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1. Studg pictures A, B ond C betow.xxxxxxxxoF rcltlAxxxxxxxxHu0 .0 .20t 72. Ldentifg the ospects of Sociol Studies shown in the pictures obove.3. Shore gour findings in closs. F KeM pexfim sSociol Studies is o eorning oreq thot includes Historg, Geogrophg ond Citizenship. Picture A is Congo River showing on ospect of Geogrophg. Picture B ore BerberVitloges in Morocco, showing on ospect of Historg. Picture C is onidentitg cord showing on qspect of Citizenship.1Coreer ond EntrepreneuriolOpportunities in Sociot StudiesThe studg of Sociol Studies provides us with coreers ond entrepreneurio opportunities indifferent fields. Cqreers ore occupotions undertqken for o significont period of o person's ife ond with opportunities for progress in ife. For exomple,teoching ond engineering orecoreers. Entrepreneurship is the octivitg of setting up o business or toking on finonciolrisks with the hope of moking o profit. L. Studg the foltowing pictures.ldentifg the coreer ond entrepreneuriol opportunities shown in the picturesShore gour findings in ctoss.1. Reod whot Corot ond John ore soqing obout the importqnce of Sociol Studies. Corol2.3.2' Socio Studies enobles us to solve present problemsond in certoin cqses, predict whot might hoppen infuture.'. Sociol Studies inspires potriotism ond notionotismomong citizens.lt enobtes people to oppreciote ondtoke pride in their notionol heritoge.'. Sociol Studies provides the eqrner with on openingto o we l-poging coreer in teoching, ow, business ondodministrotion.lmportonce of Sociol Studies for Personol Developmentond Service to Humonitg. Sociq Studies helps us to understond our noturotlenvironments such os ond, oir, woter ond climqte.. Socio Studies hetps us to oppreciote the eorth osthe homelond of humon kind..
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Reod whot Corot ond John ore soqing obout the importqnce of Sociol Studies. Corol2.3.2' Socio Studies enobles us to solve present problemsond in certoin cqses, predict whot might hoppen infuture.'. Sociol Studies inspires potriotism ond notionotismomong citizens.lt enobtes people to oppreciote ondtoke pride in their notionol heritoge.'. Sociol Studies provides the eqrner with on openingto o we l-poging coreer in teoching, ow, business ondodministrotion.lmportonce of Sociol Studies for Personol Developmentond Service to Humonitg. Sociq Studies helps us to understond our noturotlenvironments such os ond, oir, woter ond climqte.. Socio Studies hetps us to oppreciote the eorth osthe homelond of humon kind.. lt helps us to understond our cutture.. Sociolstudies helps us to enhonce teodership skitls. John2. Using digitot devices or other resources, find out wogs in which Sociol Studies isimportont for personol development ond service to humonitg.3. Broinstorm on the importonce of Sociol Studies for personol devetopment ondservice to humonitg.4. Shore gour findings in closs.1. Grode 7 eorners ofTownship Junior Secondorg were osked to reseorch on theimportonce of Sociol Studies for: o personot development.
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Broinstorm on the importonce of Sociol Studies for personol devetopment ondservice to humonitg.4. Shore gour findings in closs.1. Grode 7 eorners ofTownship Junior Secondorg were osked to reseorch on theimportonce of Sociol Studies for: o personot development. B service to humonitg. The tobte betow shows some of the points theg were qbte to find out:lmportonce of Sociol Studies forpersonoI developmentlmportonce of Sociol Studies forservice to humonitgaHelps one to understond the reolwortd oround us. Helps us to utitise the ovoilobleresources to serve humonitg. Helps us to become good citizens. Hetps us to oppreciote ond retotewetlwith other people.aHetps us to know the current offoirs.aaaaaaaaaaaComptete the toble bg finding out other wogs in which Socio Studies is importontfor personol development ond service to humonitg.ln which wogs do gou think the studg of Sociot Studies con help gou in: o persono development. B service to humonitg.3Coreer Opportunities Retoted to Sociol Studies in Kengoond GtobotlgUsing print or digitot resources,find out coreers in SociotStudies in Kengo ond globottg. Write down the coreers thot gou find out. Shore gour findings in closs.t 2.3.1.Studg the diogrom below on different coreer options reloted to Sociol Studies.2. Using the diogrom, cotegorise the coreer options into Historg, Geogrophg ondCitizenship. The first one hos been done for gou. GeogrophgHistorgCitizenshipLqnd economicsArchoeologgPubtic qdministrotion2. Discuss the professions gou would be interested in from the ones listed in the tobte.3. Hotd on open forum discussion on coreer choices in Sociot Studies.4.
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Using the diogrom, cotegorise the coreer options into Historg, Geogrophg ondCitizenship. The first one hos been done for gou. GeogrophgHistorgCitizenshipLqnd economicsArchoeologgPubtic qdministrotion2. Discuss the professions gou would be interested in from the ones listed in the tobte.3. Hotd on open forum discussion on coreer choices in Sociot Studies.4. Moke summorg points on the sgmposio.4SOCIAL STUDIES-Ff KeM pes xtwSome of the coreers in Sociot Studies inctude working os o museum curotor, lond economist,towger, climototogist, urbon plonner, orchoeotogist, ecotogist, pilots, omong others. D 2- ldentifg the business octivities shown in the pictures o to d .3. Using digitotdevices,print medio or other resources,find out other entrepreneuriolopportunities for Sociql Studies in our societg4. Shore your findings in ctoss. KeS pointsSome of the entrepreneurio opportunities for Sociot Studies in our societg inctudepotterg, bosketrg, ecotourism, horticulture, ogroforestrg ond fishing omong others.5LEntrepreneurio Opportunities for Sociol Studies in theSocietg1. Studg the pictures.tk L. Reod oloud the messoges on the poster. RanchingFishingDairy farmingHorticultureoke o Poster on entrePreneuopportunies reloted totes tn oursocietg.3. Displog the posters ot q strqtegic ptoce in school. A is o cqreful pton or method of deoting with on issue. Is the stoteof being mote or femole in retotion to sociol ond culturol roles. Orefixed generol ideos or imoges thot ossume thot o person behoves in o porticulor wog. Stereotgpes limit ospirotions qnd devetopment of tolents. Theg creote gender differences. These differences ought to be oddressed using oppropriote strotegies.6Activitgpoirs1.
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Displog the posters ot q strqtegic ptoce in school. A is o cqreful pton or method of deoting with on issue. Is the stoteof being mote or femole in retotion to sociol ond culturol roles. Orefixed generol ideos or imoges thot ossume thot o person behoves in o porticulor wog. Stereotgpes limit ospirotions qnd devetopment of tolents. Theg creote gender differences. These differences ought to be oddressed using oppropriote strotegies.6Activitgpoirs1. Studg the pictures below.iai!I2. Whot cqn Uou see in the pictures?3. Discuss how gender stereotgpes ore being oddressed in pictures o to d . Givereosons for gour onswers.d Ke P m sWe con oddress gender stereotupes in coreer ond entrepreneuriol opportunitiesretoted to Sociq Studies through the fottowing strotegies:i Committing ond encouroging both moles ond femotes to toke o futl ronge ofcoreers ond business opportunities.ii Ensuring representotion of both genders in eodership.,,,. R Treoting both moles ond femoles equollg bg using texts ond curricutor thot doesnot promote gender bios.,. Ir Devetop poticies, lows ond decision moking processes thot represent both motesond femotes.7 r b ,c till lj; fGrode 7 eorners developed the fottowing rules thot discouroge gender stereotgpesin cqreer choices. Reod them oloud.2.Discuss ond moke rutes for gour grode to discourqge gender stereotgpes. Biologicot Differences Devoid of Stereotgpes in CoreerChoices ond Entrepreneuriol Opportunities in SociotStudiesThere ore biologicol differences between mole ond femqle people. For exomple, moleshove big muscles, hove brooder cheSts ond grow more hoir.
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Givereosons for gour onswers.d Ke P m sWe con oddress gender stereotupes in coreer ond entrepreneuriol opportunitiesretoted to Sociq Studies through the fottowing strotegies:i Committing ond encouroging both moles ond femotes to toke o futl ronge ofcoreers ond business opportunities.ii Ensuring representotion of both genders in eodership.,,,. R Treoting both moles ond femoles equollg bg using texts ond curricutor thot doesnot promote gender bios.,. Ir Devetop poticies, lows ond decision moking processes thot represent both motesond femotes.7 r b ,c till lj; fGrode 7 eorners developed the fottowing rules thot discouroge gender stereotgpesin cqreer choices. Reod them oloud.2.Discuss ond moke rutes for gour grode to discourqge gender stereotgpes. Biologicot Differences Devoid of Stereotgpes in CoreerChoices ond Entrepreneuriol Opportunities in SociotStudiesThere ore biologicol differences between mole ond femqle people. For exomple, moleshove big muscles, hove brooder cheSts ond grow more hoir. Femoles on the other hondhove ess developed muscles ond less hoir growth on their bodies. Using print or digitol resources, find out the biotogico difference between mqle ondfemole ond comptete the toble below. Femotes.,. We wit respect and listen to both bogs and girts in their coreer choices'.,. We shott protect the dignitg oJ evergone when theg choose o careerond entrepreneurlo opportunitg oJ their cholce',,, Weshat encour age each.other to toke up atttgpes oJ careers regardtessof one's gender.". We shatl not shout ot, insutt or shut down ongone when ctassmatesexpress interest in certain careers or buslnesses oJ their choice. We shatt shore new ideas thot dlscouroge gender stereotupes n careerond business cholces. Our Grode Seven Rutes81.:Moles1. Look qt the picture to gour right.2.
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Femoles on the other hondhove ess developed muscles ond less hoir growth on their bodies. Using print or digitol resources, find out the biotogico difference between mqle ondfemole ond comptete the toble below. Femotes.,. We wit respect and listen to both bogs and girts in their coreer choices'.,. We shott protect the dignitg oJ evergone when theg choose o careerond entrepreneurlo opportunitg oJ their cholce',,, Weshat encour age each.other to toke up atttgpes oJ careers regardtessof one's gender.". We shatl not shout ot, insutt or shut down ongone when ctassmatesexpress interest in certain careers or buslnesses oJ their choice. We shatt shore new ideas thot dlscouroge gender stereotupes n careerond business cholces. Our Grode Seven Rutes81.:Moles1. Look qt the picture to gour right.2. Use the picture to exptoin whg gouthink gender stereotgpes ctre notgood for our societg.1. Reod whqt Engineer Jone qnd Chef John ore soging obout coreer choices andentrepreneuriol opportunities in Sociot Studies. Mg nome is Engineer Jone. I om qpetroleum engineer. I design onddevelop methods of extrocting oilond gos. Being s womon does notprevent development of mU cqreer osqn engineer.l love mg job. Mg nome is Chef John. I om q chef. I prepore o tgpes of foods, be itloco or exotic. I otso troin peoptein cotering services.
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Being s womon does notprevent development of mU cqreer osqn engineer.l love mg job. Mg nome is Chef John. I om q chef. I prepore o tgpes of foods, be itloco or exotic. I otso troin peoptein cotering services. Being o mondoes not offect mU coreer os o chef. I love mg job.2.Discuss other wogs of recognising biologicol differences devoid of stereotgpes incqreer choices cnd entrepreneuriol opportunities in Sociol Studies. Shore gour ideos in ctoss.3.t 9.j rgl ' Keg pointsBiotogicol differences should never be o hindronce to one's coreer choice ond entrepreneuriol'opportunitie S;Aoth mcte qnd ffiglqiltpitd be given equolopportunities to pursue their:dresms. Demonstroting Respect for One's Gender ldentitg in Pursuitof Sociot Studies Coreers ond Entrepreneuriot OpportunitiesGender identitg is the personolsense of one's own gender. People mog express themselvesdepending on the gender identitg ossigned to them. Gender identitg is different from sex. For most peopte, gender identitg otigns with the gender on individuol wos ossigned ot birch.1. Reqd the messoges on the posters thot the teorners ore hotdingMy brothercolledPeter. He is o chief. Pefer loves his joband is respected byeveryone in thecommunity. Besides his job, heis also a husbandand a fother.2. Creote posters on respect for one's gender identitg in pursuitSociol Studiescoreers ond entrepreneuriol opportunities.3.
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Reqd the messoges on the posters thot the teorners ore hotdingMy brothercolledPeter. He is o chief. Pefer loves his joband is respected byeveryone in thecommunity. Besides his job, heis also a husbandand a fother.2. Creote posters on respect for one's gender identitg in pursuitSociol Studiescoreers ond entrepreneuriol opportunities.3. Disptog the posters in closs ond oppreciqte eoch other's work. Keg BointsWe shoutd never discriminote ogoinst ongone becouse of gender. We con demonstroteresPect for one's gender identitg in pursuit of Sociol Studies coreers ond entrepreneuriolopportunities through the foltowing wous: o treoting eoch other with respect regordtess of gender ond choice of coreers orentrepreneuriol opportu n ities; b complementing the ochievements of others in their cqreers ond entrepreneurio opportunities; c being gender responsive bg toking octions to correct gender bios ond discriminqtion. D ensuring thot no one is mistreoted, morginolised or discriminoted ogoinst becouseof their gender.10.as,rf ScIA',,, it, :.i: ,,,,; refers to the strength of relotionships ond the sense of sotidoritgqmong members of o communitg lt is the extent of connectedness ond solidoritg omonggroups in societg. Sociol Studies ptogs o verg importont rote in promotion of sociotcohesion in our societg.1. Studg the fotlowing diogrom showing wogs in which Sociot Studies promotessociol cohesion. Role of Sociol Studies in Promoting Sociol CohesionPreservationof social andRespect forhumanrightsResolvingconflictspeacefully2. Discuss the messoges on the diogrom on how SociolStudies promotes sociolcohesion.3.
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Sociol Studies ptogs o verg importont rote in promotion of sociotcohesion in our societg.1. Studg the fotlowing diogrom showing wogs in which Sociot Studies promotessociol cohesion. Role of Sociol Studies in Promoting Sociol CohesionPreservationof social andRespect forhumanrightsResolvingconflictspeacefully2. Discuss the messoges on the diogrom on how SociolStudies promotes sociolcohesion.3. Moke o closs presentotion. A KeU poin sSociolStudies promotes sociolcohesion in the foltowing woUS; o it enobles eorners to ocquire positive interpersonqt retotions thot enoble them toretote we with eqch other; b it enobles the leorners to develop o sense of belonging with communities, cutturo groups ond neighbours which promote unitg ond sotidority; . It enobles leorners to respect ond oppreciote humqn rights thus enhoncing socio cohesion.11Preservationof humanrightsof theEnhancespatriotismculturalidenti r. :, I : I.r1. Discuss with gour porents or guordions coreers ond entrepreneuriot qctivitiesthot people in gour communitg engoge in.2. List the coreers ond entrepreneuriol octivities in gour exercise book.3. Shore gour work with the rest of the closs. Sociol Studies mokes us owcre ond hetps to creote concern for the welfqre of others. We sre olso oble to protect ond conserve our environment thus promoting potriotism. Using the dictionorg, find out the meoning of the fotlowing words ond phroses: o Coreer b Socio cohesion c EntrepreneurioI opportunitg d Gender stereotgpes " Personoldevetopmentew wogn12s1. Exptoin the meoning of Sociol Studies.2. Ln which wogs does Sociol Studies help in: o personol devetopment, b service to humonitg3. Ldentify coreer opportunities retoted to Sociol Studies in Kengo ond globottg.4.
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Exptoin the meoning of Sociol Studies.2.ln which wogs does Sociol Studies help in: o personol devetopment, b service to humonitg3.ldentify coreer opportunities retoted to Sociol Studies in Kengo ond globottg.4.Discuss the entrepreneuriol opportunities qvoiloble for Sociol Studies leonners inKengo.5.Hightight strotegies thot con be used to oddress gender stereotgpes ossocioredwith coreer choices ond entrepreneurio opportunities in Socio Studies.6.Discuss how one con recognise biologicql differences devoid of stereotgpes inchoosing coreers ond entrepreneuriol opportunities in Sociol Studies.7.Exploin wogs in which one con show respect for on individuot's gender identitg inpursuit of Sociol Studies coreers ond entrepreneuriol opportunities.8.ln which wogs does the studg of Sociol Studies promote sociol cohesion in thesocietg?9.How do coreers ond entrepreneuriol opportunities from Sociol Studies serve setfond humonitg?10.How con we demonstrote respect for one's gender identitg in pursuit of coreersond entrepreneuriol opportunities in Sociol Studiesl11.How con we qddress gender stereotgpes qssocioted with coreer choices ondentrepreneuriol opportunities in Socio Studies?
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RATIONALIZED PRE-TECHNICAL STUDIES GRADE 7 NOTES Strand 1: FOUNDATION OF PRE-TECHNICAL STUDIES. 1.1-Introduction to Pre-technical studies Pre-technical studies is a series of learning areas written to provide practical experiences that support the acquisition of skills in technical areas derived from computer science and business studies. Components of Pre-technical studies. Pre-technical studies is a technical learning area comprising of: Pre-technical studies a learning area that involves acquiring practical skills and experience in technical area. Computer science the study of computers and how computer technology can be used to solve problems. Business study-involves study of activities that involves production, distribution and consumption of goods and services aimed at making profits. The role of Pre-technical studies in day today life. It gives learners the skills they need to think critically and solve problems as well as preparing them for a technical digital future. Facilitates development of appropriate skills and knowledge gained from the learning areas such as computer science and business studies. Offers a wide range of careers in Pre-technical area such as in safety and material handling, in computer science such as programmers, software engineering and in business studies such as accountant, traders, manager, bankers and shopkeeper. Pre-technical studies promotes independence and self-learning through various skills enhancing chances of creating employment opportunities and self-employment in individual. It equips learners with skills to use when observing personal safety and safety in working environment. What is safety? Safety is a situation where one avoids causing harm, discomfort or sickness to self and to others when carrying out the daily activities. Examples of safety measures include: Wearing face mask to prevent spreading of airborne diseases or breathing in dirty air. Buckling a safety belt while in a vehicle to avoid falling off the seat in case of emergency brakes. Wearing hand gloves when working to avoid injury and dirt to the hands when working. Wearing gum boots to protect the feet from injury when working in areas with mud or sharp objects. Wearing an overall to guard against soiling clothes. Potential safety threats in a work environment. Potential safety threats in work environment can either be physical or online. Physical threats at workplaces. Physical safety threats include: Sharp edged tools and objects that can easily cut or poke someone.
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Potential safety threats in a work environment. Potential safety threats in work environment can either be physical or online. Physical threats at workplaces. Physical safety threats include: Sharp edged tools and objects that can easily cut or poke someone. Disarranged rooms where one can easily tumble and fall. Naked electric wires that can easily cause electric shock. Poorly lit rooms where one can easily know oneself against objects. Poorly stored items on the shelves where they can easily fall off and hit someone. Working without protective gear where one can easily be hurt or injured. Rooms with wet slippery floors where one can easily slip and fall. Online threats at a workplace. Every online user should ensure they stay safe online by protecting themselves and others from online threats. Examples of online threats at work place include: Malware virus attack. Hacking. Data theft. Cyberbullying. Friend requests from unknown people. Phishing attacks. Ransomware-attempts to encrypt data and calling for ransom to release it or unlock code 1.2 - Safety in the work environment. Online safety rules and regulations in the work environment. Online safety is keeping safe from possible threats that a computer user may experience while engaging in activities through the internet. It includes: Protecting and managing personal information. Avoiding harmful or illegal content. To avoid online fraud, always buy online items from secure and trusted sites. Also, watch out for scams that come in form of messages and emails. Do not accept friend requests from strangers. Some strangers are hackers who might access your personal information and even take over your accounts. Phishing is an online fraud system used to steal private data such as login usernames and passwords. Use strong passwords that cannot be crashed easily in case your password is compromised. Consider changing it right away. Always back up your data and keep your computer security updated. Physical threats to digital devices. Physical threats to a computer include: Fluids such as water, milk and juice that can damage different parts of the devices. Theft.
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Physical threats to digital devices. Physical threats to a computer include: Fluids such as water, milk and juice that can damage different parts of the devices. Theft. Damage caused by natural disasters, fire and impact of falls. Corrosion caused by excessive humidity and dampness. Exposed cables in the computer room. Hardware failure Ways of mitigating reducing physical threats to digital devices. To prevent physical threats, the following should be done. Do not carry water into the computer room or near the computer. Do not use old and loose power extension cables in a computer room. They produce sparks that can cause fire in the computer room. Replace loose power extension cables because they may lead to unstable power supply. Use voltage controllers to curb unstable power supply in the computer room. Equip computer rooms with fire extinguishers that do not use water, the computer room can be fit with automatic fire detectors that will detect fire or smoke and alert the personnel in charge for quick action. Tuck computer cables in trunks or carefully lay them down under the desks in order to prevent falls in the computer room. Place computers on strong furniture to prevent them from falling. Restrict access to computer rooms. Secure the computer room with strong windows and doors to control theft of computers. To increase the security level, you can install CCTV cameras and also employ security personnel. Use computer cable locks to control theft in the computer room. Use dehumidifiers to control excess humidity and dampness. Ensure there is enough ventilation or free circulation of air in the computer room. Fit window curtains and air conditioners in the computer room to control and filter dust particles from entering the room. Cover computers with dust covers when they are not in use. Ideas and practices on how to personal and sensitive data from the public when online: To keep personal and sensitive data from the public when online, the following can be done: Protect and manage personal information. Do not accept friend requests from strangers. Avoiding harmful or illegal content. Buy online items from secure and trusted sites. Installation of antivirus software. Backing up data. Use of strong passwords.
