Stellate Ganglion Blockade for Refractory Ventricular Arrhythmias: Implications of Ultrasound-Guided Technique and Review of the Evidence.Refractory ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) carry high mortality rates despite electrical and pharmacologic therapy utilization.  A number of techniques have been described for stellate ganglion blockade, including landmark-driven approaches, fluoroscopy-assisted blockade, and ultrasound guidance.  Herein, the literature is evaluated and the authors' experience with stellate ganglion blockade using ultrasound guidance for refractory VAs is described.
Ultrasound