<p>When all we have is a hammer, sometimes we run the risk of thinking everything is a nail - and sometimes that naivety can lead to new discoveries in lieu of better explanations/theories.</p>
<p>In terms of surface activity of the Sun, if solarspots, Ellerman Bombs, solar flares and coronal mass ejections are examples of nails, then magnetic reconnection is the hammer since it can seemingly explain all these phenomena. Only time will reveal to us how many more phenomena can be explained in this paradigm.</p>
<p>As my answers about <a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/44011/wilson-effect-how-deep-are-sunspots/44555#44555">the Wilson Effect</a> and <a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/44659/what-are-ellerman-bombs-and-how-can-we-identify-them/44677#44677">Ellerman Bombs</a> discuss, <a href="https://mrx.pppl.gov/Physics/physics.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">magnetic reconnection</a> is the current paradigm for understanding solar-surface events, and it &quot;refers to the breaking and reconnecting of oppositely directed magnetic field lines in a plasma. In the process, magnetic field energy is converted to plasma kinetic and thermal energy.&quot;</p>
<p>Now regarding these relatively newly discovered solar &quot;campfires&quot;, as the articles you quote from a year ago state, explaining them is quite uncertain. After the ESA's Solar Orbiter discovered them, they've since seen over 1,500 total campfires on the Sun. These weak events seem to actually be the most abundant and frequent on the Sun's surface compared to other types of events, which <a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/07/200716120652.htm" rel="nofollow noreferrer">suggests</a> that collectively they may help support (and may be a dominant contribution to) the very high temperature of the corona, which is known to be hotter than the underlying solar surface by a factor of ~<span class="math-container">$10^2-10^3$</span>.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Solar_Orbiter/Campfires_offer_clue_to_solar_heating_mystery" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Recent MHD simulations</a> of these &quot;nanoflares&quot; by teams from the ESA show that they can be generated from magnetic reconnection. <a href="https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140638" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Here</a> is the A&amp;A article they published (yay no pay wall), in which the introduction is very nice at explaining the state of the field.</p>
<p>The OP asked:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>So these campfires could be the cause of coronal heating, but what could be the cause of the campfires themselves? I understand that it might be a bit too early to ask this question, as these campfires have just been discovered, but I am eager to know if some people have theories about what could be going on.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>An early result of the ESA group's simulations is that it generated brightenings on the scale of what you'd expect for the campfires via a process called &quot;component reconnection,&quot; which is a special case of magnetic reconnection. They explain:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>&quot;Reconnection is a well-known phenomenon whereby magnetic field lines of opposite direction break and then reconnect, releasing energy when they do so. Typical reconnection happens between field lines pointing in opposite directions, but with so-called component reconnection the field lines are almost parallel, pointing in a similar direction, with reconnection therefore happening at very small angles.&quot;</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Their model shows that:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>&quot;... the energy released from the [campfires] through component reconnection could be enough to maintain the temperature of the solar corona predicted from observations...&quot;</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The quotes I've added above are from the <a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Solar_Orbiter/Campfires_offer_clue_to_solar_heating_mystery" rel="nofollow noreferrer">popular article</a>, but the published A&amp;A article has much more details. They compared the results of their MHD model with 7 summarized facts of observed solar campfires, and they found good agreement. They concluded that &quot;We do not find obvious signatures of flux emergence or cancellation in the photosphere in any cases. Still, in our model we find that these transient brightenings might supply a sufficient amount of energy to heat the corona.&quot;</p>
<p>They suspect that the campfires likely emerge as features of coronal loops that are roughly constant in height, as shown in the diagram of their figure 6 which I've pasted here:
<a href="https://i.sstatic.net/OODXt.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/OODXt.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>Magnetic reconnection is a well tested paradigm, and its usefulness for explaining the Sun's activities seems to not be finished yet. But only further observations will decide that!</p>
<p>The ESA's Solar Orbiter should begin taking measurements again by November of this year. So more to come hopefully!</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-07-14T15:30:58.217Z
Thank you for this comprehensive answer! (and sorry for forgetting to accept it...)
Jean-Marie Prival
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-07-14T15:45:29.020Z
My ultimate pleasure (and all good :) )
Daddy Kropotkin
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-07-09T13:27:21.317Z
2021-07-09T14:17:39.793Z
2021-07-09T14:17:39.793Z
Daddy Kropotkin
<p>NASA/ESA Solar Orbiter mission just released its first images. They show an ubiquitous feature: miniature flares called &quot;campfires&quot;, much smaller than solar flares.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/tQcbc.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/tQcbcm.jpg" alt="Solar Orbiter image" /></a><br />
(click to enlarge)</p>
<blockquote>
<p>A high-resolution image from the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) on ESA’s Solar Orbiter spacecraft, taken with the HRIEUV telescope on 30 May 2020. The circle in the lower left corner indicates the size of Earth for scale. The arrow points to one of the ubiquitous features of the solar surface, called ‘campfires’ and revealed for the first time by these images. © Solar Orbiter/EUI Team/ESA &amp; NASA; CSL, IAS, MPS, PMOD/WRC, ROB, UCL/MSSL</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Solar_Orbiter/Solar_Orbiter_s_first_images_reveal_campfires_on_the_Sun" rel="nofollow noreferrer">ESA press release</a> goes:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The scientists do not know yet whether the campfires are just tiny versions of big flares, or whether they are driven by different mechanisms. There are, however, already theories that these miniature flares could be contributing to one of the most mysterious phenomena on the Sun, the coronal heating.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/solar-orbiter-returns-first-data-snaps-closest-pictures-of-the-sun" rel="nofollow noreferrer">NASA press release</a> says:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>It’s not yet clear what these campfires are or how they correspond to solar brightenings observed by other spacecraft. But it’s possible they are mini-explosions known as nanoflares – tiny but ubiquitous sparks theorized to help heat the Sun's outer atmosphere, or corona, to its temperature 300 times hotter than the solar surface.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>So these campfires could be the cause of coronal heating, but what could be the cause of the campfires themselves? I understand that it might be a bit too early to ask this question, as these campfires have just been discovered, but I am eager to know if some people have theories about what could be going on.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-17T16:46:59.080Z
Solar flares are thought to be caused by magnetic reconnection.  These are probably also magnetic reconnection, but on a smaller scale.
eshaya
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-18T04:08:28.420Z
"cool" question! fyi I've just asked [Why didn't we see those campfires on the Sun until now?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/37007/7982)
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-07-03T09:18:55.730Z
Woops, I forgot the link to the second article in the bounty message (not sure if I can edit it and how): https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140638
Jean-Marie Prival
<the-sun><solar-flare>
What could be the cause of solar "campfires"?
Jean-Marie Prival
# What could be the cause of solar "campfires"?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-07-17)