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Installation of antivirus software. Backing up data. Use of strong passwords. Log out from your online accounts after using public internet to browse. Do not communicate with strangers online. Safety Rules and Regulations at Work. Safety rules and regulations exist in all workplaces. They are principles that govern the actions and procedures to keep the works property and the environment safe. Some of the general safety rules and regulations include: To ensure that you know how to safely perform the task. To ensure you know the hazards of the task and how to protect yourself. To wear the required personal protective equipment necessary for the task. To always work clear of suspended loads. To always keep your mind and eyes on the task at hand. To obey all warning signs and barricades. To inspect all tools and equipment to ensure they are not defective before using them. Do not perform a task under unsafe conditions and report any unsafe tools, equipment or hazardous conditions. All chemicals containers should be well labelled and covered. Maintain good housekeeping at workplace all the time. A computer is an electronic device that process or converts data into information. A computer receives, stores, organizes and processes data into information. The word computer came from Latin word computare which means to calculate. A computer uses programs that are sets of instructions which a computer follows to perform tasks. What is Data? Data refers to raw facts such as numbers, symbols, images and letters that are not processed and have no meaning to the user. Data is plural while in singular it is datum. Data is not meaningful to the user until it is processed. Examples of Data include: Texts. Images. Sound. Videos. What is information? Information refers to processed data that is meaningful to the user. Information is meaningful to the user. List the examples of computers used today. The following are examples of computers: Notebook. Desktop. Laptop. Tablets.
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Examples of analogue computers include: speedometer and mercury thermometer. Digital computers. They included modern computers like laptops, tablets, desktops and smartphones. They are designed to perform calculations and logic operations at high speed. They accept the raw data as input and process it with programs stored in its memory to produce the desired output. Hybrid computers. They combined best features of the analogue computers such as speed and those of the digital computers such as internal memory. They are used in specialized applications where both analogue signals and convert them into digital form before processing. Examples of hybrid computers are fuel pump and the analogue blood pressureClassifying Computers According to Purpose 1. General purpose computers They are most common computers that can perform most common tasks such as word processing, calculations, draw, play music and send electronic mails. General purpose computers are mostly used in schools, hotels, hospitals and at homes. 2. Special purpose computers. They are computers designed to carry out specific tasks only. They are mainly used in manufacturing industries, traffic control systems, weather forecasting, robotic systems, satellites and ATM machines. Classifying Computers According to Purpose 1. Supercomputer. It is the biggest. It is the most expensive. It is the fastest and most powerful computer for big data processing. It is able to process many instructions in a second. It is mainly used in application requiring complex mathematical calculations such as in- flight simulation in aerospace, in weather forecasting and in satellite launching. 2. Mainframe computers. They are the largest and most expensive after super computers. They have a higher processing power which can handle thousands of connected peripheral devices or users at the same time. They store large amount of data, instructions and information. Most government institutions use mainframe computers to store data, calculate interest rates and customer balances. 3. Mini computers. They are smaller, less powerful and less expensive than main frame and super computers. They are more expensive and powerful than personal computers. They provide a centralized location for data, information and programs. They are also used to perform calculations and process business transactions. 4. Microcomputers. They are the least powerful, smallest and cheapest computers. They are also called personal computers.
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Microcomputers. They are the least powerful, smallest and cheapest computers. They are also called personal computers. They are called microcomputers because their processing device is called a microprocessor. They are designed to be used by one person at a time. They are used in offices, schools, businesses, media houses or to keep records, prepare lesson plans and to browse. 2.1Fundamentals of communication. STRAND 2- COMMUNICATION Meaning of Communication. Communication is the process of sharing information through a channel from the sender to the receiver. Importance of communication in the work environment. Good communication ensures making decision is easier. Communication helps to build positive relationships, teamwork and trust at workplaces. Good communication helps to achieve greater goals. Communication enables managers shares goals with shareholders both inside and outside the organisation. It gives managers permission to stimulate behaviour changes in employees and suppliers and to inspire loyalty from the employees and customers. It allows managers to convince employees and unions to abandon counterproductive practices, managers persuade leaders to provide financing and it permits managers to calm angry customers and impress new ones. Preventing misunderstanding and conflicts. Improving customer services. Meeting goals and earning success. Promoting creativity and innovation. Advancing individual career prospects. ICT Tools in Communication. Emails-used to exchange information over the internet to other individuals. Mobile phones- allows calling and messaging in communication. Computers -computer provide various communication channels such as emailing, video calling etc. Videos and web conferencing- Video conferencing has a focus on face-to-face communication. Web conferencing has a focus on interaction and collaboration such as document sharing. Social networking - use of dedicated websites and applications to interact with other users. Online collaboration - using the internet and online tools to collaborate. Softwares like word processor are used to design letters and memos that are used to pass information in business. Social media is used to give immediate response to customer needs. Challenges of the internet. Ways of overcoming Internet challenges. Benefits and challenges of the internet. Internet enables communication worldwide through emails, chat services and video calls. Enable E-learning through video teachings and research has enabled learners and researchers to get information.
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Benefits and challenges of the internet. Internet enables communication worldwide through emails, chat services and video calls. Enable E-learning through video teachings and research has enabled learners and researchers to get information. The internet is a source of entertainment where people listen to music, watch videos, sports and even play online games through the internet. Business flourish by using internet for online shopping and marketing of their products. Uploading, downloading and sharing data has been made easier with the internet. The banking sector has embraced online banking. Sending and receiving money is now faster and more convenient because of the internet. Some job seekers use the internet to find and apply for jobs online. Causes antisocial behaviour due to too much use or addiction. Causes laziness. Hacking and computer viruses are online threats associated with the internet. Some internet activities such as online gambling and posting of illicit photos and videos are indicators of moral decay. Personal data can be compromised through the internet and used to commit crimes such as fraud and cyber bullying. Sometimes the internet contains misleading and false information. Using updated software and antivirus programs to prevent data attacks by viruses. Having strong and different passwords that cannot be cracked also protect data from being compromised. Practising self-control through limiting the time spent on the internet and shutting down devices to avoid internet distractions. Always watching out for scam messages and emails in order to prevent online fraud. Parents, teachers and guardians monitoring all online activities done by their children and advising them on how to use the internet wisely. Not sharing personal information. Benefits of the Internet. Importance of Drawing as a means of Communication. Drawing are types of diagrams used for communication to show the shape and structure of a given idea or product. Technical fields use drawings to draw designs of different items before they are made. Types of drawing used in technical fields. Drawing involves making marks on a surface to create images of forms and shapes. Artistic drawing these are drawings that allows the communication of emotions, ideas or feelings.
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Types of drawing used in technical fields. Drawing involves making marks on a surface to create images of forms and shapes. Artistic drawing these are drawings that allows the communication of emotions, ideas or feelings. Examples of artistic drawing include: Illustrations -drawings for people to visualize and understand the picture by picture rather than through text. Portraits-drawn pictures in which the face is dominant. Caricature drawing or painting in which features have been distorted and exaggerated in order to mock or satirize the subject e.g., cartoon Graffiti-drawings made in public spaces such as public walls or buildings using spray paints. Illustration. Portrait. 2.2 - Introduction to drawing. Differences between Artistic and Technical Drawings. Caricature. Graffiti. Technical drawings these are drawings made to scale to communicate specific idea on how a physical object function or is constructed. They are made to give a precise and detailed view of an object. They give information about how an object function or how it is constructed. Examples of technical drawings: Architectural drawings. Structural drawing. Mechanical systems drawings. Electrical drawings, Feature Technical drawings Artistic drawing 1 Purpose A technical drawing is used to provide accurate measurement of an object to scale. An artistic drawing is used to express one s ideas, to decorate or to give pleasing appearance to a surface. 2 Presentation The technical drawings are presented on a convenient. The artistic drawings are done on any material and in all sizes. 3 Dimensioning and precision. Technical drawing MUST be precise and accurate in dimension. The artistic drawing need not and do not obey the rules of dimensions, shape or proportion. 4 Emotions, feelings and sentiments The technical drawings do not take care of feelings or sentiments of a person. They are factual, functional, productive and result-oriented. The artistic drawings involve expression of feelings and sentiments. 5 Interpretation The technical drawings must be interpreted in the same way all over the globe regardless of the geographical boundaries, religions or nations The interpretation of the drawing is strictly left to the individual or the onlooker. Types of Lines used in drawing and their application.
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The artistic drawings involve expression of feelings and sentiments. 5 Interpretation The technical drawings must be interpreted in the same way all over the globe regardless of the geographical boundaries, religions or nations The interpretation of the drawing is strictly left to the individual or the onlooker. Types of Lines used in drawing and their application. Drawing lines and shapes using drawing instruments Name of the line How the line is used in technical drawing Construction line A faint line used for sketching and drawing the initial details of a drawing Centre line used to show hole centres and centre positions of rounded features Hidden line how edges, surfaces and corners which cannot be seen. Phantom line long-short-short-long lines most often used to show the travel or movement of an object or a part in alternate positions Break line used to show where an object is broken to save drawing space or reveal interior features. Drawing line define the edges of a form Dimension line a thin, solid line that shows the extent and direction of a dimension Leader line A line that connects a data label and its associated data point Cutting line Type of line HorizontalVertical Diagonal Parallel Perdendicular Thick and thin CurvedZigzag Wavy Spiral Dotted ......................................................................................... Basic symbols and abbreviations used in drawing. Symbol Meaning 1 Diameter 2 Perpendicularity. 3 Centerline. 4 Radius 5 Square6 Basic abbreviations used in drawing. 1. DRG -means drawing. 2. A F means across flat. 3. A C means across corners. 4. I D means inner diameter. 5. O D means outer diameter. STRAND 3-MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION. Meaning and types of Economic Resources. Resources are all the materials available in our environment which are accessible, economically feasible and culturally sustainable and help us to satisfy our needs and wants. Economic resources are the resources used for carrying out economic activities. The main classes of economic resources are: Land. Labour. Capital. Entrepreneurship. Characteristics of Economic Resources used for production of goods and services. Uneven distribution-economic resources are not found in all places. Scarcity- these resources are not enough to satisfy all human wants. Economic resources have alternative uses. Usefulness-Economic resources have utility and they are useful. Mobility-They can be transported from one place to another.
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Economic resources have alternative uses. Usefulness-Economic resources have utility and they are useful. Mobility-They can be transported from one place to another. Combinability-Economic resources can be combined to produce different goods and services. Monetary Value-Economic resources are measured in terms of money. Therefore, they have monetary value. They can change ownership. Classification and Types of economic resources in Kenya. There are example types of economic resources in Kenya. They include mountains, minerals, machineries, land, information, sunshine, rainwater, lakes, rivers, oceans, etc. There are three types of economic resources namely; Human-made resources Natural resources. Human resources. 1. Human-made economic resources. They are resources that are created by human beings through various productive activities. They include: Tarmac roads. Machineries. Dam Watch etc 3.1 Economic Resources. 2. Natural economic resources. -. They are resources that exists in nature. -. They are found in natural environment. -. They include: Mountains. Rivers. Lakes. Wind. Sun. Natural forests etc. 3. Human economic resources. -. They are also referred to as labour or people who provide human services. -. For example; Teachers. Drivers. Painters. Nurses. Differences between metallic and non-metallic materials as economic resources. Distinction between metallic and Non-metallic materials. Metallic materials Non-metallic materials Some rust They do not rust. They have definite shape. Liquids and air do not have a definite shape but solids have a definite shape. They produce a sharp loud sound on knocking. Sonorous . They produce a dull sound on knocking. They are more reflective. They are less reflective, except glasses. They are generally smooth. They are generally rougher when not polished. They heat up faster when put under the sun. They heat up slowly. They are hotter than non-metals when under the sun. They are cooler than metals when put under a shade. They cool faster when put under a shade. They cool slowly when put under a shade. They are colder than non-metals under cold weather. They are warmer than metals under cold weather.
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They cool slowly when put under a shade. They are colder than non-metals under cold weather. They are warmer than metals under cold weather. They are not easy to break. They are easier to break than metals. 3.2 Metallic Materials. Sustainable ways of using economic resources. Reusing and saving resources. Avoid wastage and use of non-environmental pollutants. Safeguarding natural resources air, water, land etc.,. For the benefit of present and future generations through careful planning or management as appropriate. Adopting efficient technology. Investing in renewable energy sources. Reducing usage or consumption of economic resources through reusing and recycling. The capacity of the earth to produce important renewable resources must be maintained and whenever practicable, restored or improved. The non-renewable resources of the earth must be employed in such a way as to guard against the danger of their future exhaustion and to ensure that benefits from such employment are shared by all mankind. A metal is a solid material which is typically hard, shiny, malleable, fusible and ductile. Metallic materials are materials that have properties of metal. They have good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals are mostly identified by the items made from them. The types of materials include: Metals include: Copper. Iron. Aluminium. Steel. Silver among others. A. Shiny metals such as copper, silver and gold for decorative arts, jewellery and coins. B. Iron and steel for structures like buildings, furniture and vehicle parts. Physical properties of Ferrous and non-ferrous metals. C. Copper for electric wires. D. Aluminium for cams, bottle tops and caps, household appliances and utensils, airplanes. E. Bronze for church and school bells. Ferrous metals are metals that consists mostly of iron and small amount of other elements. Some of the physical properties of ferrous metals include: Magnetism-ferrous metals are highly attracted to a magnet. Heat conductivity- ferrous metals are better conductors of heat than non-ferrous materials. 3.3 Non-metallic materials. Categorization of Non-metallic materials as either synthetic or natural. Appearance-ferrous metals have a silvery colour.
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3.3 Non-metallic materials. Categorization of Non-metallic materials as either synthetic or natural. Appearance-ferrous metals have a silvery colour. Electricity conductivity ferrous metals are poor conductors of electricity than nonferrous metals. Non-ferrous metals are metals that do not have any iron in them at all. Some of the physical properties of non-ferrous materials include: Magnetism-non-ferrous metals are not magnetic. Heat conductivity- non-ferrous metals are poor conductors of heat than ferrous metals. Appearance- non-ferrous metals like gold have a more colourful appearance than ferrous metals. Electricity conductivity- non-ferrous metals like copper are better conductors of electricity than ferrous metals. Non-metallic materials found in the environment. Non-metals include: Wood. Stones. Textile. Soil. Glass. Leather. Plastic. Rubber. Water. Air among others Non-metallic materials can be categorized as synthetic or natural. Synthetic materials include plastics, manufactured glass, manufactured fibres, polythene, ink, paints and drugs among others. Natural non-metallic materials include plant and animal products such as wood, wool, bones and skin among others. They also include inorganic material such as stones, minerals, sand, clay and ballast among others. Physical state Non-metals can exist in all the three physical stats; solid, liquid and gaseous. Hardness Non-metals are generally soft. Some of the solid non-metals are quite soft. They can easily be cut with a knife. Brittleness Non-metallic materials are brittle because they break down into pieces on hammering. Decomposition Natural non-metallic decompose rot after sometime. Synthetic non- metallic materials do not decompose easily. Combustibility Non-metallic materials generally burn in fire, except earth and mineral products. Heat conduction Non-metallic materials do not conduct heat. This means that non-metals do not allow heat to pass through them. Shininess Natural non-metallic materials are dull. Synthetic non-metals appear a little shiny. Physical properties of non-metallic materials.
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Shininess Natural non-metallic materials are dull. Synthetic non-metals appear a little shiny. Physical properties of non-metallic materials. STRAND 4- TOOLS PRODUCTION. A measuring tool is a device used to measure a physical quantity such as length, time, weight, angle, volume and temperature. A marking tool is a device used to indicate a point on a surface to obtain accurate size and shape. Common measuring and marking tools are: Steel rule-also called steel ruler. A flat metallic tool with a calibrated surface. Made from stainless steel. Can either be flexible or rigid with different thickness. Uses: Measure length of an object or distance between 2 points. To draw straight lines. To guide cuts. Fields in which ruler is used: geometry, welding and fabrication, technical drawing, architecture and construction. Tape measure-also called measuring tape. A flexible tool marked millimetres, centimetres and inches. There are different types of measuring tapes. Tape measure is made up of materials such as fiberglass, cloth, plastic, metal ribbon or strip. Uses: used to measure length of an item and distances between points. Measures a round curved object because it is flexible in nature. Fields it is used: Masonry, plumbing, electrical installation, surveying, crafts and woodworking. 4.1 - Measuring Marking Tools. Measuring tools. Square it is a measuring device that consists of two straight edges set at right angles to each other. There are different types of squares. Uses: used to measure and ensure that two perpendicular surfaces are at a right angle. Used in different fields to ensure that joints and corners of objects are truly square. Fields in which square is used: Woodwork, masonry, mechanical engineering and plumbing among others. Try square Mason s square Calipers - it is a measuring tool that consists of two adjustable jaws. There are different types of calipers. Uses: Use to measure thickness and ouside dinensions of an object like tennis ball or bottle. Used to measure the internal dimensions of hollow objects like a rectangular tube or cylindrical pipe. Fields in which callipers are used:science, woodwork, metalwork and other mechanical trades.
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Uses: Use to measure thickness and ouside dinensions of an object like tennis ball or bottle. Used to measure the internal dimensions of hollow objects like a rectangular tube or cylindrical pipe. Fields in which callipers are used:science, woodwork, metalwork and other mechanical trades. Inside callipers Outside callipers Vernier calipers. Micrometer screw gauge - also called a micrometer. It is a measuring instrument with a G-frame with an adjustable spindle. Uses: Used to measure the diameter of wires and thickness of small sheets such as glass or plastic. Fields in which callipers are used:metal working and other mechanical fields. Spirit level-it is a tool consisting of a sealed glass tube partially filled with a liquid, containing an air bubble. Used to determine if a surface is vertical or horizontal. Uses: Used to indicate how horizontal or vertical a surface or an item is. Fields in which callipers are used:masonry, carpentry, surveyor, plumber, metalworker and other interior designers. Thermometer- it is an instrument that is used to measure the temperature. It can be digital or analogue. Uses: Used to measure the tempereture of solids like food, liquids like water or gas like air. Fields in which callipers are used: widely used in industry and technology, in medicine and in research. Plumb bob also called plummet. It is a weight with a pointed tip on the bottom, which can be suspended from a string to give a vertical line. Uses: Used in construction industry to ensure that a vertical installation such as a wall is perfectly vertical. Examples of real-life situations of uses of plumb bob include: -ensuring a wall is vertical when constructing. -ensuring fencing posts are vertical during fencing. Fixing a foor fram. Installation of ceiling lights or pot lights and hanging of pictures. Installing wallpapers. Fields in which callipers are used:construction, masonry. Measuring cylinder-a calibrated glass or plastic cylinder. Uses: Used to measure volume of liquids and to determine volume of a solid by measuring displacement of a liquid. Fields in which callipers are used: laboratories, veterinaery and human services to measure drugs, chemicals and medicines.
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Measuring cylinder-a calibrated glass or plastic cylinder. Uses: Used to measure volume of liquids and to determine volume of a solid by measuring displacement of a liquid. Fields in which callipers are used: laboratories, veterinaery and human services to measure drugs, chemicals and medicines. Stop watch- a stop watch is a time measuring device with buttons, which you press at the beginning and at the end of a timed event. Uses: Used to measure the time interval of an event. Fields in which callipers are used: areas where accurate timing of events is required. Such as sports activities and laboratory experiments. Voltmeter-it is also known as a voltage meter. It is an electric measuring instrument with a letter V marked on the face. Uses: Used to measure voltage across the two terminals in an electrical circuit. Used by electrical technician s to chack input and output voltage of electrical equipment such as moter, batterries, medical equipment, electrical panel boards, plastic machinery and electrical devices. Ammeter-it is also known as ampere meter. It an electric measuring instrument with letter A marked on the face. Uses: Used to measure the amount of electric current in a closed circuit. Fields in which callipers are used:used by electrical technicians. Ohmmeter-it is an electric measuring instrument with a symbol marked on the face. Marking tools. Multimeter- it is a digital electric measuring instrument that can measure multiple electrical properties. Weighing balance- it is also called a weighing scale. It is an instrument that is used to determine the weight or mass of an object. They are of different types. Uses: Used to determine the weight of test materials and sampling amounts that require high degree of accuracy. Fields in which callipers are used:laboratories in pharmaceuticals, educational, food and beverage, chemical and industrial. Electronic weighing balance Spring balance Beam balance Pencil a thin piece of woof with a rod of black or coloured lead through the middle. Uses: Mark lines and centres for cutting or joining. Fields in which callipers are used:carpentry, tailoring, geometry etc. A pencil Scriber it is a metallic hand tool with hard sharpened ends. Uses: Mark line on metal or wood.
