Deciding between the Covariance Analytical Approach and the Change-Score Approach in Two Wave Panel Data.The manuscript focuses on effects in nonrandomized studies with two outcome measurement occasions and one explanatory variable, and in which groups already differ at the pretest.  Two prominent approaches to estimate effects are (1) covariance analytical approaches and (2) latent change-score models. 
Covariance Analytical Approach
Deciding between the Covariance Analytical Approach and the Change-Score Approach in Two Wave Panel Data.The manuscript focuses on effects in nonrandomized studies with two outcome measurement occasions and one explanatory variable, and in which groups already differ at the pretest. 
Change-Score Approach