NASA/ESA Solar Orbiter mission just released its first images. They show an ubiquitous feature: miniature flares called "campfires", much smaller than solar flares.

[![Solar Orbiter image](https://i.sstatic.net/tQcbcm.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/tQcbc.jpg)  
(click to enlarge)

> A high-resolution image from the Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (EUI) on ESA’s Solar Orbiter spacecraft, taken with the HRIEUV telescope on 30 May 2020. The circle in the lower left corner indicates the size of Earth for scale. The arrow points to one of the ubiquitous features of the solar surface, called ‘campfires’ and revealed for the first time by these images. © Solar Orbiter/EUI Team/ESA & NASA; CSL, IAS, MPS, PMOD/WRC, ROB, UCL/MSSL

[ESA press release](https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Solar_Orbiter/Solar_Orbiter_s_first_images_reveal_campfires_on_the_Sun) goes:

> The scientists do not know yet whether the campfires are just tiny versions of big flares, or whether they are driven by different mechanisms. There are, however, already theories that these miniature flares could be contributing to one of the most mysterious phenomena on the Sun, the coronal heating.

[NASA press release](https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/solar-orbiter-returns-first-data-snaps-closest-pictures-of-the-sun) says:

> It’s not yet clear what these campfires are or how they correspond to solar brightenings observed by other spacecraft. But it’s possible they are mini-explosions known as nanoflares – tiny but ubiquitous sparks theorized to help heat the Sun's outer atmosphere, or corona, to its temperature 300 times hotter than the solar surface.

So these campfires could be the cause of coronal heating, but what could be the cause of the campfires themselves? I understand that it might be a bit too early to ask this question, as these campfires have just been discovered, but I am eager to know if some people have theories about what could be going on.