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Fields in which callipers are used:carpentry, tailoring, geometry etc. A pencil Scriber it is a metallic hand tool with hard sharpened ends. Uses: Mark line on metal or wood. Can be used together with a straight edge or square. Fields in which callipers are used: woodwork, tiling, clay works and metalwork. Scriber Marking gauge it is also called scratch. It is a tool with a small pin. Uses: Used to mark aline parallel to the edge of the piece of work. Fields in which callipers are used:used in woodwork joinery and sheet metal operations to mark out lines for cutting or other operations. A marking gauge. Tailor s chalk it is a thin flat piece of hard chalk used by tailors and dressmakers. Uses: Used to mark guides on a fabric to indicate where it needs to be cut, folded or stitched. Field where it is used: tailoring Sliding bevel it is also called a bevel square. It is a tool with adjustable blade angles. Uses: Used to set an angle to be marked ob itens like timber, metal, tile or brick. Fields in which callipers are used: woodwork, tiling, clay works and metalworks. Punch a punch is a shard sharp ended tool. There are two types of punches. Centre punch and dot punch. Uses: Can be used to make indent in materials such as metal, leather, rubber, wood or plastics. It is used to showa point where a hole is to be drilled. Fields in which callipers are used: metalwork, woodwork and leatherwork. Centre punch Dot punch Marking knife it is also called a striking knife. It is a tool that is either single beveled or double beveled. Uses:Dual purpose measuring and marking tools. Used to make markings on workpieces. Used to cut a visible line that can then be used to guide a hand saw, chisel or plane when making woodworking joints and others operations, Fields in which callipers are used: woordworking. Single bevel Double bevel. Spacing wheel it is a leather marking tool with evenly spaced spikes pn a wheel.
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Used to cut a visible line that can then be used to guide a hand saw, chisel or plane when making woodworking joints and others operations, Fields in which callipers are used: woordworking. Single bevel Double bevel. Spacing wheel it is a leather marking tool with evenly spaced spikes pn a wheel. Uses: Used in the leather industry to mark a line a long which stitching can be done, It is also used to mark points where holes can be punched. Fields in which callipers are used: leather work spacing wheel Odd-leg caliper -it is an instrument that consists of two curved, hinged legs. Uses: To measure and transfer thickness and distance to a workplace. Draw a line at a set distance from the edge of an object. Field where it is used: Woodwork, tiling, clay work and metal work. Divider -a divider is a measuring instrument of two straight adjustable legs hinged together and ending in sharp points. Uses: Used to mark off equal distances on a surface. Divide lines into equal parts. Mark arcs and circles on a surface. Fields area used: Surveying. Technical drawing. Engineering. Construction Trammel an instrument for drawing large arcs or circles on a surface. It consists of a beam with two sliding parts. Uses: Used to transfer measurements. To mark arcs. Lay out circles that are too big for normal compass or dividers. Fields area where It is used: Construction. Care for measuring and Marking tools. Caring for measuring and marking tools is the process of keeping them in good working condition even when they are not being used. Some of the ways of caring for measuring and marking tools include the following: - Clean the measuring and marking tools after every use. -. Lubricate instruments properly to avoid corrosion and wearing out of the moving parts. -. Ensure proper storage of the measuring and marking tools after use. The store should be cool and dry, well organised without staking tools directly on each other. -. Ensure proper handling of measuring and marking tools to avoid rough and sudden shocks that could damage the tools or lead to mis-calibration. -. Ensure measuring tools are only services by qualified and certified professionals.
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The store should be cool and dry, well organised without staking tools directly on each other. -. Ensure proper handling of measuring and marking tools to avoid rough and sudden shocks that could damage the tools or lead to mis-calibration. -. Ensure measuring tools are only services by qualified and certified professionals. -. Use the measuring and marking tools for their right purposes only. What is the importance of measuring and marking tools in the work environment? They allow for the accurate determination of lengths, widths, diameters and other dimensions. By accurately and measuring and checking dimensions, workers can ensure that the items they make meet the required standard and specifications. This leads to improved quality and safety of the items produced. Measuring and marking tools enable workers to produce similar items with uniform size and capacity across the world. For example, vehicle parts, building components etc. Use of measuring and marking tools ensures safety in many practices e.g., in building construction where accurate measurements and marking of the components helps to ensure stability and loading capacity. Measuring and marking tools are useful in the designing and planning of different items. Architects, engineers and interior designers use these tools to measure spaces, create accurate drawings and mark locations for different items and ensuring they fit well. 4.2 Production of Goods Services. STRAND 4- TOOLS PRODUCTION Meaning of Production in the Community. -. Production is the creation of goods or provision of services to satisfy human needs and wants. -. It involves extraction, manufacturing, processing, construction, trade and service provision. Importance of Production. Goods and services are made available for members of the community through production. Production provides employment for people in the community. Workers who engage in production gain skills. The standard of living od people in the community improves. GOODS AND SERVICES. Meaning of Goods and Services. Goods are physical items or commodities that can be touched and felt and used to satisfy human wants. Services are intangible activities which cannot be touched and felt and do not deliver a tangible commodity. A market is a place where buyers and sellers meet or interact to buy goods and services such as food market, supermarket, the stock market and bond market. Human beings require goods and services to satisfy increasing human wants. Great services lead to better customer loyalty, higher revenues and lower costs. Types and importance of goods and services found in the local market.
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Human beings require goods and services to satisfy increasing human wants. Great services lead to better customer loyalty, higher revenues and lower costs. Types and importance of goods and services found in the local market. Goods can be grouped into different types as follows. Free goods and economic goods. Free goods are goods that are naturally provided like sunshine, rain, oceans. Economic goods are commodities which have money value that can be used to satisfy human needs and wants. Producer goods and consumer goods. Producer goods are used in producing other goods. They include machines, equipment and tools. Consumer goods are final products that are bought and used by consumers. They include microwaves, fridges, t-shirts and candles. Perishable goods and durable goods. Perishable goods are goods that go bad easily unless stored using very special facilities. These goods include meat, milk and vegetable Durable goods are goods that are used for a long period of time for example radio, furniture or building among others. Public goods and private goods. Public goods are goods that are enjoyable by all citizens like roads, airports, rivers, public hospitals, public parks, railway or churches. Private goods are goods that are owned by individuals such as personal cars, private schools, private land among others. Distinguishing Characteristics between goods and services. GOODS SERVICES Goods are tangible Services are intangible. Goods can be separated from the seller. Services cannot be separated from the service provider. Goods can be stored for future use. Services cannot be stored for future use. Goods have a significant time gap between Services are purchased and consumed together. Production and consumption. Goods can be seen. In order to provide services, you need physical tools. Goods can be spoiled over time. Services are rendered directly by one person to another and they expire. Goods can be standardized. Quality of services can be standardized. Goods can be transported from one place to another. Services cannot be transported from one place to another. Factors of Production, Importance, Characteristics and Rewards for the factors of Production in the Community. Resources are used in production of goods and services. These resources are called factors of production. They payment for each factor of production is known as reward. There are four factors of production namely: Land. Capital. Labour. Entrepreneurship.
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Capital. Labour. Entrepreneurship. Land It is defined as agricultural land, commercial real estate and natural resources such as oil, gas etc. Labour. It is made up of the individuals who are responsible for the development of goods and services. Capital goods. Such as tools, equipment and machinery are part of the capital category. Entrepreneurship. It includes visionaries and innovators who are behind the production process. Characteristics of Factors of Production. LAND. Land is limited. Therefore, it cannot be increased. Land is a natural resource. Productivity of land can be increased. Land production quality varies. Land cannot be moved from one place to another. LABOUR Labourers can move from one place to another. They have skills. Labour cannot be stored. Labour is a basic production factor. CAPITAL. It is a human-made resources. They reduce with time when used. They can be improved with technology. They can be moved from one place to another. ENTREPRENEURSHIP. They hire employees. They start and control the business. They pay for all other factors of production. They take all risks that cone with the business. Ethical and unethical practices in production of goods and services. Ethical practices: Transparency. Safety. Social and environmental responsibility. Fairness etc. Product quality. Unethical practices: Low quality of product-Poor quality products will lead to losing many customers. Low quantity of products -Giving consumers less products than what they paid for can lead to consumer concern. Overpricing -Putting higher prices to the commodities can lead to consumers concerns. Hoarding -In some occasions, outlet hide products to create a shortage so that prices can rise up. Therefore, affecting the price of goods and services. Safety of products. Consumers are concerned about the safety of the products that they buy. Outlets should ensure that goods and services that they produce are good for consumer use.
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Safety of products. Consumers are concerned about the safety of the products that they buy. Outlets should ensure that goods and services that they produce are good for consumer use. Harmful ingredients-Ingredients used in production of goods and services should not be harmful to the consumers. STRAND 5- ENTREPRENEURSHIP. Meaning of entrepreneur, social entrepreneur and entrepreneurship. Entrepreneur -this is a person who identifies business opportunity and provides necessary resources to start and run the business. A social entrepreneur -this is an entrepreneur who pursues a project that has the potential to solve problems affecting people in a community. Entrepreneurship this is the process of identifying a business opportunity and providing the necessary resources to start and run the business with the aim of making a profit. Importance of entrepreneurship to an individual. Provides a career opportunity for the entrepreneur. Provides profit from the business activities leading to improved living standards. Creates a source of income for the entrepreneur. Importance of entrepreneurship to the community. It addresses the need of people by providing goods and services. Entrepreneurship results to creation of jobs and source of lively hoods for community members. Entrepreneurship leads to advancement in technology and better infrastructure through innovation. It leads to use or utilization of locally available resources hence creating revenue for the government. It contributes to taxes. It provides consumers with a variety of products leading to production of different products and improvement in quality of various products. Qualities of an entrepreneur in business. Risk taker-Have patience and dedication to work on an idea until it succeeds. Creative and innovative-they come up with ideas that are unique and can help solve problems. Have ability to make and follow a budget faithful. Curiosity-they keep looking for new business opportunities Are willing to adapt to changes to help sustain the business in the face of hardship and changing needs. Decisive-they make firm decisions in different situations and stand by them Focused-ensure their businesses remain successful in the long-term. 5.1-Introduction to Entrepreneurship. Sources and ways of generating idea of Business ideas for a business venture. A business idea is the thought that is in the mind of an entrepreneur concerning a potential business opportunity.
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5.1-Introduction to Entrepreneurship. Sources and ways of generating idea of Business ideas for a business venture. A business idea is the thought that is in the mind of an entrepreneur concerning a potential business opportunity. Sources of business ides include the following: - Advertisements in media such as in newspapers, magazines, radios and television. The internet is a rich source of business ideas. One can get ideas from various internet sources such as blogs, websites and social media platforms. Hobbies- one can make money from what he or she does during their free time. Complaints- this is feedback given by unsatisfied customers. Attending exhibitions and trade fairs. Travelling it exposes a person to different ways of doing things. Family and friends they could suggest different business ideas, some of which are from their own experiences. Entrepreneurs observe the environment and identify the gaps that need to be addressed. Entrepreneurs pick ideas from personal experiences. Ways of generating business ideas. One can generate ideas for a business venture by: Consulting family and friends. Creating focus groups. Analysing quality of goods and services offered by other businesses. Talking with dissatisfied customers to know what they prefer. Building on professional training and skills. Evaluating a business opportunity to determine viability. Evaluating business opportunities refers to considering them against certain factors to determine if they are viable. A viable business opportunity is one that can be turned into a profitable business by an entrepreneur. An entrepreneur should evaluate strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of the business opportunity. Factors that an entrepreneur should consider to determine business viability include the following: Right skills to run a particular business venture. Knowledge about a product and the market. Profitability of the product. Competition from other businesses. Resources available to the entrepreneur. Availability of relevant technology to support the business. 5.2Money. Factors that enhance business success in the community. The following are factors that entrepreneurs should consider to enhance success in business: Understanding the customer needs. Fair pricing of products. Maintaining good relations with the customers. Keeping proper business records. Observing government laws and regulations.
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Maintaining good relations with the customers. Keeping proper business records. Observing government laws and regulations. Choosing the right products. Having a clear business plan. Money is anything which is generally accepted as a medium of exchange. What are the uses of Money? Money serves as a medium of exchange and people use money to pay for goods and services. Money serves as a store of value. You do not need to spend it immediately because it will still hold its value the next day or year. Money serves as a unit of account, which means that it is used to measure and record financial transactions or buying and selling of goods and services. Money serves as a means of transfer of immobile properties. One can sell or buy immovable properties such as land by use of money. Features characteristics of Money For anything to serve as money, it must have the following characteristics: Acceptability: The item must be acceptable to everyone. Durability: The material used to make money must be able to last long without getting torn, defaced or losing its shape or texture. Divisibility: Money should be easily divisible into smaller units denominations but still maintains it value. Cognizability: The material used to make money should be easily recognized. This helps reduce chances of forgery. It also helps people to differentiate between various denominations. Homogeneity: Money should be made using a similar material so as to appear identical. This eliminates any risk of confusion and forgeries. Portability: - Money should be easy to carry regardless of its value. Stability in value: The value of money should remain fairly stable over a given time period. Liquidity: - it should be easily convertible to other forms of wealth assets . Scarcity: - It should be limited in supply. If it is abundantly available its value will reduce. Not easy to forge- money should not be easy to imitate. The new generation of Kenyan currency is divided into nine 9 denominations as follows.
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If it is abundantly available its value will reduce. Not easy to forge- money should not be easy to imitate. The new generation of Kenyan currency is divided into nine 9 denominations as follows. -. 1 shilling - 5 shillings - 10 shillings - 20 shillings - 50 shillings - 100 shillings - 200 shillings - 500 shillings - 1000 shillings There are several special characteristics security features that make each Kenyan note unique. Security features on each not is identified by feeling, looking and tilting. The table below helps to identify these characteristics or security features on every Kenyan currency note. The security features when you Feel Look Tilt 1. Feel the word KENYA. 2. Feel the value 50 . 3. Feel 1 bar The watermark of a perfect lion s head, the text CBK and the value of the note 50 . The security thread appears as a continuous line. The security thread changes colour from red to green. The 200, 500 and 1000 notes have additional rainbow colours on the thread. The golden band on the note shows the value of the bank note 50 1. Feel the word KENYA. 2. Feel the value 100 . The watermark of a perfect lion s head, the text CBK and the value of the note The security thread changes colour from red to green. The 200, 500 and 1000 notes have Key Security features in the Kenyan Currency. Denomination 50 notes 100 notes 200 notes 500 notes3. Feel 2 bars. 100 . The security thread appears as a continuous line. Additional rainbow colours on the thread. The golden band on the note shows the value of the bank note 100 1. Feel the word KENYA. 2. Feel the value 200 . 3. Feel 3 bars. The watermark of a perfect lion s head, the text CBK and the value of the note 200 . The security thread appears as a continuous line. The security thread changes colour from red to green. Has additional rainbow colours on the thread.
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The security thread appears as a continuous line. The security thread changes colour from red to green. Has additional rainbow colours on the thread. The golden band on the back of the note shows the value of the bank note 200 1. Feel the word KENYA. The watermark of a perfect lion s head, The security thread changes colour from red to green. Pg. 46 Themes and Symbols on the Kenyan currency. 1000 notes 2. Feel the value 500 . 3. Feel 4 bars. The text CBK and the value of the note 500 . The security thread appears as a continuous line. Has additional rainbow colours on the thread. The golden band on the back of the note shows the value of the bank note 500 1. Feel the word KENYA. 2. Feel the value 1000 . 3. Feel 4 bars. The watermark of a perfect lion s head, the text CBK and the value of the note 1000 . The security thread appears as a continuous line. The security thread changes colour from red to green. Has additional rainbow colours on the thread. The golden band on the back of the note shows the value of the bank note 1000 Denomination Note image The animal presentedpg. 47 50-shilling note BUFFALO 100-shilling note LEOPARDpg. 48 200-shilling note RHINO 500-shilling note LIONELEPHANT pe. 49pg.
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47 50-shilling note BUFFALO 100-shilling note LEOPARDpg. 48 200-shilling note RHINO 500-shilling note LIONELEPHANT pe. 49pg. 50 Theme-Green energy Kenya has a lot of resources and potential when it comes to producing sustainable energy. One of the Africa s largest wind farms is located at Loyangalani in Kenya. Kenya has become a global pioneer in green energy production because of geothermal electric generation at Olkaria. Kenya hopes to live in a cleaner world. Theme-Agriculture. Maize tea and livestock. Agriculture is a key driver of the economy and a source of income for the majority of Kenyans, Kenya is known for its tea, coffee, horticulture and other crops. Livestock rearing is also part of many Kenyans culture. Theme-social services. Medical services-education-athletics. Kenya s social structure is both diverse and distinctive. Since independence, our athletes have kept Kenya on the map across the world. The government has made great efforts to improve the health of its population, particularly young people. Our education system has generated some of the world s top academics Theme-tourism. Beach-Parks-Simba Kenya is in the center of the world s tourist map. The country attracts millions of tourists who come to enjoy the sand, sun and parks. The Maasai Mara is one of the world s most well know parks. It is also famous for the annual wildebeest migrations, which is considered one of the world s natural wonders. Kenya is famous for having lions, known as Simba. Governance. Themes found on Kenyan currencypg. 51 5.3 Financial goals.
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It is also famous for the annual wildebeest migrations, which is considered one of the world s natural wonders. Kenya is famous for having lions, known as Simba. Governance. Themes found on Kenyan currencypg. 51 5.3 Financial goals. National assembly. The concept of governance is deeply rooted in the Kenyan culture. National assembly is at the top of the pyramid, reflecting the people s will and exercising their power. The Republic of Kenya s legislative authority comes from the people and is vested in and exercised by Parliament. It is a key component of the country s functional government. Meaning and importance of setting goals as used in financial management. Financial management this is the process involving how an individual or an organisation plans, controls and monitors usage of money for defined purposes. Goal setting in financial management - is the process of coming up with targets on how to earn, have and spend. Pg. 52 Financial goals are categorized into three groups: Short-term financial goals. Medium-term financial goals. Long-term financial goals. Short-term financial goal is one accomplished in one year or less. A medium-term financial goal can take between 2 to 5 years. A long-term financial goal is one that can take more than 5 years to accomplish. Importance of setting up goals. Helps one to set priorities and focus on them. Provides motivation to keep moving forward even when faced with unexpected challenges. It provides how much money to save. Enables a person to tract progress towards the goals over time enhancing accountability. Helps to determine the best tools and methods that would support the efforts to achieve them. Financial discipline-this is the practice of making informed decisions about earning, spending and saving money. Importance of financial discipline. Enables one to achieve financial goals. Reduces stress and anxiety by giving one control over his or her finances. Helps one to build wealth by saving and making right investment decisions. It gives one a good credit score when one is able to make timely payments on loans and bills. This helps to avoid interests and penalties for late payment. Factors to consider when setting up financial goals.
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It gives one a good credit score when one is able to make timely payments on loans and bills. This helps to avoid interests and penalties for late payment. Factors to consider when setting up financial goals. Apply SMART goal setting approach to know if the gal is Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Time-bound. Deciding what matters most-prioritise the needs and wants in order of importance. Know the period within which one wants to achieve the goals. Analyse obstacles or challenges that may be encountered. Monitor progress to make sure that you are meeting the targets. Searching for resources to search for information on setting up goals. You can find information on setting financial goals by using various sources such as: Visiting business sites on the internet. Reading business magazines and business news section in newspapers. Asking for information about setting personal goals from your parents. Talking to business people in your locality as resources persons. Formulating financial goals for individual development. Write a financial goal that is SMART. Create a timeline for the goal by defining whether is long-term, medium term or short- term. Determine how much money you need for the goal. Break it down into months or years. Write down what you need to do to help you achieve your goal. Implement and assess your financial goape.3.
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JUNIOR SCHOOL2o24 GRADE 8 AGRICULTURE Oscar MwangiSOIL CONSERVATION: INTRODUCTION Soil provides the nutrients essential for plant growth, animal life, and millions of microorganisms. However, if soil becomes unhealthy, unstable, or polluted, the life cycle stops. Soil conservation refers to the protection and management of soil resources to prevent their degradation and promote sustainable land use practices. It is an important field of study and practice aimed at preserving the productivity, fertility, and health of soils for future generations. Soil is a vital natural resource that plays a crucial role in supporting plant growth, water filtration, carbon storage, and providing a habitat for various organisms. Threats to soil conservation The primary threats to soil conservation are Chemical contamination The use of pesticides can contaminate the soil, as well as nearby vegetation and water sources, with harmful chemicals. In addition to contamination, chemicals used on crops can be toxic to important beneficial insects, such as bees, as well as fish and bird populations. A Good example is the growing use of pesticides, herbicides and toxic fertilizers. Slash and burn Slash-and-burn farming is the practice of burning and clearing forests to make way for farmland. This method kills plant species and displaces wildlife from their natural habitats. Land cleared using slash and burn is only used while it s productive for farming. Once it loses its fertility, another patch of forest is identified for clearing. This unsustainable process repeats endlessly, preventing soil from recovering sufficiently to support healthy ecosystems. Land overuse, overgrazing, etc. Overuse of land can limit soil s ability to play its part in the global climate cycle. For example, overcutting forests and woodlands for timber and overgrazing pastures can far outpace the natural regrowth of vegetation, subjecting soil to increased exposure to erosionImportance of Soil Conservation Soil conservation is of paramount importance due to the following reasons: Preserving Agricultural Productivity: Healthy and fertile soil is essential for sustaining agricultural productivity. Soil conservation practices help prevent soil erosion, nutrient depletion, and degradation, ensuring that the land remains productive for farming. By conserving soil, we can maintain high yields, improve food security, and support sustainable agriculture. Protecting Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Soil is a crucial component of terrestrial ecosystems, supporting diverse plant and animal life. Soil conservation helps preserve natural habitats, including forests, grasslands, and wetlands, which are home to a variety of species.
