<p>Yes, stars can form outside galaxies if the conditions are right. <a href="http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/spiral-galaxy-d100-ram-pressure-stripped-tail-06851.html" rel="noreferrer">An impressive example is D100</a>, a galaxy that is moving through a cluster so fast that the ram pressure from the ambient gas forces galactic gas out of it leaving a long tail. <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aaefff" rel="noreferrer">That tail is dense and cold enough to allow star formation, and there are newly formed clusters in it</a>. </p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/SmQ0s.jpg" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/SmQ0s.jpg" alt="D100"></a></p>

<p>In principle star formation can happen anywhere where there is dense, cold gas that can collapse gravitationally. Stars can sometimes help by forcing gas together by radiation pressure. There are intergalactic gas clouds, but they are usually too hot.  Dark matter halos are not great at capturing hot gas, but intra-cluster gas is losing energy from Bremsstrahlung so over time some of it would accumulate there. </p>

<p>Space is large, so no doubt there is some star formation happening in corners where gas clouds have cooled off remotely from galaxies. After all, that was how stars and galaxies once started.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-01-30T15:29:26.217Z
What a coincidence - that image was the [Astronomy Picture of the Day](https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap190128.html) on Jan 28, and I was going to look for more info on this ...and then I find this answer!  Thanks!
BruceWayne
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-01-30T17:04:26.773Z
What's the difference between a nebula and an "intergalactic gas cloud"? Surely, shortly after the beginning, there was nothing *but* gas, that cooled and collapsed into the first stars, prior to which if there wasn't any stars there technically can't be any galaxies yet. I'm struggling to find the question in here that can't be answered by semantics. Isn't outside of any galaxy normally how stars are formed: in nebulae?
Mazura
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-01-30T17:56:11.150Z
@Mazura - I don't think there is a strict difference between nebulae and gas clouds. But most galaxy formation happens inside gas clouds in galaxies.
Anders Sandberg
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-01-30T18:40:24.223Z
The very last sentence is really all that's required.  Nicely detailed, though.
Carl Witthoft
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-01-31T07:34:06.257Z
Very intriguing. Thanks for a new bit of knowledge about the world.
Peter - Reinstate Monica
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-01-31T13:54:19.700Z
Nebulae and "gas clouds" usually both have a lot of dust, not just gas.  As for the name, I think there's no real difference.  If it's visible in normal light then it's more likely to be called a nebula.
Max Williams
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-01-30T12:18:22.563Z
2019-01-30T12:18:22.563Z
Anders Sandberg
<p>It's quite possible for stars to form outside of galaxies, typically in environments where large amounts of gas have been stripped from a galaxy. This usually involves either a tidal interaction with another galaxy or the intracluster medium (ICM). In the latter group are a set of peculiar galaxies sometimes dubbed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish_galaxy" rel="noreferrer">"jellyfish galaxies"</a>. Gas, dust and stars are being stripped away by ram pressure from the high-speed collision with the ICM, and some of this gas can then collapse to form star clusters in the gaseous tail behind the galaxy.</p>

<p>For some candidate intergalactic star formation regions, it's unclear whether the young, blue stars found in blue knots were ejected with the gas or formed from it, but it's still reasonable to assume that star formation will eventually take place in the cold gas clumps.</p>

<p>Notable examples of stars forming in gas stripped by ram pressure include:</p>

<ul>
<li><a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/a/29399/2153">D100</a>, as mentioned by Anders Sandberg (<a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aaefff" rel="noreferrer">Cramer et al. 2019</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Galaxy" rel="noreferrer">The Comet Galaxy</a> (<a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007MNRAS.376..157C" rel="noreferrer">Cortese et al. 2011</a>)</li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESO_137-001" rel="noreferrer">ESO 137-001</a> (<a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671..190S" rel="noreferrer">Sun et al. 2007</a>)</li>
</ul>

<p>In the other group, gaseous structures ejected during galaxy interactions can also form stars, under the right condition. The one notable example I'm aware of is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Ring" rel="noreferrer">the Leo Ring</a> (<a href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...717L.143M" rel="noreferrer">Michel-Dansac et al. 2010</a>), but I assume that other cases have been proposed.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-01-31T05:56:50.803Z
On a related note, I suppose stars formed outside galaxies would outnumber the extra-galactic "rogue" stars that were formed inside galaxies as members of triple (or larger) stellar systems that got flung out of their system due to gravitational instability. It's easy enough for such stars to have enough speed to leave their siblings, but I expect that in most cases they'd still be gravitationally bound to their galaxy.
PM 2Ring
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-01-30T15:21:12.893Z
2019-01-30T15:21:12.893Z
HDE 226868
<p>Is it possible for there to be a dense enough nebula to form stars outside of any galaxy? Does a galaxy have a minimum size to produce stars? Or could you have a few dozen stars clustered together by themselves?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-01-30T18:39:28.430Z
Think back -- how did the very first stars form?
Carl Witthoft
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-01-31T07:22:02.637Z
@CarlWitthoft Well yes; but conditions then were very different from "today's" intergalactic space. One can probably interpret the question as "can we observe it today happening at a not-too-great distance, i.e. not-too-long-ago".
Peter - Reinstate Monica
<star><star-formation><intergalactic-space>
Could stars form outside of galaxies?
Lorry Laurence mcLarry
# Could stars form outside of galaxies?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2019-01-30)

Is it possible for there to be a dense enough nebula to form stars outside of any galaxy? Does a galaxy have a minimum size to produce stars? Or could you have a few dozen stars clustered together by themselves?

