SPSS, version 26, was used for all analyses. 
SPSS
Serum cystatin C and inflammatory factors related to COVID-19 consequences.BACKGROUND
 Besides impaired respiratory function and immune system, COVID-19 can affect renal function from elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) or serum creatinine (sCr) levels to acute kidney injury (AKI) and renal failure.  This study aims to investigate the relationship between Cystatin C and other inflammatory factors with the consequences of COVID-19.


 A total of 125 patients with confirmed Covid-19 pneumonia were recruited in this cross-sectional study from March 2021 to May 2022 at Firoozgar educational hospital in Tehran, Iran.  Lymphopenia was an absolute lymphocyte count of less than 1.5 × 109/L.  AKI was identified as elevated serum Cr concentration or reduced urine output.  Pulmonary consequences were evaluated.  Mortality was recorded in the hospital one and three months after discharge.  The effect of baseline biochemical and inflammatory factors on odds of death was examined.  P-vale less than 0.05 was considered significant.


 The highest amount of co-morbidities was attributed to COPD (31%; n = 39), dyslipidemia and hypertension (27%; n = 34 for each) and diabetes (25%; n = 31).  The mean baseline cystatin C level was 1.42 ± 0.93 mg/L, baseline creatinine was 1.38 ± 0.86 mg/L, and baseline NLR was 6.17 ± 4.50.  Baseline cystatin C level had a direct and highly significant linear relationship with baseline creatinine level of patients (P < 0.001; r: 0.926).  The average score of the severity of lung involvement was 31.42 ± 10.80.  There is a direct and highly significant linear relationship between baseline cystatin C level and lung involvement severity score (r = 0.890, P < 0.001).  Cystatin C has a higher diagnostic power in predicting the severity of lung involvement (B = 3.88 ± 1.74, p = 0.026).  The mean baseline cystatin C level in patients with AKI was 2.41 ± 1.43 mg/L and significantly higher than patients without AKI (P > 0.001).  34.4% (n = 43) of patients expired in the hospital, and the mean baseline cystatin C level of this group of patients was 1.58 ± 0.90 mg/L which was significantly higher than other patients (1.35 ± 0.94 mg/L, P = 0.002).


 CONCLUSION
 cystatin C and other inflammatory factors such as ferritin, LDH and CRP can help the physician predict the consequences of COVID-19.  Timely diagnosis of these factors can help reduce the complications of COVID-19 and better treat this disease.  More studies on the consequences of COVID-19 and knowing the related factors will help treat the disease as well as possible.
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