<p>As @ELNJ answer pointed out, fully ionized the atoms at the star surface are not. It is not hot enough. Star cores are another case, but we usually don't see them. There, both pressure and temperature make impossible the existence of the usual atoms.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Atoms and molecules usually emit their characteristic wavelengths because of the electrons' energy levels...</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Yes, they do. They also absorb their characteristic wavelengths, given chance.</p>
<p>In stars, most spectral lines we see are absorbtion - a characteristic wavelength missing (or weakened) on a background of more or less flat area. Stars with strong emission lines are rare.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Do the completely ionized ('naked') nuclei absorb and/or emit EM radiation?
If so, at what type of wavelength? Mostly visible, IR and UV like the rest of the star?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>They do. They (mostly electrons, nuclei are neglected in simple calculations) scatter photons, so they emit a thermal radiation. This is the flat-ish thermal background where we see the absorbtion lines overlayed.</p>
<p>Nuclei have their own excited levels w/ characteristic lines in the gamma-ray spectrum, but it is not hot enough at the star surface to excite these.</p>
<p>Here you have an enlarged visible spectrum of the Sun:
(credit <a href="https://scied.ucar.edu/image/sun-spectrum" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://scied.ucar.edu/image/sun-spectrum</a> )</p>
<p>Each of these black lines can be traced to some chemical element in some ionization state.
<a href="https://i.sstatic.net/Kq1mf.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/Kq1mf.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-25T10:33:32.063Z
such a great image!
Fattie
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-02-10T23:31:58.023Z
Are you sure about your 'nickname',  @Fattie?
Kurt Hikes
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-25T08:44:19.033Z
2020-07-25T18:14:44.243Z
2020-07-25T18:14:44.243Z
fraxinus
<p>You are correct that the characteristic emission and absorption lines we see in stars' spectra are from electrons that are bound to atoms making transitions between different energy levels.  That is possible because the elements in a star's photosphere are <em>not</em> fully ionized.  Hydrogen - the easiest element to fully ionize because its nucleus only has a charge of +1 - is pretty highly ionized in the hottest stars (O stars), which is why those stars have weak hydrogen lines in their spectra.</p>
<p>Completely ionized atoms (bare nuclei) do not absorb or emit electromagnetic radiation in the parts of the spectrum where stars emit most of their light.  They can absorb very high energy photons (gamma rays with energies of millions of electron volts) that have enough energy to excite their <a href="https://www.radioactivity.eu.com/site/pages/Nuclear_Energy_Levels.htm" rel="noreferrer">nuclear energy levels</a>, but the photospheres of stars aren't hot enough to emit this kind of radiation (and as previously stated, the atoms there aren't fully ionized anyway).</p>
<p>Many stars have elements in their photospheres that are <em>partially</em> ionized, but the spectral lines we see from those atoms are still from the remaining bound electrons.  For example, Ca II (singly-ionized calcium, with 19 electrons instead of 20) has <a href="https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/HK_lines.html" rel="noreferrer">strong lines</a> in the violet part of the spectrum of the Sun.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-25T00:24:28.163Z
2020-07-25T00:24:28.163Z
Eric Jensen
<p>Atoms and molecules usually emit their characteristic wavelengths because of the electrons' energy levels....</p>
<p>Do the completely ionized ('naked') nuclei absorb and/or emit EM radiation?</p>
<p>If so, at what type of wavelength?  Mostly visible, IR and UV like the rest of the star?</p>

<observational-astronomy><spectroscopy><metal>
How do astronomers detect the 'metals' in a star? If the atoms are presumably completely ionized?
Kurt Hikes
# How do astronomers detect the 'metals' in a star? If the atoms are presumably completely ionized?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-07-24)

Atoms and molecules usually emit their characteristic wavelengths because of the electrons' energy levels....

Do the completely ionized ('naked') nuclei absorb and/or emit EM radiation?

If so, at what type of wavelength? Mostly visible, IR and UV like the rest of the star?

**Tags:** observational-astronomy, spectroscopy, metal

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## 2 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2020-07-25. Score: 8 | Accepted answer

You are correct that the characteristic emission and absorption lines we see in stars' spectra are from electrons that are bound to atoms making transitions between different energy levels. That is possible because the elements in a star's photosphere are *not* fully ionized. Hydrogen - the easiest element to fully ionize because its nucleus only has a charge of +1 - is pretty highly ionized in the hottest stars (O stars), which is why those stars have weak hydrogen lines in their spectra.

Completely ionized atoms (bare nuclei) do not absorb or emit electromagnetic radiation in the parts of the spectrum where stars emit most of their light. They can absorb very high energy photons (gamma rays with energies of millions of electron volts) that have enough energy to excite their [nuclear energy levels](https://www.radioactivity.eu.com/site/pages/Nuclear_Energy_Levels.htm), but the photospheres of stars aren't hot enough to emit this kind of radiation (and as previously stated, the atoms there aren't fully ionized anyway).

Many stars have elements in their photospheres that are *partially* ionized, but the spectral lines we see from those atoms are still from the remaining bound electrons. For example, Ca II (singly-ionized calcium, with 19 electrons instead of 20) has [strong lines](https://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/H/HK_lines.html) in the violet part of the spectrum of the Sun.


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### Answer by username_1 on 2020-07-25. Score: 6

As @ELNJ answer pointed out, fully ionized the atoms at the star surface are not. It is not hot enough. Star cores are another case, but we usually don't see them. There, both pressure and temperature make impossible the existence of the usual atoms.

> Atoms and molecules usually emit their characteristic wavelengths because of the electrons' energy levels...

Yes, they do. They also absorb their characteristic wavelengths, given chance.

In stars, most spectral lines we see are absorbtion - a characteristic wavelength missing (or weakened) on a background of more or less flat area. Stars with strong emission lines are rare.

> Do the completely ionized ('naked') nuclei absorb and/or emit EM radiation?
> If so, at what type of wavelength? Mostly visible, IR and UV like the rest of the star?

They do. They (mostly electrons, nuclei are neglected in simple calculations) scatter photons, so they emit a thermal radiation. This is the flat-ish thermal background where we see the absorbtion lines overlayed.

Nuclei have their own excited levels w/ characteristic lines in the gamma-ray spectrum, but it is not hot enough at the star surface to excite these.

Here you have an enlarged visible spectrum of the Sun:
(credit <https://scied.ucar.edu/image/sun-spectrum> )

Each of these black lines can be traced to some chemical element in some ionization state.
[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/Kq1mf.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/Kq1mf.jpg)

> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: such a great image!  
> **username_0**: Are you sure about your 'nickname',  @Fattie?  

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