<p>CHIME, the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment uses four parabolic cylinder reflectors and a dense linear array of 256 x 2 polarization feeds along each focal line. Each feed is a dual polarization cloverleaf. The axes extend north-south (NS) and the cloverleaves appear to have their resolved polarizations EW and NS as well.</p>

<p>My problem is the radiation reaching the cloverleaves from a source at the zenith, reflected from one tip of the parabola to the other is spread out over a 180 degree arc since the parabola is f/D of 0.25. The focal plane is the same height as the edges of the parabola.</p>

<p>imagining the electric field in the NS direction and I imagine a significant cancellation of the electric fields scattered from the east and west tips of the parabolas. If the incident wave is coming down vertically and it's electric field is pointed E, the ray from the east tip may be pointed up, while that from the west tip would be pointed down, so these would tend to cancel leaving the effective aperture smaller for this polarization. (An NS polarized ray would not experience this interference.)</p>

<p>I would call this a kind of polarization-dependent apodization.</p>

<p>Why not simply rotate the cloverleaves by 45 degrees so that the two polarizations were matched and there was no polarization-dependent apodization?</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/yf3Nu.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/yf3Nu.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>I haven't found any details about this in <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.11235" rel="nofollow noreferrer">The CHIME Fast Radio Burst Project: System Overview</a> nor in the reference below.</p>

<p><strong>below x2:</strong> from <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.08521" rel="nofollow noreferrer">The cloverleaf antenna: A compact wide-bandwidth dual-polarization feed for CHIME</a></p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/u6J0Q.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/u6J0Q.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>Fig. 1. At left, the shape of each petal consists of two perpendicular straight
lines, two 45 degree circular arcs with radius R and one half an ellipse. W is
the major axis of the ellipse and L is the length from the intersection of the
straight sides to the outer edge of the ellipse. The shape is illustrated here for
the adopted values of gap, R, L, and W. Each of the four tabs shown at the
centre is connected to one side of a vertical microstrip transmission line and
in each case the full width of the adjacent petal is connected to the other lead.
At right, CST simulated currents for one linear polarization at 600MHz are
shown. Note the small asymmetry in the curent distribution near the centre
becasue of the tab geometry.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/1Sb4J.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/1Sb4J.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>Fig. 3. A linear array of eight cloverleaf antennas installed at the focal line of
the CHIME Pathfinder at the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory in Penticton, BC, Canada. The picture is taken through the wire mesh reflective surface (mesh spacing 19 mm) illustrating a photonsview of the antennas and ground plane. Notice that each feed has an image-feed in the ground plane, 1/2 λ away at the passband centre frequency. Notice also the four slots cut to remove dielectric material from the gaps between the petals.</p>

<hr>

<p><strong>below:</strong> From <a href="https://chime-experiment.ca/instrument" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://chime-experiment.ca/instrument</a></p>

<blockquote>
  <p>CHIME consists of four adjacent 20m x 100m cylindrical reflectors oriented north-south. The focal axis of each cylinder is lined with 256 dual-polarization antennas, each of which receives radiation from a large swath of sky that nearly stretches from the northern horizon to the southern horizon. This gives CHIME its enormous field of view. The CHIME antennas are custom-designed to have good sensitivity from 400 to 800 MHz, in both linear polarizations. This gives CHIME its large frequency coverage. Signals from the antennas are amplified in two stages, using low-noise amplifiers developed by the cell-phone industry. This novel application of consumer technology makes CHIME affordable. The 2048 signals from these inputs (256 antennas x 2 polarizations x 4 cylinders) are fed to the F-Engine for the initial stage of digital processing.</p>
</blockquote>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/NSO9C.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/NSO9C.jpg" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<hr>