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By conserving soil, we can maintain high yields, improve food security, and support sustainable agriculture. Protecting Ecosystems and Biodiversity: Soil is a crucial component of terrestrial ecosystems, supporting diverse plant and animal life. Soil conservation helps preserve natural habitats, including forests, grasslands, and wetlands, which are home to a variety of species. By protecting soil, we maintain the balance of ecosystems and safeguard biodiversity. Water Quality and Quantity: Healthy soil acts as a natural filter, purifying water as it infiltrates through the soil layers. Soil conservation practices reduce runoff and erosion, preventing sediment and pollutants from reaching water bodies. By preserving soil, we maintain water quality, prevent contamination, and ensure the availability of clean water resources. Climate Change Mitigation: Soils play a significant role in mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration. Healthy soils store organic carbon, helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. By practising soil conservation, such as promoting organic matter content and reducing soil disturbance, we enhance carbon storage and contribute to climate change mitigation efforts. Mitigating Soil Erosion: Soil erosion is a natural process, but human activities can accelerate it to alarming levels. Erosion leads to the loss of topsoil, which contains essential nutrients for plant growth. Soil conservation practices, such as contour ploughing, terracing, and cover cropping, help control erosion and preserve valuable topsoil, ensuring long-term land productivity. Methods of Soil Conservation There are several effective methods and techniques for soil conservation. Here are some commonly used methods: Grassed waterways gr sometimes also called grass waterways are wide, shallow channels that are installed where water runoff usually concentrates in an agricultural field. They are planted with permanent vegetation, meaning they might be mowed, but the plants are never plowed or killed intentionally Stone lines are constructed along the contours to slow down the speed of runoff, reduce soil erosion, and enhance water infiltration. In addition, the stone barrier blocks and settles down the sediments transported from the upper slopes. Stone constructions are often used to rehabilitate eroded and abandoned land Trash lines are ideally 0.5m to 1.0m wide and 0.5m high. Advantages of using trash lines They conserve top soil by trapping or reducing the speed of run-off. When they compose they turn into manure and boost soil fertility.
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Stone constructions are often used to rehabilitate eroded and abandoned land Trash lines are ideally 0.5m to 1.0m wide and 0.5m high. Advantages of using trash lines They conserve top soil by trapping or reducing the speed of run-off. When they compose they turn into manure and boost soil fertility. Trash lines increase soil water infiltration since they tend to hold the water longer Bund is an engineering measure of soil conservation, used for creating obstruction across the path of surface runoff to reduce the velocity of flowing water. It retains the running off water in the watershed and thus to helps to control soil erosion. Bunds are simply embankment like structures, constructed across the land slopeCrop rotation Instead of planting the same crop year after year on the same plot of land, crop rotation involves planning out growing seasons for different crops. This method of sustainable agricultureExternal link:open in new requires long-term planning, with crops changed every season. In addition to improving soil health and organic matter, crop rotationExternal link:open in new reduces the need for fertilizer and pesticides, lowering costs. It also helps prevent excess chemicals from entering water supplies, improving water quality. Contour Plowing: Plowing along the contour lines of the land helps to slow down water runoff, reduce erosion, and retain moisture in the soil. This technique involves creating furrows or ridges that follow the natural contours of the land. Terracing: Terracing is the construction of broad, level platforms on steep slopes. By creating terraces, water runoff is slowed down, allowing it to infiltrate the soil and reducing erosion. Terraces also help to retain moisture and provide flat areas for planting crops. Windbreaks: Windbreaks are rows of trees or shrubs planted along the edges of fields or across wind-exposed areas. They help to reduce wind speed, minimise wind erosion and protect the soil. Windbreaks also provide habitat for wildlife and contribute to biodiversity. Strip Cropping: Strip cropping involves planting different crops in alternating strips or bands across a field. This method helps to break up the flow of water and reduce erosion. The alternating strips of different crops also help to improve nutrient uptake and reduce pest and disease problems. Conservation Tillage: Conservation tillage practices involve reducing or eliminating the amount of soil disturbance during planting and cultivation. This includes techniques such as no-till, where seeds are planted directly into untilled soil, and reduced tillage, where minimal soil disturbance occurs.
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Grey Water Recycling Grey water makes up roughly 60 of household waste water. This waste water is from baths, sinks, washing machines and dish washers. As the cheapest and simplest technique, capturing of the grey water is done in a bucket or drain, and used for the farm or garden. Contour Trenching Also known as the fanya juu technique, trench contouring entails digging of trenches along contour lines where water flows down the hill and soil thrown upslope to form an embankment which traps the run-off water and sediment, while still penetrating the soil below. Through this technique, though tedious in implementation and maintenance, crops can be grown in low rainfall seasons from the subsoil water reserve gathered. Example of Fanya juu technique Fog Harvesting Fog harvesting is best done at night and early mornings during the cold season in mountain faced regions or plains; e.g. Kajiado County and Coastal areas. Air is cooled to a point where it can no longer retain water vapour, hence forming ground level clouds. These clouds water droplets are captured in a synthetic plastic mesh net, that is hoisted with two posts planted in the ground which drain the water in a gutter; then transferred in tanks. This technique is easy to replicate, cheap and the level of technology and maintenance is simple. Groundwater Ponds Using an artificial pond laid a few meters below the ground, increases the chances of a better harvest of rain water runoff. This water can be used for irrigation and livestock drinking water. Compared to construction of a borehole, laying of a synthetic membrane on dug out grounds is cheaper, and traps the runoff water. These ponds vary in size depending on the size of the farm. They are easy to manage and are cost effective. Gutter Installation This roof catchment system has been used for decades as a traditional means of water harvesting technique. The water can be harvested in small scale or large scale for the purpose of irrigation, livestock, drinking or all of the fore mentioned. The size of the storage tank is dependent on the owners financial ability and water usage. With gutter installation, water runs down the strip iron sheets which are bent at an angle and nailed onto the roof, suspended with galvanized wires. The water is drained into a storage reservoir placed on the ground. SQUARE FOOT GARDENING Square foot gardening is the practice of dividing the growing area into small square sections, typically 1 foot 30 cm on a side, hence the name.
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With gutter installation, water runs down the strip iron sheets which are bent at an angle and nailed onto the roof, suspended with galvanized wires. The water is drained into a storage reservoir placed on the ground. SQUARE FOOT GARDENING Square foot gardening is the practice of dividing the growing area into small square sections, typically 1 foot 30 cm on a side, hence the name. The aim is to assist the planning and creating of a small but intensively planted vegetable garden square allows you to get a high yield from a small area It's especially beneficial to gardeners who don't have much time or farm space. Square-foot gardening typically starts with a 4x4-foot raised garden bed filled with amended soil, then subdivided into 1-foot squares with markers like lattice strips. You then plant the appropriate number of plants in each square. You determine this by plant size. This method optimizes your space and reduces the effort needed to go from planting to harvest. Preparing square foot garden Follow this guide to square-foot gardening based on a grid of 1x1 foot squares and grow more vegetables than you can imagine with less work. Follow the steps below to start your square-foot garden. 1. Pick the Correct Location for Square-Foot Gardening As with most vegetable gardens, a square-foot garden must be where the ground is relatively flat and gets at least 6 to 8 hours of full sun daily. Avoid low areas that may turn into puddles after a hard rain. You may want to choose a spot near your house to make watering, weeding, harvesting, and other garden chores more convenient and harder to overlook. 2. Build a Raised Garden Bed The most common configuration for square-foot raised garden beds is 4x4 feet. At this size, most gardeners can reach the middle from any side. Plus, this size divides easily into a grid of sixteen 1x1-foot squares. Make your sides at least 6 inches deep. Growing root vegetables such as carrots call for sides that are 12 inches deep. To make a 6-inch-tall raised bed for square-foot gardening in a flash, buy four planter wall blocks which have 2-inch slots on four sides and four 4-foot-long 2x6s at your local home center. Set the blocks approximately 4 feet apart on level ground to form a square. Connect two blocks by sliding a 2x6 board into the respective 2-inch slots.
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To make a 6-inch-tall raised bed for square-foot gardening in a flash, buy four planter wall blocks which have 2-inch slots on four sides and four 4-foot-long 2x6s at your local home center. Set the blocks approximately 4 feet apart on level ground to form a square. Connect two blocks by sliding a 2x6 board into the respective 2-inch slots. Repeat with the remaining boards and blocks to create a 4x4-foot frame in about 15 minutes. Use a more durable material such as pressuretreated lumber or cedar for a long-lasting frame. 3. Fill the Raised Garden Bed You've built the frame for a raised garden bed; now you need to fill it with soil. You may be wondering if you need special soil for square-foot gardening. You can use what you have as long as you amend it which is a good idea for any garden . First, loosen and aerate the ground soil. Then mix in enough compost and extra topsoil if needed to fill the frame. Work compost into the soil at the rate of one-third by volume such as a 2-inch layer of compost into 6 inches of soil . Soil Amendments Nutrients If you want to be more scientific about it, you should test your soil to determine its composition. Once you have that information, add the right amendments in the correct proportions to achieve the best-growing medium for a vegetable garden. Another option: Prepare the soilless mix advocated by Mel Bartholomew rather than amending your ground soil. Follow this formula: one-third compost, one-third peat moss, and one-third vermiculite. You'll need 8 cubic feet of it to fill a bed with 6-inch sides and 16 cubic feet to fill a bed with 12-inch sides. This mix is pricey, but it creates a weed-free bed that's high in nutrients and retains moisture. Blend the ingredients well whether you amend the existing soil or create a new soilless mix. Some gardeners use a portable concrete mixer plugged into a household outlet to get a uniform texture and distribution of particle sizes. No mixer? No problem. Blend all the ingredients on top of a tarp, then shovel the mixture into the frame. To get a speedier start on planting, skip the mixing and fill the frame with high-quality bagged garden soil from a nursery or gardening center.
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No problem. Blend all the ingredients on top of a tarp, then shovel the mixture into the frame. To get a speedier start on planting, skip the mixing and fill the frame with high-quality bagged garden soil from a nursery or gardening center. Once the bed is filled and you've raked the soil or soilless mix smooth, create a square-foot garden grid using lattice strips, PVC pipes, or even string. Use nails or screws to attach the grid to the sides of the frame. Being able to see each square-foot section clearly simplifies planting. If you like, cover the prepared garden with a thin layer of fine mulch to conserve soil moisture and slow down the growth of weeds. 4. Plant Your Favorite Vegetables If you're building more than one raised square-foot garden bed, leave enough space between them to roll a wheelbarrow. The formula for planting is simple: one extra-large plant per 1x1-foot square; four large plants per square; nine medium plants per square; and 16 small plants per square. Here's an idea of what you can fit in each square: one vine tomato, pepper plant, sukumawiki or eggplant; four bush tomatoes, heads of cabbage, or heads of lettuce; nine onions or beets; or 16 radishes. Zucchini needs nine of the 16 squares for just one specimen, but you can plant other vegetables in the remaining seven squares. Vegetables or fruits that spread such as watermelons require a separate bed. Planting Seeds If planting seeds, plant one seed per hole spaced appropriately for the mature plant. Look on the back of the packet for instructions. Poke a finger through the mulch into the soil, drop in a small amount of vermiculite, then the seed, and cover it with more vermiculite a material that will help keep the seeds moist while it's sprouting . Mist the newly planted seeds daily, so the soil doesn't dry out. Once plants are established, water them approximately once a week. Transplanting Vegetables If you're transplanting vegetables from a nursery or gardening center, use the same spacing method mentioned earlier. Place plants in the dirt, leaving a shallow depression around each one to help hold water. You may want to shade newly planted vegetables to protect them from wilting. Water daily for a few days, and then remove the shade and water weekly. 5.
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You may want to shade newly planted vegetables to protect them from wilting. Water daily for a few days, and then remove the shade and water weekly. 5. Maintain Your Garden Yes, square-foot gardening may take a little less work than traditional gardening, but you still have to pay attention to your produce. Watering Schedule You need to water when the soil feels dry, but you won't waste water on any exposed soil between traditional rows. Don't water from overhead. Instead, use a small container to water each plant individually pouring the water into the depressions you made when you planted them. Don't panic; it will still take less than 10 minutes to water a 4x4-foot garden this way. If your schedule permits, water in the morning. You'll need to water more often on days that are hot or windy because the soil will dry out faster. Weeding Your Garden Plan on weeding every week, but either pull weeds when they're small or use scissors to cut weeds off at the base instead of pulling them up by the roots or using a hoe. You don't want to disturb the roots of vegetables growing nearby. Make it easy on yourself by weeding every time you walk by the bed or only one square at a time. Because weedswon't compete with your vegetables for nutrients, you probably won't need to fertilize. Pest Control Inspect your garden daily to spot insect trouble early. Either hand-pick and destroy insects or spray the soft-bodied ones with insecticidal soap. Knock aphids off of plants by spraying them with a hose. CROP MANAGEMENT Crop pest A pest can be described as any organism capable of causing damage to crop plant. Types of Crop Pest. Important pests of crop plants are grouped into the following classes: i insect; ii birds; iii rodents; iv monkeys; v man; vi nematodesClassification of insect pests Insects pests can be classified into various groups based on their mode of feeding. These groups of insect pest include: 1. Biting and chewing insects; 2. Piercing and sucking insects; 3. Boring insects. 4. Biting and Chewing Insects: These insect mouth-parts which enable them to bite and chew plant Examples include: termites, grasshoppers, leaf worms, army worms, mantis, locust, beetles, etc. 5.
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4. Biting and Chewing Insects: These insect mouth-parts which enable them to bite and chew plant Examples include: termites, grasshoppers, leaf worms, army worms, mantis, locust, beetles, etc. 5. Piercing and sucking insects: These insect pests possess strong mouthparts called proboscis stuck liquid from materials from plants tissues. Examples include aphids, cotton strainers, mealy bugs, scale insects, capsids or mirids, white flies, etc. 6. Burrowing insects: These insects including their larvae are capable of burrowing into plant parts and destroying the tissues of the plant or fruits or seeds. Examples include: bean beetles, stem burrowers, maize weevils and rice weevilsCrop pestsAphids ois Ogres ArT ForContig Pant Cut wormsCaterpillar Vegetables attacked by pests Kale Spinach... Tomatoes Onions ... Carrots ... etcEffects or economic importance of insect pests in crop production 1. Insects pest destroy crops in the field through their biting, chewing, boring, sucking and defoliation activities 2. They cause reduction in viability of stored produce 3. Spot of injuries by insets may predispose crops to disease attact. 4. They increase the cost of production during the course of controlling them 5. They render vegetables and fruits unattractive and unmarketable 6. Some are carriers or vectors of diseases. 7. The profits of farmers are reduced 8. They reduce the quality of produce either in the store or in the field 9. They generally reduce the yield of crops 10. They can also cause total death of crop plants. What you need to know about insects pests Not all insects are pests. Some bugs are beneficial to the garden. These good guys are known as beneficial insects, and they can greatly benefit your garden by consuming pest insects that would otherwise feast on your plants.
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What you need to know about insects pests Not all insects are pests. Some bugs are beneficial to the garden. These good guys are known as beneficial insects, and they can greatly benefit your garden by consuming pest insects that would otherwise feast on your plants. Examples Of Beneficial Insects Include: Playing mantises Robber flies Hoverflies Assassin bugs Ground beetles Ladybugs Green lacewings Spiders Soldier beetles How to Control Pests in Crops Pests can be controlled by implementing: Chemical control; Cultural control, including crop rotation, use of locally adapted and or pest-resistant or -tolerant varieties, sanitation, and the manipulation of planting and harvest dates to avoid pests; Biological control by using natural enemies of pests; Mechanical control through cultivation practices or pest trapping; Biotechnology. .. Cultural Control: By cultural control, it is meant those methods of planting, growing and harvesting a crop which will prevent or lessen insect damage. This method consists of a slight departure from the usual time of planting, sowing or harvesting the crops or changing the plan of crop rotation, weed control, disposal of the crop remnants after harvest. Planting good seeds and resistant varieties are very important in controlling some insect pests. Since cultural methods are usually economical, they are especially useful against pests of low unit-value crops. Practices which reduce the chances of buildup of pest populations may hold them below the level which will cause economic damage. Such methods are particularly applicable to field crops and forests. Knowledge of the life history or bionomics of a pest species is essential to the effective use of cultural control methods. The principle of the weakest link or most vulnerable part of the life cycle usually applies. The environment is changed by altering farming practices at the correct time so as to kill the pests or to slow down their multiplication. In this way, the method is aimed more at prevention than at cure. If the environment is unfavorable, the pest may not reach a population level which will cause serious damage. Cultural controls are often used when chemical or biological methods have not yet been devised for an injurious species. Cleanup of the sources of infestation and changes in the planting or harvesting time are particularly important when no effective method of killing the pest is known. However, these methods are also used in combination with other controls: 1.
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Cultural controls are often used when chemical or biological methods have not yet been devised for an injurious species. Cleanup of the sources of infestation and changes in the planting or harvesting time are particularly important when no effective method of killing the pest is known. However, these methods are also used in combination with other controls: 1. Control by Planting Pest Resistant Varieties: Seeds of healthy plants preferably of a resistant variety only should be sown as far as possible. Certain varieties are naturally resistant or less susceptible to insect attack e.g. certain varieties of wild apples are immune to aphid attacks while most of the cultivated varieties are very susceptible. Hence, by interbreeding wild with cultivated variety, a strain can be evolved which yield good fruits and shall also will be immune to pests. 2. Tolerance to Insect Infestation: A variety may be infected by insects yet survive and show less injury than others because of its ability to replace injured parts such as leaves and rootlets. 3. Ploughing in Relation to Insect Control:The plough if used at right time is a good tool for combating many insect pests; it disturbs or kills them, eradicates weeds upon which they might feed and breed, exposes them to natural enemies or to weather control and buries them so deeply that few adults can emerge. A thorough stirring of the soil before planting is an indirect method for controlling the corn root aphids, because, it breaks up ant colonies, kills many aphids and prevents the growth of weeds on which they live until corn roots are available. 4. Clean Cultivation: Clean cultivation means the removal of weeds, plant residues, and other materials from the fields and growing only healthy crops. The destruction of crop residues is a very good preventive measure for controlling certain species of insects e.g. caterpillars or beetles. The elimination of remaining effectively stops further insect breeding by cutting of their food supply and shelter. Many insects infesting crops will develop on weeds which may or may not be related to these crops botanically. Hence, weed control is a good practice for reducing insect infestation. Damage due to Leptocorisa is very serious when paddy fields are surrounded by weeds which provide a good shelter to the pests till the ears have been formed in them.
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Many insects infesting crops will develop on weeds which may or may not be related to these crops botanically. Hence, weed control is a good practice for reducing insect infestation. Damage due to Leptocorisa is very serious when paddy fields are surrounded by weeds which provide a good shelter to the pests till the ears have been formed in them. Similarly various species of red hairy caterpillar, Amsacta moorei, Amsacta collaris and other species of this insect are polyphagous and lay eggs on a number of weeds and on emergence the caterpillars feed on the weeds and then migrate to the nearby fields of any crop. 5. Crop Rotation: Crop rotation is effective as preventive measures against insects that feed on relatively few plant species or where the insects are incapable of long distance migration but crop rotation is useless against a general feeder. If one and the same crop is grown every year the insect population is bound to increase due to abundance of food material. On the contrary, if crops are grown in rotation or alternate years e.g. a crop of one plant family followed by that of different family e.g. barley grown in spring may be followed by legumes or pulses and then wheat in winter and so on. The crops of the same family e.g. cotton, and lady s finger okra belonging to the same family Malvaceae must not follow same year. Mixed crops are sometimes useful as pests do not thrive in large number. 6. Flooding or Irrigation: Where water is available, it is sometime possible to destroy insects by flood or irrigation of the field. Flooding rice fields destroys many sugarcane borers. Similarly other burrowing insects e.g. crickets, grasshoppers, beetles and bugs come out of the ground after flooding the fields. They either die their natural death or readily picked up by birds. Ploughing followed by heavy irrigation within 30 days destroys many pink boll worms. The sugarcane and wheat crops can be saved from the attack of termites by irrigation. 7. Fertilizing: Nitrogenous fertilizers in some soils tend to increase the susceptibility of sorghum to damage by attack of some insects. As a result of proper manuring the plant growth is stimulated. The healthy and vigorous plants can easily resist the attack to which the weaklings would have surrendered. 8. Pruning and Thinning: Some pests are normally carried from old crop to the new one.
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The healthy and vigorous plants can easily resist the attack to which the weaklings would have surrendered. 8. Pruning and Thinning: Some pests are normally carried from old crop to the new one. Pruning and thinning decrease the intensity of attack. Infested plant shoots and dead hearts must be immediately removed. Ratooning should be avoided and there should be plenty of intervals between harvesting a crop and sowing a new one. 9. Time of Planting and Harvesting: Time of planting and harvesting has great influence on insect infestation e.g. early maturing cotton is not attacked by pink boll worm in areas where moth do not emerge early. Late planted wheat escapes oviposition by hessian flies in America because the plants do not emerge until most of the flies have disappeared as they are very short lived. Similarly early sowing of rice in the Punjab between the 3rd week of May and mid-June is helpful in protecting it from the attack of rice borer, Tryporyza incertulas so the time should be so regulated that the crop may not be worth the attack at the active period of the pests. 10. Closed Season:An insect species limited in its feeding to one crop may be eradicated by not growing this crop for a year or two. This has been done with success in isolated areas for eradicating the pink boll worm. Such a closed season consists in not growing cotton for a period of several months. 11. Destruction of Volunteer Crops: Volunteer crops are those which grow from self-sown seeds, and stubble crops are those which sprout from roots or stubbles stumps , may be a source of insect infestation and they should be destroyed by ploughing or other means. 12. Trap Crop: A trap crop is a small planting often only a few rows, made somewhat earlier than the main planting for the purpose of diverting insects away from the main crop. The trap crop can either be harvested early or cut and used as fodder before a generation of the insect can be completed. Otherwise it will serve as a breeding ground for the pest which will then attack the main crop in large numbers. The plant species used for trap crop should be one that is very attractive to the insect. The preferred host plants can also be grown around the main crop and when the pest has appeared it can be cut and destroyed.
