<p>All <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.03909" rel="noreferrer">Conselice et al. (2016)</a> appear to suggest is that when you look at something like the Hubble deep field, there are many faint (and presumably low mass) galaxies that are not seen. This has absolutely no effect on the need for dark matter.</p>

<p>The main results are: (i) as you look back in time, the overall (co-moving) density of galaxies (more massive than a million times that of the Sun) increases. (ii) But the density of more massive galaxies actually decreases. This is consistent with hierarchical merger picture where small galaxies merge to become larger galaxies.
This really doesn't have any influence on the need for dark matter.</p>

<p>First, the presence of dark matter is inferred from many different observations. Some of these (e.g. galaxy rotation curves) are not influenced at all if there are lots of extra galaxies.</p>

<p>Second, the "missing" galaxies are at high redshift, not (or not all) in the present day universe, so they cannot significantly affect a calculation of how much normal matter there is in the universe <em>today</em>. Presumably, many of these small galaxies then merge to become larger galaxies and the total mass is conserved.</p>

<p>Third, just because there are lots of them does not mean they contain much mass anyway. The "mass function" (number density as a function of mass) of galaxies goes roughly as $\phi(M) \propto M^{-1}$ at low masses. This means the mass contained in any interval is
 $$M_{\text{tot}}\propto \int^{M_2}_{M_1} M\phi \ \mathrm{d}M \ = M_2 - M_1$$
So although, low mass galaxies may be ten times more frequent, they are ten times less massive and so don't change the total mass very much. I will need to read the paper more carefully to see if the authors are suggesting that low mass galaxies are much more common in the early universe than was <em>already</em> supposed.</p>

<p>Fourth, primordial nucleosynthesis calculations tell us that only 4 per cent (as a fraction of the critical density) of the energy density of the universe is in the form of baryonic mass. Observations of gravitational lensing, cluster dynamics and the cosmic microwave background tell us that the mass density is actually around 30 per cent of the critical density. Thus most of the dark matter is non-baryonic and cannot be in the form of missing faint galaxies, or any other form of normal baryonic matter. </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-14T07:49:16.387Z
My understanding is that the number might actually be *lower* than was expected for the early universe.
zibadawa timmy
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-14T08:56:39.790Z
@uhoh The study is a study of the galaxy luminosity/mass function as a function of redshift. The total baryonic mass of the universe is conserved. The idea is that there *were* many more small galaxies in the past than we see today.
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-14T07:12:02.020Z
2016-10-24T01:59:02.010Z
2016-10-24T01:59:02.010Z
ProfRob
<p>Nature: <a href="http://www.nature.com/news/universe-has-ten-times-more-galaxies-than-researchers-thought-1.20809" rel="noreferrer">Universe has ten times more galaxies than researchers thought</a></p>

<p>NASA feature: <a href="http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/hubble-reveals-observable-universe-contains-10-times-more-galaxies-than-previously-thought" rel="noreferrer">Hubble Reveals Observable Universe Contains 10 Times More Galaxies Than Previously Thought</a></p>

