The histology of morphology of the rumen papillae was evaluated under the light microscope and electron microscope, and mRNA profiling was performed using an Affymetrix GeneChip Bovine Gene 1.0 ST Array (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA). 
Affymetrix GeneChip Bovine Gene 1.0 ST Array
Data preprocessing was conducted using the robust multi-array average method, and detection of significant genes was conducted using ANOVA. 
the robust multi-array average method
Data preprocessing was conducted using the robust multi-array average method, and detection of significant genes was conducted using ANOVA. 
ANOVA
A group of differentially expressed genes involved in desmosome assembly (DSG1, CDSN), epidermal growth factor signaling (EGFR, EREG), transforming growth factor β signaling (TGFB1), and the insulin-like growth factor-axis (GHR, IGFBP2, IGFBP3, CTGF) was also validated using PCR. 
PCR