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Otherwise it will serve as a breeding ground for the pest which will then attack the main crop in large numbers. The plant species used for trap crop should be one that is very attractive to the insect. The preferred host plants can also be grown around the main crop and when the pest has appeared it can be cut and destroyed. The other methods of cultural control are early cutting of crop, rate and depth of planting, sowing, separation of complimentary host plants, pasturing the heavy infected crops and drying out the soil etc. Physical and Mechanical Control: The protection of crops and foods from insect attack by physical and mechanical means is the simplest and most effective method. Such measures consist of destruction of insects by mechanical means, burning, trapping, protective screens or barriers, use of high or low temperature, soaking in water and drying. 1. Hand Picking: When only a few plants are infected, certain large conspicuous species may be removed from the plants by hand and destroyed just by pressing the abdomen or dipping them in kerosenized water. 2. Mechanical Means: A rotary blow has been found to destroy over 96 of white grubs as well as cut worms, army worms and other caterpillars. The cutting wheel is thirty two inches in diameter and fourteen inches wide and carries sixteen steel blades. It operates by power take off from a tractor at 150 rpm. 3. Trapping: The insects may be turned into a tray by light and baits or the trap may be mobile and drawn across a field. 4. Light Traps: The attraction of nocturnal insects to light is a common observation and the light traps have been invented and tested for killing crop pests. The attractiveness of an artificial light depends upon its candle power and colour. A yellow light will attract 60 fewer insects than a white light of the same candle power and brightness. The insects attracted by light may be destroyed as they hit electric grid or they may be drowned in water and oil after they have been turned into the trap. 5. Bait Traps: Baits are a form of control whereby insects are attracted to a selected spot on which they can be easily removed. Bait traps have been found to be very effective in controlling the nocturnal insects like cockroaches, crickets, caterpillars and nocturnal moths. 6. Temperature Treatments: a Low Temperature Control: Low temperature extremes are fatal to insects of stored grains.
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Bait traps have been found to be very effective in controlling the nocturnal insects like cockroaches, crickets, caterpillars and nocturnal moths. 6. Temperature Treatments: a Low Temperature Control: Low temperature extremes are fatal to insects of stored grains. Usually a temperature of 28 C or lower for at least several hours will kill most of the insects. Tribolium confusum can be killed in 24 h when exposed to subzero temperatures. Low temperatures are utilized for the control of insects in mills, warehouses and similar establishments. B High Temperature Control: High temperatures are also fatal to other species and can be used to kill them. Heating cotton seeds to a temperature of 65.5 C for 30 seconds will kill all pink boll worms in the seeds. Temperature of 48.8-51.6 C in all plants of a flour mill for 10-12 h will kill all insects exposed to such temperature. Exposing the infested grains to the sun also kill all the adults of the stored grain insects. 7. Physical Barriers: The protection of crops from insects by barrier is possible in case of crawling and migratory insects. Treated paper barriers and dust barriers are also used. Trenches are also used to stop army worms. Similarly water channels can be used for checking the migration of crawling insects. 8. Burning: Although destroying insects by burning their shelters is sometime practicable, burning pastures and woodland to destroy insects should not be recommended. It has been found that such practices reduce soil fertility and increases soil erosion. Furthermore, it fails to destroy injurious species but does eradicate many beneficial forms. Both cutting away dead hearts and burning them in time save valuable crops from destruction. Burning the field refuse and stubbles, are the other useful ways of pest control. 9. Sieving and Winnowing: It is possible only for domestic purposes. 10. Flooding: It is well known that a large number of insects breed and dwell in the soil, which may be destroyed by flooding the fields with water. There are several other simple methods through which a number of pest infestation can be controlled but the mechanical method of insect pest control involves a lot of labour like shaking the trees and killing the insects either in the larval or adult stages. Biological Control: The term biological control means control of insects by several biological agencies such as parasites, predators and pathogens.
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Flooding: It is well known that a large number of insects breed and dwell in the soil, which may be destroyed by flooding the fields with water. There are several other simple methods through which a number of pest infestation can be controlled but the mechanical method of insect pest control involves a lot of labour like shaking the trees and killing the insects either in the larval or adult stages. Biological Control: The term biological control means control of insects by several biological agencies such as parasites, predators and pathogens. The introduction of sterile males in a normal population and use of sex attractants have been reported to bring about effective biological control. The theoretical basis of the biological control defends on the existence of a natural enemy. The effective natural enemy can be deduced to have the following characteristics: i High searching ability, ii High degree of host specificity or preference, iii Good reproductive capacity relative to the host iv Good adaptation to a wide range of environmental conditions. The most essential characteristic is high searching ability. It should be borne in mind that a really effective enemy may be scarce in its native home because it regulates the host population at low level. There usually is one best enemy for each species in a given habitat and one frequently is sufficient for complete biological control, often, however, a second or third enemy species may add to host population regulation and may in fact be necessary to achieve satisfactory biological control. The best enemy species may differ for different host habitats. Hence there is generally no single best natural enemy extending throughout the range of a pest species. With these qualities the introduced natural enemy by itself or in conjunction with other mortality factors is expected to prevent outbreak of the pest species or at least to drop down major population fluctuations. The essential principle of biological control is to maintain a state of biological equilibrium of a living organism. This biological equilibrium is normally maintained by a set of forces called environmental resistance. Often the biological equilibrium of a living organism is disturbed either due to environmental or biotic factors and consequently a particular organism multiplies and spreads in a unlimited manner so as to assume the status of a pest. The inherent ability of an organism to survive and to reproduce within a given time and under optimal environmental conditions is known as biotic potential. Biotic potential is a force opposed to environmental resistance. It takes into account the number of young produced per female in each reproduction, the number of reproduction in a given time and the sex ratio of the species.
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The inherent ability of an organism to survive and to reproduce within a given time and under optimal environmental conditions is known as biotic potential. Biotic potential is a force opposed to environmental resistance. It takes into account the number of young produced per female in each reproduction, the number of reproduction in a given time and the sex ratio of the species. Advantages of Biological Control: Only a limited number of introduced pests have been successfully exterminated with chemicals. It would seem wiser in many instances to attempt a biological control programme which might reduce pest populations below the level which causes economic damage. Biological control has the tremendous advantage that, if successful, it becomes self-sustaining and integrated into the normal environment of the control area. If pest populations are reduced to the point where economic damage is negligible, the control programme is a success. Biological controls tend to be particularly useful on low unit-value crops where complete control may not be required or where chemicals are not recommended. Pests of field and forage crops, forests, and range may be economically controlled by biological methods; chemical controls against such pests may be impractical. A biological control destined to be fully effective will be easily and quickly established. If an imported parasite or predator is not established within three years of careful releases under good conditions for its development, the programme may be justifiably discontinued. Types of Biological Control: There are 4 main types of biological control viz.:. I Introduction of parasites, ii Predators, iii Pathogenic organisms such as bacteria, viruses and fungi etc. And iv Removal of fertile males and creating sterility in males by gamma radiation and introducing these sterile males in a normal population. In addition to these 4 main types, there is a fifth type of biological control where the indigenous parasite of the locality is being utilized for this purpose. 1. Parasites: Parasitic insects develop as larvae on or in a single host individual from eggs generally laid on, in or near the host and usually consume all or most of the host body, killing the host and then pupate, either within or outside the host. The free living adult parasite emerges from the pupa and starts the next generation a new by actively searching for host in which to oviposit. They tend to attack only one host stage i.e. eggs, larvae, or pupae, although there is also some overlapping in certain cases, adult insects do not serve as hosts.
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The free living adult parasite emerges from the pupa and starts the next generation a new by actively searching for host in which to oviposit. They tend to attack only one host stage i.e. eggs, larvae, or pupae, although there is also some overlapping in certain cases, adult insects do not serve as hosts. Very often life cycles are commonly short, ranging from 10 days to 2 weeks or so in mid-summer but correspondingly longer in cold weather. In general, they all have great potential rates of increase. According to the species one or more parasitic larvae may characteristically develop per host individual, thus we have either solitary or gregarious parasitism. Sometimes two different species of larvae develop from eggs laid in the same host. This is multiple parasitism. There is also ectoparasitism and endoparasitism, depending upon whether the larva develops externally or internally. The major groups occur in two orders of insects viz. Hymenoptera and Diptera. 2. Predators: Predator insects differ from parasitic ones in that the larvae or nymphs, as the case may be, require several to many prey individuals to attain maturity. The adults generally deposit their eggs near the prey population and after hatching the active mobile immature search out and consume prey individuals. This need of larvae or nymphs to search is an important distinction from parasitic forms whose larvae develop on a single host individual and thus have the advantage of not having to discover additional hosts. Adults of many species are also predatory. There may be one or several generations to one of the prey. Larvae and nymphs as well as corresponding adults may be predaceous or only one stage may exhibit the habit. 3. Pathogens: Pathogenic microorganisms attack insects and have life cycles more or less characteristic or similar microorganisms developing in other groups of animals. Insects are probably subject to as wide as variety of disease as are the vertebrates. Except for the fungi, disease organisms gain entry in the host via mouth or the digestive tract, i.e. the insect host must eat plant or other food contaminated with pathogen. In case of fungi, entrance is gained through the insect integument and free water or very high humidity is generally required. Thus, fungi tend to be restricted to moist environments.
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The insect host must eat plant or other food contaminated with pathogen. In case of fungi, entrance is gained through the insect integument and free water or very high humidity is generally required. Thus, fungi tend to be restricted to moist environments. However, fungi do have advantage of attacking sucking insects which because of the nature of their feeding on sap, tend to be fairly free of disease caused by microorganisms because they rarely ingest them. Virtually no insect disease organisms occur in mammals and none have been recorded from man. Thus they are safe to use in biological control even in large scale microbial spraying operations. 4. Genetic Methods: Genetic pest control implies the manipulation and use of genetic material in a manner injurious to pest insects. The control of insect pest populations by the release of sterile males has been demonstrated with at least five insect species. This spectacular technique has been termed autocidal control and involves using an insect species to bring about its own self-destruction. It is accomplished by irradiating laboratory reared males of the species to an extent sufficient to disrupt the genetic function of the sperm nucleus but not appreciably interfere with the normal ability of the male to mate or of the sperm to penetrate the egg of the female. However, such fertilized eggs fail to develop so a wild female mated with a sterilized male produces no progeny. If sterile males are released in large enough number in relation to the wild population they will fertilize more females than will the wild males. The advantage is cumulative in each generation hence eradication may be achieved within a few generations under ideal conditions. The boll weevil is reported to have been eradicated from a small isolated field by the release of chemically sterilized males. Chemosterilants have been under intensive investigation but are not as yet practical. They offer the advantage of treating the wild population directly and thus avoiding the mass rearing necessary with gamma radiation. Use of Pheromones: The ability of an insect to locate a mate and to copulate once it has been found is often directed by natural specific chemicals produced by the insect called pheromones. Natural chemical attractants and mating stimulants have been shown to occur in many pest insects. They are often effective in incredibly small concentrations; one caged virgin female of the introduced pine sawfly attracted over 11000 males. Some have been chemically identified and even synthesized. Its high specificity for particular target insects however makes this approach highly desirable.
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They are often effective in incredibly small concentrations; one caged virgin female of the introduced pine sawfly attracted over 11000 males. Some have been chemically identified and even synthesized. Its high specificity for particular target insects however makes this approach highly desirable. Such phenomena gave rise to the intriguing idea of using these natural or artificial pheromones to attract and trap insects, to lure them to contact poisons, chemosterilants or pathogens and to mask the location of females by saturating the environment with synthetic sex pheromones. Such techniques could offer highly specific control methods with little or no ecological side effects. It appears that adequate control from pheromones or attractants probably can only result if they are so highly effective as to be able to reduce the pest population to low level in the treated area and are used over a large area so that immigration of the pest from the outside would not negate the effort. Pheromone traps are commonly used for controlling various moths Heliothis, Spodoptera, Leucinodes etc. Chemical Control: Recent discoveries of new synthetic insecticides have sparked exciting advances and major breakthroughs in the control of insect enemies. Chemicals have subdued pests that once caused wide spread crop destruction, death of domestic animals and epidemics of insect borne human diseases. The modern insecticides are both effective and reliable. The whole world is resorting to them more and more for the solution of many insect problems. The chemicals which kill the insects by their chemical action are termed as insecticides. They are used for the protection of men, domestic animals, crops, agricultural products from the attack of insects when other methods fail to control the pests. Insecticides are seldom used in full strength but are formulated in a variety of ways to make them easier for application. Formulations of Insecticides: Following are the common formulations of insecticides viz.:. 1 Dusts, 2 Granular formulations, 3 Insecticide-fertilizer mixtures, 4 Wettable powders, 5 Solutions, 6 Emulsifiable concentrates, 7 Aerosoles, 8 Fumigants and 9 Miscellaneous formulations. Whatever may be the formulations the poisonous chemical present in an insecticide must penetrate the vital organs and tissues of the insect and ultimately kill it.
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Insecticides are seldom used in full strength but are formulated in a variety of ways to make them easier for application. Formulations of Insecticides: Following are the common formulations of insecticides viz.:. 1 Dusts, 2 Granular formulations, 3 Insecticide-fertilizer mixtures, 4 Wettable powders, 5 Solutions, 6 Emulsifiable concentrates, 7 Aerosoles, 8 Fumigants and 9 Miscellaneous formulations. Whatever may be the formulations the poisonous chemical present in an insecticide must penetrate the vital organs and tissues of the insect and ultimately kill it. 1 Dusts: Insecticidal dusts are those powders which are used dry and mixed with or impregnated with certain organic materials or pulverised minerals powders such as talc, pyrophyllite, bentonite etc. These minerals are called carriers or vehicles since they carry the insecticide. Dusts are blown to deposit on plants by dusting machinery or blowers. Ground to a fine size, most dust will pass through a 325 mesh screen and range in size from 1 to 40 . The finished dust may be 0.1 to 25 active material. In dust form, in general, the toxicity of an insecticide increases as the particle size decreases. 2 Granular Formulations: These are similar to dusts except for larger particle size. The range of particle size in a granular product is designated by a two figures mesh classification e.g. 30 60 means that virtually all the insecticide granules will pass through a standard 30-mesh sieve while a negligible quantity will pass through a standard 60 mesh sieve. Some of the common granular formulations are 16 30, 20 40, 24 48 and 30 60. Granular insecticides are generally used as dressings on or in the soil and may be applied with fertilizer spreaders or special granule applicators. 3 Insecticide Fertilizer Mixtures: Insecticide fertilizer mixtures may be formulated by adding granular insecticides to commercial fertilizers or by spraying insecticides directly on to the fertilizer. Such mixtures are applied at the regular fertilizing time to provide both plant nutrients and control of soil insects.
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Granular insecticides are generally used as dressings on or in the soil and may be applied with fertilizer spreaders or special granule applicators. 3 Insecticide Fertilizer Mixtures: Insecticide fertilizer mixtures may be formulated by adding granular insecticides to commercial fertilizers or by spraying insecticides directly on to the fertilizer. Such mixtures are applied at the regular fertilizing time to provide both plant nutrients and control of soil insects. 4 Wettable Powders: These are similar to dusts but they are meant to be diluted and suspended in water and used as spray. To make an insecticidal dust act in this manner a dispersing and wetting agent is added to the formulation. They are more concentrated than dust as they may contain as high as 75 toxicant. 5 Solutions:Many of the modern synthetic insecticides are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. These soluble insecticides in solution form are used directly for insect control. They are however seldom used on plants because of their phytotoxic reaction. 6 Emulsifiable Concentrates: The most common and versatile formulation is the emulsifiable concentrate. This formulation consists of an insecticide, a solvent for the insecticide and an emulsifying agent. Mixing the concentrate with water forms an emulsion. The solvent used may evaporate quickly after spraying leaving a deposit of toxicant after the water has evaporated. The use of an emulsifying agent serves several purposes; it makes possible the diluting of a water insoluble chemical with water, it reduces the surface tension of the spray thus allowing it to spread and wet the treated surface more effectively, helps the spray and make a better contact with the insect cuticle. Generally oil soluble emulsifying substance is used. Normally emulsions are unstable and break up into their component parts. This action is termed breaking. For spraying on plants a quick breaking mixture is preferred. Since this results in heavier deposits of toxicant. 7 Insecticidal Aerosols: Aerosols are minute particles suspended in air or fog or smoke. The diameter of these particles range from 0.1 to 50 . The dispersion of insecticide into aerosol form may be accomplished by burning, vapourising with heat, atomizing mechanically or releasing through a small hole an insecticide that has been dissolved in a liquified gas. The last method of aerosol preparation gives the popular aerosol bomb.
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The diameter of these particles range from 0.1 to 50 . The dispersion of insecticide into aerosol form may be accomplished by burning, vapourising with heat, atomizing mechanically or releasing through a small hole an insecticide that has been dissolved in a liquified gas. The last method of aerosol preparation gives the popular aerosol bomb. 8 Fumigants:Insecticides used in the gaseous form are known as fumigants. Fumigants are most often formulated as liquids under pressure and are held in tanks. When the liquid is released in open air it changes back to a gas, quite often fumigants are a mixture of two or more gases. 9 Miscellaneous Formulations: There are certain insecticides which are special formulations meant for specific uses. Often insecticides are stuffed in large pills and capsules and introduced into the stomach of animal. Insecticides may be mixed in shampoos, intended for use on house pets waxes for use on floors may contain an insecticide. Poison baits consist of toxicants combined with food stuff attractive to the insect pests. All these types of insecticides are special formulations designed for special purposes. Synergists: Some chemicals have the property of greatly increasing toxicity of certain insecticides. When the increased toxicity is markedly greater than the sum of the two used separately, it is termed a synergistic action. Most synergists have been used with pyrethrum or allethrin etc. Synergistic action is important because it provides a means for a more effective insecticide and it reduces the cost of control. Legal Control: Legal control is the lawful regulation of areas to eradicate, prevent or control infestation or reduce the damage caused by insects. This mainly involves the use of quarantines and pest control procedures. The central and state officials often work with local community or districts as in mosquito or locust control projects. Crop Harvesting: Harvesting: Have you ever wondered how we get food grains supplied neat and cleaned directly to the shop? Yes, farmers are using traditional and modern techniques for harvesting the crops grown. There are various stages to harvesting a variety of crops when the particular crop attains its maturity. Harvesting the crops at matured levels gives high income, and good quality produces. If the crops such as pulses, cereals, oilseeds, etc.,. Are left in the field for too long after maturity without harvesting, it can lead to the predisposition of pests.
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Maturity indices are a set of indicators that tell us when our crops have reached their optimal stage for harvest, based on various factors like size, color, texture, or taste. Here are some maturity indices for vegetables that are commonly sold in the local markets. These indices can serve as a guide for growers and consumers in determining the ideal time to harvest and purchase these crops for optimal flavor and quality. Tomato For local markets in the Philippines, tomatoes are typically harvested when they have reached the breaker stage, which is when the fruit has just started to changecolor from green to red. This is because the market demand for tomatoes is usually for ripe, red tomatoes that are ready for immediate consumption. It is important for growers to keep in mind that tomatoes that are picked too early will not ripen properly and may not have the desired flavor or texture. On the other hand, overripe tomatoes may be too soft and have a shorter shelf life. Eggplant Eggplants should be harvested at the right stage of maturity to ensure good quality and yield. Commercial maturity for eggplant is generally reached when the fruit has reached its full size and firmness, and has developed a glossy, smooth skin with a uniform color. The fruit should have a dark purple or black color, be firm to the touch, and have a slight give when gently squeezed. The calyx, or stem, should be green and firmly attached to the fruit. It is important to note that overly matured eggplants may have a bitter taste. Squash When the squash is ripe, its color becomes dull or matte, and it loses its sheen. Another indication is the hardness of the skin. When the skin of the squash becomes hard and difficult to puncture, it is a sign that it is mature and ready for harvest. Additionally, the tendril near the stem of the squash plant starts to dry out and turn brown when the squash is mature. The leaves of the plant may also start to wilt or yellow when the squash is ready to be harvested. Onion Onions are ready for harvest when their leaves start to turn yellow and fall over. This is an indication that the plant has stopped growing and the bulbs have reached their full size. The outer skin of the onion bulb should also be dry and papery. Once the leaves have fallen over and the skin is dry, the onion bulbs can be pulled from the ground and left to dry for a few days in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
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This is an indication that the plant has stopped growing and the bulbs have reached their full size. The outer skin of the onion bulb should also be dry and papery. Once the leaves have fallen over and the skin is dry, the onion bulbs can be pulled from the ground and left to dry for a few days in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area. After drying, the onions can be cleaned, trimmed, and stored. Garlic The timing of garlic harvest is determined by the maturity of the bulbs, which is indicated by the drying and browning of the leaves. When approximately one-half of the leaves have turned yellow or brown and have begun to dry out, it is time to harvest the garlic bulbs. Bitter gourd Bitter gourds are harvested when they have reached a length of 4-6 inches and a diameter of about one inch. The color should also be dark green, which indicates that it is still young and tender. The seeds inside the bitter gourd should be small and white, which indicates that the vegetable is still young and has not yet matured. Cucumber Cucumbers are typically harvested when they are young and tender for best flavor and texture. Cucumbers intended for the local market are usually harvested when they are still green, although some varieties may have a slightly yellow or white coloration. Over-ripe cucumbers will turn yellow or orange and are no longer suitable for the market. Cucumbers intended for fresh consumption should have a crisp texture and a slightly sweet, mild flavor. Overly matured cucumbers may have a bitter or unpleasant taste. It is important for growers and consumers to know the maturity indices of vegetables because it helps ensure that the vegetables are harvested at the optimal time for consumption or processing. For growers, knowledge of maturity indices can help them plan their planting and harvesting schedule, as well as manage their resources more efficiently. For consumers, knowing the maturity indices can help them choose the freshest and most nutritious vegetables, as well as get the best value for their moneyMethods of Harvesting There are three essential methods of cutting the crop or harvesting. 1. Hand Harvesting Manual Harvesting: Hand harvesting is a method of gathering grains, fruits, vegetables, leaves, etc.,. By hand or manually. Fig: Hand Harvesting 2. Harvesting with Hand Tools: Farmers use a few tools to harvest the crops.
