<h2>What is <span class="math-container">$V_\mathrm{eff}$</span>?</h2>
<p>The effective potential from S&amp;T isn't the gravitational potential, <span class="math-container">$V$</span>, that appears in places like <span class="math-container">$\vec{F}_g = -m \nabla V$</span>.  That effective potential comes from a particular way of writing down the radial part of the geodesic equation for a point mass in Schwarzschild spacetime,
<span class="math-container">$$\left(\frac{dr}{d\tau}\right)^2 = \tilde{E}^2 - V_\mathrm{eff},$$</span>
where <span class="math-container">$\tau$</span> is the proper time along the geodesic path, <span class="math-container">$\tilde{E}$</span> and <span class="math-container">$\tilde{l}$</span> are the energy and angular momentum per unit mass of the orbiting object, finally S&amp;T (and most authors) define the effective potential without the square root,
<span class="math-container">$$V_\mathrm{eff} = \left(1-\frac{2M}{r} \right)\left(1+\frac{\tilde{l}^2}{r^2} \right).$$</span>
This effective potential has more going on than just the Newtonian-like gravitational potential.  Expanding it out there are four terms:
<span class="math-container">$$V_\mathrm{eff} = 1 - \frac{2M}{r} + \frac{\tilde{l}^2}{r^2} - \frac{2M\tilde{l}^2}{r^3}$$</span></p>
<ul>
<li>The <span class="math-container">$1$</span> comes from the rest energy of the orbiting body. It's kind of like an &quot;<span class="math-container">$\tilde{m}$</span>&quot; term, the mass per unit mass of the orbiting body.  It might be worth remembering that the energy in the relativistic equation includes the rest energy, which does not directly come into play in the Newtonian version of the two body problem.</li>
<li>The <span class="math-container">$\frac{2M}{r}$</span> is the regular Newtonian potential.</li>
<li>The <span class="math-container">$\frac{\tilde{l}^2}{r^2}$</span> term is the effect of the conserved angular momentum.  It is sometimes called the &quot;centrifugal&quot; part of the potential.  It also appears in the Newtonian two body problem.</li>
<li>The cross term <span class="math-container">$\frac{2M\tilde{l}^2}{r^3}$</span> is new to the GR case, and mixes gravitational and centrifugal effects.</li>
</ul>
<p>This is exact for the case it describes, but the question is what do you want to do with the GR corrections?</p>
<h2>What do we want to model?</h2>
<p>The papers you point to want to model accretion disks.  This is not a simple point mass moving along a geodesic.  For accretion, one might worry about viscous forces within the accreting matter.  In which case the matter doesn't follow a geodesic of the spacetime, so we would need to start over from a new differential equation.  Someone might also worry about gravitational interactions between particles in the accretion disk.  It would be way easier to model those interactions as Newtonian rather than trying to solve the N-body problem in GR.  There could be other forces as well, like effects from magnetic fields.</p>
<p>There is one big issue that jumps out at me in trying to connect the two body problem to the accretion disc problem: the energy and angular momentum of a particle in the accretion disk aren't conserved.  Even in strictly Newtonian accretion dynamics, particles must lose angular momentum somehow in order to fall in. So pulling the centrifugal, <span class="math-container">$\tilde{l}$</span> term into an effective potential (which is common in the Newtonian two body problem, too) isn't helpful for an accretion disk.  If the method of shedding angular momentum is viscous forces, then the particle's energy isn't conserved either.  The viscosity provides friction which converts mechanical energy to heat, removing it from the dynamics.  The method of simplifying the two body differential equation in terms of conserved quantities doesn't work.  In the accretion problem <span class="math-container">$\tilde{E}$</span> and <span class="math-container">$\tilde{l}$</span> are functions of time, not constants.</p>
<p>For this modeling task, it seems like we want to solve Newton's second law:
