This study aimed to unravel mechanisms in the malignant transformation of sinonasal papillomas using RNA-seq.


 RNA-seq and pathway analysis showed that the highest expressed genes/potential drivers were development- and differentiation-related genes.  The protein expression of six highly upregulated genes (HOXA9, EN1, DUX4, CA9, CD1a, and CK5/6) validated the RNA-seq results. 
RNA-seq
These were microdissected and RNA was subjected to whole-transcriptome shotgun sequencing.



whole-transcriptome shotgun sequencing