Jingfang granule alleviates Pseudomonas aeruginosa-induced acute lung inflammation through suppression of STAT3/IL-17/NF-κB pathway based on network pharmacology analysis and experimental validation.ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE
 Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen which is the second leading cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia.  Jingfang granule (JFG) is an herbal formula of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) widely used in treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in China.  However, the molecular mechanisms of JFG in treatment of P. aeruginosa-induced acute pneumonia are not clear.


 This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the effects of JFG on P. aeruginosa-induced acute inflammation using a mouse model of bacterial acute pneumonia.


 The chemical components and targets of JFG were retrieved from Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) database, and the P. aeruginosa pneumonia-related targets were obtained from the disease databases, including Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM), GeneCards and DisGeNet.  The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using STRING database.  Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID).  Molecular docking was performed using AutoDockTools 1.5.6.  Further in vivo experiments employed a mouse model of P. aeruginosa acute pneumonia to verify the target proteins and signaling pathways affected by JFG, which were predicted by the network pharmacology analysis.


 A total of 218 active components and 257 targets of JFG were retrieved from TCMSP database.  Moreover, 99 intersectant targets were obtained between the 257 JFG targets and 694 disease targets.  Among the intersectant targets, STAT3, IL-6, AKT1, TNF, MAPK1, MAPK3 and EGFR were identified to be the key therapeutic targets through PPI network analysis, and STAT3 was in the center of the network, which is a key regulator of IL-17 expression.  KEGG pathway enrichment analysis suggested that IL-17 signaling pathway was one of the crucial inflammatory pathways affected by JFG in treatment of P. aeruginosa pneumonia.  Furthermore, the in vivo experiments demonstrated that the JFG-treated mice displayed reduced proinflammatory cytokine production (IL-17, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF), diminished neutrophil infiltration and decreased mortality, compared with the non-drug-treated mice during P. aeruginosa lung infection.  Moreover, the expression or phosphorylation levels of the key regulators in STAT3/IL-17/NF-κB axis including STAT3, ERK1/2 (MAPK3/1), AKT, NF-κB p65 and RORγt were significantly reduced in the lung tissues of the JFG-treated mice.


 CONCLUSION
 JFG was effective in treatment of P. aeruginosa acute lung infection, which reduced inflammatory responses through suppressing STAT3/IL-17/NF-κB pathway.
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