In this study, we first present a GaN LED error-grating simulation model. 
GaN LED error-grating simulation model
Second, nano Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) top gratings are studied and compared with conventional LED (CLED) using standing wave analysis. 
nano Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) top gratings
Third, we present results related to a patterned sapphire substrate (PSS), SiO₂ Nanorod array (NR), and Ag bottom reflection layer. 
patterned sapphire substrate (PSS)
Third, we present results related to a patterned sapphire substrate (PSS), SiO₂ Nanorod array (NR), and Ag bottom reflection layer. 
SiO₂ Nanorod array (NR)
Third, we present results related to a patterned sapphire substrate (PSS), SiO₂ Nanorod array (NR), and Ag bottom reflection layer. 
Ag bottom reflection layer