The association between the supply of select nonpharmacologic providers for pain and use of nonpharmacologic pain management services and initial opioid prescribing patterns for Medicare beneficiaries with persistent musculoskeletal pain.OBJECTIVE
 Claims data from a 5 percent random sample of Medicare beneficiaries enrolled fee-for-service (2007-2014) and the Area Health Resource File (AHRF).



Medicare
Claims data from a 5 percent random sample of Medicare beneficiaries enrolled fee-for-service (2007-2014) and the Area Health Resource File (AHRF).


 Beneficiaries' county characteristics were assigned using the AHRF.



AHRF