**Tags:** the-sun, solar-flare
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Solar flares are thought to be caused by magnetic reconnection.  These are probably also magnetic reconnection, but on a smaller scale.  
> **username_2**: "cool" question! fyi I've just asked [Why didn't we see those campfires on the Sun until now?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/37007/7982)  
> **username_0**: Woops, I forgot the link to the second article in the bounty message (not sure if I can edit it and how): https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140638  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2021-07-09. Score: 2 | Accepted answer

When all we have is a hammer, sometimes we run the risk of thinking everything is a nail - and sometimes that naivety can lead to new discoveries in lieu of better explanations/theories.

In terms of surface activity of the Sun, if solarspots, Ellerman Bombs, solar flares and coronal mass ejections are examples of nails, then magnetic reconnection is the hammer since it can seemingly explain all these phenomena. Only time will reveal to us how many more phenomena can be explained in this paradigm.

As my answers about [the Wilson Effect](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/44011/wilson-effect-how-deep-are-sunspots/44555#44555) and [Ellerman Bombs](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/44659/what-are-ellerman-bombs-and-how-can-we-identify-them/44677#44677) discuss, [magnetic reconnection](https://mrx.pppl.gov/Physics/physics.html) is the current paradigm for understanding solar-surface events, and it "refers to the breaking and reconnecting of oppositely directed magnetic field lines in a plasma. In the process, magnetic field energy is converted to plasma kinetic and thermal energy."

Now regarding these relatively newly discovered solar "campfires", as the articles you quote from a year ago state, explaining them is quite uncertain. After the ESA's Solar Orbiter discovered them, they've since seen over 1,500 total campfires on the Sun. These weak events seem to actually be the most abundant and frequent on the Sun's surface compared to other types of events, which [suggests](https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/07/200716120652.htm) that collectively they may help support (and may be a dominant contribution to) the very high temperature of the corona, which is known to be hotter than the underlying solar surface by a factor of ~$10^2-10^3$.

[Recent MHD simulations](https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Solar_Orbiter/Campfires_offer_clue_to_solar_heating_mystery) of these "nanoflares" by teams from the ESA show that they can be generated from magnetic reconnection. [Here](https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202140638) is the A&A article they published (yay no pay wall), in which the introduction is very nice at explaining the state of the field.

The OP asked:

> So these campfires could be the cause of coronal heating, but what could be the cause of the campfires themselves? I understand that it might be a bit too early to ask this question, as these campfires have just been discovered, but I am eager to know if some people have theories about what could be going on.

An early result of the ESA group's simulations is that it generated brightenings on the scale of what you'd expect for the campfires via a process called "component reconnection," which is a special case of magnetic reconnection. They explain:

> "Reconnection is a well-known phenomenon whereby magnetic field lines of opposite direction break and then reconnect, releasing energy when they do so. Typical reconnection happens between field lines pointing in opposite directions, but with so-called component reconnection the field lines are almost parallel, pointing in a similar direction, with reconnection therefore happening at very small angles."

Their model shows that:

> "... the energy released from the [campfires] through component reconnection could be enough to maintain the temperature of the solar corona predicted from observations..."

The quotes I've added above are from the [popular article](https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Solar_Orbiter/Campfires_offer_clue_to_solar_heating_mystery), but the published A&A article has much more details. They compared the results of their MHD model with 7 summarized facts of observed solar campfires, and they found good agreement. They concluded that "We do not find obvious signatures of flux emergence or cancellation in the photosphere in any cases. Still, in our model we find that these transient brightenings might supply a sufficient amount of energy to heat the corona."

They suspect that the campfires likely emerge as features of coronal loops that are roughly constant in height, as shown in the diagram of their figure 6 which I've pasted here:
[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/OODXt.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/OODXt.png)

Magnetic reconnection is a well tested paradigm, and its usefulness for explaining the Sun's activities seems to not be finished yet. But only further observations will decide that!

The ESA's Solar Orbiter should begin taking measurements again by November of this year. So more to come hopefully!

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thank you for this comprehensive answer! (and sorry for forgetting to accept it...)  
> **username_3**: My ultimate pleasure (and all good :) )  

---