<p><strong>below:</strong> From SKA_telescope <a href="https://twitter.com/SKA_telescope/status/1065277565429010432" rel="nofollow noreferrer">tweet</a> I believe this is looking north.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/1cVDT.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/1cVDT.jpg" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-01-24T07:37:59.447Z
Not really sure what you're asking. If your sketch indicates linear polarization, then the wave would not be reflected at all. A mirror does not change polarization direction. See Brewtser's angle.
planetmaker
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-01-24T10:56:19.233Z
@planetmaker I'm pretty familiar with the topic. Re-read the 2nd paragraph and consider the 3D polarization state from different directions and the the sensitivity of the antenna to it. Brewster's angle applies to refraction and has nothing to do with this problem.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-01-26T19:25:07.903Z
@uhoh Maybe you could a TL;DR, please? I am still not sure what exactly you are after - maybe it is actually a physics problem? It is about the antenna design, correct?
B--rian
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-01-27T00:35:16.263Z
@B--rian it's an effect that optical telescope designers generally ignore for "slow" optics (e.g f/4,  f/8...) but for fast optics (in this case f/0.25) we can't assume paraxial rays. I was about to add a diagram about how steep reflections from the steepest opposing edges of the mirror at 45 degrees will flip p-polarized (TM) waves such that they completely destructively interfere with each other and will partially cancel at lower mirror angles, but I see that I've already included that diagram. I feel it is quite instructive.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-01-27T00:41:11.670Z
"It is about the antenna design, correct?" No understanding this effect is needed by astronomers in order to interpret the output from the telescope's dual polarization feed. CHIME has remarkably fast optics even for a radio telescope so this effect may be *stronger* than in previous radio telescopes, but understanding this effect is necessary when converting feed outputs to received power in each polarization. I think that the text above the figure is clear and concise and pretty easy to understand, I don't see how to re-explain it again is there any *specific* question I can answer about it?
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-01-27T00:45:18.397Z
In addition to being *faster* than most other radio telescopes, it's also *cylindrical* rather than a figure of rotation like a paraboloid or sphere. It may be the fastest cylindrical reflector used in radio astronomy dual polarization feeds or not, so this effect may be stronger here than in previous similar designs, but that's what makes this question *interesting* not only to me but to *any astronomer looking for polarization information in FRB signals!*
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-02-05T02:21:01.957Z
Surprisingly the East-West polarized beam has *higher gain* even though the cancellation effect shown in my diagram should happen for that polarization [Calibrating CHIME, A New Radio Interferometer to Probe Dark Energy](https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.2267) see https://i.sstatic.net/fv6Yb.png And for those who like to look at correlators: [Canada’s CHIME Radio Telescope generates 13Tbps as it scans the heavens—all processed by FPGAs in real time](https://forums.xilinx.com/t5/Xcell-Daily-Blog-Archived/Canada-s-CHIME-Radio-Telescope-generates-13Tbps-as-it-scans-the/ba-p/794031)
uhoh
<radio-astronomy><radio-telescope><angular-resolution>
How does Canada's radiotelescope CHIME manage polarization-dependent apodization of the fast f/0.25 optics?
uhoh
# How does Canada's radiotelescope CHIME manage polarization-dependent apodization of the fast f/0.25 optics?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2018-12-04)

CHIME, the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment uses four parabolic cylinder reflectors and a dense linear array of 256 x 2 polarization feeds along each focal line. Each feed is a dual polarization cloverleaf. The axes extend north-south (NS) and the cloverleaves appear to have their resolved polarizations EW and NS as well.

My problem is the radiation reaching the cloverleaves from a source at the zenith, reflected from one tip of the parabola to the other is spread out over a 180 degree arc since the parabola is f/D of 0.25. The focal plane is the same height as the edges of the parabola.

imagining the electric field in the NS direction and I imagine a significant cancellation of the electric fields scattered from the east and west tips of the parabolas. If the incident wave is coming down vertically and it's electric field is pointed E, the ray from the east tip may be pointed up, while that from the west tip would be pointed down, so these would tend to cancel leaving the effective aperture smaller for this polarization. (An NS polarized ray would not experience this interference.)

I would call this a kind of polarization-dependent apodization.

Why not simply rotate the cloverleaves by 45 degrees so that the two polarizations were matched and there was no polarization-dependent apodization?

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/yf3Nu.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/yf3Nu.png)

I haven't found any details about this in [The CHIME Fast Radio Burst Project: System Overview](https://arxiv.org/abs/1803.11235) nor in the reference below.

**below x2:** from [The cloverleaf antenna: A compact wide-bandwidth dual-polarization feed for CHIME](https://arxiv.org/abs/1708.08521)

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/u6J0Q.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/u6J0Q.png)

Fig. 1. At left, the shape of each petal consists of two perpendicular straight
lines, two 45 degree circular arcs with radius R and one half an ellipse. W is
the major axis of the ellipse and L is the length from the intersection of the
straight sides to the outer edge of the ellipse. The shape is illustrated here for
the adopted values of gap, R, L, and W. Each of the four tabs shown at the
centre is connected to one side of a vertical microstrip transmission line and
in each case the full width of the adjacent petal is connected to the other lead.
At right, CST simulated currents for one linear polarization at 600MHz are
shown. Note the small asymmetry in the curent distribution near the centre
becasue of the tab geometry.

