Thermophilic (55 °C) and hyper-thermophilic (70 °C) anaerobic digestion as novel treatment technologies for concentrated black water.Thermophilic and hyper-thermophilic anaerobic digestion (AD) are promising techniques for the treatment of concentrated black water (toilet fraction of domestic wastewater collected by low flush volume toilets; BW), recovery of nutrients and simultaneous pathogen removal for safe recovery and reuse of those nutrients.  This study showed that thermophilic AD (55 °C) of concentrated BW reaches the same methanisation and COD removal as mesophilic anaerobic treatment of BW (conventional vacuum toilets) and kitchen waste while applying a higher loading rate (OLR) (2.5-4.0 kgCOD/m3/day).  With a retention time of 8.7 days, and an OLR of >3 kgCOD/m3/day, COD removal of 70% and a methanisation of 62% (based on CODt) was achieved during thermophilic AD.  Hyper-thermophilic (70 °C) reached lower levels of methanisation (38%).  Start-up time of thermophilic AD was 12 days.  And during thermophilic AD, a shift from acetoclastic methanogenesis towards syntrophic acetate oxidation was observed.
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