<p>Headlines sometimes oversimplify. But if this is really true, that there seems to be about ten times more galaxies than had been generally assumed, does this impact other assumptions? Does this imply the universe is ten times more massive, or just that there is less dark matter than was previously thought. </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-14T10:40:24.123Z
I hadn't heard this amazing (even if sensationalized) news - thanks for bringing it to the fore here!
Fattie
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-14T13:45:32.607Z
Just to point out, it is better practice to leave questions open for a longer period. Accepting the first answer, even if it is a good one, usually discourages others from answering. You might get more/better responses by waiting a bit longer before accepting.
zephyr
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-14T14:08:21.667Z
@zephyr I currently have *more than several* question still open within the greater stackexchange ecosystem, many have one or more answer posted but none are good enough in my opinion. The answer here is a *particularly good answer* for me, and it continues to be improved even after being accepted.  If someone has a good additional answer and chooses to withhold it from us because it might not be the accepted answer, that would be unfortunate. Plenty of people have no problem posting more answers even if one is accepted. Those answers ALSO get upvoted based on merit.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-14T14:13:06.203Z
@zephyr RobJeffries has been consistently conscientious about generating and maintaining high quality and complete answers, so why not accept it? If there's a better or alternate answer, post it and it too will get upvoted. If it's even better, then I can accept that one instead.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-14T14:15:44.267Z
Didn't mean to offend. I was only pointing out that it is encouraged to leave questions open for a bit. I fully understand that Rob's answer is a very good one and that he often gives good answers. I only wanted to point out that you discourage others from answering by accepting an answer.
zephyr
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-14T14:23:59.600Z
@zephyr Ya I understand, but in this particular case, here, I don't feel compelled to *encourage* more answers. If someone has a better answer, or a supplemental or alternate way of answering, they will know it and they will post it without any encouragement. Guidelines are guidelines. If there's a script that can crawl through stackexchange and it shows I'm consistently a 3-sigma or worse *rapid-accepter*, please let me know!
uhoh
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-14T14:51:56.750Z
@zephyr the heart of the issue is that in a less technical stack the green checkmark means significantly less. If an answer for a coding question at SO has a green checkmark, it means the code in the answer it worked for OP. Elsewhere (may or may not apply to this particular case) it loses some meaning.
Mindwin Remember Monica
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-15T13:18:33.783Z
It implies that the Universe is infinitely massive and scientists will never be able to find its boundary.
m4n0
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-15T13:25:26.603Z
The current threat to dark matter is here: https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.05917 More readably, here: http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2016/oct/07/correlation-between-galaxy-rotation-and-visible-matter-puzzles-astronomers
Wayfaring Stranger
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-15T14:15:21.473Z
Your recent edit has *completely* changed the question. I have rolled it back.
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-10-15T14:22:05.710Z
@RobJeffries not completely, but ok. I only mentioned dark matter if there was more baryonic matter but no change in total mass, and when I saw it was attracting low quality comments I thought I could do my part. But you are right, you've already posted a complete answer so I should leave it alone and let the mods worry about the other stuff. Thanks!
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-01-15T20:14:13.610Z
Recent update, New Horizons observations cut galaxy estimate back down to $2\times 10^{11}$ from $2\times 10^{12}$: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-spacecraft-answers-question-how-dark-is-space
alexchandel
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-01-15T23:10:48.583Z
@alexchandel wow that's significant astronomically as well as interesting from a spacecraft point of view. Would you consider adding a new and perhaps supplemental answer mentioning that? Most readers will not drill down into comments (which must be considered temporary), whereas an answer post will have long-term visibility.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-01-16T00:10:02.873Z
@alexchandel could you also consider adding an answer to [What's next for New Horizons?](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/41307/12102) I had no idea it was being used in this way, I think it's really good for folks to know that it can do this kind of science as well.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-01-17T23:51:59.723Z
@alexchandel I don't believe the New Horizons result provides anything like as definite a conclusion as that. The COB implied by the Conselice result is a bit bigger than they measured. However the result is NOT in the abstract of the New Horizons paper and in the text they say it may actually be compatible within errors with Conselice's result.
ProfRob
<universe><cosmology><dark-matter><observable-universe><hubble-telescope>
Does the recent news of "ten times more galaxies" imply that there is correspondingly less dark matter?
uhoh
# Does the recent news of "ten times more galaxies" imply that there is correspondingly less dark matter?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2016-10-14)

Nature: [Universe has ten times more galaxies than researchers thought](http://www.nature.com/news/universe-has-ten-times-more-galaxies-than-researchers-thought-1.20809)

NASA feature: [Hubble Reveals Observable Universe Contains 10 Times More Galaxies Than Previously Thought](http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/hubble-reveals-observable-universe-contains-10-times-more-galaxies-than-previously-thought)

Headlines sometimes oversimplify. But if this is really true, that there seems to be about ten times more galaxies than had been generally assumed, does this impact other assumptions? Does this imply the universe is ten times more massive, or just that there is less dark matter than was previously thought.