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/1Sb4J.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/1Sb4J.png)

Fig. 3. A linear array of eight cloverleaf antennas installed at the focal line of
the CHIME Pathfinder at the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory in Penticton, BC, Canada. The picture is taken through the wire mesh reflective surface (mesh spacing 19 mm) illustrating a photonsview of the antennas and ground plane. Notice that each feed has an image-feed in the ground plane, 1/2 λ away at the passband centre frequency. Notice also the four slots cut to remove dielectric material from the gaps between the petals.

---

**below:** From <https://chime-experiment.ca/instrument>

> CHIME consists of four adjacent 20m x 100m cylindrical reflectors oriented north-south. The focal axis of each cylinder is lined with 256 dual-polarization antennas, each of which receives radiation from a large swath of sky that nearly stretches from the northern horizon to the southern horizon. This gives CHIME its enormous field of view. The CHIME antennas are custom-designed to have good sensitivity from 400 to 800 MHz, in both linear polarizations. This gives CHIME its large frequency coverage. Signals from the antennas are amplified in two stages, using low-noise amplifiers developed by the cell-phone industry. This novel application of consumer technology makes CHIME affordable. The 2048 signals from these inputs (256 antennas x 2 polarizations x 4 cylinders) are fed to the F-Engine for the initial stage of digital processing.

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/NSO9C.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/NSO9C.jpg)

---

**below:** From SKA\_telescope [tweet](https://twitter.com/SKA_telescope/status/1065277565429010432) I believe this is looking north.

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/1cVDT.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/1cVDT.jpg)

**Tags:** radio-astronomy, radio-telescope, angular-resolution
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Not really sure what you're asking. If your sketch indicates linear polarization, then the wave would not be reflected at all. A mirror does not change polarization direction. See Brewtser's angle.  
> **username_0**: @planetmaker I'm pretty familiar with the topic. Re-read the 2nd paragraph and consider the 3D polarization state from different directions and the the sensitivity of the antenna to it. Brewster's angle applies to refraction and has nothing to do with this problem.  
> **username_2**: @uhoh Maybe you could a TL;DR, please? I am still not sure what exactly you are after - maybe it is actually a physics problem? It is about the antenna design, correct?  
> **username_0**: @B--rian it's an effect that optical telescope designers generally ignore for "slow" optics (e.g f/4,  f/8...) but for fast optics (in this case f/0.25) we can't assume paraxial rays. I was about to add a diagram about how steep reflections from the steepest opposing edges of the mirror at 45 degrees will flip p-polarized (TM) waves such that they completely destructively interfere with each other and will partially cancel at lower mirror angles, but I see that I've already included that diagram. I feel it is quite instructive.  
> **username_0**: "It is about the antenna design, correct?" No understanding this effect is needed by astronomers in order to interpret the output from the telescope's dual polarization feed. CHIME has remarkably fast optics even for a radio telescope so this effect may be *stronger* than in previous radio telescopes, but understanding this effect is necessary when converting feed outputs to received power in each polarization. I think that the text above the figure is clear and concise and pretty easy to understand, I don't see how to re-explain it again is there any *specific* question I can answer about it?  
> **username_0**: In addition to being *faster* than most other radio telescopes, it's also *cylindrical* rather than a figure of rotation like a paraboloid or sphere. It may be the fastest cylindrical reflector used in radio astronomy dual polarization feeds or not, so this effect may be stronger here than in previous similar designs, but that's what makes this question *interesting* not only to me but to *any astronomer looking for polarization information in FRB signals!*  
> **username_0**: Surprisingly the East-West polarized beam has *higher gain* even though the cancellation effect shown in my diagram should happen for that polarization [Calibrating CHIME, A New Radio Interferometer to Probe Dark Energy](https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.2267) see https://i.sstatic.net/fv6Yb.png And for those who like to look at correlators: [Canada’s CHIME Radio Telescope generates 13Tbps as it scans the heavens—all processed by FPGAs in real time](https://forums.xilinx.com/t5/Xcell-Daily-Blog-Archived/Canada-s-CHIME-Radio-Telescope-generates-13Tbps-as-it-scans-the/ba-p/794031)  

---

## 0 answers

