<p>I have at least a partial answer to your question:</p>
<ul>
<li>I'm doubtful that 2C 1406 corresponds to IC 4606, given the listed flux density.</li>
<li>IC 4606 is an HII region, rather than a supernova remnant, and knowing the Antares system I feel confident saying it also doesn't correspond to Needham's claimed supernova.</li>
<li>I don't know what 2C 1406 actually is, although my bet is if it's real, it could well be a quasar. If so, there's no way it would be visible to the naked eye.</li>
</ul>
<hr />
<p>I think we can rule out IC 4606 as being associated with the supposed supernova by the simple fact that it's an HII region, composed of ionized gas illuminated by the Antares system, and not a supernova remnant. It's true that we've known about radio emission from Antares, its companion and IC 4606 for about a half century, with detections of Antares at 2.7 GHz in 1971 (<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971ApJ...163L.105W/abstract" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Wade &amp; Hjellming 1971</a>) and a &quot;nebulosity&quot; surrounding Antares B at 1.5, 4.9 and 15 GHz a decade later (<a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983ApJ...275..704H/abstract" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Hjellming &amp; Newell 1983</a>). Those GHz-range observations indicated flux densities below 10 milliJansky for each of the stars and the above nebulosity (IC 4606?), while the lower-frequency 81.5 MHz 2C data for 2C 1406 lists a much higher flux density of 38 Jy. The nebulosity has a fairly flat spectrum, with a flux density of <span class="math-container">$S_{\nu}\propto\nu^{-0.1}$</span>, so extrapolating to 81.5 MHz from the ~GHz observations can't get us anywhere near 38 Jy.</p>
<p>We could ask whether the source corresponds to a pulsar, but a quick check of <a href="https://www.atnf.csiro.au/research/pulsar/psrcat/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">current known pulsars</a> turns up only the famous <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1620%E2%88%9226" rel="nofollow noreferrer">PSR B1620-26</a> in the vicinity, not too far away at 16:23:38, -26:31:54. It's a neutron star/white dwarf system complete with an exoplanet, and the neutron star has been spun up again by accreting matter from its companion during its post-main sequence evolution - a sequence of events that would have taken far longer than 3000 years since the neutron star's birth. So that's not a candidate for 2C 1406, either. It's also not a bright source, coming in at 15 mJy at 400 MHz.</p>
<p>The term &quot;radio star&quot; was used quite a lot in the mid-20th century to refer to quasars, which make up much of the Cambridge catalogs. A quasar would of course have no relation to a supernova, and would be far too faint to be seen at optical wavelengths by a human eye. My guess is that 2C 1406 is a quasar, and that the supposed supernova is somewhat coincident with it but completely unassociated. For what it's worth I've been unable to find a known supernova remnant in the vicinity.</p>
<p>We honestly don't even have reason to believe that the event was so close to Antares. <a href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962QJRAS...3...87N/abstract" rel="nofollow noreferrer">A 1962 article by Needham</a> uses the following translation of his cited fragment:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>On the 7th day of the month, a <em>chi-ssu</em> day, a great new star appeared in company with Antares.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Given that Antares is the 15th-brightest star in the sky, and even higher on the list of stars visible to Chinese observers, I wouldn't be surprised if &quot;in company&quot; means &quot;a few degrees away from&quot;, less precise than what Needham is interpreting it as. Bear in mind, too, that the listed error in the declination of 2C 1406 is 30 arcminutes, which could really place it far from IC 4606.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-06-07T20:18:52.693Z
Thank you for the incredibly thorough research. A translation like `On the 7th day of the month, a chi-ssu day, a great new star appeared in company with Antares.` is quoted in several places, maybe all ultimately sourced from Needham, but is definitely not mainstream in Chinese paleography, so a minimum standard of academic rigour would at least require convincing evidence that a supernova remnant which fulfilled those conditions around that time period be found in the astronomy literature. Apparently not so!
dROOOze
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-06-07T16:07:27.343Z
2021-06-07T16:07:27.343Z
HDE 226868
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needham" rel="noreferrer">Joseph Needham</a>, in his <em><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Civilisation_in_China" rel="noreferrer">Science and Civilisation in China</a> Vol. III</em>, claimed that there was an ancient record of a nova about three thousand years ago. As a result of private correspondences with a "Dr A. Beer" (maybe <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Beer" rel="noreferrer">Arthur Beer</a>?), Needham stated in his book that</p>

<blockquote>
  <p>This supernova position ["position" being "next to Antares"] agrees closely with the radio-star 2C. 1406.</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Assuming that "2C. 1406" refers to an item in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cambridge_Catalogue_of_Radio_Sources" rel="noreferrer">Second Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources</a>, the data given for this item (original document <a href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1955MmRAS..67..106S&amp;data_type=PDF_HIGH&amp;whole_paper=YES&amp;type=PRINTER&amp;filetype=.pdf" rel="noreferrer">here</a>) is</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/YRhob.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/YRhob.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<hr>

<p>Acknowledging that the Second Catalogue has various problems, my questions are:</p>

<ol>
<li><p>Is "2C. 1406" (still) considered to be "IC 4606" (which, I suppose, refers to <a href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-coo?Coord=16+25+56+-26+29+30&amp;CooFrame=FK4&amp;CooEpoch=2000&amp;CooEqui=2000&amp;CooDefinedFrames=FK4-B1950&amp;Radius=2&amp;Radius.unit=arcmin&amp;submit=submit+query&amp;CoordList=" rel="noreferrer">this nebula</a> from the SIMBAD Astronomical Database)?</p></li>
<li><p>If so, was "IC 4606" ever visible to the human eye?</p></li>
<li><p>If not, what do the coordinates given for "2C. 1406" currently refer to (if anything), and was this ever visible to the naked eye? Or is this not really a radio source, but an error that was fixed by later Catalogues?</p></li>
</ol>