**Tags:** universe, cosmology, dark-matter, observable-universe, hubble-telescope
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: I hadn't heard this amazing (even if sensationalized) news - thanks for bringing it to the fore here!  
> **username_2**: Just to point out, it is better practice to leave questions open for a longer period. Accepting the first answer, even if it is a good one, usually discourages others from answering. You might get more/better responses by waiting a bit longer before accepting.  
> **username_0**: @zephyr I currently have *more than several* question still open within the greater stackexchange ecosystem, many have one or more answer posted but none are good enough in my opinion. The answer here is a *particularly good answer* for me, and it continues to be improved even after being accepted.  If someone has a good additional answer and chooses to withhold it from us because it might not be the accepted answer, that would be unfortunate. Plenty of people have no problem posting more answers even if one is accepted. Those answers ALSO get upvoted based on merit.  
> **username_0**: @zephyr RobJeffries has been consistently conscientious about generating and maintaining high quality and complete answers, so why not accept it? If there's a better or alternate answer, post it and it too will get upvoted. If it's even better, then I can accept that one instead.  
> **username_2**: Didn't mean to offend. I was only pointing out that it is encouraged to leave questions open for a bit. I fully understand that Rob's answer is a very good one and that he often gives good answers. I only wanted to point out that you discourage others from answering by accepting an answer.  
> **username_0**: @zephyr Ya I understand, but in this particular case, here, I don't feel compelled to *encourage* more answers. If someone has a better answer, or a supplemental or alternate way of answering, they will know it and they will post it without any encouragement. Guidelines are guidelines. If there's a script that can crawl through stackexchange and it shows I'm consistently a 3-sigma or worse *rapid-accepter*, please let me know!  
> **username_3**: @zephyr the heart of the issue is that in a less technical stack the green checkmark means significantly less. If an answer for a coding question at SO has a green checkmark, it means the code in the answer it worked for OP. Elsewhere (may or may not apply to this particular case) it loses some meaning.  
> **username_4**: It implies that the Universe is infinitely massive and scientists will never be able to find its boundary.  
> **username_5**: The current threat to dark matter is here: https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.05917 More readably, here: http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2016/oct/07/correlation-between-galaxy-rotation-and-visible-matter-puzzles-astronomers  
> **username_6**: Your recent edit has *completely* changed the question. I have rolled it back.  
> **username_0**: @RobJeffries not completely, but ok. I only mentioned dark matter if there was more baryonic matter but no change in total mass, and when I saw it was attracting low quality comments I thought I could do my part. But you are right, you've already posted a complete answer so I should leave it alone and let the mods worry about the other stuff. Thanks!  
> **username_7**: Recent update, New Horizons observations cut galaxy estimate back down to $2\times 10^{11}$ from $2\times 10^{12}$: https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-spacecraft-answers-question-how-dark-is-space  
> **username_0**: @alexchandel wow that's significant astronomically as well as interesting from a spacecraft point of view. Would you consider adding a new and perhaps supplemental answer mentioning that? Most readers will not drill down into comments (which must be considered temporary), whereas an answer post will have long-term visibility.  
> **username_0**: @alexchandel could you also consider adding an answer to [What's next for New Horizons?](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/41307/12102) I had no idea it was being used in this way, I think it's really good for folks to know that it can do this kind of science as well.  
> **username_6**: @alexchandel I don't believe the New Horizons result provides anything like as definite a conclusion as that. The COB implied by the Conselice result is a bit bigger than they measured. However the result is NOT in the abstract of the New Horizons paper and in the text they say it may actually be compatible within errors with Conselice's result.  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_6 on 2016-10-14. Score: 27 | Accepted answer

All [Conselice et al. (2016)](https://arxiv.org/abs/1607.03909) appear to suggest is that when you look at something like the Hubble deep field, there are many faint (and presumably low mass) galaxies that are not seen. This has absolutely no effect on the need for dark matter.

The main results are: (i) as you look back in time, the overall (co-moving) density of galaxies (more massive than a million times that of the Sun) increases. (ii) But the density of more massive galaxies actually decreases. This is consistent with hierarchical merger picture where small galaxies merge to become larger galaxies.
This really doesn't have any influence on the need for dark matter.

First, the presence of dark matter is inferred from many different observations. Some of these (e.g. galaxy rotation curves) are not influenced at all if there are lots of extra galaxies.

Second, the "missing" galaxies are at high redshift, not (or not all) in the present day universe, so they cannot significantly affect a calculation of how much normal matter there is in the universe *today*. Presumably, many of these small galaxies then merge to become larger galaxies and the total mass is conserved.

Third, just because there are lots of them does not mean they contain much mass anyway. The "mass function" (number density as a function of mass) of galaxies goes roughly as $\phi(M) \propto M^{-1}$ at low masses. This means the mass contained in any interval is
$$M\_{\text{tot}}\propto \int^{M\_2}\_{M\_1} M\phi \ \mathrm{d}M \ = M\_2 - M\_1$$
So although, low mass galaxies may be ten times more frequent, they are ten times less massive and so don't change the total mass very much. I will need to read the paper more carefully to see if the authors are suggesting that low mass galaxies are much more common in the early universe than was *already* supposed.

Fourth, primordial nucleosynthesis calculations tell us that only 4 per cent (as a fraction of the critical density) of the energy density of the universe is in the form of baryonic mass. Observations of gravitational lensing, cluster dynamics and the cosmic microwave background tell us that the mass density is actually around 30 per cent of the critical density. Thus most of the dark matter is non-baryonic and cannot be in the form of missing faint galaxies, or any other form of normal baryonic matter.

> **Comments:**
> **username_8**: My understanding is that the number might actually be *lower* than was expected for the early universe.  
> **username_6**: @uhoh The study is a study of the galaxy luminosity/mass function as a function of redshift. The total baryonic mass of the universe is conserved. The idea is that there *were* many more small galaxies in the past than we see today.  

---

