<p>Unless I've done my maths wrong, the period of total eclipse is about 18 seconds.</p>
<p>The <a href="http://www.tauceti.caltech.edu/chimera/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">CHIMERA</a> camera at Mt Palomar, the instrument which followed up the discovery of this system, can take exposures at up to 8 full 1k<span class="math-container">$\times$</span>1k frames/second and considerably higher if windowed on an object. There is no need for photon-counting equipment for such a <strong>slowly varying</strong> source. Indeed, the CHIMERA observations used 3 second exposures.</p>
<p>The problem in time resolution I suspect is just how faint the object is. So moving to photomultiplier technology, which would mean a hit in terms of efficiency, is not going to help here. The hot primary has <span class="math-container">$g = 20.38 \pm 0.05$</span>. Given the the ratios of radii and temperatures in the discovery paper - <span class="math-container">$R_1/R_2 = 0.5$</span> and <span class="math-container">$T_1/T_2 &gt; 4.9$</span> - then just a simple bolometric scaling suggests the flux from the secondary is <span class="math-container">$&gt;144$</span> times smaller (or 5.4 mag).</p>
<p>It <em>is</em> quite challenging to accumulate much in the way of signal-to-noise on a magnitude <span class="math-container">$\sim 26$</span> object in <span class="math-container">$\sim 10$</span> seconds, even on the biggest telescopes on Earth. Probably the best bet would be to use a standard CCD camera on say the Gemini-N telescope (or Subaru) and just take a ten second exposure exactly at the predicted time of the minimum and then exposures either side (to confirm you were in the right place!). This can be repeated every 6.91 minutes for a whole night if necessary.</p>
<p>It doesn't look hopeful though. I used the <a href="https://www.gemini.edu/sciops/instruments/integration-time-calculators/gmosn-itc" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Gemini-N</a> integration time calculator with a <span class="math-container">$g=26$</span> source of spectral-type <span class="math-container">$\sim$</span>A0V (ok for a white dwarf) observed in the darkest skies. It would take <span class="math-container">$215\times 10$</span>s exposures to get a signal-to-noise ratio of 5, and the the noise is dominated by sky background at that magnitude. So basically unfeasible.</p>
<p>Determining the effective temperature of the unheated side of the secondary would be interesting because it might give you a constraints on its intrinsic luminosity, its cooling age, and hence on the evolutionary pathway that led to the less massive, but larger secondary helium white dwarf forming before the hotter primary C/O white dwarf.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-17T14:07:23.023Z
Thanks for the thorough answer! Yes I see, while the dark current of a small area, cooled cathode PMT can be quite low, the quantum efficiency of even a properly chosen PMT will be a lot lower than that of a modern CCD. Sounds like the answer to [Are astronomers still using photomultiplier tubes for optical photometry?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/43436) will be something like "not if they can help it"?
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-17T14:46:35.363Z
PM tubes are still used for things that vary quickly. @uhoh
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-17T14:47:41.117Z
there's a conversation including pulsars going on under the question right now
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-17T11:00:52.090Z
2021-04-17T11:00:52.090Z
ProfRob
<p>Per Wikipedia's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZTF_J153932.16%2B502738.8" rel="nofollow noreferrer">ZTF J153932.16+502738.8</a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>ZTF J153932.16+502738.8 is a double binary white dwarf with an orbital period of just 6.91 minutes. [...] The light curve shows eclipses. One dip in the light curve is 15%, and the other is close to 100%.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Below is a light curve plotted on a linear scale in Fig. 1a of Burdge et al, (2019) <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.11291" rel="nofollow noreferrer">General Relativistic Orbital Decay in a 7 Minute Orbital Period Eclipsing Binary System</a>. The dip at 0 phase is deep.</p>
<p>A logarithmic magnitude scale might tend to show <em>just how deep</em> but noting that the minimum is dimmer than +21.5 mag and probably lasts only a tiny fraction of the orbital period (i.e. a few seconds) makes a good measurement of the minimum quite a challenge.</p>
<p>It seems to me like this might be a situation where a photomultiplier tube and photon counting might be competitive with photometry based on CCD imaging and clever readout schemes.</p>
<p><strong>Questions:</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>What are the technical challenges to measuring the minimum brightness of this eclipsing pair?</li>
<li>If it could be measured, would such a result even be particularly useful in this case?</li>
</ol>
<hr />
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/zAFHf.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/zAFHf.png" alt="Figure 1: Lightcurve of ZTF J1539+5027 from Burdge et al, (2019)" /></a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>Figure 1: Lightcurve of ZTF J1539+5027 a) The binned CHIMERA <em>g</em>' lightcurve of ZTF
J1539+5027, phase-folded on the 6.91 minute orbital period. At phase 0, the lightcurve exhibits
a deep primary eclipse, indicating that the hot primary star is producing most of the observed
light. Outside of eclipse, there is a quasi-sinusoidal modulation because the primary star heavily
irradiates one side of its companion. At phases ±0.5, the secondary eclipse occurs as the hot
primary transits the irradiated face of its companion. b) The phase-folded ZTF <em>g</em>-band lightcurve
of the object. We were able to discover the object because of its periodic behavior. c) A binned <em>g</em>' lightcurve obtained with KPED, phase-folded on the orbital period. Error bars are 1σ intervals.</p>
</blockquote>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-16T23:06:23.473Z
companion question: [Are astronomers still using photomultiplier tubes for optical photometry?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/43436/7982) Relevant is Caltech's Zwicky Transient Facility's [ZTF found Dead Stars Whipping Around Each Other in Minutes](https://www.ztf.caltech.edu/news/ztf-found-shortest-period-eclipsing-binary)
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-17T06:04:30.593Z
What a great question! How are we able to observe a dead (i.e. non-emitting) star? One of the ways we could observe such a star is with regards to its blocking and emitting counterpart star in a binary system.  At such a high orbital frequency, could we expect relativistic orbital precession similar to the planet Mercury so we see different amounts of occultation of the emitting primary?  I am not an expert in this area, but I am quite curious to see what our community posts.
Connor Garcia
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-17T08:21:53.197Z
@ConnorGarcia is the dimmer companion really "dead (i.e. non-emitting)"? If that's so, then "You can't" would be the answer, but first one must confirm it is non-emitting, which is hard.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-17T11:01:23.210Z
Where does the -21.5 mag come from?
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-17T14:06:24.703Z
@ProfRob eyeball mean of Fig. 1b "Apparent magnitude". I put it there to give some heads-up that limiting magnitude might be an issue, rather than to be a precise value. **update:** Oh, it's +21.5 in the title but -21.5 in the body, that's fixed now, thanks!
uhoh
<observational-astronomy><photometry><instruments><time-domain-astronomy><eclipsing-star-systems>
Time domain astronomy and fastest eclipsing binary ZTF J1539+5027 (+20 mag, 6.91 minutes): How to measure its minimum brightness?
uhoh
# Time domain astronomy and fastest eclipsing binary ZTF J1539+5027 (+20 mag, 6.91 minutes): How to measure its minimum brightness?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2021-04-16)

