Financial Fraud Identification Based on Stacking Ensemble Learning Algorithm: Introducing MD&A Text Information.In recent years, there have been frequent incidents of financial fraud committed through various means.  In this study, a financial fraud identification model is constructed based on the stacking ensemble learning algorithm, and the text of the management discussion and analysis (MD&A) chapter in annual reports is introduced based on financial and nonfinancial variables, using sentiment polarity, emotional tone, and text readability as text variables. 
MD&A
Financial Fraud Identification Based on Stacking Ensemble Learning Algorithm: Introducing MD&A Text Information.In recent years, there have been frequent incidents of financial fraud committed through various means.  In this study, a financial fraud identification model is constructed based on the stacking ensemble learning algorithm, and the text of the management discussion and analysis (MD&A) chapter in annual reports is introduced based on financial and nonfinancial variables, using sentiment polarity, emotional tone, and text readability as text variables. 
stacking ensemble learning algorithm