<p>I think it means a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligne" rel="noreferrer">Paris line</a>, or <em>ligne</em>.</p>
<p>In <a href="https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Historical%20Papers-Astronomy/Download/7795" rel="noreferrer">Klinkerfues (1867)</a> it seems the author uses <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_inch" rel="noreferrer">Paris inches</a>, which was a common unit in particular for lenses. One Paris inch is equal to 1.0657 &quot;modern&quot; inches, or 2.7069 cm.</p>
<p>Like the modern inch, 12 Paris inches equal 1 Paris foot, while <sup>1</sup>⁄<sub>12</sub> of a Paris inch was called a <em>ligne</em>, equal to 2.2558 mm (apparently the modern inch can also be divided into 12 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_(unit)" rel="noreferrer">lines</a>, although the exact definition varies).</p>
<p>So, &quot;21 Par. Linien&quot; would be equal to 4.74 cm.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-02-09T12:11:43.733Z
Interesting! And there, we astronomers always tell stories about how all our silly units survived since time immemorial..
AtmosphericPrisonEscape
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-02-09T13:10:38.627Z
@AtmosphericPrisonEscape At least we don't measure intensities in units of [⅙ pounds of whale oil burning at 120 grains/hour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlepower). No we use the sensible, backwards, logarithmic units based on the vision of a Greek guy some 2150 years ago :D
pela
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-02-09T12:02:32.267Z
2022-02-09T12:02:32.267Z
pela
<p>I am trying to understand what is meant by par. lines in an 1867 article &quot;The Aberration of the fixed stars after the wave theory&quot; by Prof. W. Klinkerfues of Royal Astronomy Works of Goettingen. (LEIPZIG, VERLAG VON QUANDT &amp; HÄNDEL., 1867)</p>
<p>The passage is on page 57 and reads &quot;The latter, with a telescope of 21 par. Lines aperture and 18 inches focal length, was at 50 times Magnification suitable to give the state of the clock to a small fraction of a second&quot;.</p>
<p>In the original German version it is &quot;Letzteres, mit einem Fernrohre von 21 Par. Linien Oeffnung und 18 Zoll Brennweite, war bei 50 maliger Vergroesserung geeignet ...&quot;.  I do not know German language and apologise for any typing errors.</p>
<p>It appears that &quot;inch&quot; was still being used in Goettingen around this time, before they switched to the metric system in the late 19th century.  However, I am not sure how closely this &quot;inch&quot; relates to the current standard inch.</p>
<p>Any help is appreciated in figuring out the aperture of this telescope.</p>
<p>Any help in getting a fuller description of this telescope, used by Prof. Klinkerfues to determine whether there is any change in stellar aberration if a liquid is inserted between the objective and eye-piece, is also appreciated.</p>
<p>Kind regards,
Joseph</p>

<observational-astronomy><telescope><telescope-lens><units>
What does par. lines mean in relation to a telescope aperture in 19th century German astronomical publications?
JKrsl
# What does par. lines mean in relation to a telescope aperture in 19th century German astronomical publications?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2022-02-09)

I am trying to understand what is meant by par. lines in an 1867 article "The Aberration of the fixed stars after the wave theory" by Prof. W. Klinkerfues of Royal Astronomy Works of Goettingen. (LEIPZIG, VERLAG VON QUANDT & HÄNDEL., 1867)

The passage is on page 57 and reads "The latter, with a telescope of 21 par. Lines aperture and 18 inches focal length, was at 50 times Magnification suitable to give the state of the clock to a small fraction of a second".

In the original German version it is "Letzteres, mit einem Fernrohre von 21 Par. Linien Oeffnung und 18 Zoll Brennweite, war bei 50 maliger Vergroesserung geeignet ...". I do not know German language and apologise for any typing errors.

It appears that "inch" was still being used in Goettingen around this time, before they switched to the metric system in the late 19th century. However, I am not sure how closely this "inch" relates to the current standard inch.

Any help is appreciated in figuring out the aperture of this telescope.

Any help in getting a fuller description of this telescope, used by Prof. Klinkerfues to determine whether there is any change in stellar aberration if a liquid is inserted between the objective and eye-piece, is also appreciated.

Kind regards,
Joseph

**Tags:** observational-astronomy, telescope, telescope-lens, units

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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2022-02-09. Score: 11 | Accepted answer

I think it means a [Paris line](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligne), or *ligne*.

In [Klinkerfues (1867)](https://www.gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Historical%20Papers-Astronomy/Download/7795) it seems the author uses [Paris inches](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_inch), which was a common unit in particular for lenses. One Paris inch is equal to 1.0657 "modern" inches, or 2.7069 cm.

Like the modern inch, 12 Paris inches equal 1 Paris foot, while 1⁄12 of a Paris inch was called a *ligne*, equal to 2.2558 mm (apparently the modern inch can also be divided into 12 [lines](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_(unit)), although the exact definition varies).

So, "21 Par. Linien" would be equal to 4.74 cm.

> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: Interesting! And there, we astronomers always tell stories about how all our silly units survived since time immemorial..  
> **username_1**: @AtmosphericPrisonEscape At least we don't measure intensities in units of [⅙ pounds of whale oil burning at 120 grains/hour](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candlepower). No we use the sensible, backwards, logarithmic units based on the vision of a Greek guy some 2150 years ago :D  

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