<p>If your question is &quot;What elements are in a black hole?&quot;</p>
<p>The answer is: The gravity is too great for there to be &quot;elements&quot; (atoms or molecules) <strong>inside</strong> or near the surface of a black hole. The extreme gravity tears apart everything and compresses it.</p>
<p>Some distance away (especially far away, here on Earth) the black hole doesn't alter matter, but as things get closer they fall at increasing speeds to the surface, becoming a part of the black hole. Everything becomes crushed, becoming <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle" rel="nofollow noreferrer">elementary particles</a>; what atoms are made of.</p>
<p>NASA's webpage: &quot;<a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nustar-probes-black-hole-jet-mystery" rel="nofollow noreferrer">NuSTAR Probes Black Hole Jet Mystery</a>&quot; explains that plasma, x-rays, and eventually light can leave a black hole at the poles. See also: &quot;<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.09838" rel="nofollow noreferrer">An elevation of 0.1 light-seconds for the optical jet base in an accreting Galactic black hole system</a>&quot; (26 Oct 2017) which says:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>&quot;Relativistic plasma jets are observed in many accreting black holes. According to theory, coiled magnetic fields close to the black hole accelerate and collimate the plasma, leading to a jet being launched. Isolating emission from this acceleration and collimation zone is key to measuring its size and understanding jet formation physics. But this is challenging because emission from the jet base cannot be easily disentangled from other accreting components.</p>
<p>Here, we show that rapid optical flux variations from a Galactic black-hole binary are delayed with respect to X-rays radiated from close to the black hole by ~0.1 seconds, and that this delayed signal appears together with a brightening radio jet. The origin of these sub-second optical variations has hitherto been controversial.</p>
<p>Not only does our work strongly support a jet origin for the optical variations, it also sets a characteristic elevation of &lt;~<span class="math-container">$10^3$</span> Schwarzschild radii for the main inner optical emission zone above the black hole, constraining both internal shock and magnetohydrodynamic models.</p>
<p>Similarities with blazars suggest that jet structure and launching physics could potentially be unified under mass-invariant models. Two of the best-studied jetted black hole binaries show very similar optical lags, so this size scale may be a defining feature of such systems.&quot;.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>So, what goes in is not what comes out.</p>
<p>See also this article about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus" rel="nofollow noreferrer">AGN</a>: &quot;<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.10308" rel="nofollow noreferrer">The largely unconstrained multiphase nature of outflows in AGN host galaxies</a>&quot; (28 Feb 2018).</p>
<p><a href="http://hubblesite.org/image/968/news_release/2000-20" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/PUNMb.jpg" alt="Galaxy M87" /></a> <sup>Black Hole-Powered Jet of Electrons and Sub-Atomic Particles Streams From Center of Galaxy M87</sup></p>
<p><strong><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame-dragging#Astronomical_evidence" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Astronomical evidence</a></strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_jet" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Relativistic jets</a> may provide evidence for the reality of frame-dragging. Gravitomagnetic forces produced by the Lense–Thirring effect (frame dragging) within the ergosphere of rotating black holes combined with the energy extraction mechanism by Penrose have been used to explain the observed properties of relativistic jets. The gravitomagnetic model developed by Reva Kay Williams predicts the observed high energy particles (~GeV) emitted by quasars and active galactic nuclei; the extraction of X-rays, γ-rays, and relativistic e<span class="math-container">$^-$</span>—<span class="math-container">$\,e^+$</span> pairs; the collimated jets about the polar axis; and the asymmetrical formation of jets (relative to the orbital plane).</p>
</blockquote>
<p>See also:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose_process" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Penrose process</a> (also called Penrose mechanism) is a process theorised by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Roger Penrose</a> wherein <strong>energy can be extracted</strong> from a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_black_hole" rel="nofollow noreferrer">rotating black hole</a>. That extraction is made possible <strong>because [some of] the rotational energy</strong> of the black hole <strong>is located</strong> not inside the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_horizon" rel="nofollow noreferrer">event horizon</a> of the black hole, but on the <strong>outside</strong> of it in a region of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr_metric" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Kerr</a> metric <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime" rel="nofollow noreferrer">spacetime</a> called the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergosphere" rel="nofollow noreferrer">ergosphere</a>, a region in which a particle is necessarily propelled in locomotive concurrence with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame-dragging" rel="nofollow noreferrer">rotating spacetime</a>. In the process, a lump of matter enters into the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergosphere" rel="nofollow noreferrer">ergosphere</a> of the black hole, and once it enters the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergosphere" rel="nofollow noreferrer">ergosphere</a>, it is forcibly split into two parts.</p>