<span class="math-container">$$m \frac{d^2\vec{r}}{dt^2} = \vec{F}_{g,\mathrm{BH}} + \vec{F}_\mathrm{visc} + ...$$</span>
The effective potential for two body geodesics isn't going to tell us <span class="math-container">$\vec{F}_{g,\mathrm{BH}}$</span>.  What Paczynski and Wiita wanted was a modification on <span class="math-container">$V = -\frac{2M}{r}$</span> that would tell them how the gravitational field of the central BH is modified by GR, without any of the orbit specific, centrifugal stuff.  With that in hand they can approximate <span class="math-container">$\vec{F}_{g,\mathrm{BH}}$</span> on the disk and easily add in the viscous forces, or whatever else too.</p>
<p>Interestingly, <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0904.0913" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Abramowicz (2009)</a> showed that the Paczynski-Wiita potential, which seems to have come from pure intuition, is the correct psuedo-Newtonian potential.  It can be obtained by isolating the gravitational part from the centrifugal part of the GR two-body effective potential.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-04-26T14:58:59.010Z
I agree with most of this but I still don't get it. The Artemova paper shows comparisons of predictions for locally dissipated energy and optical depth in the disc for both the approximation and also fully (General) relativistic solutions. So why not use the latter?  Is it just that there is some horrible complication when not using a very simple disk (geometrically thin, optically thick) model?
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-04-26T15:30:15.330Z
I couldn't find where the Artemova paper explains how the "full GR" comparison results were obtained.  They cite Novikov & Thorne (1973) and Bjornsson (1995), both of which use approximate expansions in $r/M$, etc., not full GR.  Based on that I assumed that there wasn't actually a "full GR" solution.  In any event the S&T effective potential is the wrong place to start trying.
Paul T.
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-04-26T16:04:45.800Z
Whatever GR approximation they use, they have used it as a means of benchmarking the various Newtonian approximations. So they must consider it reasonably accurate or at least more accurate than the Newtonian approximations.
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-04-26T13:48:52.960Z
2022-04-26T15:05:27.213Z
2022-04-26T15:05:27.213Z
Paul T.
<p>In accretion processes around black holes, pseudo-Newtonian potentials are defined for the the black hole geometry. For examples, the potentials defined by <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980A%26A....88...23P/abstract" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Paczynski-Wiita</a> and <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ApJ...461..565A/abstract" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Artemova et al.</a> for Schwarzschild black holes.</p>
<p>For Schwarzschild black holes, we already have an exact potential suitable for test particles defined by (e.g., in <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783527617661" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Shapiro &amp; Teukolsky</a>)
<span class="math-container">$$V_\mathrm{eff}=\sqrt{\left(1-\frac{2M}{r}\right)\left(1+\frac{\tilde{l}^2}{r^2}\right)}$$</span></p>
<p><strong>My Question:</strong>
Why are pseudo-potentials used when we already have an exact form of the potential? Can't we apply the above potential for accretion processes around Schwarzschild black holes?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-04-16T09:49:48.490Z
Just a guess: Isn't the exact potential assuming that one also parametrizes proper time properly? It might be that when doing accretion models this is cumbersome, and one uses potentials defined on simpler time slicings?
Anders Sandberg
<black-hole><gravity><space-time><accretion-discs>
Why are pseudo-Newtonian potentials used in studies of accretion processes around black holes?
Richard
# Why are pseudo-Newtonian potentials used in studies of accretion processes around black holes?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-04-15)

