<p>The most likely scenario is that an asymmetry in the supernova explosion  imparts momentum to the proto neutron star at its core. The issue is not settled.</p>

<p>A recent study by <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.08281" rel="noreferrer">Verbunt et al. (2017)</a> models the 
speed distribution of young pulsars as the sum of two Maxwellian distributions, one with an average speed of <span class="math-container">$\sim 130$</span> km/s and the other with an average speed <span class="math-container">$\sim 520$</span> km/s. About 30% of the population are in the low speed  population and only a few percent have speeds below 60 km/s.. A plot of the (model) distribution is shown in Fig.9 of that paper.</p>

<p>Why do some pulsars move so fast? Conservation of momentum. Pulsars are neutron stars with mass about <span class="math-container">$1.5 M_{\odot}$</span>, born at the heart of core-collapse supernovae. A 500 km/s speed corresponds to a kinetic energy of about <span class="math-container">$4\times 10^{41}$</span> J and a linear momentum of <span class="math-container">$1.5\times 10^{36}$</span> kg m/s, but during the supernova, approximately <span class="math-container">$10^{46}$</span> J is made available when the core collapses from about the size of the Earth to a ball of neutrons 20 km across. Thus only a tiny fraction of this energy needs to be given to the neutron star to accelerate it to high speeds.</p>

<p>Most of the energy in a supernova is released as almost massless neutrinos from the core. In order of magnitude terms, the neutrinos carry away a linear momentum of <span class="math-container">$\sim E/c = 3.3\times 10^{37}$</span> kg m/s. If there were a small asymmetry in how these neutrinos escaped - i.e. more in one direction than another, then conservation of momentum would demand that the core moves in the opposite direction. To match the observed linear momentum of fast moving neutron stars would demand
a directional asymmetry of neutrino emission of <span class="math-container">$\sim 5$</span>%, (which seems unlikely and may require magnetic fields of <span class="math-container">$10^{12}$</span> T -  <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0006285" rel="noreferrer">Nardi &amp; Zuluaga 2001</a> ). A better idea might be that in the initial stages of the collapse, the core material is opaque to neutrinos and it could be that there is an asymmetry in the way the neutrinos break out of the absorbing material (e.g. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.3342" rel="noreferrer">Nordhaus et al. 2012</a>).</p>

<p>Alternatives are that there are instabilities in the final phases of nuclear burning, just prior to the core collapse. These instabilities cause the core to wobble back and forth and when the supernova happens, the core just happens to be travelling one way or another. There have also been suggestions that asymmetric radiation from the pulsar itself could gradually accelerate it to the speeds observed.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-04T17:28:37.483Z
could you comment on why the distribution has two peaks?
Kai
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-04T19:26:09.490Z
@Kai Unknown. Might be something to do with binarity. Note, it isn't two narrow peaks, it's a broad distribution with two maxima.
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-04T20:57:44.990Z
"Opaque to neutrinos" is an odd concept to wrap my head around.
Skyler
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-04T21:10:24.283Z
@skyler a light year of solid lead will stop a neutrino. This is equivalent in stopping power to about 100-1000m of neutron star material.
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-05T04:06:26.810Z
Q1: Are those speeds relative to their local region of the ISM? Q2: Could the cause of the asymmetry be similar to problems that inertial fusion machines have discovered? i.e. Rayleigh Taylor amplifying minor asymmetries during the compression phase, and the fusion burn expanding from the point of maximum density and temperature which may not be central. I believe they have also observed pellets where one half is burnt and the other half is accelerated to fairly high speeds.
craq
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-04T09:00:40.687Z
2020-03-05T15:59:07.647Z
2020-03-05T15:59:07.647Z
ProfRob
<p><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.12111" rel="noreferrer">This article</a> investigates the traces left in the ISM by fast moving pulsars. Is there a mechanism specific to pulsars that causes them to move so fast, or are there just as many fast moving stars?</p>

<p>The article also mentions that </p>

<blockquote>
  <p>Many fast moving pulsars quickly escape  the  host  supernova  remnant </p>
</blockquote>

<p>This seems to indicate that something during the supernova makes the pulsar speed-up (or the remnant slow down). How does this happen?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-04T08:12:36.250Z
@antispinwards And know what word to look up :)
usernumber
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-04T11:25:51.763Z
An extreme example is [Pulsar B1508+55](http://hosting.astro.cornell.edu/~shami/fastpsr/), which is heading out of the galaxy at 1100 km/s. I suppose there may also be fast moving black holes hurtling through space...
PM 2Ring
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-04T19:28:04.873Z
@usernumber  so pulsars are Discworlds ?   :-)
Carl Witthoft
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-03-04T20:52:47.823Z
Pulsar Kicks would make a great band name.
Schwern
<supernova><pulsar>
What causes fast moving pulsars to move so fast?
usernumber
# What causes fast moving pulsars to move so fast?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-03-04)

[This article](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.12111) investigates the traces left in the ISM by fast moving pulsars. Is there a mechanism specific to pulsars that causes them to move so fast, or are there just as many fast moving stars?