**Tags:** star, star-formation, intergalactic-space
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Think back -- how did the very first stars form?  
> **username_2**: @CarlWitthoft Well yes; but conditions then were very different from "today's" intergalactic space. One can probably interpret the question as "can we observe it today happening at a not-too-great distance, i.e. not-too-long-ago".  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2019-01-30. Score: 27

Yes, stars can form outside galaxies if the conditions are right. [An impressive example is D100](http://www.sci-news.com/astronomy/spiral-galaxy-d100-ram-pressure-stripped-tail-06851.html), a galaxy that is moving through a cluster so fast that the ram pressure from the ambient gas forces galactic gas out of it leaving a long tail. [That tail is dense and cold enough to allow star formation, and there are newly formed clusters in it](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aaefff).

[![D100](https://i.sstatic.net/SmQ0s.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/SmQ0s.jpg)

In principle star formation can happen anywhere where there is dense, cold gas that can collapse gravitationally. Stars can sometimes help by forcing gas together by radiation pressure. There are intergalactic gas clouds, but they are usually too hot. Dark matter halos are not great at capturing hot gas, but intra-cluster gas is losing energy from Bremsstrahlung so over time some of it would accumulate there.

Space is large, so no doubt there is some star formation happening in corners where gas clouds have cooled off remotely from galaxies. After all, that was how stars and galaxies once started.

> **Comments:**
> **username_4**: What a coincidence - that image was the [Astronomy Picture of the Day](https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap190128.html) on Jan 28, and I was going to look for more info on this ...and then I find this answer!  Thanks!  
> **username_5**: What's the difference between a nebula and an "intergalactic gas cloud"? Surely, shortly after the beginning, there was nothing *but* gas, that cooled and collapsed into the first stars, prior to which if there wasn't any stars there technically can't be any galaxies yet. I'm struggling to find the question in here that can't be answered by semantics. Isn't outside of any galaxy normally how stars are formed: in nebulae?  
> **username_3**: @Mazura - I don't think there is a strict difference between nebulae and gas clouds. But most galaxy formation happens inside gas clouds in galaxies.  
> **username_1**: The very last sentence is really all that's required.  Nicely detailed, though.  
> **username_2**: Very intriguing. Thanks for a new bit of knowledge about the world.  
> **username_6**: Nebulae and "gas clouds" usually both have a lot of dust, not just gas.  As for the name, I think there's no real difference.  If it's visible in normal light then it's more likely to be called a nebula.  

---

### Answer by username_7 on 2019-01-30. Score: 10

It's quite possible for stars to form outside of galaxies, typically in environments where large amounts of gas have been stripped from a galaxy. This usually involves either a tidal interaction with another galaxy or the intracluster medium (ICM). In the latter group are a set of peculiar galaxies sometimes dubbed ["jellyfish galaxies"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish_galaxy). Gas, dust and stars are being stripped away by ram pressure from the high-speed collision with the ICM, and some of this gas can then collapse to form star clusters in the gaseous tail behind the galaxy.

For some candidate intergalactic star formation regions, it's unclear whether the young, blue stars found in blue knots were ejected with the gas or formed from it, but it's still reasonable to assume that star formation will eventually take place in the cold gas clumps.

Notable examples of stars forming in gas stripped by ram pressure include:

* [D100](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/a/29399/2153), as mentioned by Anders Sandberg ([Cramer et al. 2019](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4357/aaefff))
* [The Comet Galaxy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_Galaxy) ([Cortese et al. 2011](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007MNRAS.376..157C))
* [ESO 137-001](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESO_137-001) ([Sun et al. 2007](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...671..190S))

In the other group, gaseous structures ejected during galaxy interactions can also form stars, under the right condition. The one notable example I'm aware of is [the Leo Ring](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Ring) ([Michel-Dansac et al. 2010](http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ApJ...717L.143M)), but I assume that other cases have been proposed.

> **Comments:**
> **username_8**: On a related note, I suppose stars formed outside galaxies would outnumber the extra-galactic "rogue" stars that were formed inside galaxies as members of triple (or larger) stellar systems that got flung out of their system due to gravitational instability. It's easy enough for such stars to have enough speed to leave their siblings, but I expect that in most cases they'd still be gravitationally bound to their galaxy.  

---