Per Wikipedia's [ZTF J153932.16+502738.8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZTF_J153932.16%2B502738.8)

> ZTF J153932.16+502738.8 is a double binary white dwarf with an orbital period of just 6.91 minutes. [...] The light curve shows eclipses. One dip in the light curve is 15%, and the other is close to 100%.

Below is a light curve plotted on a linear scale in Fig. 1a of Burdge et al, (2019) [General Relativistic Orbital Decay in a 7 Minute Orbital Period Eclipsing Binary System](https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.11291). The dip at 0 phase is deep.

A logarithmic magnitude scale might tend to show *just how deep* but noting that the minimum is dimmer than +21.5 mag and probably lasts only a tiny fraction of the orbital period (i.e. a few seconds) makes a good measurement of the minimum quite a challenge.

It seems to me like this might be a situation where a photomultiplier tube and photon counting might be competitive with photometry based on CCD imaging and clever readout schemes.

**Questions:**

1. What are the technical challenges to measuring the minimum brightness of this eclipsing pair?
2. If it could be measured, would such a result even be particularly useful in this case?

---

[![Figure 1: Lightcurve of ZTF J1539+5027 from Burdge et al, (2019)](https://i.sstatic.net/zAFHf.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/zAFHf.png)

> Figure 1: Lightcurve of ZTF J1539+5027 a) The binned CHIMERA *g*' lightcurve of ZTF
> J1539+5027, phase-folded on the 6.91 minute orbital period. At phase 0, the lightcurve exhibits
> a deep primary eclipse, indicating that the hot primary star is producing most of the observed
> light. Outside of eclipse, there is a quasi-sinusoidal modulation because the primary star heavily
> irradiates one side of its companion. At phases ±0.5, the secondary eclipse occurs as the hot
> primary transits the irradiated face of its companion. b) The phase-folded ZTF *g*-band lightcurve
> of the object. We were able to discover the object because of its periodic behavior. c) A binned *g*' lightcurve obtained with KPED, phase-folded on the orbital period. Error bars are 1σ intervals.

