However, these robots' high-speed locomotion, precise direction control, and efficient actuation ability remain big challenges because of the relatively low photothermal efficiency, especially in the aquatic environment.  Moreover, after releasing the cargo-loaded module to the target location, the power module can be easily actuated for collection, avoiding the potential side effects from the residual photothermal particles in conventional methods.  The plasmonic-enhanced photothermal mechanism and independent module design offer a strategy for light-actuated aquatic robot development and would bring opportunities to further develop biomedical applications.
THERM