<p>...</p>
<p>Although <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_momentum" rel="nofollow noreferrer">momentum is conserved</a> the effect is that <strong>more energy can be extracted than was originally provided</strong>, the difference being <strong>provided by the black hole</strong> itself. In summary, the process results in a slight decrease in the angular momentum of the black hole, which corresponds to a transference of energy to the matter. The <strong>momentum lost is converted to energy extracted</strong>.</p>
<p>The maximum amount of energy gain possible for a single particle via this process is 20.7%. The process obeys the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics" rel="nofollow noreferrer">laws of black hole mechanics</a>. A consequence of these laws is that if the process is performed repeatedly, the black hole can eventually lose all of its angular momentum, becoming non-rotating, i.e. a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzschild_black_hole" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Schwarzschild black hole</a>. In this case <strong>the theoretical maximum energy that can be extracted from a black hole is 29% its original mass</strong>. Larger efficiencies are possible for charged rotating black holes.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Ergosphere_and_event_horizons_of_a_rotating_black_hole.gif" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/UqJoi.gif" alt="Rotating Black Hold." /></a>
Click to animate.</p>
<p>An <strong>unrelated</strong> effect is described as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Hawking radiation</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Physical insight into the process may be gained by imagining that particle–antiparticle radiation is emitted from just beyond the event horizon. This radiation does not come directly from the black hole itself, but rather is a result of virtual particles being &quot;boosted&quot; by the black hole's gravitation into becoming real particles. As the particle–antiparticle pair was produced by the black hole's gravitational energy, the escape of one of the particles lowers the mass of the black hole.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>That shouldn't be confused with the <a href="https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/66064/can-anyone-please-explain-hawking-penrose-singularity-theorems-and-geodesic-inco">Hawking-Penrose Singularity Theorem</a> either.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-09T23:37:29.037Z
Those jets are happening outside the event horizon, created from matter that hasn't yet crossed the horizon. Nothing leaves the black hole except Hawking radiation, and even that is created at the horizon, it doesn't come from the interior, and the rate of emission is tiny for stellar mass holes and larger. E.g., a 3 solar mass hole emits about $10^{-29}$ watts at a temperature around 20.5 nanokelvins. See http://xaonon.dyndns.org/hawking/
PM 2Ring
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-10T01:16:48.010Z
@PM2Ring See: [Penrose/Ergosphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose_process): "That extraction is made possible because the rotational energy of the black hole is located not inside the event horizon of the black hole, but on the outside of it in a region of the Kerr spacetime called the ergosphere, a region in which a particle is necessarily propelled in locomotive concurrence with the rotating spacetime.". - I'll edit so it's clearer and explain that Hawking radiation coming out isn't the same as went in. IE: You could toss an ice cream cone in and get Hawking radiation / plasma out.
Rob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-10T01:51:37.013Z
Sure. Bodies falling towards a black hole GST accelerated towards $c$, which gives them huge kinetic energy, and can acquire further energy via the Penrose process. Those processes don't remove matter or energy from inside the horizon. As for your ice cream cone, it would take over 2.8E37 years for the 3 solar mass black hole of my previous comment to Hawking radiate the energy equivalent of 100 grams; almost all of that radiation would be in the form of photons.
PM 2Ring
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-10T02:05:36.567Z
"Those processes don't remove matter or energy from inside the horizon." - Incorrect or argumentative - the rotation moves the horizon. Check our stats.
Rob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-09T18:35:58.393Z
2018-06-10T02:02:30.040Z
2020-06-17T09:47:40.653Z
Rob
<p>What are the elements of a black hole it just says what a black hole is? There must be elements that the sun consists of, right?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-06-09T06:00:25.703Z
Short answer: we don't know exactly what happens at the heart of a black hole, but we do know that normal atoms can't survive there.
PM 2Ring
<black-hole><astrochemistry>
What does a black hole elements consists of?
Joseph423
# What does a black hole elements consists of?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2018-06-09)

