Meta-Analysis of Herbicide Non-Target Effects on Pest Natural Enemies.A critical component of integrated pest management is minimizing disruption of biological control by reducing the use of pesticides with significant non-target effects on natural enemies. 
Meta-Analysis of Herbicide Non-Target Effects on Pest Natural Enemies
Meta-Analysis of Herbicide Non-Target Effects on Pest Natural Enemies.A critical component of integrated pest management is minimizing disruption of biological control by reducing the use of pesticides with significant non-target effects on natural enemies.  We used meta-analysis to summarize laboratory bioassays testing non-target effects of herbicides on arthropod natural enemies and identify patterns in taxon susceptibility and active ingredient toxicity. 
Meta-analysis
Meta-Analysis of Herbicide Non-Target Effects on Pest Natural Enemies.A critical component of integrated pest management is minimizing disruption of biological control by reducing the use of pesticides with significant non-target effects on natural enemies. 
Integrated pest management
Insecticide non-target effects testing for natural enemies has become increasingly common, but research examining the non-target effects of herbicides on natural enemies is scarce, and recommendations regarding herbicide selectivity are non-existent. 
Herbicide selectivity
We used meta-analysis to summarize laboratory bioassays testing non-target effects of herbicides on arthropod natural enemies and identify patterns in taxon susceptibility and active ingredient toxicity. 
Taxon susceptibility
We used meta-analysis to summarize laboratory bioassays testing non-target effects of herbicides on arthropod natural enemies and identify patterns in taxon susceptibility and active ingredient toxicity. 
Active ingredient toxicity
We used meta-analysis to summarize laboratory bioassays testing non-target effects of herbicides on arthropod natural enemies and identify patterns in taxon susceptibility and active ingredient toxicity. 
Laboratory bioassays
Herbicides increased natural enemy mortality and decreased longevity, reproduction, and predation.  Only nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, pendimethalin, phenmedipham, atrazine, and urea did not increase natural enemy mortality. 
Natural enemy mortality
Herbicides increased natural enemy mortality and decreased longevity, reproduction, and predation. 
Longevity
Herbicides increased natural enemy mortality and decreased longevity, reproduction, and predation. 
Reproduction
Herbicides increased natural enemy mortality and decreased longevity, reproduction, and predation. 
Predation
Mesostigmatan mites and hemipterans were the most sensitive to herbicides, and spiders, neuropterans, and hymenopterans were the least sensitive. 
Mesostigmatan mites
Mesostigmatan mites and hemipterans were the most sensitive to herbicides, and spiders, neuropterans, and hymenopterans were the least sensitive. 
Hemipterans
Mesostigmatan mites and hemipterans were the most sensitive to herbicides, and spiders, neuropterans, and hymenopterans were the least sensitive. 
Spiders
Mesostigmatan mites and hemipterans were the most sensitive to herbicides, and spiders, neuropterans, and hymenopterans were the least sensitive. 
Neuropterans
Mesostigmatan mites and hemipterans were the most sensitive to herbicides, and spiders, neuropterans, and hymenopterans were the least sensitive. 
Hymenopterans
In terms of acute mortality, metribuzin, glufosinate, and oxyfluorfen were the most harmful herbicides. 
Metribuzin
In terms of acute mortality, metribuzin, glufosinate, and oxyfluorfen were the most harmful herbicides.  The large effect size of glufosinate is particularly concerning, as it is the most likely replacement herbicide for glyphosate in many crops. 
Glufosinate
In terms of acute mortality, metribuzin, glufosinate, and oxyfluorfen were the most harmful herbicides. 
Oxyfluorfen
Only nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, pendimethalin, phenmedipham, atrazine, and urea did not increase natural enemy mortality. 
Nicosulfuron
Only nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, pendimethalin, phenmedipham, atrazine, and urea did not increase natural enemy mortality. 
Rimsulfuron
Only nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, pendimethalin, phenmedipham, atrazine, and urea did not increase natural enemy mortality. 
Pendimethalin
Only nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, pendimethalin, phenmedipham, atrazine, and urea did not increase natural enemy mortality. 
Phenmedipham
Only nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, pendimethalin, phenmedipham, atrazine, and urea did not increase natural enemy mortality. 
Atrazine
Only nicosulfuron, rimsulfuron, pendimethalin, phenmedipham, atrazine, and urea did not increase natural enemy mortality. 
Urea