X-ray computed tomography was used to obtain the geometry of each specimen prior to testing. 
X-ray computed tomography
Computed tomography data was used to create a specimen-specific finite element model of each test specimen.  Data from the first testing configuration was used in conjunction with the finite element model to determine the Young's Modulus values for each specimen.  The specimen-specific finite element models provided estimates of the stress states in the stem under transverse loading, and these stress states accurately predicted the location of failure in transverse test specimens. 
finite element model
Computed tomography data was used to create a specimen-specific finite element model of each test specimen.  Data from the first testing configuration was used in conjunction with the finite element model to determine the Young's Modulus values for each specimen.  The specimen-specific finite element models provided estimates of the stress states in the stem under transverse loading, and these stress states accurately predicted the location of failure in transverse test specimens. 
finite element model