<blockquote>
<p>Does the newly-formed deuteron then automatically release a photon?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Not directly. The initial step of the <em>p</em>-<em>p</em> chain is a weak interaction rather than an electromagnetic interaction. This initial step does however release a positron. That positron is extremely short-lived because the high density of matter at the core of a star means the positron will quickly meet up with an electron. When that happens positron and electron annihilate one another, releasing twice the energy equivalent of an electron mass.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-01-22T20:31:19.467Z
2022-01-22T20:31:19.467Z
David Hammen
<p>No, deuteron production doesn't directly release a photon. Of course, when the positron annihilates with a nearby electron, that creates some gamma photons.</p>
<p>As David Hammen mentions, the proton-neutron conversion is a weak interaction (so it's mediated by virtual W bosons), not an electromagnetic interaction.</p>
<p>Annihilation cannot create a single photon, since that wouldn't conserve momentum. In the centre of mass frame of the electron &amp; positron the total momentum is zero, but a photon <em>must</em> have momentum, so the momenta of the photons produced by annihilation must be balanced. Typically, 2 or 3 photons are produced, depending on the relative spins of the electron &amp; positron (since angular momentum must also be conserved), but larger numbers are possible, although the probabilities are smaller for larger numbers. Please see the Wikipedia article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positronium" rel="nofollow noreferrer">positronium</a> for further details.</p>
<p>Here's a diagram from the Wikipedia article on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain" rel="nofollow noreferrer">proton-proton chain</a>, showing the main p-p I branch:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/gqkht.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/gqkht.png" alt="p-p I branch" /></a></p>
<p>That article gives this reaction (quoted from Iliadis, Christian (2007), <em>Nuclear Physics of Stars</em>)  for the deuteron production, including the electron-positron annihilation:</p>
<p><span class="math-container">$$\rm p + p + e^- \longrightarrow {}^2_1D + \nu_e + 1.442\,MeV$$</span></p>
<p>The annihilation releases <span class="math-container">$\rm 1.022\,MeV$</span>, so the proton-proton fusion itself only produces <span class="math-container">$\rm 0.42\,MeV$</span>. That energy is released as the kinetic energy of the reaction products, i.e., the deuteron, positron, and neutrino. (Of course, the two protons also provide some KE). Because of momentum conservation, most of the KE goes to the leptons (the positron &amp; neutrino) because the deuteron is almost 1900 times more massive than they are. As is typical in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_decay" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><span class="math-container">$\beta$</span> decay</a> events, the energy and momentum are randomly distributed between the leptons. I can't find a diagram for the energy spectrum, but I expect that it is similar in shape to that of neutron decay, which is shown in <a href="https://physics.stackexchange.com/a/464892/123208">this Physics.SE answer</a>. Also see <a href="https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/462674/123208">this question</a> about the difference between the spectra of <span class="math-container">$\beta^+$</span> and <span class="math-container">$\beta^-$</span> decay.</p>
<p>The total mean energy released by p-p fusion, averaged over the various branches, is
<span class="math-container">$\rm 26.73\,MeV$</span>, so the
<span class="math-container">$\rm 0.84\,MeV$</span> released in creating the two deuterons is only ~<span class="math-container">$3.14\%$</span> of the total.</p>
<hr />
<blockquote>
<p>How often do two protons join up and they BOTH become neutrons? And then decay, putting them back at square one? Every ten octillion × ten octillion collisions, or <span class="math-container">$10^{56}$</span>?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Yes, that's correct. The probability of <em>both</em> protons converting to neutrons is approximately equal to the square of one of them converting. I don't know the source of your 1 in ten octillion probability, but that sounds reasonable. The usual figure that I've seen for diproton to deuteron conversion is ~<span class="math-container">$10^{-26}$</span>, which I used in <a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/a/43908/16685">this answer</a>. To put that into perspective, you have to mash around 1 Earth mass of solar core protons to make 1 gram of deuterons, and we can expect 1 pair of those protons to do the double neutron conversion. As I said in the linked answer,
plain hydrogen will never be a practical fuel for an artificial fusion reactor.</p>
<p>I should mention that nuclear reactions involving only the strong force tend to have the highest probability. Reactions that also involve the electromagnetic force (eg, several steps of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNO_cycle" rel="nofollow noreferrer">CNO cycle</a>) have lower probability, and thus tend to be bottlenecks in stellar nucleosynthesis. Weak reactions have a much smaller probability, and are <em>severe</em> bottlenecks. This is a <em>good</em> thing, because it gives stars a long main sequence lifetime.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-01-23T04:23:12.253Z
2022-01-24T05:42:01.973Z
2022-01-24T05:42:01.973Z
PM 2Ring
<p>Perhaps this is a nuclear physics question, but....</p>
<p>When two colliding protons deep inside our Sun finally turn into a deuterium nucleus or deutron (after approximately ten octillion chances, on average, from what I've heard) they of course release the standard beta-plus decay products of a positron and an electron neutrino...</p>
<p>Does the newly-formed deuteron then automatically release a photon?  Is it a gamma-decay photon, i.e. a gamma ray?  Or does its energy vary, depending on the energy shared with the neutrino and the positron...
.
.
.
.</p>
<p>P.S.: Less important secondary question... How often do two protons join up and they BOTH become neutrons?  And then decay, putting them back at square one?  Every ten octillion × ten octillion collisions, or 10^56?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-01-23T13:35:07.770Z
Two protons becoming two neutrons is pretty much endothermic. One can safely assume it doesn't happen in our Sun at all - it is not hot enough.
fraxinus
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-01-27T18:10:28.483Z
The protons end up colliding, forming helium-2, which almost instantly decays into deuterium. It's not random smashing of protons making one of them turn into a neutron. It is very hard for loose protons to come together and stick, they tend to just dissociate instead of stick and decay into deuterium
WarpPrime
<astrophysics><stellar-astrophysics><nucleosynthesis><plasma-physics><high-energy-astrophysics>
Do the newly-created deuterons in our Sun release any photons? In addition to a positron and an electron neutrino?
Kurt Hikes
# Do the newly-created deuterons in our Sun release any photons? In addition to a positron and an electron neutrino?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2022-01-22)

Perhaps this is a nuclear physics question, but....

