<p>Earth's rotation is slowing down, but it's a little bit irregular, which is why leap seconds can't be predicted in advance. There's provision for negative leap seconds, but they've never been used.</p>
<p>You can get the current list of leap seconds from the <a href="https://github.com/eggert/tz" rel="nofollow noreferrer">IANA time zone database</a>, at <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/eggert/tz/main/leap-seconds.list" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://raw.githubusercontent.com/eggert/tz/main/leap-seconds.list</a>. It's also available at <a href="https://data.iana.org/time-zones/data/leap-seconds.list" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://data.iana.org/time-zones/data/leap-seconds.list</a>, and the primary source is at <a href="https://hpiers.obspm.fr/iers/bul/bulc/ntp/leap-seconds.list" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://hpiers.obspm.fr/iers/bul/bulc/ntp/leap-seconds.list</a>.</p>
<p>I have Python code to fetch &amp; parse the leap-seconds list here: <a href="https://gist.github.com/PM2Ring/9dc0fa6a39dafb88b9e30f514b0dfead" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://gist.github.com/PM2Ring/9dc0fa6a39dafb88b9e30f514b0dfead</a></p>
<p>The decision to insert a leap second is made by the <a href="https://www.iers.org/IERS/EN/Science/EarthRotation/EarthRotation.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service</a> (IERS), who coordinate the operations that gather the actual Earth rotation data. There is a wealth of information on their very extensive website.</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Measuring the irregularities of the Earth's rotation</strong></p>
<p>The variability of the earth-rotation vector relative to the body of the planet or in inertial space is caused by the gravitational torque exerted by the Moon, Sun and planets, displacements of matter in different parts of the planet and other excitation mechanisms. The observed oscillations can be interpreted in terms of mantle elasticity, earth flattening, structure and properties of the core-mantle boundary, rheology of the core, underground water, oceanic variability, and atmospheric variability on time scales of weather or climate. The understanding of the coupling between the various layers of our planet is also a key aspect of this research.</p>
<p>Several space geodesy techniques contribute to the permanent monitoring of the earth's rotation by IERS. For all these techniques, the IERS applications are only one part of their contribution to the study of planet earth and of the rest of the universe.</p>
<p>The measurements of the earth's rotation are under the form of time series of the so-called Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP). Universal time (UT1),
polar motion and the celestial motion of the pole (precession/nutation) are determined by VLBI.
The satellite-geodesy techniques, GPS, SLR and DORIS, determine polar motion and the rapid variations of universal time.</p>
<p>The satellite-geodesy programs used in the IERS give access to the time variations of the earth's gravity field, reflecting the evolution of the earth's shape, as well as the redistribution of masses in the planet. They have also detected changes in the location of the centre of mass of the earth relative to the crust. This makes it possible to investigate global phenomena such as mass redistributions in the atmosphere, oceans and solid earth.</p>
<p>Universal time and polar motion are available daily with an accuracy of 0.5 mas [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc" rel="nofollow noreferrer">milliarcseconds</a>] and celestial pole motion are available every five to seven days at the same level of accuracy - this estimation of accuracy includes both short term and long term noise. Sub-daily variations in Universal time and polar motion are also measured on a campaign basis. Past data, going back to the 17th century in some cases, are also available.</p>
<p>EOP series are provided by the IERS in bulletins and as permanently updated series (long term earth orientation data).</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Also, from the Wikipedia article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DUT1" rel="nofollow noreferrer">DUT1</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>the SI second (as now used for UTC) was already, when adopted, a little shorter than the current value of the second of mean solar time <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DUT1#cite_note-1" rel="nofollow noreferrer">[a]</a>.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>So even if the Earth's rotation speed were perfectly constant, we'd still need leap seconds to keep UTC in synch with mean solar time because of the size of the SI second.</p>
<hr />
<p>Astronomer <a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/users/14050/steve-allen">Steve Allen</a> maintains an extensive website on <a href="https://www.ucolick.org/%7Esla/leapsecs/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">leap seconds</a> and related matters, eg the history of <a href="https://www.ucolick.org/%7Esla/leapsecs/timescales.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">time scales</a>.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-06-05T12:13:53.267Z
Will a change in the Earth's magnetic field make the Earth rotate faster? I can imagine the internal currents reversing to achieve this. As a consequence, the external parts rotate faster.
Deschele Schilder
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-06-05T13:30:14.937Z
@Barbierium Variations in the circulation of the liquid outer core certainly affect the whole Earth's rotation, and they also affect the magnetic field.
PM 2Ring
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-06-05T14:43:45.943Z
This [site](https://www.timeanddate.com/time/earth-faster-rotation.html) has a nice graphis of the variation of Earth spin.
Ng Ph
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-01-14T12:11:24.123Z
2024-06-25T13:48:49.980Z
2024-06-25T13:48:49.980Z
PM 2Ring
<p>Recently read that Earth is rotating faster than earlier<sup>1</sup>. However so far it is understood that earth's rotation is slowing down and to conserve the angular momentum Moon is going away from the Earth. What is true?</p>
<p><sup>1</sup>for example see answers and comments at <a href="https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/q/20498/6031">What effect does climate change have on the Earth's rotation?</a> in Earth Science SE, and the 2015 Smithsonian article <a href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/global-warming-changing-how-fast-earth-spins-180957550/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Is Global Warming Changing How Fast the Earth Spins?</a></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-01-14T10:34:16.413Z
Could you provide a link to the article stating that Earth's rotation speed is increasing?
jng224
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-01-14T13:51:35.183Z
@Jonas There was a recent news about a minuscule increase. The long-term behavior is still the deceleration.
peterh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-01-14T18:57:45.463Z
IIRC, right now (i.e., during northern winter), Earth rotates faster than during northern summer/southern winter because trees lost their leaves (which applies more to the northern than the souther hemisphere)
Hagen von Eitzen
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-06-05T12:46:09.490Z
Why will the moon speed up?
Deschele Schilder
<earth>
Is Earth's rotation Slowing down or Increasing
Mohan Mone
# Is Earth's rotation Slowing down or Increasing

(Asked by: username_0 on 2021-01-14)

Recently read that Earth is rotating faster than earlier1. However so far it is understood that earth's rotation is slowing down and to conserve the angular momentum Moon is going away from the Earth. What is true?