**Tags:** observational-astronomy, photometry, instruments, time-domain-astronomy, eclipsing-star-systems
> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: companion question: [Are astronomers still using photomultiplier tubes for optical photometry?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/43436/7982) Relevant is Caltech's Zwicky Transient Facility's [ZTF found Dead Stars Whipping Around Each Other in Minutes](https://www.ztf.caltech.edu/news/ztf-found-shortest-period-eclipsing-binary)  
> **username_1**: What a great question! How are we able to observe a dead (i.e. non-emitting) star? One of the ways we could observe such a star is with regards to its blocking and emitting counterpart star in a binary system.  At such a high orbital frequency, could we expect relativistic orbital precession similar to the planet Mercury so we see different amounts of occultation of the emitting primary?  I am not an expert in this area, but I am quite curious to see what our community posts.  
> **username_0**: @ConnorGarcia is the dimmer companion really "dead (i.e. non-emitting)"? If that's so, then "You can't" would be the answer, but first one must confirm it is non-emitting, which is hard.  
> **username_2**: Where does the -21.5 mag come from?  
> **username_0**: @ProfRob eyeball mean of Fig. 1b "Apparent magnitude". I put it there to give some heads-up that limiting magnitude might be an issue, rather than to be a precise value. **update:** Oh, it's +21.5 in the title but -21.5 in the body, that's fixed now, thanks!  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2021-04-17. Score: 2 | Accepted answer

Unless I've done my maths wrong, the period of total eclipse is about 18 seconds.

The [CHIMERA](http://www.tauceti.caltech.edu/chimera/) camera at Mt Palomar, the instrument which followed up the discovery of this system, can take exposures at up to 8 full 1k$\times$1k frames/second and considerably higher if windowed on an object. There is no need for photon-counting equipment for such a **slowly varying** source. Indeed, the CHIMERA observations used 3 second exposures.

The problem in time resolution I suspect is just how faint the object is. So moving to photomultiplier technology, which would mean a hit in terms of efficiency, is not going to help here. The hot primary has $g = 20.38 \pm 0.05$. Given the the ratios of radii and temperatures in the discovery paper - $R\_1/R\_2 = 0.5$ and $T\_1/T\_2 > 4.9$ - then just a simple bolometric scaling suggests the flux from the secondary is $>144$ times smaller (or 5.4 mag).

It *is* quite challenging to accumulate much in the way of signal-to-noise on a magnitude $\sim 26$ object in $\sim 10$ seconds, even on the biggest telescopes on Earth. Probably the best bet would be to use a standard CCD camera on say the Gemini-N telescope (or Subaru) and just take a ten second exposure exactly at the predicted time of the minimum and then exposures either side (to confirm you were in the right place!). This can be repeated every 6.91 minutes for a whole night if necessary.

It doesn't look hopeful though. I used the [Gemini-N](https://www.gemini.edu/sciops/instruments/integration-time-calculators/gmosn-itc) integration time calculator with a $g=26$ source of spectral-type $\sim$A0V (ok for a white dwarf) observed in the darkest skies. It would take $215\times 10$s exposures to get a signal-to-noise ratio of 5, and the the noise is dominated by sky background at that magnitude. So basically unfeasible.

Determining the effective temperature of the unheated side of the secondary would be interesting because it might give you a constraints on its intrinsic luminosity, its cooling age, and hence on the evolutionary pathway that led to the less massive, but larger secondary helium white dwarf forming before the hotter primary C/O white dwarf.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thanks for the thorough answer! Yes I see, while the dark current of a small area, cooled cathode PMT can be quite low, the quantum efficiency of even a properly chosen PMT will be a lot lower than that of a modern CCD. Sounds like the answer to [Are astronomers still using photomultiplier tubes for optical photometry?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/43436) will be something like "not if they can help it"?  
> **username_2**: PM tubes are still used for things that vary quickly. @uhoh  
> **username_0**: there's a conversation including pulsars going on under the question right now  

---