When two colliding protons deep inside our Sun finally turn into a deuterium nucleus or deutron (after approximately ten octillion chances, on average, from what I've heard) they of course release the standard beta-plus decay products of a positron and an electron neutrino...

Does the newly-formed deuteron then automatically release a photon? Is it a gamma-decay photon, i.e. a gamma ray? Or does its energy vary, depending on the energy shared with the neutrino and the positron...
.
.
.
.

P.S.: Less important secondary question... How often do two protons join up and they BOTH become neutrons? And then decay, putting them back at square one? Every ten octillion × ten octillion collisions, or 10^56?

**Tags:** astrophysics, stellar-astrophysics, nucleosynthesis, plasma-physics, high-energy-astrophysics
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Two protons becoming two neutrons is pretty much endothermic. One can safely assume it doesn't happen in our Sun at all - it is not hot enough.  
> **username_2**: The protons end up colliding, forming helium-2, which almost instantly decays into deuterium. It's not random smashing of protons making one of them turn into a neutron. It is very hard for loose protons to come together and stick, they tend to just dissociate instead of stick and decay into deuterium  

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## 2 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2022-01-22. Score: 5

> Does the newly-formed deuteron then automatically release a photon?

Not directly. The initial step of the *p*-*p* chain is a weak interaction rather than an electromagnetic interaction. This initial step does however release a positron. That positron is extremely short-lived because the high density of matter at the core of a star means the positron will quickly meet up with an electron. When that happens positron and electron annihilate one another, releasing twice the energy equivalent of an electron mass.


---

### Answer by username_4 on 2022-01-23. Score: 3

No, deuteron production doesn't directly release a photon. Of course, when the positron annihilates with a nearby electron, that creates some gamma photons.

As David Hammen mentions, the proton-neutron conversion is a weak interaction (so it's mediated by virtual W bosons), not an electromagnetic interaction.

Annihilation cannot create a single photon, since that wouldn't conserve momentum. In the centre of mass frame of the electron & positron the total momentum is zero, but a photon *must* have momentum, so the momenta of the photons produced by annihilation must be balanced. Typically, 2 or 3 photons are produced, depending on the relative spins of the electron & positron (since angular momentum must also be conserved), but larger numbers are possible, although the probabilities are smaller for larger numbers. Please see the Wikipedia article on [positronium](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positronium) for further details.

Here's a diagram from the Wikipedia article on the [proton-proton chain](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton%E2%80%93proton_chain), showing the main p-p I branch:

[![p-p I branch](https://i.sstatic.net/gqkht.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/gqkht.png)

That article gives this reaction (quoted from Iliadis, Christian (2007), *Nuclear Physics of Stars*)  for the deuteron production, including the electron-positron annihilation:

$$\rm p + p + e^- \longrightarrow {}^2\_1D + \nu\_e + 1.442\,MeV$$

The annihilation releases $\rm 1.022\,MeV$, so the proton-proton fusion itself only produces $\rm 0.42\,MeV$. That energy is released as the kinetic energy of the reaction products, i.e., the deuteron, positron, and neutrino. (Of course, the two protons also provide some KE). Because of momentum conservation, most of the KE goes to the leptons (the positron & neutrino) because the deuteron is almost 1900 times more massive than they are. As is typical in [$\beta$ decay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_decay) events, the energy and momentum are randomly distributed between the leptons. I can't find a diagram for the energy spectrum, but I expect that it is similar in shape to that of neutron decay, which is shown in [this Physics.SE answer](https://physics.stackexchange.com/a/464892/123208). Also see [this question](https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/462674/123208) about the difference between the spectra of $\beta^+$ and $\beta^-$ decay.

The total mean energy released by p-p fusion, averaged over the various branches, is
$\rm 26.73\,MeV$, so the
$\rm 0.84\,MeV$ released in creating the two deuterons is only ~$3.14\%$ of the total.

---

> How often do two protons join up and they BOTH become neutrons? And then decay, putting them back at square one? Every ten octillion × ten octillion collisions, or $10^{56}$?

Yes, that's correct. The probability of *both* protons converting to neutrons is approximately equal to the square of one of them converting. I don't know the source of your 1 in ten octillion probability, but that sounds reasonable. The usual figure that I've seen for diproton to deuteron conversion is ~$10^{-26}$, which I used in [this answer](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/a/43908/16685). To put that into perspective, you have to mash around 1 Earth mass of solar core protons to make 1 gram of deuterons, and we can expect 1 pair of those protons to do the double neutron conversion. As I said in the linked answer,
plain hydrogen will never be a practical fuel for an artificial fusion reactor.

I should mention that nuclear reactions involving only the strong force tend to have the highest probability. Reactions that also involve the electromagnetic force (eg, several steps of the [CNO cycle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNO_cycle)) have lower probability, and thus tend to be bottlenecks in stellar nucleosynthesis. Weak reactions have a much smaller probability, and are *severe* bottlenecks. This is a *good* thing, because it gives stars a long main sequence lifetime.


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