The article also mentions that

> Many fast moving pulsars quickly escape the host supernova remnant

This seems to indicate that something during the supernova makes the pulsar speed-up (or the remnant slow down). How does this happen?

**Tags:** supernova, pulsar
> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: @antispinwards And know what word to look up :)  
> **username_1**: An extreme example is [Pulsar B1508+55](http://hosting.astro.cornell.edu/~shami/fastpsr/), which is heading out of the galaxy at 1100 km/s. I suppose there may also be fast moving black holes hurtling through space...  
> **username_2**: @usernumber  so pulsars are Discworlds ?   :-)  
> **username_3**: Pulsar Kicks would make a great band name.  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_4 on 2020-03-04. Score: 27 | Accepted answer

The most likely scenario is that an asymmetry in the supernova explosion imparts momentum to the proto neutron star at its core. The issue is not settled.

A recent study by [Verbunt et al. (2017)](https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.08281) models the
speed distribution of young pulsars as the sum of two Maxwellian distributions, one with an average speed of $\sim 130$ km/s and the other with an average speed $\sim 520$ km/s. About 30% of the population are in the low speed population and only a few percent have speeds below 60 km/s.. A plot of the (model) distribution is shown in Fig.9 of that paper.

Why do some pulsars move so fast? Conservation of momentum. Pulsars are neutron stars with mass about $1.5 M\_{\odot}$, born at the heart of core-collapse supernovae. A 500 km/s speed corresponds to a kinetic energy of about $4\times 10^{41}$ J and a linear momentum of $1.5\times 10^{36}$ kg m/s, but during the supernova, approximately $10^{46}$ J is made available when the core collapses from about the size of the Earth to a ball of neutrons 20 km across. Thus only a tiny fraction of this energy needs to be given to the neutron star to accelerate it to high speeds.

Most of the energy in a supernova is released as almost massless neutrinos from the core. In order of magnitude terms, the neutrinos carry away a linear momentum of $\sim E/c = 3.3\times 10^{37}$ kg m/s. If there were a small asymmetry in how these neutrinos escaped - i.e. more in one direction than another, then conservation of momentum would demand that the core moves in the opposite direction. To match the observed linear momentum of fast moving neutron stars would demand
a directional asymmetry of neutrino emission of $\sim 5$%, (which seems unlikely and may require magnetic fields of $10^{12}$ T - [Nardi & Zuluaga 2001](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0006285) ). A better idea might be that in the initial stages of the collapse, the core material is opaque to neutrinos and it could be that there is an asymmetry in the way the neutrinos break out of the absorbing material (e.g. [Nordhaus et al. 2012](https://arxiv.org/abs/1112.3342)).

Alternatives are that there are instabilities in the final phases of nuclear burning, just prior to the core collapse. These instabilities cause the core to wobble back and forth and when the supernova happens, the core just happens to be travelling one way or another. There have also been suggestions that asymmetric radiation from the pulsar itself could gradually accelerate it to the speeds observed.

> **Comments:**
> **username_5**: could you comment on why the distribution has two peaks?  
> **username_4**: @Kai Unknown. Might be something to do with binarity. Note, it isn't two narrow peaks, it's a broad distribution with two maxima.  
> **username_6**: "Opaque to neutrinos" is an odd concept to wrap my head around.  
> **username_4**: @skyler a light year of solid lead will stop a neutrino. This is equivalent in stopping power to about 100-1000m of neutron star material.  
> **username_7**: Q1: Are those speeds relative to their local region of the ISM? Q2: Could the cause of the asymmetry be similar to problems that inertial fusion machines have discovered? i.e. Rayleigh Taylor amplifying minor asymmetries during the compression phase, and the fusion burn expanding from the point of maximum density and temperature which may not be central. I believe they have also observed pellets where one half is burnt and the other half is accelerated to fairly high speeds.  

---