What are the elements of a black hole it just says what a black hole is? There must be elements that the sun consists of, right?

**Tags:** black-hole, astrochemistry
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Short answer: we don't know exactly what happens at the heart of a black hole, but we do know that normal atoms can't survive there.  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2018-06-09. Score: 3

If your question is "What elements are in a black hole?"

The answer is: The gravity is too great for there to be "elements" (atoms or molecules) **inside** or near the surface of a black hole. The extreme gravity tears apart everything and compresses it.

Some distance away (especially far away, here on Earth) the black hole doesn't alter matter, but as things get closer they fall at increasing speeds to the surface, becoming a part of the black hole. Everything becomes crushed, becoming [elementary particles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_particle); what atoms are made of.

NASA's webpage: "[NuSTAR Probes Black Hole Jet Mystery](https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nustar-probes-black-hole-jet-mystery)" explains that plasma, x-rays, and eventually light can leave a black hole at the poles. See also: "[An elevation of 0.1 light-seconds for the optical jet base in an accreting Galactic black hole system](https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.09838)" (26 Oct 2017) which says:

> "Relativistic plasma jets are observed in many accreting black holes. According to theory, coiled magnetic fields close to the black hole accelerate and collimate the plasma, leading to a jet being launched. Isolating emission from this acceleration and collimation zone is key to measuring its size and understanding jet formation physics. But this is challenging because emission from the jet base cannot be easily disentangled from other accreting components.
>
> Here, we show that rapid optical flux variations from a Galactic black-hole binary are delayed with respect to X-rays radiated from close to the black hole by ~0.1 seconds, and that this delayed signal appears together with a brightening radio jet. The origin of these sub-second optical variations has hitherto been controversial.
>
> Not only does our work strongly support a jet origin for the optical variations, it also sets a characteristic elevation of <~$10^3$ Schwarzschild radii for the main inner optical emission zone above the black hole, constraining both internal shock and magnetohydrodynamic models.
>
> Similarities with blazars suggest that jet structure and launching physics could potentially be unified under mass-invariant models. Two of the best-studied jetted black hole binaries show very similar optical lags, so this size scale may be a defining feature of such systems.".

So, what goes in is not what comes out.

See also this article about [AGN](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_galactic_nucleus): "[The largely unconstrained multiphase nature of outflows in AGN host galaxies](https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.10308)" (28 Feb 2018).

[![Galaxy M87](https://i.sstatic.net/PUNMb.jpg)](http://hubblesite.org/image/968/news_release/2000-20) Black Hole-Powered Jet of Electrons and Sub-Atomic Particles Streams From Center of Galaxy M87

**[Astronomical evidence](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame-dragging#Astronomical_evidence)**

> [Relativistic jets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativistic_jet) may provide evidence for the reality of frame-dragging. Gravitomagnetic forces produced by the Lense–Thirring effect (frame dragging) within the ergosphere of rotating black holes combined with the energy extraction mechanism by Penrose have been used to explain the observed properties of relativistic jets. The gravitomagnetic model developed by Reva Kay Williams predicts the observed high energy particles (~GeV) emitted by quasars and active galactic nuclei; the extraction of X-rays, γ-rays, and relativistic e$^-$—$\,e^+$ pairs; the collimated jets about the polar axis; and the asymmetrical formation of jets (relative to the orbital plane).