In accretion processes around black holes, pseudo-Newtonian potentials are defined for the the black hole geometry. For examples, the potentials defined by [Paczynski-Wiita](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980A%26A....88...23P/abstract) and [Artemova et al.](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996ApJ...461..565A/abstract) for Schwarzschild black holes.

For Schwarzschild black holes, we already have an exact potential suitable for test particles defined by (e.g., in [Shapiro & Teukolsky](https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783527617661))
$$V\_\mathrm{eff}=\sqrt{\left(1-\frac{2M}{r}\right)\left(1+\frac{\tilde{l}^2}{r^2}\right)}$$

**My Question:**
Why are pseudo-potentials used when we already have an exact form of the potential? Can't we apply the above potential for accretion processes around Schwarzschild black holes?

**Tags:** black-hole, gravity, space-time, accretion-discs
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Just a guess: Isn't the exact potential assuming that one also parametrizes proper time properly? It might be that when doing accretion models this is cumbersome, and one uses potentials defined on simpler time slicings?  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2022-04-26. Score: 2

## What is $V\_\mathrm{eff}$?

The effective potential from S&T isn't the gravitational potential, $V$, that appears in places like $\vec{F}\_g = -m \nabla V$. That effective potential comes from a particular way of writing down the radial part of the geodesic equation for a point mass in Schwarzschild spacetime,
$$\left(\frac{dr}{d\tau}\right)^2 = \tilde{E}^2 - V\_\mathrm{eff},$$
where $\tau$ is the proper time along the geodesic path, $\tilde{E}$ and $\tilde{l}$ are the energy and angular momentum per unit mass of the orbiting object, finally S&T (and most authors) define the effective potential without the square root,
$$V\_\mathrm{eff} = \left(1-\frac{2M}{r} \right)\left(1+\frac{\tilde{l}^2}{r^2} \right).$$
This effective potential has more going on than just the Newtonian-like gravitational potential. Expanding it out there are four terms:
$$V\_\mathrm{eff} = 1 - \frac{2M}{r} + \frac{\tilde{l}^2}{r^2} - \frac{2M\tilde{l}^2}{r^3}$$

* The $1$ comes from the rest energy of the orbiting body. It's kind of like an "$\tilde{m}$" term, the mass per unit mass of the orbiting body. It might be worth remembering that the energy in the relativistic equation includes the rest energy, which does not directly come into play in the Newtonian version of the two body problem.
* The $\frac{2M}{r}$ is the regular Newtonian potential.
* The $\frac{\tilde{l}^2}{r^2}$ term is the effect of the conserved angular momentum. It is sometimes called the "centrifugal" part of the potential. It also appears in the Newtonian two body problem.
* The cross term $\frac{2M\tilde{l}^2}{r^3}$ is new to the GR case, and mixes gravitational and centrifugal effects.

This is exact for the case it describes, but the question is what do you want to do with the GR corrections?

## What do we want to model?

The papers you point to want to model accretion disks. This is not a simple point mass moving along a geodesic. For accretion, one might worry about viscous forces within the accreting matter. In which case the matter doesn't follow a geodesic of the spacetime, so we would need to start over from a new differential equation. Someone might also worry about gravitational interactions between particles in the accretion disk. It would be way easier to model those interactions as Newtonian rather than trying to solve the N-body problem in GR. There could be other forces as well, like effects from magnetic fields.

There is one big issue that jumps out at me in trying to connect the two body problem to the accretion disc problem: the energy and angular momentum of a particle in the accretion disk aren't conserved. Even in strictly Newtonian accretion dynamics, particles must lose angular momentum somehow in order to fall in. So pulling the centrifugal, $\tilde{l}$ term into an effective potential (which is common in the Newtonian two body problem, too) isn't helpful for an accretion disk. If the method of shedding angular momentum is viscous forces, then the particle's energy isn't conserved either. The viscosity provides friction which converts mechanical energy to heat, removing it from the dynamics. The method of simplifying the two body differential equation in terms of conserved quantities doesn't work. In the accretion problem $\tilde{E}$ and $\tilde{l}$ are functions of time, not constants.

For this modeling task, it seems like we want to solve Newton's second law:
$$m \frac{d^2\vec{r}}{dt^2} = \vec{F}\_{g,\mathrm{BH}} + \vec{F}\_\mathrm{visc} + ...$$
The effective potential for two body geodesics isn't going to tell us $\vec{F}\_{g,\mathrm{BH}}$. What Paczynski and Wiita wanted was a modification on $V = -\frac{2M}{r}$ that would tell them how the gravitational field of the central BH is modified by GR, without any of the orbit specific, centrifugal stuff. With that in hand they can approximate $\vec{F}\_{g,\mathrm{BH}}$ on the disk and easily add in the viscous forces, or whatever else too.

Interestingly, [Abramowicz (2009)](https://arxiv.org/abs/0904.0913) showed that the Paczynski-Wiita potential, which seems to have come from pure intuition, is the correct psuedo-Newtonian potential. It can be obtained by isolating the gravitational part from the centrifugal part of the GR two-body effective potential.

> **Comments:**
> **username_3**: I agree with most of this but I still don't get it. The Artemova paper shows comparisons of predictions for locally dissipated energy and optical depth in the disc for both the approximation and also fully (General) relativistic solutions. So why not use the latter?  Is it just that there is some horrible complication when not using a very simple disk (geometrically thin, optically thick) model?  
> **username_2**: I couldn't find where the Artemova paper explains how the "full GR" comparison results were obtained.  They cite Novikov & Thorne (1973) and Bjornsson (1995), both of which use approximate expansions in $r/M$, etc., not full GR.  Based on that I assumed that there wasn't actually a "full GR" solution.  In any event the S&T effective potential is the wrong place to start trying.  
> **username_3**: Whatever GR approximation they use, they have used it as a means of benchmarking the various Newtonian approximations. So they must consider it reasonably accurate or at least more accurate than the Newtonian approximations.  

---

