<p>I used NASA's &quot;<a href="https://eyes.nasa.gov/eyes-on-the-solar-system.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Eyes on the Solar System</a>&quot; app to generate approximate views of what it would look like, near Europa, just before an eclipse happened:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/RC0IN.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/RC0IN.jpg" alt="two diagrams showing objects in the sky at the vantage point of Europa" /></a></p>
<p>The top view has all the disks painted in, as if the observer had a bright headlight, and the bottom view has only the sunlit parts lit up (more realistic). This app does not do atmospheric scattering, so the scattered light from the occulting body's atmosphere (in the OP's question) is not accurately shown. The Jupiter crescent (you might need to zoom in to see it) in the &quot;natural light&quot; view is actually sunlit atmosphere, not scattering over the limb.</p>
<p>The Jupiter system is ~5x farther away from the Sun than the Earth system, so the Sun appears fainter because it has a smaller angular size. These are the apparent diameters of the bodies on a random day (2022-Nov-12) according to <a href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/app.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">JPL Horizons</a>:</p>
<p>Earth as seen from the Moon: 1.8° <br />
Sun as seen from the Moon: 0.5° <br />
Jupiter as seen from Europa: 12.2° <br />
Sun as seen from Europa: 0.1°</p>
<p>From our experience on the surface of the Earth, we know there is still sunlight coming over the horizon after sunset. At the Moon, that terrestrial horizon shrinks to a little ring 1.8° wide, up in the sky.
From the Moon, during an eclipse, you still get some light scattered through that little ring, but it is coming from a much smaller area. During the maximum eclipse, the Sun is only 0.9° below the Earth's &quot;horizon&quot; or limb, so the attenuation is not extreme, so we see the Moon as sunset-red during a total eclipse.</p>
<p>On Europa, the geometry is a bit different. At maximum eclipse, the Sun would be about 6° inside Jupiter's limb, and 6° is like the start of <a href="https://www.weather.gov/lmk/twilight-types" rel="nofollow noreferrer">nautical twilight</a>. So the amount of attenuation is much greater compared to the view from the Moon, and on top of that the Sun is 5<sup>2</sup> = 25 times fainter. (Also, that twilight definition is from the Sun to the observer inside the atmosphere. For an observer on the eclipsed moon, there is an additional path length back out of the atmosphere to space, giving double the attenuation.)</p>
<p>To summarize, the atmospheric refraction light source during eclipse is a factor of 25 fainter because of the heliocentric distance, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight#Intensity_in_different_conditions" rel="nofollow noreferrer">factor of 400 fainter</a> because the solar distance below the horizon is greater for Jupiter than for the Earth, and a factor of 7 brighter because Jupiter's apparent size from Europa's surface is larger than the Earth's apparent size from the Moon. If this reasoning is correct, <strong>maximum solar eclipse from Europa is about 1400 times darker than maximum solar eclipse from the Moon.</strong></p>
<hr />
<p>The OP uses the phrase &quot;dark as a regular night.&quot; But this varies a lot. On the Moon, a regular night with a full Earth would be very bright, maybe 30x brighter than a full-moon night on the Earth's surface. On Europa, a regular night would also vary, depending on whether Ganymede and Callisto were up or not.</p>
<p>This Galilean moonlight is enough to give the SRU (Stellar Reference Unit, a sensitive star-tracker) on Juno a clear view of cloud features at local midnight on Jupiter:</p>
<p><a href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22965" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/ZaHMO.jpg" alt="a night-side image of Jupiter, with cloud features illuminated by moonlight from Io" /></a></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-11-30T21:25:17.023Z
*"At maximum eclipse, the Sun would be about 6° inside Jupiter's limb, and 6° is like the start of nautical twilight."* Ok, but the nominal [radius of Jupiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_radius) (and the other giant planets) is defined to be where the atmospheric pressure is 1 bar. So Jupiter isn't exactly opaque at that radius.
PM 2Ring
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-12-01T01:56:28.570Z
@PM2Ring -- True, but close enough for Stackexchange !! As seen from Europa, the difference between Jupiter's 1-bar level and some really impossibly deep level like 5 bars (which is less than 100 km) is going to be super tiny.
giardia
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-11-30T09:31:27.953Z
2022-11-30T09:31:27.953Z
giardia
<p>On Earth, an eclipse of the Sun (by the Moon) can get pretty dark, but not as that dark as a regular night. Usually it would look like civil twilight at maximum darkness.</p>
<p>This is primarily because of scattered light in Earth's atmosphere.</p>
<p>On the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Galilean moons</a> of Jupiter, eclipses of the Sun happen quite often. How dark will it get for an observer on the surface of one of Jupiter's moons during a solar eclipse by the planet?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-05T04:39:37.377Z
Can you clarify what is eclipsing what in the scenario you're asking about? Are you asking about the view *from Jupiter* when a moon goes between the planet and the sun? Or the view from a moon when Jupiter is between them and the sun?
Blckknght
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-05T20:57:42.273Z
It is the view from a moon when Jupiter is between them and the sun
InfinitySwordofDiamond
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-06T12:08:25.900Z
@Blckknght the question is clearer now. **voting to leave open**
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-06T12:11:42.980Z
@InfinitySwordofDiamond Based on your comment I've edited your question for clarity. I'm pretty sure this is what you're asking, but feel free to roll back or edit further. *I have a hunch* that there will be some optical measurements of Jupiter's  atmospheric scattering making it's umbra not as dark as deep space which might be all there is to go on when trying to address "How dark?" (we can see that light scatters around Earth's atmosphere such that if you'e on the Moon and get eclipsed it's certainly not pitch black https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/44020/7982
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-06T14:13:44.040Z
It's probably going to matter which moon.  A moon close to Jupiter will see a smaller portion of the planet.  E.g. a lunar eclipse viewed from Earth's moon shows a red ring, but if an observer were to move closer, at a certain distance the ring would be below the horizon.
Greg Miller
<jupiter><solar-eclipse><lunar-eclipse>
How dark are eclipses of Jupiter's moon by the planet?
InfinitySwordofDiamond
# How dark are eclipses of Jupiter's moon by the planet?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2022-10-05)

