<p>With regard to gas giants, there is no mass limit. Conceptually, what's the difference between a star plus a Jupiter-class gas giant versus a star plus a brown dwarf companion versus a star plus a red dwarf versus a binary pair of stars of more or less the same mass? This is a spectrum with no clear boundary, no clear limits.</p>

<p>With regard to density, there's a funny thing about Jupiter: It's about as big, radius-wise, as gas giants and brown dwarfs can get. Add mass to a Jupiter-sized gas giant and you get a more massive gas giant that is close to the same size as Jupiter. Add even more mass and you get a brown dwarf that is close to the same size as Jupiter. Add even more mass and you get a small red dwarf that is close to the same size as Jupiter. The mass-radius relationship is very, very flat from Jupiter-mass gas giant to smallest red dwarf.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-01-03T12:30:25.817Z
2015-01-03T12:30:25.817Z
David Hammen
<p>Here is a plot I generated in 5 minutes at the site <a href="http://exoplanets.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">exoplanets.org</a></p>

<p>To construct this I took planets discovered by the <em>transit</em> method <em>and</em> which had a $M \sin i$ measured using radial velocities. I divided the $M \sin i$ by the sine of the measured inclination angle (this is required to avoid using masses that have been estimated using an assumed mass-radius relation). The y-axis is density, which comes directly (and quite precisely) from transit measurements. Of course transiting planets are the only ones with radii and density measurements.</p>

<p>You have to do this to avoid some very uncertain values that are given for planetary masses that have been simply assumed from a theoretical mass-radius relationship.</p>

<p>As you can see, there is a wide spread (factor of three) in density at a given mass for hot Jupiter's (most of the <em>transiting</em> giant planets are hot Jupiters), but there is a strong correlation. The density is at a minimum for a few tenths of Jupiter mass, but then smaller planets (presumably rocky and icy, rather than gas giants) appear to show higher densities.</p>

<p>Remember, these are all transiting exoplanets, and therefore predominantly orbiting close to their parent stars. There could be biases and selection effects at work! For example although the cores of gas giants are governed by degeneracy pressure and this makes the <em>theoretical</em> mass-radius relationship quite flat, there is the perturbing effect of radiation from the parent star ("insolation") that can make some objects larger. Even beyond this there appears to be scatter that is difficult to understand.</p>

<p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/oWHbA.png" alt="Density vs planet mass for transiting planets"></p>

<p>EDIT: For an easy-to-use empirical formulation you could try the relationships proposed by <a href="http://phl.upr.edu/library/notes/standardmass-radiusrelationforexoplanets" rel="nofollow noreferrer">the Planetary Habitability Laboratory</a>.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-01-03T15:35:02.927Z
Wow, that's a very useful site and plot! This is probably enough information for me to go on in spite of the selection bias. Do you have any leads for a theoretically based model, though?
Russell Borogove
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-01-03T17:09:17.023Z
@RussellBorogove See my edit.
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 3.0
2015-01-03T13:50:34.170Z
2015-01-03T17:08:42.050Z
2015-01-03T17:08:42.050Z
ProfRob
<p>I'm working on a star system generator for a game; I'd like its results to be plausible but they needn't be super-realistic. I've got the orbital distances and masses of each body in the system, and now want to render them, so I need to determine the radius of each body.</p>

<p>For gas giant and ice giant planets, what's the relationship between mass and density? What are the minimum and maximum densities expected? </p>

<planet><gas-giants><planetary-formation><density>
Maximum and minimum gas giant & ice giant densities
Russell Borogove
# Maximum and minimum gas giant & ice giant densities

(Asked by: username_0 on 2015-01-03)

I'm working on a star system generator for a game; I'd like its results to be plausible but they needn't be super-realistic. I've got the orbital distances and masses of each body in the system, and now want to render them, so I need to determine the radius of each body.

For gas giant and ice giant planets, what's the relationship between mass and density? What are the minimum and maximum densities expected?

**Tags:** planet, gas-giants, planetary-formation, density

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## 2 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2015-01-03. Score: 7 | Accepted answer

Here is a plot I generated in 5 minutes at the site [exoplanets.org](http://exoplanets.org/)

To construct this I took planets discovered by the *transit* method *and* which had a $M \sin i$ measured using radial velocities. I divided the $M \sin i$ by the sine of the measured inclination angle (this is required to avoid using masses that have been estimated using an assumed mass-radius relation). The y-axis is density, which comes directly (and quite precisely) from transit measurements. Of course transiting planets are the only ones with radii and density measurements.

You have to do this to avoid some very uncertain values that are given for planetary masses that have been simply assumed from a theoretical mass-radius relationship.

As you can see, there is a wide spread (factor of three) in density at a given mass for hot Jupiter's (most of the *transiting* giant planets are hot Jupiters), but there is a strong correlation. The density is at a minimum for a few tenths of Jupiter mass, but then smaller planets (presumably rocky and icy, rather than gas giants) appear to show higher densities.

Remember, these are all transiting exoplanets, and therefore predominantly orbiting close to their parent stars. There could be biases and selection effects at work! For example although the cores of gas giants are governed by degeneracy pressure and this makes the *theoretical* mass-radius relationship quite flat, there is the perturbing effect of radiation from the parent star ("insolation") that can make some objects larger. Even beyond this there appears to be scatter that is difficult to understand.

![Density vs planet mass for transiting planets](https://i.sstatic.net/oWHbA.png)

EDIT: For an easy-to-use empirical formulation you could try the relationships proposed by [the Planetary Habitability Laboratory](http://phl.upr.edu/library/notes/standardmass-radiusrelationforexoplanets).

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Wow, that's a very useful site and plot! This is probably enough information for me to go on in spite of the selection bias. Do you have any leads for a theoretically based model, though?  
> **username_2**: @RussellBorogove See my edit.  

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### Answer by username_1 on 2015-01-03. Score: 3

With regard to gas giants, there is no mass limit. Conceptually, what's the difference between a star plus a Jupiter-class gas giant versus a star plus a brown dwarf companion versus a star plus a red dwarf versus a binary pair of stars of more or less the same mass? This is a spectrum with no clear boundary, no clear limits.

With regard to density, there's a funny thing about Jupiter: It's about as big, radius-wise, as gas giants and brown dwarfs can get. Add mass to a Jupiter-sized gas giant and you get a more massive gas giant that is close to the same size as Jupiter. Add even more mass and you get a brown dwarf that is close to the same size as Jupiter. Add even more mass and you get a small red dwarf that is close to the same size as Jupiter. The mass-radius relationship is very, very flat from Jupiter-mass gas giant to smallest red dwarf.


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