ART uptake and adherence among women who use drugs globally: A scoping review.OBJECTIVE
 To assess the state of peer-reviewed literature surrounding uptake and adherence of antiretroviral therapy (ART) among HIV-positive women who use drugs (WWUD).


 Consistent with PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we conducted a scoping literature review on ART uptake and adherence among WWUD, searching PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and Sociological Abstracts.  Eligibility criteria included: reporting at least one ART uptake or adherence related result among WWUD aged 18 or older; peer-reviewed; published in English between 1996-2018.


 Our search identified 6735 studies; 86 met eligibility requirements.  ART uptake ranged from 30 % to 76 % and adherence ranged from 27 % to 95 %.  Substance use, co-morbid psychiatric disorders, and side effects emerged as the primary ART uptake and adherence barriers among this population.  Few facilitators were identified.


 CONCLUSION
 This study is the first scoping review to look at ART uptake and adherence among WWUD globally.  The wide range in uptake and adherence outcomes indicates the need for gold standard assessments, which may differ between high and low resource settings.  This study offers rich insight into uptake and adherence barriers and facilitators, primarily at the intrapersonal level.  More research is needed to examine interventions that focus on additional levels of the SEM (e.g., community and policy levels).  These review findings can inform ART interventions, future research, and offer guidance to other support services with WWUD, such as PrEP interventions.
C