On Earth, an eclipse of the Sun (by the Moon) can get pretty dark, but not as that dark as a regular night. Usually it would look like civil twilight at maximum darkness.

This is primarily because of scattered light in Earth's atmosphere.

On the [Galilean moons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons) of Jupiter, eclipses of the Sun happen quite often. How dark will it get for an observer on the surface of one of Jupiter's moons during a solar eclipse by the planet?

**Tags:** jupiter, solar-eclipse, lunar-eclipse
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Can you clarify what is eclipsing what in the scenario you're asking about? Are you asking about the view *from Jupiter* when a moon goes between the planet and the sun? Or the view from a moon when Jupiter is between them and the sun?  
> **username_0**: It is the view from a moon when Jupiter is between them and the sun  
> **username_2**: @Blckknght the question is clearer now. **voting to leave open**  
> **username_2**: @InfinitySwordofDiamond Based on your comment I've edited your question for clarity. I'm pretty sure this is what you're asking, but feel free to roll back or edit further. *I have a hunch* that there will be some optical measurements of Jupiter's  atmospheric scattering making it's umbra not as dark as deep space which might be all there is to go on when trying to address "How dark?" (we can see that light scatters around Earth's atmosphere such that if you'e on the Moon and get eclipsed it's certainly not pitch black https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/44020/7982  
> **username_3**: It's probably going to matter which moon.  A moon close to Jupiter will see a smaller portion of the planet.  E.g. a lunar eclipse viewed from Earth's moon shows a red ring, but if an observer were to move closer, at a certain distance the ring would be below the horizon.  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_4 on 2022-11-30. Score: 2