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Cleaning, fumigation, and drying are done to the stockroom before the grains are stored or deposited. The grains are later transported to dissimilar places throughout the year. Importance of Harvesting 1. Harvesting crops by using advanced technology reduces the wastage of grains and increases in quality and quantity. 2. The direction of cutting fruits, grains and vegetables are very important during harvesting to save the quality of the fruits and also, we should see that the tools used should not damage the plant. 3. Harvesting at the right stage enriches the quality of grains or seed protection. Summary Harvesting is the act of gathering the edible parts of the plant after they approach the stage of maturity. Harvesting of crops is done using many tools and types of machinery in the agricultural fields. The tools that are used while harvesting, such as sickle, axe, etc.,. To harvest the crops like paddy, wheat, maize, grass, etc. Hand harvesting, harvesting with hand tools and harvesting with machinery are the three harvesting methods. Reaping, threshing, cleaning and hauling are the four stages of harvesting. The importance of harvesting crops by using advanced technology reduces the wastage of grains and increases in quality and quantity. Post-Harvest Management Best Practices and Methods Reducing post-harvest loss is critical. Great post-harvest management will help address the growing concerns around food sustainability. What does post-harvest mean? Post-harvest process is the stage that immediately follows the harvest. The final quantity and quality of the product depends on it. Appropriate pre-harvest practices and harvesting the crop at the right time using adequate farming equipment are also important in order to optimize the overall postharvest output. Additionally, post-harvest management includes various steps such as: Drying: This decreases the moisture levels to ensure safe storage and prevents grain germination. It also reduces the risk of fungal attack and contamination by aflatoxin, maximizing the quality of crops retained. Threshing Shelling: Threshing or shelling of grains helps to reduce the required storage capacity and minimize the susceptibility of the grain to pests. Cleaning Winnowing: This involves removing any foreign matter from the grain, such as leaf, stalk, or empty seeds, in order to optimize its market value. Storage: Protecting the grain from climatic changes and contamination by insects and pests is crucial. Various post-harvest grain storage methods can accomplish this.
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Cleaning Winnowing: This involves removing any foreign matter from the grain, such as leaf, stalk, or empty seeds, in order to optimize its market value. Storage: Protecting the grain from climatic changes and contamination by insects and pests is crucial. Various post-harvest grain storage methods can accomplish this. Transport: Grains sold to buyers are transported to warehouses or markets where they are made available to the common folk. Minimize post-harvest losses and preserve produce by correctly following the steps above. How does grain storage play a major role? Agricultural products are stored before they are made available and accessible to the public. The storage process keeps grains, whether in bags or in bulk, in a storage structure. The structure, designed to protect the stored product for a short or long period, hosts the grains awaiting movement to other locations. Grain storage occurs at three levels: producer s level, trader s level, and urban organization storage level. Storing it is necessary for the following reasons: To provide a uniform supply of food throughout the year. Grains are produced seasonally while consumption is a constant. To provide reserve for contingencies such as flood, drought, pandemics, and other calamities. To speculate a good price either in domestic or in export markets. Hence storage is fundamental to the concept of food security. What happens if grain storage is improper? The main cause of deterioration of grain quality and decrease in grain quantity is improper storage. This can occur due to: Weather changes: Changes in climatic conditions such as rain, humidity, increased dampness, moisture; heat can harm the grain quality and seed viability. Infestation: Unfavorable environmental conditions can also make the grain more vulnerable to infestation by insects, pests, and molds. Incorrect Grain Storage resulting in post-harvest losses In fact, rodents and birds often attack incorrectly stored grains. They can not only feed on the grain, but also contaminate it with their urine, droppings, and hair feathers. These problems caused due to improper storage result in post-harvest losses in the form of: Weight loss of the agricultural produce. The grain is prone to rancidity or it may undergo sprouting, over-ripening if not stored properly. There is loss in quality and market value of the produce. Furthermore, the nutritive value of the grain also decreases.
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The grain is prone to rancidity or it may undergo sprouting, over-ripening if not stored properly. There is loss in quality and market value of the produce. Furthermore, the nutritive value of the grain also decreases. What are the correct post-harvest storage methods?Proper grain storage methods are the key to reducing post-harvest losses. The quantity of produce and the duration of storage are important to choose the proper storage method. Storage in bags: Storing grains in bags is convenient for short-term storage when grains are intended to be moved early. Short term storage duration requires few measures against insects. Loose storage: Large quantities of grains can be stored in loose bulk storage. Requirements for correct storage are: A good storage site: Ventilate and keep the site cool. Have a strong roof to protect from high winds and rain. Ideally, raise the site off the ground to prevent ground water soaking into the stored grains. Produce in suitable condition: Ensure that the crop going into the store is in good condition, cleaned and well dried. It is also necessary to store the grain at the right moisture content. Intake of grain is orderly and controlled: Maintain the air-tight barrier each time the storage unit is opened and closed. Quality maintenance ensured: Keep stored grains in the shade to protect them from rodents and birds. Security against theft and loss: Keep the storage area locked in order to limit access. Any loss is identifiable and accountable: Regularly inspect the store to maintain the condition of crops throughout the storage period. Adherence to these requirements helps to know the quantity stored at any given time, decrease the grain loss during storage, and quickly recognize the causal agents of losses and accordingly control them. Hermetic storage Hermetic Bags by Save Grain Bags A post-harvest storage technology, Hermetic storage protects grain by creating an oxygen-deficient and carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere that is incompatible with the survival or breeding of pests. It creates an airtight and moisture-tight barrier, preserving the agricultural products in their optimal form.
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CREATION Origin of sin and its consequences Gen: 3-11 Introduction Man and woman fell from the Garden of Eden. This experience is expla-ined in genesis chapter 3 verse 4; chapter 6 verse 9 and chapter 11. In these verses, the Bible is teaching about sin, which made Adam and Eve fall. Sin is defined as iniquity, and guilt. It is to miss a mark, to transgress. Sin is a rebellion or an offence against God. Sin originated with the disobedience of Adam and Eve. They had been commanded not to eat of the fruits of the tree of knowledge of good and evil the tree in the middle of the Garden of Eden. But Adam and Eve ate the fruit after being deceived by the serpent. Man had the power to resist temptation but instead he yielded. Genesis Chapter 3 verse 6 states that man wanted to be wise and thought how wonderful it would be to become wise hence sin arises from the lack of knowledge of God, from the denial of trust of God. The consequences of sin After sinning, we the human race and sinners: 1 Replaced friendship with God with fear of God. 2 Lost innocence. What had been innocent and good became shameful. Adam and Eve became ashamed of their nakedness, something they had never felt before they sinned against God. 3 Lost good relationship with God. The good relationship between God and man was betrayed. Human beings were alienated from God. The Lord God sent him out of the Garden of Eden 4 Damaged the perfect relationship between man and woman. The Lord said to the woman You will have desire for your husband, yet you will be subject to him . 5 Pain became part of human experience. I will greatly multiply your pain in child bearing . 6 Man began toiling and struggling to meet his needs You will have to work hard and sweat to make the soil produce anything 7 The home of man, and the earth itself was placed under a curse. Cursed is the ground because of you. Enmity between man and wild animals emerged. 9 Man began to die. Death sentence is passed upon all men. You will return to the ground you are dust 10 Man began to hate. Man developed murderous feelings in his heart, for example Cain killed Abel, his younger brother. 11 Man changed and became prone to sin.
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You will return to the ground you are dust 10 Man began to hate. Man developed murderous feelings in his heart, for example Cain killed Abel, his younger brother. 11 Man changed and became prone to sin. 12 Life span of man was reduced see Gen. 6:3 I will not allow people to live forever, they will live no longer than 120 years 13 Man s language was confused by God after the flood read Gen.11: 7 14 Sin led to embarrassment, mistrust, suffering, pain, pride, arrogance and death. Summary Disobedience of God by Adam and Eve brought serious sin consequences to humanbeings. Sin brings sadness and suffering to man even today. Activity In groups of two or three, discuss the origin and consequences of sin. CONCEPT OF EVIL Introduction In this lesson, we shall discuss the concept of evil as told by the traditi-onal African religion and the biblical writings. We shall study similarities and differences of evil from the two religions. What is evil? In the traditional African society, evil was an offence against God, spirits and ancestors. It was also viewed as an offence against another person or community. Evil was also a misfortune that can befall an individual or a community. What are the causes of evil? Many of the traditional African societies do not associate God with evil. God is not the creator of evil. Some communities believe that evil is an external power that exists on its own. Thus in the traditional African society, evil was understood or explained as something mysterious that was caused by several people and things. These were:a Evil spirits b Ancestral spirits due to disobedience to them c Some animals like the chameleon are sources of evil. The Akamba believed that chameleons brought evil. Other communities believed that if an owl cries near one s homestead, it is a sign of evil. D People with mystical powers for example magic, sorcery, and witchcraft are evils e If a member of a community breaks a taboo by disobedience, this action may bring evil spirits. F The spirits of the dead; cause evil; if they are not remembered or respected. Evil spirits cause harm and violence.
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D People with mystical powers for example magic, sorcery, and witchcraft are evils e If a member of a community breaks a taboo by disobedience, this action may bring evil spirits. F The spirits of the dead; cause evil; if they are not remembered or respected. Evil spirits cause harm and violence. Consequences of evil in traditional African society These were many and ranged from a Barrenness b Drought c Epidemics d Madness e Sickness f Death g Drowning h Burning in a house i War j Physically and mentally handicapped children l Rebellious children Values needed to overcome temptationsSkills needed to overcome temptations Recognize Your Tendency to Sin James 1:14 explains that we are tempted when we become enticed by our own natural desires. The first step toward overcoming temptation is to recognize the human tendency to be seduced by our own fleshly cravings. The temptation to sin is a given, so don't be surprised by it. Expect to be tempted daily, and be prepared for it. The apostle Peter reminds us to stay on the lookout: Be alert and of sober mind. Your enemy the devil prowls around like a roaring lion looking for someone to devour. 1 Peter 5:8, NIV Flee From Temptation But remember that the temptations that come into your life are no different from what others experience. And God is faithful. He will keep the temptation from becoming so strong that you can't stand up against it. When you are tempted, he will show you a way out so that you will not give in to it. When you come face to face with temptation, look for the way out the way of escape that God has promised. Then skedaddle. Flee. Run as fast as you can. Resist Temptation with the Word of Truth Hebrews 4:12 says that God's Word is living, active, and powerful. Did you know you can carry a weapon that will make your thoughts obey Jesus Christ? According to Ephesians 6:17, one of our weapons is the Word of God: The weapons we fight with are not the weapons of the world. On the contrary, they have divine power to demolish strongholds.
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Did you know you can carry a weapon that will make your thoughts obey Jesus Christ? According to Ephesians 6:17, one of our weapons is the Word of God: The weapons we fight with are not the weapons of the world. On the contrary, they have divine power to demolish strongholds. We demolish arguments and every pretension that sets itself up against the knowledge of God, and we take captive every thought to make it obedient to Christ. 2 Corinthians 10:4 5, NIV Jesus overcame the devil's temptations in the wilderness with the Word of God. If it worked for him, it will work for us. And because Jesus was fully human, he is able to identify with our struggles and give us the exact help we need for overcoming temptation. While it can be helpful to read God's Word when you're being tempted, sometimes that's not practical. Even better is to practice reading the Bible daily so that eventually you have so much of it on the inside, you are ready whenever temptation strikes. If you are reading the Bible regularly, you will have the full counsel of God at your disposal. You will start to have the mind of Christ. When temptation comes knocking on your door, all you'll have to do is draw your weapon, aim, and fire. Refocus Your Mind and Heart with Praise How often have you been tempted to sin when your whole heart was fully concentrated on worshiping the Lord? I'm guessing your answer is never. Praising God takes our focus off of self and puts it on God. You may not be strong enough to resist temptation on your own, but as you focus on God, he will inhabit your praises. He will give you the strength to resist and walk away from the temptation. Psalm 147 might be a good place to start: Praise the Lord. How good it is to sing praises to our God, how pleasant and fitting to praise him! Psalm 147:1, NIV Repent Quickly When You Fail In several places, the Bible tells us the best way to resist and overcome temptation is to flee from it 1 Corinthians 6:18; 1 Corinthians 10:14; 1 Timothy 6:11; 2 Timothy 2:22 . Even still, we fall from time to time. When we fail to flee temptation, eventually we will give in and fall.
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Psalm 147:1, NIV Repent Quickly When You Fail In several places, the Bible tells us the best way to resist and overcome temptation is to flee from it 1 Corinthians 6:18; 1 Corinthians 10:14; 1 Timothy 6:11; 2 Timothy 2:22 . Even still, we fall from time to time. When we fail to flee temptation, eventually we will give in and fall. Having a more realistic view knowing that at times you will fail should help you to repent quickly when you do. Failing is not the end of the world, but it is dangerous to persist in your sin. Going back to the book of James, verse 1:15 explains that sin "when it is full-grown, gives birth to death.". Continuing or persisting in sin leads to spiritual death, and often even physical death. That is why it's best to repent quickly when you know you've fallen into sin Others include: 1. Keep yourself busy 2. Avoid comparison as it triggers temptations 3. Avoid watching negative films, movies etc. 4. Keep your mind focused and positive 5. Seek help where needed be God s plan of salvation After the fall of man, God took steps to heal the damaged situation and relationship between Him and Adam and Eve. GOD: 1. Provided clothing of skin to Adam and Eve. 2. Looked for Adam and Eve since they were hiding from His presence. 3. Provided Adam and Eve with the knowledge to find different foods. 4. Declared enmity between man and the snake. 5. Hinted at the ultimate victory of man when He said that the seed of the woman would crush the snake or serpent s head. The serpent would attack the heel of man and woman. All through the Old Testament, and the New Testament, we see God s plan of salvation being manifested. For instance, GOD chose and separated Abraham from other communities. The children of Israel led by Moses were delivered from Egypt,. God sent prophets to teach and warn the Israelites of the dangers of sin. Finally God sent his only son Jesus Christ to die on the cross to save human kind. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN VIEW OF EVIL AND BIBLICAL CONCEPT OF SIN Similarities Both the Biblical and traditional African view or agree that 1 God is supreme.
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God sent prophets to teach and warn the Israelites of the dangers of sin. Finally God sent his only son Jesus Christ to die on the cross to save human kind. SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TRADITIONAL AFRICAN VIEW OF EVIL AND BIBLICAL CONCEPT OF SIN Similarities Both the Biblical and traditional African view or agree that 1 God is supreme. God is neither the creator nor author of evil 2 Sin comes from the disobedience of God by human beings 3 Evil and misfortune are God s curse to man Biblical while the traditional African society sees evil as curses by ancestors, and elders. Both curses lead to misfortunes. 4 The result of sin and evil is human sufferings 5 Sin and evil lead to man being separated from God 6 God is the guardian of law and order 7 Human beings have the ability to overcome evil Differences 1 Biblical account emphasizes personal nature of sin while in the African concept; sin is more social and communal 2 Biblical account attributes evil to disobedience while African concept attributes evil not only to disobediences but other external forces. 3 Biblical accounts offer a message of hope to overcome evil while African concept doesn t offer a solution to sin and evil. 4 Traditional African concept all forms of suffering as a result of sin while in the Bible suffering is not always a result of sin. Questions 1 Explain the differences between the two creation stories 2 State the traditional African view of creation 3 Explain how human beings continue with the work of creation 4 What is the origin of sin and evil according to traditional African society? 5 Give three consequences of sin as stated in Genesis 6 State the consequences of evil according to African traditional societies 7 Trace God s plan of salvation of human kindCompare biblical and traditional African understanding of evil and sin. 9 What does the command Subdue the earth in Genesis 1 verse 28 mean? THE BIBLE CALL OF ABRAHAM BACKGROUND TO THE CALL OF ABRAHAM Genesis 11:24-32, 12 Introduction The background to the call of Abraham is found in the first book of the bible. This is Genesis which is a Greek word meaning Beginning . The relationship between Adam and God was good but after Adam disobeyed GOD, their relationship changed because of sin by Eve and Adam. After sometime, God repaired this relationship by calling Abraham and offering salvation.
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This is Genesis which is a Greek word meaning Beginning . The relationship between Adam and God was good but after Adam disobeyed GOD, their relationship changed because of sin by Eve and Adam. After sometime, God repaired this relationship by calling Abraham and offering salvation. Background -Abraham lived with his father Terah at a place called Ur. Abraham s father lived among people who worshiped many gods. One of the god s whom people of Ur worshipped was the moon. This worship of many gods is referred to as polytheism. -The family of Terah moved from Ur to Haran. While at Haran, God called Abraham at 75 years old. He was told to . Leave your country, your relatives and your father s home and go to a land that I am going to show you . Abraham obeyed God s call. He left Haran for a land that was unknown to him. He took his property his wife Sarah and his nephew lot. At the time of the call of Abraham, he was known as Abram and his wife Sarai. God changed their names to Abraham and Sarah. Abraham means Father of many nations while Sarah means mother of nations. -On arrival in Canaan, he travelled and came to a place called Schechem. God appeared to him once more. Abraham built an altar for the lord at this place. Altars are places of worship. They were regarded as holy and were manifestations of God s presence. An altar was made of stones. -After sometime, he separated with his nephew Lot due to their servants having strife over water for their livestock. Abraham left Canaan due to feminine. He went to Egypt. Activity 1. Where did Lot settle? 2. Read GENESIS, chapter 11 24 32 and chapter 12 1 9 FAITH AND GOD S PROMISES TO ABRAHAM HEBREWS 11: 1 6 THE MEANING OF FAITH -Faith is a strong belief, a complete trust or confidence in someone or something. It is also a firm belief, which is not based on any scientific or logical proof. Faith in God is an attitude of complete trust in God. It is not based on concrete or tangible objects. Faith is manifested in the ways of life of a believer. -Abraham is an example of someone who had faith in God. He showed his faith in action in several ways.
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Faith is manifested in the ways of life of a believer. -Abraham is an example of someone who had faith in God. He showed his faith in action in several ways. HOW ABRAHAM DEMONSTRATED HIS FAITH IN GOD 1. Although Abraham was old, he left Haran to go to a strange unknown land of Canaan. 2. After he settled in Canaan, Abraham was assured by God of his protection and was given other promises such as he will get a son, and Abraham believed God. Sarah gave birth to a son when she was 90 years old and Abraham was around 120 years old. This was as the lord had promised Abraham. 3. The son was named Isaac that means laughter because Sarah had laughed when she was told that she would have a child in her old age. The child Isaac was circumcised when he was eight 8 days old. 4. Abraham was told by God to circumcise all males in his household including himself. He obeyed. 5. When Abraham was asked to sacrifice his son Isaac to God, he was ready to do so. 6. Abraham believed that God would fulfill all the promises he had given to him 7. Abraham demonstrated his faith by building altars GOD S PROMISES TO ABRAHAM GENESIS 12:2-3, 15:1-21, 21, 17:1-8, 17:15-18 A promise is giving an assurance of something to someone. The promises God gave to Abraham were that:1. God told him he would give him a land. His descendants would be given the land of Canaan to dwell in 2. His name would be made famous 3. His descendants will be many. Abraham would be made a great nation. 4. God would protect him 5. He was promised a son of their own 6. God would bless him 7. God would bless those who bless him and curse those who curse him 8. Abraham was promised that he would die in peace and in an old age 9. His descendants would be strangers in a foreign land but afterwards would come out with great possessions. THE RELEVANCE OF THE PROMISES MADE BY GOD TO ABRAHAM TO CHRISTIANS TODAY Gen.
