<p>Recall the Stefan-Boltzmann Law which describes blackbody radiation: <span class="math-container">$L=4\pi\sigma R^2T^4$</span> where <span class="math-container">$L$</span> is bolometric luminosity, <span class="math-container">$R$</span> is the radius of the star, and <span class="math-container">$T$</span> is surface temperature (in Kelvin). This implies that as the star expands, <span class="math-container">$R$</span> increases dramatically, causing <span class="math-container">$L$</span> to rise. Note that <span class="math-container">$T$</span> also drops by a bit, but this effect is relatively insignificant as <span class="math-container">$R$</span> experiences a much larger relative change, and <span class="math-container">$L$</span> increases overall.</p>
<p>The hydrogen shell burning is the source of all the <strong>energy</strong>, but not the &quot;source of luminosity&quot; per se. It supplies the energy to heat up its surroundings, including primarily the surface of the star, and that is what radiates and gives you the luminosity via blackbody radiation.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-06-01T10:42:43.520Z
2021-06-01T10:42:43.520Z
YiFan
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_evolution" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Wikipedia</a> says:</p>
<p>For stars heavier than the around a solar mass the <em>&quot;outer layers cool sufficiently to become opaque&quot;</em> which <em>&quot;cause the hydrogen shell to increase in temperature and the luminosity of the star to increase, at which point the star expands onto the red-giant branch.&quot;</em></p>
<p>To my understanding, the source of luminosity is the H shell burning. If the outer layers become opaque (ie not transparent), why does the star become more luminous in this process?</p>

<stellar-evolution>
Why do heavy mid-sized stars become more luminous as they leave the subgiant branch entering the red-giant branch?
zabop
# Why do heavy mid-sized stars become more luminous as they leave the subgiant branch entering the red-giant branch?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2021-05-29)

[Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_evolution) says:

For stars heavier than the around a solar mass the *"outer layers cool sufficiently to become opaque"* which *"cause the hydrogen shell to increase in temperature and the luminosity of the star to increase, at which point the star expands onto the red-giant branch."*

To my understanding, the source of luminosity is the H shell burning. If the outer layers become opaque (ie not transparent), why does the star become more luminous in this process?

**Tags:** stellar-evolution

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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2021-06-01. Score: 3

Recall the Stefan-Boltzmann Law which describes blackbody radiation: $L=4\pi\sigma R^2T^4$ where $L$ is bolometric luminosity, $R$ is the radius of the star, and $T$ is surface temperature (in Kelvin). This implies that as the star expands, $R$ increases dramatically, causing $L$ to rise. Note that $T$ also drops by a bit, but this effect is relatively insignificant as $R$ experiences a much larger relative change, and $L$ increases overall.

The hydrogen shell burning is the source of all the **energy**, but not the "source of luminosity" per se. It supplies the energy to heat up its surroundings, including primarily the surface of the star, and that is what radiates and gives you the luminosity via blackbody radiation.


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