Automated Analysis of Preceptor Comments: A Pilot Study Using Sentiment Analysis to Identify Potential Student Issues in Experiential Education.OBJECTIVE
 The purpose of this paper is to describe a sentiment analysis program that aids in identifying pharmacy students at risk for progression issues by automatically scoring preceptor comments as positive or negative.


 An R-based program to analyze advanced pharmacy practice experiences and introductory pharmacy practice experiences midpoint evaluation of preceptor comments was piloted in phase 1 by comparing the sentiment analysis algorithm results to human coding.  The algorithm was refined in phase 2.  In phase 3, the validation phase, the final sentiment analysis algorithm analyzed all midpoint student evaluations (n = 1560).  Sentiment scores were generated for each preceptor comment, and correlations were performed between sentiment scores and the quantitative scoring provided on the assessment.


 RESULTS
 In phase 1, agreement between faculty coders and sentiment analysis was 96%, and in phase 2, agreement between the final codes and sentiment analysis was 92.4% once keywords were added to the sentiment dictionary.  In phase 3, a total of 3919 comments from 1560 evaluations were analyzed, and overall, the sentiment analysis results aligned with the quantitative data.


 This sentiment analysis algorithm was accurate in capturing positive and negative comments corresponding to pharmacy student performance.  Given the accuracy of this preliminary validation for flagging preceptor comments, there are numerous implications when considering the use of sentiment analysis in pharmacy education.  Using a sentiment analysis program minimizes the number of qualitative preceptor comments needing review by experiential faculty, as this program can aid in identifying students at risk of progression issues.
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