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Abraham was promised that he would die in peace and in an old age 9. His descendants would be strangers in a foreign land but afterwards would come out with great possessions. THE RELEVANCE OF THE PROMISES MADE BY GOD TO ABRAHAM TO CHRISTIANS TODAY Gen. 12: 2 3, 15: 1 21, 21:1 7, 17: 15 18 God called Abraham from idol worship in the same way God continues to call people to serve him. 1 Through Abraham, God had a plan to restore the relationship between man and God 2 Christians receive the promises of blessings from God through Abraham Gods promises to Abraham fulfilled through Christians 3 As Abraham left his own people, Christians should leave their sinful lives and put their whole trust in God. 4 Abraham is seen as the descendant not only of the Israelites but also of Christians 5 Christians have faith that God fulfils promises to them as he did to Abraham 6 Christians are assured of God s protection 7 Through God s dealing with Abraham, God shows that he values a personal relationship with human kind. Through Jesus Christ Christians enter into an everlasting covenant with God. Just like Abraham entered into a covenant with God. 9 The promise to Abraham of Canaan Promised Land is to Christians the hope for new land heaven 10 God continues to make promises to those who believe him 11 Abraham is the ancestor Father of all believers COVENANT Definition. A covenant is a solemn agreement between two persons or two groups of people. An agreement is between two separated parties. It s a pact, a treaty. When it is a covenant, it conveys a union or partnership. Characteristics components of a covenant There are components or features that must be in a covenant. A covenant must have a ceremony, sign, witnesses, promises vows oaths, obligations consequences, and participants. A covenant establishes a sacrificial bond between the parties involved. There are obligations or rules by which the parties must abide by, adhere to and observe in order to keep the covenant. A covenant is an agreement and if it is broken, there are consequences for breaking it. In the Bible, there are many covenants. Examples of covenants in the Bible 1. Adamic covenant Agreement between God and Adam 2.
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Items for sacrifice Three 3 years olds: heifer, goat, ram and a dove and a pigeon. Abraham then cut these animals into two halves and placed them opposite each other. The birds were not split. After it was dark, smoking fire and a flaming torch suddenly appeared and passed between the pieces of animals. Towards evening, Abraham fell into a deep sleep. While he slept the Lord appeared to him and told him that: His descendants will be strangers in a foreign land and be slaves for 400 years. But they will come out of this land with a lot of wealth and God will punish the nation that will enslave Israelites. He, Abraham will live up to a ripe age, and die in peace. Then the Lord made a covenant with Abraham and promised to give him and his descendants the land of Canaan. God himself passed through the sacrifices and bound himself to keep the promises. IMPORTANCE OF THE COVENANT BETWEEN GOD AND ABRAHAM GEN. 15: 1- 19 God bound himself in a personal relationship with a human being As God passed through the meat, he showed Abraham he would always protect him. This passed on to the descendants of Abraham This covenant between God and Abraham begins a lasting relationship between God and all the nations of the earth. Throughout this covenant God was initiating his plan of salvation for human kind The promises made to Abraham were fulfilled in New Testament blood of the lamb death of Jesus Christ It emphasized the importance of faith followed by obedience that Abraham shared. COVENANTS IN MODERN LIFE AND THEIR IMPORTANCE Modern covenants are a Marriage b Baptism c Oath of loyalty and d Ordination of clergy Marriage ceremony: In marriage, the bride, bridegroom and their families come together. When the two families come together a relationship is developed. They make an agreement and both sides are seriously involved in the ceremony, whether the marriage is civil or religious. During the marriage ceremony the couple makes vows promises to each other, before a priest pastor and the congregation. Two officials witness theseagreements. Rings are exchanged as a sign of a lasting relationship. A certificate is given in some cases as a testimony sign of this agreement. There is eating and drinking.
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Rings are exchanged as a sign of a lasting relationship. A certificate is given in some cases as a testimony sign of this agreement. There is eating and drinking. Baptism: In a Christian baptism, a covenant is entered into between the believer and God. The believer makes vows before God. The priest and the whole congregation witness this agreement. In some churches, a card is issued to the person who has been baptized as a sign of Christian membership. The baptized can now take the Holy Communion, which is a Christian Ceremony. But when an infant is baptized, parents take the vows on behalf of the child. Loyalty oath: Leaders in public service for example the president, ministers, Members of Parliament, and Governors are sworn in before they take over their new responsibilities. They swear take an oath and promise to carry out their duties firmly and without fear or favor. Ordination of the clergy: Church leaders, nuns and priests take oaths and make vows to God and to the congregation in a ceremony attended by worshippers. The importance of modern day covenants They bind different groups They act as a security They strengthen relationships They unite people together They create loyalty They create peace, harmony and bring a sense of permanence THE TESTING OF ABRAHAM S FAITH GEN. 22: 1 18 God tested Abraham s faith by asking him to go and sacrifice his only son Isaac. This was the son he loved so much. He was to travel to Mount Moniah. On reaching Mt. Moriah, he built an altar, and arranged wood on it. He tied up his son Isaac and placed him on the altar on top of the wood. He lifted a knife to kill him. But the Angel of the Lord called out to him from heaven. Abraham! Abraham! Do not lay a hand on the boy Do not do anything to him. Now I know you that you fear God, because you have not withheld from me your son, your only son v 11-12 . Abraham had obedient reverence for God became he did not keep back his only son from God. God provided a ram for sacrifice. He named the mountain the Lord provided God was pleased with Abraham and promised him blessings, many descendants victory, and protection.
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Abraham had obedient reverence for God became he did not keep back his only son from God. God provided a ram for sacrifice. He named the mountain the Lord provided God was pleased with Abraham and promised him blessings, many descendants victory, and protection. Activity Read Genesis 12:1 9, 15:1 6, 17:23 24, 21:1 7, 22:1-19 IMPORTANCE OF FAITH IN CHRISTIAN LIFE TODAY 1. A Christian today is acceptable to God through his faith in God through Jesus Christ. Without faith it is impossible to please God. 2. A Christian can only serve God if he has faith in him. Faith enables a Christian to serve God 3. Faith enables a Christian to accomplish what appears to be impossible 4. Through faith, Christians are able to trust God to fulfill his promises to them 5. Faith is the foundation of the Christians salvation 6. Faith in God gives a Christian the power to overcome all temptations. 8. Christians should expect to have their faith tested just like Abraham was. 9. Faith enables Christians to patiently wait on God s promises 10. Christians through faith in God help the poor, make right decisions and are able to understand and know God better. JEWISH AND AFRICAN PRACTICES OF CIRCUMCISION IMPORTANCE OF CIRCUMCISION TO ABRAHAM AND HIS DESCENDANTS GEN. 17: 1 16 The rite of circumcision was started by Abraham and has been practiced by the Jews up to the present times. In the Old Testament, it was important because: i Through circumcision: God assured Abraham that he would fulfill His promises to him. Ii Circumcision was a sign that Abraham and his descendants had entered into a covenant with God. It was an outward sign of inner faith. Iii Circumcision was a mark of identity for the Jews iv It was a sign of obedience to God v It was an acceptance of God as the only true God and their willingness to remain faithful to him In the New Testament vi Circumcision doesn t qualify one to be a child of God. One is accepted as a Christian without circumcision as long as they have faith in God. Vii A true descendant of Abraham is the Christian who truly believes in God and lives according to His will regardless of colour, race or creed.
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Iii Circumcision was a mark of identity for the Jews iv It was a sign of obedience to God v It was an acceptance of God as the only true God and their willingness to remain faithful to him In the New Testament vi Circumcision doesn t qualify one to be a child of God. One is accepted as a Christian without circumcision as long as they have faith in God. Vii A true descendant of Abraham is the Christian who truly believes in God and lives according to His will regardless of colour, race or creed. CIRCUMCISION IN AFRICAN COMMUNITIES Circumcision is one of the rites of passage among the African people. It marks the transition from one stage to another. Many ethnic communities in Kenya still practice the rite of circumcision. During circumcision ceremonies, prayers are offered to God for the well-being of the initiates those who are being circumcised and the prosperity of the whole community. Initiates learn secrets of their community and society. They are taught myths, origin, religious beliefs, and sex education. In some communities, initiates are given new names or ornaments to signify their new status. JEWISH AND AFRICAN PRACTICES OF CIRCUMCISION Similarities In both Jewish and African communities, circumcision: a Is a mark of identity b Provided a sense of belonging c Was observed as a religious experience d was compulsory e Was a tradition passed from one generation to another f Is a time for shedding blood g Was a time for offering prayers to God for the well-being of the initiates h Was a time for giving gifts i Was a ceremony for initiation j Was a time for giving the initiates names k Took place in sacred places. Differences In Jewish community, i. Circumcision was a rite for boys while in African society it was for both boys and girls. But it was for boys in a few communities. Ii. Boys were circumcised when aged 8 days while in the African society; it was between 15 to 25 years old. Iii. Circumcision was for boy s organ while in African societies several forms of initiation were done, for example, removal of teeth, and body piercing among others. Iv.
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Iii. Circumcision was for boy s organ while in African societies several forms of initiation were done, for example, removal of teeth, and body piercing among others. Iv. Circumcision was a command from God while for the African communities it was in obedience to customary law where ancestors were invoked to protect the initiates. Among the African societies v. Circumcision was a rite of passage from childhood to adulthood while for the Jews it was not. Vi. The initiates were given specialized education while the Jews were not. Vii. The initiates were grouped into age groups, and were secluded from the community while among the Jews it was not so. Viii. The rite of circumcision according to seasons while the Jews once a child is born, they are circumcised on the 8th day. Ix. After circumcision, the initiates were allowed to marry, enter a warrior group, own property but for the Jews the initiate was still a child. Questions 1.Explain why Abraham is referred to as the father of faith2. Give five actions from the life of Abraham that shows his faith to God 3. List some of the promises God gave to Abraham 4. Compare and contrast the Jewish and traditional African practice of circumcision 5. What is the importance of faith to Christians? 6. State the elements of a covenant 7. Give examples of covenants in the bible and the modern society 8. Discuss the circumstances that led God to enter into a covenant relationship with Abraham. LEADERSHIP IN ISRAEL Introduction When the Israelites had settled in Canaan, they did not have an earthly King. Their unseen ruler was God. Such a community was called a Theocratic community. God ruled through some judges who were appointed. The role of judges in Israel 1. They led the Israelites into war against enemies such as the Philistines. 2. They settled disputes among the people. 3. They acted as spiritual leaders and officiated in worship. 4. They offered sacrifice on behalf of the people. 5. Some of the judges acted as the prophets of God. 6. The judges foretold the future. 7. The judges condemned the injustices in Israel. 8. They reminded the people of Gods ways. Reasons why the Israelites demanded for a King 1 Samuel 8:1-9 They demanded to be given a King because: - 1. Samuel had grown old.
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They reminded the people of Gods ways. Reasons why the Israelites demanded for a King 1 Samuel 8:1-9 They demanded to be given a King because: - 1. Samuel had grown old. 2. He had imposed his sons Joel and Abijah as judges over the Israelites. 3. The two sons were not like their father for they lacked leadership skills. 4. They were corrupt and took bribes. 5. They wanted a King so that they would be like other nations in Canaan. 6. They wanted a stable political government ruled by law and order. 7. They had been influenced by political government of the Canaanites. 8. They wanted a king who would lead them into war against their enemies such as the Philistines and bring back the Ark that had been taken. 9. They wanted an earthly king who they could see and consult in time of problems Reasons against Kingship in Israel 1 Sam 8:10-20 Samuel was very upset by the request for a King because: 1. By demanding an earthly King, it meant that they had rejected Yahweh as their king. 2. They were going to lose their identity as Gods chosen people 3. The leaders to be appointed were going to lack leadership qualities. 4. The King would oppress them. 5. Some of their sons would be recruited to serve as soldiers in his army. 6. Others would be put into forced labor. 7. Their daughters would be put to work as cooks and perfumers. 8. The king would take the best of their flock. 9. The king would take their lands and good vineyards. 10.At that time, they would cry to God but God will not listen to them; the people refused to listen to Samuels warning and went ahead with their demand for a king. So the Lord told Samuel to do as they wanted. The Choosing of Saul as the first King of Israel 1Sam 9:10 After the Israelites had appealed to Samuel that they wanted a King, Samuel told the Lord what the people had said and the Lord instructed him to do, as they wanted. Saul the son of Kish was appointed as the first King of Israel. Achievements of King Saul 1. He was Gods choice who was to save the Israelites from the power of the Philistines. 2.
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Achievements of King Saul 1. He was Gods choice who was to save the Israelites from the power of the Philistines. 2. He received the spirit of God, which made him to prophesy like one of the prophets of God. 3. He fought and conquered the Israelite e.g. the Amorites, the Moabites and the Amalekites. Failures of King Saul 1 Sam 13, 15, 18:6-9, 28:3-15, 3 1. He offered sacrifices to God at Gilgal yet he was not a priest. 2. He spared Agag the king of the Amalekites. 3. He spared the best sheep and cattle of the Amalekites for selfish gain. 4. He cheated Samuel that he wanted to offer the animals as sacrifice to God. 5. He listened to the voice of his subjects and army to spare the animals and Agag. 6. He became jealous and plotted to kill David. 7. He consulted a medium so that he could talk to the spirit of Samuel. 8. He killed the priest of God, 1 Sam 22. 9. He committed suicide when he went to war against the Philistines Lessons Learnt from the Failures of King Saul 1. Christians should obey Gods command and prophets 2. It is important to have faith in God. 3. A Christian needs to be patient. 4. Christians should not be influenced by greed for wealth and earthly desires. 5. God does not value incense sacrifice instead he is more pleased with obedience 6. Leaders need not to be jealous of others Saul was jealous and plotted to kill David. 7. There is need to respect every ones responsibility. 8. Saul never respected the position of Samuel. Choosing of David as the king of Israel 1sam 16:1-15 David was the son of Jesse from the tribe of Judah. God instructed Samuel to go and anoint David to succeed Saul as a King of Israel. Achievements of King David 1. He was chosen by God. God told Samuel to come and anoint him as king of Israel. 2. He was a skilled Musician and composed the book of Psalms that is used in the church even today 1Sam 16:14-23 . 3.
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2. He was a skilled Musician and composed the book of Psalms that is used in the church even today 1Sam 16:14-23 . 3. He brought back the Ark of the Covenant from the house of Abinadab to Jerusalem with great celebration. The Ark had been taken away by the enemies. 2Sam 6:15 . 4. He conquered the city of Jerusalem and made it its capital city. 2sam; 5:6-25 . 5. He was a brilliant military commander. The name David means Army Commander. He waged successful wars against Moab, Ammor, Amelekite and Aram. 6. He killed Goliath who was a great warrior of the Philistines because he had great faith in God. 1Sam 17 . 7. He expanded the boundaries of Israel through military conquest. 8. He was a good administrator. He administered through law and justice to all people. He chose wise leaders to advise him. 9. David was a humble king who was ready to repent whenever he committed a sin. He repented after taking Uriahs wife. 2 Sam: 11 . 10.He was publicly anointed as a King of Israel. He was made king over Judah and was later accepted by the whole Israel. 11.He established good diplomatic relations with the surrounding nations for example;he signed a treaty with Syria and through the treaty Israel benefited both economically and politically. 12.He laid foundation of building the great temple which was later completed by Solomon. 2Sam 7:1-17 . 13.God promised to establish an everlasting kingdom for David where his descendants would live in peace. Jesus is a descendant of King David. 14. He united the Northern and Southern kingdom and made it into one nation. David as the ancestor of Jesus 2 Sam 1:29, Luke 1:26-33 Nathans prophesy about the Messiah is seen as having been fulfilled in the work of Jesus Christ in the following ways: - Jesus Christ who was the Messiah is seen as being born from Davids lineage. Mathew in the Genealogy of Jesus tells that Jesus was a descendant of King David. Matt 1:1 . Jesus was born in Bethlehem, which was referred to as the city of David.
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Mathew in the Genealogy of Jesus tells that Jesus was a descendant of King David. Matt 1:1 . Jesus was born in Bethlehem, which was referred to as the city of David. Luke 2:4 In their sermons, the early apostles like Paul and Peter made a number of references to Jesus as a descendant of King David. Romans: 1:3-5 . The blind man at Jericho hailed Jesus as son of David and looked to him to restore his sight. Lk 18:35-36 . During Triumphant entry into Jerusalem, Jesus was hailed by the crowd as the Messiah descendant from the house of King David. Math. 21:9 . Angel Gabriel told Mary that the son would be great and will be called the son of the Most-High . Lk. 1:26-33 . Jesus foster father was a direct descendant of King David Qualities of a Good Leader drawn from David 1. Modern rulers should be courageous and ready to die with and for their subjects like David was a strong Military Commander. 2. Modern leaders should have faith in God and realize that authority comes from God. 3. Leaders should be thankful to God. David was thankful not only to God but also to his people. 4. Modern leaders should be loyal to their oath of office. David kept his without favoring some people. 5. Leaders should be kind. David was a kind leader. He pardoned many of those who had offended him. 6. A good leader should be humble. David was a humble person. He consulted Gods prophets. 7. A leader should be able to admit his mistakes. David realized his mistakes and asked for forgiveness. 8. Modern leaders should be willing to delegate duty as David did. David had a team of advisors and administrators. Achievements and failures of king Solomon After David died, his son Solomon took over as king in Israel. Achievements of king Solomon 1Kings 4:29, 3:16, 4:20-27, 10:14, 11:3 1. He was considered to have been a wise ruler. The wisdom was given by God. 2. He built the great temple and dedicated if for the service of the Lord. 3. He brought the Ark of the Covenant into the temple. 4. He established trade links with the neighbouring communities and made Israel a prosperous nation. 5.
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Rehoboam told them to go and come after three days. He then went and consulted the elders who told him to do as the people had said. He ignored the advice of the elders and went to his fellow young men who advised him to be even harsher than his father was. When the people went back to him he said he refused to relax his rule. When the people heard this, they rebelled against him and established the Northern kingdom that came to be known as Israel with Jeroboam as the king. Importance of the Temple to the Jewish People 1.The temple symbolized Gods presence among the Israelites.2.It was a house where the Israelites offered prayers to God.3.It was the place where the first-born male children were dedicated to God.4.The temple was a place where the Israelites offered sacrifices to God.5.The Ark of the Covenant, which symbolized Gods presence, was kept in the temple.6.It was a place where the priests and prophets resided.7.The rites of purification were carried out in the temple.8.It acted as a symbol of unity in Israel.9.The Jewish ceremonies such as the Passover feast and the feast of the Tabernacle were formed in the temple.10.The temple also served as a commercial centre. The animals for sacrifice were brought in the temple.11.The temple acted as a court. The Jewish elders sat in the temple to judge cases. The Sanhedrin It acted as a training place for the priests, Rabiis and scribes. It was where the people were taught the Mosaic Laws.
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Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 1 HEALTH EDUCATION GRADE 7 JUNIOR SECONDARY LESSON NOTESRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 1 HEALTH AND NUTRITION a. Introduction to health Education Health - a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity" Health education is a profession of educating people about health. Areas within this profession encompass: environmental health, physical health, social health, emotional health, intellectual health, and spiritual health, as well as sexual and reproductive health education. Health education can be defined as the principle by which individuals and groups of people learn to behave in a manner conducive to the promotion, maintenance, or restoration of health. However, as there are multiple definitions of health, there are also multiple definitions of health education. Importance of Health Education The importance of health education impacts many areas of wellness within a community, including: Chronic disease awareness and prevention Injury and violence prevention Maternal and infant health Mental and behavioral health Nutrition, exercise and obesity prevention Tobacco use and substance abuse It stimulates people s awareness and skills Health programs engage skilled professionals who meet the community to talk about simple ways to develop and sustain health. They learn from practised health workers and pick up skills such as first aid. Experts teach them about their weaknesses which make themRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 2 susceptible to diseases and infections. Deterioration of health is often unpredictable. Hence there is the requirement to search for skills to handle such challenges. Health education elevates the student s understanding of health It allows them to develop their physical, social, and emotional health values. When students meet more well-informed people, they learn from them and are ready to metamorphose this knowledge. Some of the information they obtain includes precautions when engaging in acts such as sexual intercourse. Students can get this information from lectures at their institution and educate others when they are back in the community. It inspires the youth to boost and keep up their health Being a part of health education programs lets the student see for themselves what it takes to be hale and hearty. They are inspired to eat healthy food and take part in the exercise. By learning that, they start thinking properly about their health principles.
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It inspires the youth to boost and keep up their health Being a part of health education programs lets the student see for themselves what it takes to be hale and hearty. They are inspired to eat healthy food and take part in the exercise. By learning that, they start thinking properly about their health principles. Young people have the liveliness to exercise and require an incentive to be active in improving their health and that of the general public at large. Health education improves the quality of life It encompasses good health habits that are accepted by health experts to improve the quality of life. The people come to know about their wrong practices and realize that they need to change or improve their habits. They alter their habits and better them so that their standards can improve appreciably. For example, they learn to engage in protected sexual intercourse to avoid or minimize the spread of STDs. It also reduces premature deaths The community must study about the diverse methods to stop the propagation of diseases and infections. People can set up sufficiently to battle epidemics and thwart deaths and suffering. The youth and children are most susceptible to early deaths when infections and diseases hit badly. Vaccinations may be administered at no cost during health education programs to prevent premature deaths. It is sensible to attend to such plans when the chance presents itself. Career Opportunities in Health education They include: Public health officer Nutritionist Health promotion officers Community health workers CHW Doctors Nurses Occupational therapistRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 3 Psychologist Clinical officers Physiotherapist Health Promotion activities These activities may be many but limited. They include: Helping People Who Smoke Quit Increasing Access to Healthy Foods and Physical Activity Preventing Excessive Alcohol Use Promoting Lifestyle Change and Disease Management Promoting Women s Reproductive Health Promoting Clinical Preventive Services Promoting Community Water Fluoridation Promoting Mental Health and Emotional Well-Being Promoting Better Sleep Handwashing Physical exercise b. Health Promotion Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions. As a core function of public health, health promotion supports governments, communities and individuals to cope with and address health challenges.
