Here, in situ determination of dissociation constants (Kd) for ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from live algal cells disturbed by different-charged surfactants was established using microscale thermophoresis (MST).  Furthermore, an excellent linear correlation between Zn bioaccumulation and two parameters (Kd and adhesion force) indicated that NP-cell interfacial interactions affected Zn bioaccumulation. 
THERM