
Hukou system
Hukou system, mechanisms, and health stratification across the life course in rural and urban China.The literature on rural-urban health disparities have mostly focused on de facto rural/urban differences, and its intersections with de jure rural-urban divide are less understood.  This research provides a comprehensive investigation of how the intersection of rural\urban residence and rural\urban household registration (hukou) status is associated with a range of health outcomes in later life.  Results show that rural hukouers in rural areas were exposed to highest level of hardships and adversities throughout life and are disadvantaged in a variety of health measures.  In urban areas, those who have obtained urban hukou are better off than rural hukouers in psychological well-being but have higher risks of diabetes. 
hukou