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Health Promotion Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions. As a core function of public health, health promotion supports governments, communities and individuals to cope with and address health challenges. This is accomplished by: building healthy public policies, creating supportive environments, and strengthening community action and personal skills Common health concerns in the community Physical Activity and Nutrition - Research indicates that staying physically active can help prevent or delay certain diseases, including some cancers, heart disease and diabetes, and also relieve depressionRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 4 and improve mood. Inactivity often accompanies advancing age, but it doesn't have to. Check with your local churches or synagogues, senior centers, and shopping malls for exercise and walking programs. Like exercise, your eating habits are often not good if you live and eat alone. It's important for successful aging to eat foods rich in nutrients and avoid the empty calories in candy and sweets. Overweight and Obesity - Being overweight or obese increases your chances of dying from hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, respiratory problems, dyslipidemia and endometrial, breast, prostate, and colon cancers. Tobacco - Tobacco is the single greatest preventable cause of illness and premature death Substance Abuse - Substance abuse usually means drugs and alcohol. HIV AIDS - Mental Health - Dementia is not part of aging. Dementia can be caused by disease, reactions to medications, vision and hearing problems, infections, nutritional imbalances, diabetes, and renal failure. There are many forms of dementia including Alzheimer's Disease and some can be temporary. With accurate diagnosis comes management and help. The most common late-in-life mental health condition is depression. If left untreated, depression in the elderly can lead to suicide. Injury and Violence Environmental Quality Immunization Access to Health Care Ways of promoting of promoting wellness in individuals 1. Take Proper Sleep: It may seem to be the most common advice, but trust me most of the people don t follow the basic strep towards their overall wellbeing. Our body needsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 5 proper sleep and rest to heal and renew the energy to function properly. This healing is essential for physical and mental activity throughout the day.
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Take Proper Sleep: It may seem to be the most common advice, but trust me most of the people don t follow the basic strep towards their overall wellbeing. Our body needsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 5 proper sleep and rest to heal and renew the energy to function properly. This healing is essential for physical and mental activity throughout the day. Sufficient sleep regulates the hormones that are directly related to our mood and emotions. Most often when you feel an irritated or emotional imbalance, chances are high that your body lacks in taking enough sleep. An adult body needs nearly 6 to 7 hours of sleep per day. So make sure you take enough sleep. 2. Eat a Balanced Diet: Sleep alone is not going to give you the required benefits. You need to eat a healthy and balanced diet and ensure your body receives enough amount of nutrition. The food you consume determines how healthy your inner system is. Moreover, it also helps in determining your emotional health and mental illnesses such as depression. When your body lacks essential nutrients, it leads to serious health problems. Moreover, you end up facing emotional distress and anxiety. Health and wellness experts suggest that you should eat fruits and vegetables in sufficient amount. Moreover, eating nuts and lentil also strengthens your heart. Try to avoid caffeine, sugar and processed food as much as possible. 3. Expose Your Body to Sunlight: Vitamin D deficiency leads to several problems such and Seasonal Affective Disorder or SAD. When you are exposed to sunlight, it causes the release of endorphins also called happiness hormones that is responsible for the productivity of the brain. So, take some time out of your routine and spend some time in sunlight. But makes sure you wear sunblock to prevent sunburn. 4. Deal with Stress: Although it is difficult to avoid stress nowadays, however, it is definitely possible to deal with it. It is very important to learn to deal with stress in aRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 6 smart and effective way. For that, try to avoid the situations that cause stress. If your stress is unmanageable, note down the causes of stress as well as what actions can you take to improve your reaction, mood, and even situation? 5. Exercise Daily: When you remain physically active and exercise daily, your blood flow improves in your entire body. With the increased blood flow, the number of oxygen increases and you feel more energetic, fresh and mentally active. 6.
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Exercise Daily: When you remain physically active and exercise daily, your blood flow improves in your entire body. With the increased blood flow, the number of oxygen increases and you feel more energetic, fresh and mentally active. 6. Stay Away from Smoking and Alcohol: If you keep drinking and smoking, no matter how much you spend on your health and how hard you try, your efforts are going to be wasted. Quit smoking and drinking to ensure you lead a healthy life. 7. Be Social, as Much as You Can: Isolation and lack of communication are the two biggest reasons for depression, mental and physical illnesses. No matter how busy your family and work life is, try to dedicate some time to friends and socialize with them. A man cannot stay healthy without interacting with other people. Communicating with others lowers the stress level. If you have heard of laughter therapy, it also has the same purpose to reduce the stress in which you laugh with other people. Everyone needs acceptance and friendship that is fulfilled only when you socialize with others. 8. Use clean and safe water 9. Develop hygienic practices Challenges to health promotion and solutions Lack of proper communication channels - To identify the best communication channels, and to understand the dynamics of the targetRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 7 population, conduct focus groups, surveys, or other assessments about how they receive information. Lack of community motivation - Conduct education and outreach to identify community awareness of health concerns, determine community members expectations, and to motivate individuals to achieve better health outcomes. Cultural and social issues - Many rural communities have deeply rooted traditions and cultures around food, lack of trust for medical professionals and outsiders, and or social beliefs around certain behaviors. Make a conscious effort to recognize and understand these norms before implementing the program and develop strategies to address them. Involving members from the target population in this process can help achieve cultural competency and encourage participation. Resources and sustainability - Rural communities have finite financial, technological, and workforce resources. Program staff may be involved in other activities and commitments. To create sustainable support for the program, focus on a shared vision and involve partner organizations and a larger body of community stakeholders. Barriers to participation - Local circumstances such as geography can influence program implementation and operations. The program design should accommodate lengthy travel times, availability of or lack of transportation, childcare needs, and site availability to minimize potential barriers to program participation. C.
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Barriers to participation - Local circumstances such as geography can influence program implementation and operations. The program design should accommodate lengthy travel times, availability of or lack of transportation, childcare needs, and site availability to minimize potential barriers to program participation. C. Nutrients and their functions in the body Macro and micronutrients The nutrients your body needs to promote growth and development and regulate bodily processes can be divided into two groups: macronutrients and micronutrients. Macronutrients are the nutrients your body needs in larger amounts, namely carbohydrates, protein, and fat. These provide your body with energy, or calories. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 8 Macronutrients are the elements in food that you need to grow and function normally. All macronutrients are obtained through the diet as the body can t produce them on its own. Carbohydrates, protein, and fat are the three main suppliers of nutrition in your diet. While all macros provide valuable energy to your body, they each fulfil different functions. O Carbohydrates are the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits, grains, and vegetables. They re the most important source of quick energy in your diet because they re easily broken down into glucose, which the muscles and brain use to function. O While carbohydrates are found in healthy foods like vegetables, they re also found in unhealthy foods like cakes and doughnuts, which has given them a bad reputation in various diets. O The important distinction to make in this instance is between simple and complex carbohydrates. The difference between the two is the chemical structure which affects how quickly the sugar is absorbed by the body. O Simple carbohydrates, or bad carbohydrates, generally release sugar faster because they are made with processed and refined sugar and don t contain any vitamins, minerals, or fibers. Complex, or goodRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 9 carbohydrates , are processed more slowly and are filled with various nutrients. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 10 Proteins are made up of amino acids and function as hormones, enzymes, and an antibody in the immune system. They make up parts of bodily structures like connective tissues, skin, hair, and muscle fibres. Unlike carbohydrates, proteins don t serve as a direct source of energy, but work like building blocks for other structures in the body.
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Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 10 Proteins are made up of amino acids and function as hormones, enzymes, and an antibody in the immune system. They make up parts of bodily structures like connective tissues, skin, hair, and muscle fibres. Unlike carbohydrates, proteins don t serve as a direct source of energy, but work like building blocks for other structures in the body. The nutritional value of a protein is measured by the quantity of essential amino acids that it contains, which varies depending on the food source. Animal products, such as meat and fish, contain all of the essential amino acids. Soy products, quinoa, and the seeds of a leafy green called Amaranth also contain all of the essential amino acids. Plant proteins usually lack at least one amino acid, so eating a combination of different plant proteins throughout the day is important for vegetarians and vegans. The recommended daily intake of protein is between 0.75 grams and 1 gram per kilogram of your body weight. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 11 The distinction between saturated and unsaturated fats is important because your body only needs the latter. Unsaturated fats regulate metabolism, maintain the elasticity of cell membranes, improve blood flow, and promote cell growth and regeneration. Fats are also important in delivering fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E and K into the body. While your body doesn t necessarily need saturated fats, they do provide your body with cholesterol, which plays an important role in hormone production. Your body does produce its own cholesterol, but a small amount introduced through your diet can help build cell membranes, produce hormones like oestrogen and testosterone, help your metabolism work, produce vitamin D, and produce bile acids which help digest fat and absorb nutrients. However, a diet rich in cholesterol can increase the risk of heart disease. Fats should make up between 30 35 per cent of your daily caloric intake, with a maximum of 10 per cent of that being saturated fats. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 12 Micronutrients are the nutrients your body needs in smaller amounts, which are commonly referred to as vitamins and minerals.
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However, a diet rich in cholesterol can increase the risk of heart disease. Fats should make up between 30 35 per cent of your daily caloric intake, with a maximum of 10 per cent of that being saturated fats. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 12 Micronutrients are the nutrients your body needs in smaller amounts, which are commonly referred to as vitamins and minerals. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 13 Like macronutrients, your body doesn t produce micronutrients in the quantities that it needs, so eating a diet rich in vitamins and minerals is essential for a healthy body. Vitamins are organic and can be broken down by elements such as heat, air, or acid which means they can denature when cooked or exposed to air, making it slightly more difficult to ensure you re getting them in your diet. Minerals on the other hand are inorganic and aren t broken down in this way. This means that your body absorbs the minerals in the soil and water your food has come from. Each vitamin and mineral has a specific role in your body, and the best way to ensure you re meeting all your bodily needs is by eating a healthy, varied diet. Not only are micronutrients crucial for nearly every process in your body, they can also act as antioxidants. In the right quantity, they protect your body against disease and deficiencies. Eating a balanced diet promotes this and improves your chances of getting a variety of minerals and vitamins through your food into your bloodstream. While they work together, vitamins and minerals have different tasks in the body.
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In the right quantity, they protect your body against disease and deficiencies. Eating a balanced diet promotes this and improves your chances of getting a variety of minerals and vitamins through your food into your bloodstream. While they work together, vitamins and minerals have different tasks in the body. One of the main functions of vitamins is to help release the energy found in the food that you eat Vitamins help build protein and help your cells multiply They make collagen, which helps heal wounds, support blood vessel walls, and promote healthy bones and teethRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 14 Vitamins keep your eyes, skin, lungs, digestive tract and nervous system in good condition They build your bones, protect your vision, and interact with each other to help your body absorb the vitamins it needs to They protect you against diseases Minerals maintain the correct balance of water in your body They promote healthy bones and stabilise the protein structures that you get from the protein you eat, including those that make up your hair, skin, and nails They get the oxygen moving around your body Minerals assist in your ability to taste and smellRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 15 There are multiple food items that fulfil both macro and micronutrient functions. Incorporating these foods into your diet will allow your body to function at an optimal level. Other than oxygen and water, the food you eat is the only input your body has to perform the functions it needs for you to go about your daily life. The better quality the input, the better your body will be able to function and perform. Signs and symptoms of common macro and micronutrient deficiencies and measures for intervention Nutrients are the organic substances congregated inside the food and used by the body for the maintenance of life and growth. We get nutrients needed for our body from the food we consume i.e. rich in nutrients, for the proper growth and functioning of body. In absence of nutritious food, various health problems and deficiency diseases collides in our bodies.
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We get nutrients needed for our body from the food we consume i.e. rich in nutrients, for the proper growth and functioning of body. In absence of nutritious food, various health problems and deficiency diseases collides in our bodies. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 16 Some of the common results occurred due to nutritional deficiencies are: Marasmus Kwashiorkor Goiter Anemia Night blindness Scurvy Rickets etc MUSCLES JOINTSMuscle crsmping: agri B82 6uti 8.8688 ParaMago Cac demaling 1 86 Poss Conk sar 83.917, fokc ack knracks inthe comer ofthe moth 2 Weak tooth enamel Varna DKShoeiPain ongue 5285, FlleComo omed or tate:Bumps onthe beck f the ams Varn ADryer veoh shins A Unusual pve arnEssen: arc Ree dring menstruation: 6Dermat BoteRedvetcn mars 2 5 Han PA amen 2 foeNereuonesrnabity 1b. 65 naomi 63 85 8605Disinenron 82 312 Re-inventing CBCAggpossible solutionsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 18 Macro nutrients Major deficiency disorder Symptoms Prevention Mitigation measures Carbohydrates Diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar coma, hypoglycemia -Energy loss and fatigue -Weight loss, -Constipation -Balanced diet. -Educate children on the importance of carbohydrates. -Maintain a healthy body weight -Awareness on the importance of balanced diet Fats Heart disease, stroke, kidney problems, pediatric obesity, childhood obesity, metabolic syndrome -Small bumps on back of upper arms. -Variation of skin. -Mixed oily and dry skin -Regular exercise -Low intake of oily foods -Educate children on the effects of junk foods. -Maintain a healthy body weight -Awareness on the importance of fats and its adequate intake. Proteins Kwashiorkor, marasmus and hypoalbuminemia -Loss of muscle mass. -Increased risk of bone fractures. -Risk of infections. -Inhibit proper body growth in children -Establishment of nutrition centers, therapeutic feeding centers.
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| 1,750,360,542.027008 |
-Maximum zinc intake can cause symptoms that range from nausea and vomiting to impaired immune system functioning. For this reason, adults older than age 19 should not take more than 40 mg of zinc a day. -Improving the processes by which Zn moves from the soil into the plant and eventually into the edible part of the grain that has the potential to mitigate problems associated with Zn deficiency in crops and humans. -Awareness of the importance of animal-source foods in the diet for infants and young children Vitamin A Night blindness, xerophthalmia, -Slowing growth and development in fetus, raise risk of anemia in pregnant women, -Vision disturbances, joint pain. -Behavior modification where high intake of vitamin A rich foods -Dietary modification: Home and community provisioning to increase availability of vitamin A rich foods. -Gardening Project to Increase Production and Consumption of Vitamin A-Rich Foods -Small animal husbandry and fish Production to increase household and community availability of preformed Vitamin A Sources -Multi-Mix Complementary and Weaning Foods Folate Vitamin B6 Megaloblastic anemia, neural tube and other birth defects, heart disease, stroke -Mood Changes -Weakened immune function. Tiredness and low energy -Optimum amount intake of vitamin B6 rich foods. -Use of vitamin b6 drugs in correct way. -Increase Production and Consumption of Vitamin B6-Rich FoodsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 21 -Tingling and Pain in Hands and Feet -Seizures -Sore, Glossy Tongue. Cobolamine Vitamin B12 Megaloblastic anemia -Constipation, diarrhea -Nerve problems like numbness or tingling, -Vision loss -Mental problems like depression, or behavioral changes -Optimum amount intake of vitamin B12 rich foods. -RDA vitamin B12 is 2.4 mcg for men and women age 19 and over. Pregnant women have slightly higher requirements: 2.6 and 2.8 mcg per day, respectively. -Since the body is able to store enough vitamin B12 to meet its needs for several months, vitamin B12 deficiency is extremely rare among healthy people whose daily diet includes foods that are naturally rich in or enriched with vitamin B12. Thiamine Vitamin B1 Beriberi Wernicke and Korsakov syndromes -Fatigue.
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| 1,750,360,542.050903 |
Pregnant women have slightly higher requirements: 2.6 and 2.8 mcg per day, respectively. -Since the body is able to store enough vitamin B12 to meet its needs for several months, vitamin B12 deficiency is extremely rare among healthy people whose daily diet includes foods that are naturally rich in or enriched with vitamin B12. Thiamine Vitamin B1 Beriberi Wernicke and Korsakov syndromes -Fatigue. -Irritability -Reduced Reflexes. -Tingling Sensation in Arms and Legs. -Muscle Weakness. -Blurry Vision. -Nausea -Improved nutrition, removal alcohol consumption -Consumption of animal products. -Increase production and consumption of vitamin B1-rich foods Riboflavin Vitamin B2 Nonspecific fatigue, eye changes, dermatitis, brain dysfunction, impaired iron absorption -Dryness and cracking of the skin -Red, dry tongue called magenta tongue. -Recommended Dietary Allowance RDA is 1.3 milligrams daily for men and 1.1 mg for women. A higher dose of 3 mg per day can help to prevent cataracts. -Increase production and consumption of vitamin B2-rich foodsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 22 -Skin rash. -Anemia. -Weakness and fatigue. -Vision problems Niacin Vitamins B3 Pellagra -Thick, scaly-pigmented rash on skin when exposed to sunlight. -Swollen mouth and bright red tongue. -RDA of niacin for adult males is 16 milligrams mg a day and for adult women who aren t pregnant, 14 mg a day Increase production and consumption of vitamin B3-rich foods Vitamin B6 Dermatitis, neurological disorders, convulsions -Skin Rashes. -Mood Changes. -Weakened immune function. -Tiredness and Low Energy. -Seizures. -Optimum amount intake of vitamin B6 rich foods. -Use of vitamin b6 drugs in correct way. -Increase production and consumption of vitamin B6-rich foods Vitamin C Scurvy fatigue, hemorrhages -Rough, Bumpy Skin.
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| 1,750,360,542.062116 |
-Optimum amount intake of vitamin B6 rich foods. -Use of vitamin b6 drugs in correct way. -Increase production and consumption of vitamin B6-rich foods Vitamin C Scurvy fatigue, hemorrhages -Rough, Bumpy Skin. -Corkscrew-Shaped Body Hair -Bright Red Hair Follicles -Spoon-Shaped Fingernails with Red Spots or Lines -Dry, Damaged Skin -Slowly Healing Wounds The United States U.S. Office of Dietary Supplements ODS advice the following intake of vitamin C: -Up to 6 months: 40 mg, as normally supplied though breastfeeding -During pregnancy, women should consume 85 mg of vitamin C, rising to 120 mg while breastfeeding. -Promotion of health research projects on vitamin C deficiency and its associated factors. -Increase production and adequate consumption of vitamin C-rich foodsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 23 -Smokers need 35 mg more than nonsmokers do every day. Vitamin D Rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, colorectal cancer -Bone and Back Pain -Depression -Impaired Wound Healing -Bone Loss -Hair Loss -Muscle Pain -Increase vitamin D supplement -Eat foods rich in vitamin D -Increase exposure to natural sunlight -Maintain a healthy body weight -Monitoring and treating medical conditions: -Using vitamin D supplements Calcium Decreased bone mineralization, rickets, osteoporosis -Tingling Fingers-Muscle crampsLethargy-Poor appetite -Reducing intake of caffeineInclusion of dairy products in daily diet-Educate children on the importance of dairy products. -Maintain a healthy body weight -Monitoring and treating medical conditionsRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 24 Role of water and dietary fiber in promoting health THE WAY FIBER ACTS Fiber strengthens the consistency to food which forces you to chew properly and break the food up. Fiber is, in general, non-digestible and will end up intact in the large intestine colon . Fiber absorbs water up to five times its weight and expands as it passes through the bowel. In summary, fiber has a recognized role in regulating gastro-intestinal function, particularly in helping to prevent constipation. SOURCES AND RECOMMENDED QUANTITIES There are three food groups which are excellent sources of fiber, they are : Cereals e.g.
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| 1,750,360,542.090701 |
The first part is called the duodenum. The jejunum is in the middle and the ileum is at the end. The large intestine includes the appendix, cecum, colon, and rectum. The appendix is a fingershaped pouch attached to the cecum. The cecum is the first part of the large intestine. The colon is next. The rectum is the end of the large intestine. Functions of the various parts of the human digestive system The digestive process Organ Movement Mouth ChewingRe-inventing CBC for possible solutions 27 Organ Movement Esophagus Peristalsis Stomach Upper muscle in stomach relaxes to let food enter, and lower muscle mixes food with digestive juice Small intestine Peristalsis Pancreas None Liver None Large intestine Peristalsi Mouth. Food starts to move through your GI tract when you eat. When you swallow, your tongue pushes the food into your throat. A small flap of tissue, called the epiglottis, folds over your windpipe to prevent choking and the food passes into your esophagus. Esophagus. Once you begin swallowing, the process becomes automatic. Your brain signals the muscles of the esophagus and peristalsis begins. Lower esophageal sphincter. When food reaches the end of your esophagus, a ringlike muscle called the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes and lets food pass into your stomach. This sphincter usually stays closed to keep what s in your stomach from flowing back into your esophagus. Stomach. After food enters your stomach, the stomach muscles mix the food and liquid with digestive juices. The stomach slowly empties its contents, called chyme, into your small intestine. Small intestine. The muscles of the small intestine mix food with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and intestine, and push the mixture forward for further digestion. The walls of the small intestine absorb water and the digested nutrients into your bloodstream. As peristalsis continues, the waste products of the digestive process move into the large intestine. Large intestine. Waste products from the digestive process include undigested parts of food, fluid, and older cells from the lining of your GI tract. The large intestine absorbs water and changes the waste from liquid into stool. Peristalsis helps move the stool into your rectum. Re-inventing CBC for possible solutions 28 Rectum.
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| 1,750,360,542.113638 |
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