<hr>

<p><strong>Note, the interpretation of the supposed nova record is <em>extremely controversial</em>, so I wouldn't be surprised if the text didn't refer to any kind of astronomical observation at all.</strong></p>

<radio-astronomy><supernova><nebula><naked-eye><nova>
Assuming no light pollution, was "2C. 1406" ever visible to the naked eye?
dROOOze
# Assuming no light pollution, was "2C. 1406" ever visible to the naked eye?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2019-08-17)

[Joseph Needham](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Needham), in his *[Science and Civilisation in China](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Civilisation_in_China) Vol. III*, claimed that there was an ancient record of a nova about three thousand years ago. As a result of private correspondences with a "Dr A. Beer" (maybe [Arthur Beer](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Beer)?), Needham stated in his book that

> This supernova position ["position" being "next to Antares"] agrees closely with the radio-star 2C. 1406.

Assuming that "2C. 1406" refers to an item in the [Second Cambridge Catalogue of Radio Sources](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Cambridge_Catalogue_of_Radio_Sources), the data given for this item (original document [here](http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1955MmRAS..67..106S&data_type=PDF_HIGH&whole_paper=YES&type=PRINTER&filetype=.pdf)) is

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/YRhob.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/YRhob.png)

---

Acknowledging that the Second Catalogue has various problems, my questions are:

1. Is "2C. 1406" (still) considered to be "IC 4606" (which, I suppose, refers to [this nebula](http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-coo?Coord=16+25+56+-26+29+30&CooFrame=FK4&CooEpoch=2000&CooEqui=2000&CooDefinedFrames=FK4-B1950&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+query&CoordList=) from the SIMBAD Astronomical Database)?
2. If so, was "IC 4606" ever visible to the human eye?
3. If not, what do the coordinates given for "2C. 1406" currently refer to (if anything), and was this ever visible to the naked eye? Or is this not really a radio source, but an error that was fixed by later Catalogues?

---

**Note, the interpretation of the supposed nova record is *extremely controversial*, so I wouldn't be surprised if the text didn't refer to any kind of astronomical observation at all.**

**Tags:** radio-astronomy, supernova, nebula, naked-eye, nova

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2021-06-07. Score: 3 | Accepted answer

I have at least a partial answer to your question:

* I'm doubtful that 2C 1406 corresponds to IC 4606, given the listed flux density.
* IC 4606 is an HII region, rather than a supernova remnant, and knowing the Antares system I feel confident saying it also doesn't correspond to Needham's claimed supernova.
* I don't know what 2C 1406 actually is, although my bet is if it's real, it could well be a quasar. If so, there's no way it would be visible to the naked eye.

---

I think we can rule out IC 4606 as being associated with the supposed supernova by the simple fact that it's an HII region, composed of ionized gas illuminated by the Antares system, and not a supernova remnant. It's true that we've known about radio emission from Antares, its companion and IC 4606 for about a half century, with detections of Antares at 2.7 GHz in 1971 ([Wade & Hjellming 1971](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1971ApJ...163L.105W/abstract)) and a "nebulosity" surrounding Antares B at 1.5, 4.9 and 15 GHz a decade later ([Hjellming & Newell 1983](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983ApJ...275..704H/abstract)). Those GHz-range observations indicated flux densities below 10 milliJansky for each of the stars and the above nebulosity (IC 4606?), while the lower-frequency 81.5 MHz 2C data for 2C 1406 lists a much higher flux density of 38 Jy. The nebulosity has a fairly flat spectrum, with a flux density of $S\_{\nu}\propto\nu^{-0.1}$, so extrapolating to 81.5 MHz from the ~GHz observations can't get us anywhere near 38 Jy.

We could ask whether the source corresponds to a pulsar, but a quick check of [current known pulsars](https://www.atnf.csiro.au/research/pulsar/psrcat/) turns up only the famous [PSR B1620-26](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1620%E2%88%9226) in the vicinity, not too far away at 16:23:38, -26:31:54. It's a neutron star/white dwarf system complete with an exoplanet, and the neutron star has been spun up again by accreting matter from its companion during its post-main sequence evolution - a sequence of events that would have taken far longer than 3000 years since the neutron star's birth. So that's not a candidate for 2C 1406, either. It's also not a bright source, coming in at 15 mJy at 400 MHz.

The term "radio star" was used quite a lot in the mid-20th century to refer to quasars, which make up much of the Cambridge catalogs. A quasar would of course have no relation to a supernova, and would be far too faint to be seen at optical wavelengths by a human eye. My guess is that 2C 1406 is a quasar, and that the supposed supernova is somewhat coincident with it but completely unassociated. For what it's worth I've been unable to find a known supernova remnant in the vicinity.

We honestly don't even have reason to believe that the event was so close to Antares. [A 1962 article by Needham](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962QJRAS...3...87N/abstract) uses the following translation of his cited fragment:

> On the 7th day of the month, a *chi-ssu* day, a great new star appeared in company with Antares.

Given that Antares is the 15th-brightest star in the sky, and even higher on the list of stars visible to Chinese observers, I wouldn't be surprised if "in company" means "a few degrees away from", less precise than what Needham is interpreting it as. Bear in mind, too, that the listed error in the declination of 2C 1406 is 30 arcminutes, which could really place it far from IC 4606.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thank you for the incredibly thorough research. A translation like `On the 7th day of the month, a chi-ssu day, a great new star appeared in company with Antares.` is quoted in several places, maybe all ultimately sourced from Needham, but is definitely not mainstream in Chinese paleography, so a minimum standard of academic rigour would at least require convincing evidence that a supernova remnant which fulfilled those conditions around that time period be found in the astronomy literature. Apparently not so!  

---

