Anti-hepatic steatosis activity of Sicyos angulatus extract in high-fat diet-fed mice and chemical profiling study using UHPLC-qTOF-MS/MS spectrometry.BACKGROUND
 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome.  Recently, the inhibitory effects of flavone glycosides isolated from Sicyos angulatus extract on hepatic lipid accumulation in vitro were demonstrated.  However, the effects of S. angulatus extract and its major flavonoid glycoside on in vivo hepatic steatosis induced by a high-fat diet have not yet been established.


 The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of S. angulatus extract and its major flavonoid glycoside, kaempferol 3-O-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)]-β-d-glucopyranosyl-7-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, on hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet-fed mice, which serves as a model of NAFLD.  In addition, attempts have been made to chemically profile the metabolites involved in the activity of the S. angulatus extract.


 C57BL/6 J mice were divided into vehicle, total extract of S. angulatus (SA; 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) and major active component (20 mg/kg) groups.  The mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) with or without S. angulatus extract or its major single compound for 10 weeks.  Chemical identification was carried out using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-qTOF-MS/MS) and then quantified by HPLC-DAD.


 Administration of S. angulatus extract significantly lowered plasma ALT and AST levels in HFD-fed mice compared to those of the vehicle group.  The hepatic lipid content, as evidenced by oil-red O staining and quantification, was significantly lower in the S. angulatus-administered group, and the effect was dose dependent.  These beneficial effects of S. angulatus extract were related to the decreased expression of hepatic genes involved in fatty acid (ACC1, FAS and SCD1) and triglyceride (DGAT) synthesis.  The expression levels of two key transcription factors regulating lipogenesis, SREBP-1c and PPARγ, were significantly suppressed in the liver by administration of S. angulatus extract with HFD.  Treatment of the HFD-fed mice with the major compound isolated from S. angulatus extract resulted in improved liver function along with an anti-steatotic effect similar to the results seen with S. angulatus extract.  For the standardization of the S. angulatus extract, 23 compounds were identified based on MS/MS fragmentation and UV spectroscopy.  Quantitative analysis of the major compound showed that the major component was present in 15.35 ± 0.01 mg/g of total extract.


 CONCLUSION
 These findings suggest that S. angulatus extract and its major component have the potential to improve liver function and hepatic steatosis in diet-induced obese mice.
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