1for example see answers and comments at [What effect does climate change have on the Earth's rotation?](https://earthscience.stackexchange.com/q/20498/6031) in Earth Science SE, and the 2015 Smithsonian article [Is Global Warming Changing How Fast the Earth Spins?](https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/global-warming-changing-how-fast-earth-spins-180957550/)

**Tags:** earth
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Could you provide a link to the article stating that Earth's rotation speed is increasing?  
> **username_2**: @Jonas There was a recent news about a minuscule increase. The long-term behavior is still the deceleration.  
> **username_3**: IIRC, right now (i.e., during northern winter), Earth rotates faster than during northern summer/southern winter because trees lost their leaves (which applies more to the northern than the souther hemisphere)  
> **username_4**: Why will the moon speed up?  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_5 on 2021-01-14. Score: 7

Earth's rotation is slowing down, but it's a little bit irregular, which is why leap seconds can't be predicted in advance. There's provision for negative leap seconds, but they've never been used.

You can get the current list of leap seconds from the [IANA time zone database](https://github.com/eggert/tz), at <https://raw.githubusercontent.com/eggert/tz/main/leap-seconds.list>. It's also available at <https://data.iana.org/time-zones/data/leap-seconds.list>, and the primary source is at <https://hpiers.obspm.fr/iers/bul/bulc/ntp/leap-seconds.list>.

I have Python code to fetch & parse the leap-seconds list here: <https://gist.github.com/PM2Ring/9dc0fa6a39dafb88b9e30f514b0dfead>

The decision to insert a leap second is made by the [International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service](https://www.iers.org/IERS/EN/Science/EarthRotation/EarthRotation.html) (IERS), who coordinate the operations that gather the actual Earth rotation data. There is a wealth of information on their very extensive website.

> **Measuring the irregularities of the Earth's rotation**
>
> The variability of the earth-rotation vector relative to the body of the planet or in inertial space is caused by the gravitational torque exerted by the Moon, Sun and planets, displacements of matter in different parts of the planet and other excitation mechanisms. The observed oscillations can be interpreted in terms of mantle elasticity, earth flattening, structure and properties of the core-mantle boundary, rheology of the core, underground water, oceanic variability, and atmospheric variability on time scales of weather or climate. The understanding of the coupling between the various layers of our planet is also a key aspect of this research.
>
> Several space geodesy techniques contribute to the permanent monitoring of the earth's rotation by IERS. For all these techniques, the IERS applications are only one part of their contribution to the study of planet earth and of the rest of the universe.
>
> The measurements of the earth's rotation are under the form of time series of the so-called Earth Orientation Parameters (EOP). Universal time (UT1),
> polar motion and the celestial motion of the pole (precession/nutation) are determined by VLBI.
> The satellite-geodesy techniques, GPS, SLR and DORIS, determine polar motion and the rapid variations of universal time.
>
> The satellite-geodesy programs used in the IERS give access to the time variations of the earth's gravity field, reflecting the evolution of the earth's shape, as well as the redistribution of masses in the planet. They have also detected changes in the location of the centre of mass of the earth relative to the crust. This makes it possible to investigate global phenomena such as mass redistributions in the atmosphere, oceans and solid earth.
>
> Universal time and polar motion are available daily with an accuracy of 0.5 mas [[milliarcseconds](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc)] and celestial pole motion are available every five to seven days at the same level of accuracy - this estimation of accuracy includes both short term and long term noise. Sub-daily variations in Universal time and polar motion are also measured on a campaign basis. Past data, going back to the 17th century in some cases, are also available.
>
> EOP series are provided by the IERS in bulletins and as permanently updated series (long term earth orientation data).

Also, from the Wikipedia article on [DUT1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DUT1):

> the SI second (as now used for UTC) was already, when adopted, a little shorter than the current value of the second of mean solar time [[a]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DUT1#cite_note-1).

So even if the Earth's rotation speed were perfectly constant, we'd still need leap seconds to keep UTC in synch with mean solar time because of the size of the SI second.

---

Astronomer [Steve Allen](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/users/14050/steve-allen) maintains an extensive website on [leap seconds](https://www.ucolick.org/%7Esla/leapsecs/) and related matters, eg the history of [time scales](https://www.ucolick.org/%7Esla/leapsecs/timescales.html).

> **Comments:**
> **username_4**: Will a change in the Earth's magnetic field make the Earth rotate faster? I can imagine the internal currents reversing to achieve this. As a consequence, the external parts rotate faster.  
> **username_5**: @Barbierium Variations in the circulation of the liquid outer core certainly affect the whole Earth's rotation, and they also affect the magnetic field.  
> **username_6**: This [site](https://www.timeanddate.com/time/earth-faster-rotation.html) has a nice graphis of the variation of Earth spin.  

---

