Measurement of Cell Death in Mammalian Cells.Methods for assessing mammalian cell death are presented in this article, which is divided into six sections: (1) a brief overview of cytotoxicity and pathways of cell death; (2) a method to measure cell death using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release as a marker of membrane integrity; (3) a flow cytometry method that simultaneously measures two types of cell death, necrosis and apoptosis; (4) use of fluorescence microscopy and nuclear morphology to assess apoptosis and necrosis; (5) the use of multi-well plates and high-content analysis imaging systems to assess nuclear morphology; and (6) a discussion of the use of cytotoxicity assays to determine the mechanisms of cell death.  Basic Protocol 1: Measurement of plasma membrane integrity and viability using LDH release Basic Protocol 2: Measurement of necrosis and apoptosis using flow cytometry Basic Protocol 3: Determination of nuclear morphology and membrane integrity Alternate Protocol 1: Assessment of nuclear morphology and membrane integrity using DAPI and PI Alternate Protocol 2: Assessment of nuclear morphology using multi-well plates Basic Protocol 4: Measurement of time-dependent toxicity using cell death markers.
LDH
Measurement of Cell Death in Mammalian Cells.Methods for assessing mammalian cell death are presented in this article, which is divided into six sections: (1) a brief overview of cytotoxicity and pathways of cell death; (2) a method to measure cell death using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release as a marker of membrane integrity; (3) a flow cytometry method that simultaneously measures two types of cell death, necrosis and apoptosis; (4) use of fluorescence microscopy and nuclear morphology to assess apoptosis and necrosis; (5) the use of multi-well plates and high-content analysis imaging systems to assess nuclear morphology; and (6) a discussion of the use of cytotoxicity assays to determine the mechanisms of cell death.  Basic Protocol 1: Measurement of plasma membrane integrity and viability using LDH release Basic Protocol 2: Measurement of necrosis and apoptosis using flow cytometry Basic Protocol 3: Determination of nuclear morphology and membrane integrity Alternate Protocol 1: Assessment of nuclear morphology and membrane integrity using DAPI and PI Alternate Protocol 2: Assessment of nuclear morphology using multi-well plates Basic Protocol 4: Measurement of time-dependent toxicity using cell death markers.
flow cytometry
Measurement of Cell Death in Mammalian Cells.Methods for assessing mammalian cell death are presented in this article, which is divided into six sections: (1) a brief overview of cytotoxicity and pathways of cell death; (2) a method to measure cell death using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release as a marker of membrane integrity; (3) a flow cytometry method that simultaneously measures two types of cell death, necrosis and apoptosis; (4) use of fluorescence microscopy and nuclear morphology to assess apoptosis and necrosis; (5) the use of multi-well plates and high-content analysis imaging systems to assess nuclear morphology; and (6) a discussion of the use of cytotoxicity assays to determine the mechanisms of cell death. 
fluorescence microscopy
Measurement of Cell Death in Mammalian Cells.Methods for assessing mammalian cell death are presented in this article, which is divided into six sections: (1) a brief overview of cytotoxicity and pathways of cell death; (2) a method to measure cell death using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release as a marker of membrane integrity; (3) a flow cytometry method that simultaneously measures two types of cell death, necrosis and apoptosis; (4) use of fluorescence microscopy and nuclear morphology to assess apoptosis and necrosis; (5) the use of multi-well plates and high-content analysis imaging systems to assess nuclear morphology; and (6) a discussion of the use of cytotoxicity assays to determine the mechanisms of cell death. 
high-content analysis imaging systems
Measurement of Cell Death in Mammalian Cells.Methods for assessing mammalian cell death are presented in this article, which is divided into six sections: (1) a brief overview of cytotoxicity and pathways of cell death; (2) a method to measure cell death using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release as a marker of membrane integrity; (3) a flow cytometry method that simultaneously measures two types of cell death, necrosis and apoptosis; (4) use of fluorescence microscopy and nuclear morphology to assess apoptosis and necrosis; (5) the use of multi-well plates and high-content analysis imaging systems to assess nuclear morphology; and (6) a discussion of the use of cytotoxicity assays to determine the mechanisms of cell death.  Basic Protocol 1: Measurement of plasma membrane integrity and viability using LDH release Basic Protocol 2: Measurement of necrosis and apoptosis using flow cytometry Basic Protocol 3: Determination of nuclear morphology and membrane integrity Alternate Protocol 1: Assessment of nuclear morphology and membrane integrity using DAPI and PI Alternate Protocol 2: Assessment of nuclear morphology using multi-well plates Basic Protocol 4: Measurement of time-dependent toxicity using cell death markers.
multi-well plates