See also:

> The [Penrose process](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose_process) (also called Penrose mechanism) is a process theorised by [Roger Penrose](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose) wherein **energy can be extracted** from a [rotating black hole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotating_black_hole). That extraction is made possible **because [some of] the rotational energy** of the black hole **is located** not inside the [event horizon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Event_horizon) of the black hole, but on the **outside** of it in a region of the [Kerr](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerr_metric) metric [spacetime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime) called the [ergosphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergosphere), a region in which a particle is necessarily propelled in locomotive concurrence with the [rotating spacetime](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame-dragging). In the process, a lump of matter enters into the [ergosphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergosphere) of the black hole, and once it enters the [ergosphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ergosphere), it is forcibly split into two parts.
>
> ...
>
> Although [momentum is conserved](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_momentum) the effect is that **more energy can be extracted than was originally provided**, the difference being **provided by the black hole** itself. In summary, the process results in a slight decrease in the angular momentum of the black hole, which corresponds to a transference of energy to the matter. The **momentum lost is converted to energy extracted**.
>
> The maximum amount of energy gain possible for a single particle via this process is 20.7%. The process obeys the [laws of black hole mechanics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_thermodynamics). A consequence of these laws is that if the process is performed repeatedly, the black hole can eventually lose all of its angular momentum, becoming non-rotating, i.e. a [Schwarzschild black hole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzschild_black_hole). In this case **the theoretical maximum energy that can be extracted from a black hole is 29% its original mass**. Larger efficiencies are possible for charged rotating black holes.

[![Rotating Black Hold.](https://i.sstatic.net/UqJoi.gif)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Ergosphere_and_event_horizons_of_a_rotating_black_hole.gif)
Click to animate.

An **unrelated** effect is described as [Hawking radiation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation):

> Physical insight into the process may be gained by imagining that particle–antiparticle radiation is emitted from just beyond the event horizon. This radiation does not come directly from the black hole itself, but rather is a result of virtual particles being "boosted" by the black hole's gravitation into becoming real particles. As the particle–antiparticle pair was produced by the black hole's gravitational energy, the escape of one of the particles lowers the mass of the black hole.

That shouldn't be confused with the [Hawking-Penrose Singularity Theorem](https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/66064/can-anyone-please-explain-hawking-penrose-singularity-theorems-and-geodesic-inco) either.

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Those jets are happening outside the event horizon, created from matter that hasn't yet crossed the horizon. Nothing leaves the black hole except Hawking radiation, and even that is created at the horizon, it doesn't come from the interior, and the rate of emission is tiny for stellar mass holes and larger. E.g., a 3 solar mass hole emits about $10^{-29}$ watts at a temperature around 20.5 nanokelvins. See http://xaonon.dyndns.org/hawking/  
> **username_2**: @PM2Ring See: [Penrose/Ergosphere](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penrose_process): "That extraction is made possible because the rotational energy of the black hole is located not inside the event horizon of the black hole, but on the outside of it in a region of the Kerr spacetime called the ergosphere, a region in which a particle is necessarily propelled in locomotive concurrence with the rotating spacetime.". - I'll edit so it's clearer and explain that Hawking radiation coming out isn't the same as went in. IE: You could toss an ice cream cone in and get Hawking radiation / plasma out.  
> **username_1**: Sure. Bodies falling towards a black hole GST accelerated towards $c$, which gives them huge kinetic energy, and can acquire further energy via the Penrose process. Those processes don't remove matter or energy from inside the horizon. As for your ice cream cone, it would take over 2.8E37 years for the 3 solar mass black hole of my previous comment to Hawking radiate the energy equivalent of 100 grams; almost all of that radiation would be in the form of photons.  
> **username_2**: "Those processes don't remove matter or energy from inside the horizon." - Incorrect or argumentative - the rotation moves the horizon. Check our stats.  

---