I used NASA's "[Eyes on the Solar System](https://eyes.nasa.gov/eyes-on-the-solar-system.html)" app to generate approximate views of what it would look like, near Europa, just before an eclipse happened:

[![two diagrams showing objects in the sky at the vantage point of Europa](https://i.sstatic.net/RC0IN.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/RC0IN.jpg)

The top view has all the disks painted in, as if the observer had a bright headlight, and the bottom view has only the sunlit parts lit up (more realistic). This app does not do atmospheric scattering, so the scattered light from the occulting body's atmosphere (in the OP's question) is not accurately shown. The Jupiter crescent (you might need to zoom in to see it) in the "natural light" view is actually sunlit atmosphere, not scattering over the limb.

The Jupiter system is ~5x farther away from the Sun than the Earth system, so the Sun appears fainter because it has a smaller angular size. These are the apparent diameters of the bodies on a random day (2022-Nov-12) according to [JPL Horizons](https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/horizons/app.html):

Earth as seen from the Moon: 1.8°   
Sun as seen from the Moon: 0.5°   
Jupiter as seen from Europa: 12.2°   
Sun as seen from Europa: 0.1°

From our experience on the surface of the Earth, we know there is still sunlight coming over the horizon after sunset. At the Moon, that terrestrial horizon shrinks to a little ring 1.8° wide, up in the sky.
From the Moon, during an eclipse, you still get some light scattered through that little ring, but it is coming from a much smaller area. During the maximum eclipse, the Sun is only 0.9° below the Earth's "horizon" or limb, so the attenuation is not extreme, so we see the Moon as sunset-red during a total eclipse.

On Europa, the geometry is a bit different. At maximum eclipse, the Sun would be about 6° inside Jupiter's limb, and 6° is like the start of [nautical twilight](https://www.weather.gov/lmk/twilight-types). So the amount of attenuation is much greater compared to the view from the Moon, and on top of that the Sun is 52 = 25 times fainter. (Also, that twilight definition is from the Sun to the observer inside the atmosphere. For an observer on the eclipsed moon, there is an additional path length back out of the atmosphere to space, giving double the attenuation.)

To summarize, the atmospheric refraction light source during eclipse is a factor of 25 fainter because of the heliocentric distance, a [factor of 400 fainter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daylight#Intensity_in_different_conditions) because the solar distance below the horizon is greater for Jupiter than for the Earth, and a factor of 7 brighter because Jupiter's apparent size from Europa's surface is larger than the Earth's apparent size from the Moon. If this reasoning is correct, **maximum solar eclipse from Europa is about 1400 times darker than maximum solar eclipse from the Moon.**

---

The OP uses the phrase "dark as a regular night." But this varies a lot. On the Moon, a regular night with a full Earth would be very bright, maybe 30x brighter than a full-moon night on the Earth's surface. On Europa, a regular night would also vary, depending on whether Ganymede and Callisto were up or not.

This Galilean moonlight is enough to give the SRU (Stellar Reference Unit, a sensitive star-tracker) on Juno a clear view of cloud features at local midnight on Jupiter:

[![a night-side image of Jupiter, with cloud features illuminated by moonlight from Io](https://i.sstatic.net/ZaHMO.jpg)](https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA22965)

> **Comments:**
> **username_5**: *"At maximum eclipse, the Sun would be about 6° inside Jupiter's limb, and 6° is like the start of nautical twilight."* Ok, but the nominal [radius of Jupiter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter_radius) (and the other giant planets) is defined to be where the atmospheric pressure is 1 bar. So Jupiter isn't exactly opaque at that radius.  
> **username_4**: @PM2Ring -- True, but close enough for Stackexchange !! As seen from Europa, the difference between Jupiter's 1-bar level and some really impossibly deep level like 5 bars (which is less than 100 km) is going to be super tiny.  

---

