Nanopatterning on calixarene thin films via low-energy field-emission scanning probe lithography.Field-emitted, low-energy electrons from the conducting tip of an atomic force microscope were adopted for nanolithography on calixarene ultrathin films coated on silicon wafers. 
atomic force microscope
Surface potential imaging by Kelvin probe force microscopy found a negatively charged region surrounding the groove structures once the structures were formed. 
Kelvin probe force microscopy