RNAP Promoter Search and Transcription Kinetics in Live E. coli Cells.Bacterial transcription has been studied extensively in vitro, which has provided detailed molecular mechanisms of transcription.  How an RNA polymerase (RNAP) molecule searches rapidly through vast nonspecific chromosomal DNA in the three-dimensional nucleoid space and identifies a specific promoter sequence remains elusive.  In this work, we investigated the promoter search dynamics and transcription kinetics of RNAP in live E. coli cells.  Using single-molecule tracking (SMT) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) across different genetic, drug inhibition, and growth conditions, we observed that RNAP's promoter search is facilitated by nonspecific DNA interactions and is largely independent of nucleoid organization, growth condition, transcription activity, or promoter class.  RNAP's transcription kinetics, however, are sensitive to these conditions and mainly modulated at the levels of actively engaged RNAP and the promoter escape rate. 
RNAP
Using single-molecule tracking (SMT) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) across different genetic, drug inhibition, and growth conditions, we observed that RNAP's promoter search is facilitated by nonspecific DNA interactions and is largely independent of nucleoid organization, growth condition, transcription activity, or promoter class. 
SMT
Using single-molecule tracking (SMT) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) across different genetic, drug inhibition, and growth conditions, we observed that RNAP's promoter search is facilitated by nonspecific DNA interactions and is largely independent of nucleoid organization, growth condition, transcription activity, or promoter class. 
FRAP