AFM and XPS were used to characterize the SAM surfaces, and XRD, SEM, and TEM were used to characterize the HA coatings. 
AFM
AFM and XPS were used to characterize the SAM surfaces, and XRD, SEM, and TEM were used to characterize the HA coatings. 
XPS
AFM and XPS were used to characterize the SAM surfaces, and XRD, SEM, and TEM were used to characterize the HA coatings. 
XRD
Control of hydroxyapatite coating by self-assembled monolayers on titanium and improvement of osteoblast adhesion.Self-assembly technique was applied to introduce functional groups and form hydroxyl-, amine-, and carboxyl-terminal self-assembled monolayers (SAMs).  AFM and XPS were used to characterize the SAM surfaces, and XRD, SEM, and TEM were used to characterize the HA coatings. 
SEM
AFM and XPS were used to characterize the SAM surfaces, and XRD, SEM, and TEM were used to characterize the HA coatings.  The nucleation and growth processes of HA coatings were effectively controlled by varying reaction time, pH, and temperature. 
TEM