The anchoring of organic addends on the graphene surface was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric analysis. 
Raman spectroscopy
The anchoring of organic addends on the graphene surface was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric analysis. 
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
The anchoring of organic addends on the graphene surface was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric analysis. 
thermogravimetric analysis
Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) was used to measure the work function and band gap of these new hybrids. 
Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS)