<p>Local Mean time is based on the Average position of the sun.</p>
<p>The actual sun might not be on the meridian at noon LMT but on average. Some times the sun moves faster and sometimes slower (for example due to the elliptical orbit of the Earth).</p>
<p>But if you replace the sun with an orb that moves constantly and has <em>the same average motion as the sun</em>. This orb will be on the Meridian at noon each day.</p>
<p>To work out the local mean time you need to observe the sun over a period of a year to find out it's average motion over a year.  This is what astronomers did in Greenwich hundreds of years ago. Once they had worked out how the real sun deviates from the average sun, they could use the real sun to work out the Greenwich mean time. They could then use the sun as a very accurate clock.</p>
<p>In practice the real sun doesn't deviate very far from the &quot;average sun&quot;.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/4IA0P.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/4IA0P.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>This is the position of the sun at noon.  (From <a href="http://www.perseus.gr/Astro-Solar-Analemma-102816.htm" rel="noreferrer">http://www.perseus.gr/Astro-Solar-Analemma-102816.htm</a>) You see the figure-8 shape. The average sun would just go up and down over the year.</p>
<p>Greenwich mean time is just the mean time in Greenwich. It was the basis for &quot;Universal time&quot;, which is based on the rotation of the Earth. It is convenient to calculate your local mean time from Universal time, rather than do your own measurements of the local sun to calculate an average motion.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-01-20T12:34:14.683Z
Thanks. I understood it simply mean measurement based off the Mean sun. My problem is, when is the starting point or point of reference to count the constant mean sun then ? 
Is there some point in history astronomers chosen a date or time, lets say solar noon at 12 april 1864 mark the 12:00 o clock GMT. and the mean sun is measured from this point constantly onwards.
emotionallyattached
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-01-20T13:59:40.497Z
The analemma repeats yearly so you only need to measure the average over one year.  In practice you actually use measurements of the mean motion of the stars, since these in a much more regular manner.
James K
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-01-20T10:15:52.603Z
2022-01-20T11:18:03.087Z
2022-01-20T11:18:03.087Z
James K
<blockquote>
<p>Like 14 April 2022 is when solar noon is at 12pm clock time. So can the measurement starts from that point?</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The modern definition of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_time" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Equation of Time</a> (EOT), according to the <em>Astronomical Almanac</em> of the USNO, is that it's the difference <em>apparent solar time</em> minus <em>mean solar time</em>. The EOT has two principal causes: the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit, and the tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the ecliptic (the Earth's orbital plane), known as the obliquity of the ecliptic. This gives the graph of the EOT two principal components. The eccentricity gives a sine wave with a period of one year. The obliquity gives a sine wave with a period of six months. Here's a graph (created in Sage using the simplified EOT formula on Wikipedia) which shows these components.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/MIWFH.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/MIWFH.png" alt="EOT components" /></a></p>
<blockquote>
<p>Equation of time (red solid line) and its two main components plotted separately, the part due to the obliquity of the ecliptic (mauve dashed line) and the part due to the Sun's varying apparent speed along the ecliptic due to eccentricity of the Earth's orbit (dark blue dash &amp; dot line)</p>
</blockquote>
<p>The eccentricity sine wave crosses the X axis at the perihelion and aphelion (when the Earth is closest to and furthest from the Sun), in early January and early July, respectively. The obliquity sine wave crosses the X axis at the solstices and equinoxes. The combined EOT wave crosses the X axis at 4 points, near 15 April, 13 June, 1 September, and 25 December.</p>
<p>Here's another approximate graph of the EOT.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/26dbm.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/26dbm.png" alt="Shaded EOT" /></a></p>
<p>Over a one year cycle, the mean solar time is the mean of the apparent solar time, so the red portion of the graph above the X axis has the same area as the blue portion below the X axis.</p>
<p>In <em>Astronomical Algorithms</em>, <a href="https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Meeus" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Jean Meeus</a> gives this nice description, quoted in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_time#Mean_solar_time" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Wikipedia</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Consider a first fictitious Sun travelling along the ecliptic with a constant speed and coinciding with the true sun at the perigee and apogee (when the Earth is in perihelion and aphelion, respectively).</p>
<p>Then consider a second fictitious Sun travelling along the celestial equator at a constant speed and coinciding with the first fictitious Sun at the equinoxes. This second fictitious sun is the mean Sun.</p>
</blockquote>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-10-11T07:24:38.350Z
More on the Equation of Time: https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/a/49546/16685
PM 2Ring
CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-01-25T13:12:56.980Z
No I cannot see such. difference is equal > 8 to -8 sec.
Jacob Miller
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-01-21T00:41:33.107Z
2024-02-05T10:30:06.780Z
2024-02-05T10:30:06.780Z
PM 2Ring
<p>Time zones have a reference meridian where the average noon is at 12h local time (disregarding daylight saving).</p>
<p>The location of the 0° meridian is essentially totally arbitrary and goes through Greenwich observatory just by definition and convention and general agreement between the countries to faciliate a common understanding of time. Before that definition was adopted, Paris tried to become the defiintion of 0-meridian as well, still documented in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_meridian" rel="nofollow noreferrer">its observatory</a>, not at ~2°E. The internationally agreed-upon time reference is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" rel="nofollow noreferrer">UTC</a>. Without such agreement, one could not meaningfully communicate time. The same is true for the definition of basically <em>every</em> unit, be that to know weight or temperature or length: Essentially the definition of &quot;1m&quot; is arbitrary - just chosen to be convenient within the system of all units. Each country essentially decides independently what offset to GMT they want to use, thus chooses its own <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone" rel="nofollow noreferrer">time zone</a>. For convenience usually this is done in one hour steps, though there are some time zones which have fractional offsets like UTC+4:30h.</p>
<p>The difficulty with the time of the meridian passage of the Sun is that for a fixed 24h clock, the time of local noon changes daily - you write that yourself. The annual variation is around +- 15 minutes. This is described by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_time" rel="nofollow noreferrer">equation of time</a> and is expression of the ellipticity of Earth's orbit.</p>
<p>The definition of time is done by international agreement via UTC which is defined by a weighted mean derived from atomic clocks all over the world run by the national standardization institutions. There must have been an agreement on how to establish the initial synchronization (thus the 0-offset at the time UTC and TAI were introduced), but I don't find this value referenced <a href="https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Atomic_Time" rel="nofollow noreferrer">other than that TAI was synced</a> to the previous existing time definition in 1958.</p>
<p>Further read:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.timeanddate.com/time/international-atomic-time.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.timeanddate.com/time/international-atomic-time.html</a></li>
<li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_standard" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_standard</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.ucolick.org/%7Esla/leapsecs/timescales.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/timescales.html</a> (thanks @PM2Ring for link)</li>
</ul>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-01-20T11:23:51.670Z
oi! thanks & fixed
planetmaker
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-01-20T12:41:09.957Z
Thanks. I understood that. My problem is regardless of convention be it Paris, Jerusalem or GW, the solar noon at those places wont be 12:00 o clock due to equation of time. People typically use actual astronomical phenomena to mark time, which now the actual sun movement couldn't represent, I'm curious as to the merit of an artificial mean sun. What is the relevance of LMT vs standard time then, since both are as arbitrary since the point of reference is mean sun at an arbitrary point (GW) ?
emotionallyattached
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-01-20T12:46:11.000Z
Historically, LMT is used in every city and town to so called represent the sun's movement, which I found out now that it actually don't due to mean vs apparent sun issue. That is why I dont understand what is the relevance of LMT since it is almost as arbitrary than standard time.
emotionallyattached
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-01-20T13:04:04.207Z
It gives you days of equal length. Otherwise each day would have a different length than the preceeding and the following one. So either you make one hour in the day not have 60 minutes but something between 40 and 100 - or you change the length of each second. Both is a prospect leading to MANY practical difficulties.
planetmaker
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-01-20T13:39:46.087Z
@emotionallyattached Historically, people used local apparent solar time, so the Sun was exactly on their meridian at noon. Mean time was introduced because of mechanical clocks, and standard time was introduced because of railroads. Mean solar time is also generally useful when you want a uniform time scale that's tied to the Sun. You need a uniform time scale for things like ephemeris calculations, but traditionally astronomers used sidereal time as their preferred uniform time scale.
PM 2Ring
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-01-20T14:04:16.087Z
Re *This is described by the equation of time and is expression of the ellipticity of Earth's orbit.* There are two primary drivers of the equation of time. That is the lesser of the two, by a small margin. The effect of the Earth's axial tilt on local solar time is slightly greater than that of eccentricity.
David Hammen
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-01-20T14:11:40.733Z
Ah yes. initially it was stuff like sundial to measure local apparent sun. I understood now LMT 12pm is indeed solar noon, but the mean sun, not apparent one. Thanks bunch.
emotionallyattached
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-01-20T10:18:11.453Z
2022-01-20T11:23:37.507Z
2022-01-20T11:23:37.507Z
planetmaker
<p>Is local mean time supposed to represent actual sun movement? Does 12pm on local mean time (not clock time), mean that the sun is on meridian or solar noon?</p>
<p>I understand LMT means 1 degree for 4 minutes computed from Greenwich. My problem is, if clock time is artificial, then LMT is similarly artificial since it is calculated from Greenwich. What is the basis of Greenwich clock time?</p>
<p>For example, a place called Zazu is 90 degrees E of GW. It would be 90/15 = 6 hours apart. Should it be 1pm in Greenwich, then Zazu LMT is 1+6 = 7pm.</p>
<p>But what is the basis of 1pm in Greenwich?</p>
<p>If 12pm clock time in Greenwich is solar noon in Greenwich, when sun is at meridian, then we can argue, there's an astronomical basis for it. So 1pm in Greenwich meant that sun is 15 degrees away from Midheaven. But the solar noon in Greenwich changes all the time, then there's no point of reference?</p>
<p>My question really is, what is the basis of Greenwich mean time or clock time? Because if there's no actual point of reference, then does LMT of other places makes any sense?</p>
<p>Since sun movement is not static (equation of time), so only clock can measure constantly. I get that. My problem is, when is the starting point or day in history to begin the constant measurement? Like 14 April 2022 is when solar noon is at 12pm clock time, so the measurement starts from that point?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-01-20T10:37:48.027Z
From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time "English speakers often use GMT as a synonym for Coordinated Universal Time (UTC): in modern usage, this is incorrect – GMT is now a time zone, not a time standard".
PM 2Ring
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-01-20T10:41:48.033Z
[A brief history of time scales](https://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/timescales.html) "During the past century or so the concept of time has changed considerably. The results of struggling with ever more refined notions of time have been some two dozen new ways of expressing time".
PM 2Ring
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-01-20T11:00:49.167Z
nice link. I added it to the list of interesting references on the topic
planetmaker
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-01-20T11:18:13.080Z
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_time is quite extensive, with a lot of historical info.
PM 2Ring
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-01-21T01:05:47.543Z
You mentioned "Equation of Time," so you should be able to answer many of your questions yourself. You understand the problem. The Wikipedia article will tell you more than you want to know. There are 4 days during a year when EoT is 0.0 seconds. Are you just concerned with the exact EoT vs. local or civil time? How much precision do you need?
stretch
<the-sun><time>
Local mean time & Solar Noon
emotionallyattached
# Local mean time & Solar Noon

(Asked by: username_0 on 2022-01-20)

Is local mean time supposed to represent actual sun movement? Does 12pm on local mean time (not clock time), mean that the sun is on meridian or solar noon?

I understand LMT means 1 degree for 4 minutes computed from Greenwich. My problem is, if clock time is artificial, then LMT is similarly artificial since it is calculated from Greenwich. What is the basis of Greenwich clock time?

For example, a place called Zazu is 90 degrees E of GW. It would be 90/15 = 6 hours apart. Should it be 1pm in Greenwich, then Zazu LMT is 1+6 = 7pm.

But what is the basis of 1pm in Greenwich?

If 12pm clock time in Greenwich is solar noon in Greenwich, when sun is at meridian, then we can argue, there's an astronomical basis for it. So 1pm in Greenwich meant that sun is 15 degrees away from Midheaven. But the solar noon in Greenwich changes all the time, then there's no point of reference?

My question really is, what is the basis of Greenwich mean time or clock time? Because if there's no actual point of reference, then does LMT of other places makes any sense?

Since sun movement is not static (equation of time), so only clock can measure constantly. I get that. My problem is, when is the starting point or day in history to begin the constant measurement? Like 14 April 2022 is when solar noon is at 12pm clock time, so the measurement starts from that point?

**Tags:** the-sun, time
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: From https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time "English speakers often use GMT as a synonym for Coordinated Universal Time (UTC): in modern usage, this is incorrect – GMT is now a time zone, not a time standard".  
> **username_1**: [A brief history of time scales](https://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/timescales.html) "During the past century or so the concept of time has changed considerably. The results of struggling with ever more refined notions of time have been some two dozen new ways of expressing time".  
> **username_2**: nice link. I added it to the list of interesting references on the topic  
> **username_1**: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_time is quite extensive, with a lot of historical info.  
> **username_3**: You mentioned "Equation of Time," so you should be able to answer many of your questions yourself. You understand the problem. The Wikipedia article will tell you more than you want to know. There are 4 days during a year when EoT is 0.0 seconds. Are you just concerned with the exact EoT vs. local or civil time? How much precision do you need?  

---

## 3 answers

### Answer by username_4 on 2022-01-20. Score: 8

Local Mean time is based on the Average position of the sun.

The actual sun might not be on the meridian at noon LMT but on average. Some times the sun moves faster and sometimes slower (for example due to the elliptical orbit of the Earth).

But if you replace the sun with an orb that moves constantly and has *the same average motion as the sun*. This orb will be on the Meridian at noon each day.

To work out the local mean time you need to observe the sun over a period of a year to find out it's average motion over a year. This is what astronomers did in Greenwich hundreds of years ago. Once they had worked out how the real sun deviates from the average sun, they could use the real sun to work out the Greenwich mean time. They could then use the sun as a very accurate clock.

In practice the real sun doesn't deviate very far from the "average sun".

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/4IA0P.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/4IA0P.png)

This is the position of the sun at noon. (From <http://www.perseus.gr/Astro-Solar-Analemma-102816.htm>) You see the figure-8 shape. The average sun would just go up and down over the year.

Greenwich mean time is just the mean time in Greenwich. It was the basis for "Universal time", which is based on the rotation of the Earth. It is convenient to calculate your local mean time from Universal time, rather than do your own measurements of the local sun to calculate an average motion.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Thanks. I understood it simply mean measurement based off the Mean sun. My problem is, when is the starting point or point of reference to count the constant mean sun then ?  Is there some point in history astronomers chosen a date or time, lets say solar noon at 12 april 1864 mark the 12:00 o clock GMT. and the mean sun is measured from this point constantly onwards.  
> **username_4**: The analemma repeats yearly so you only need to measure the average over one year.  In practice you actually use measurements of the mean motion of the stars, since these in a much more regular manner.  

---

### Answer by username_1 on 2022-01-21. Score: 4

> Like 14 April 2022 is when solar noon is at 12pm clock time. So can the measurement starts from that point?

The modern definition of the [Equation of Time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_time) (EOT), according to the *Astronomical Almanac* of the USNO, is that it's the difference *apparent solar time* minus *mean solar time*. The EOT has two principal causes: the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit, and the tilt of the Earth's axis relative to the ecliptic (the Earth's orbital plane), known as the obliquity of the ecliptic. This gives the graph of the EOT two principal components. The eccentricity gives a sine wave with a period of one year. The obliquity gives a sine wave with a period of six months. Here's a graph (created in Sage using the simplified EOT formula on Wikipedia) which shows these components.

[![EOT components](https://i.sstatic.net/MIWFH.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/MIWFH.png)

> Equation of time (red solid line) and its two main components plotted separately, the part due to the obliquity of the ecliptic (mauve dashed line) and the part due to the Sun's varying apparent speed along the ecliptic due to eccentricity of the Earth's orbit (dark blue dash & dot line)

The eccentricity sine wave crosses the X axis at the perihelion and aphelion (when the Earth is closest to and furthest from the Sun), in early January and early July, respectively. The obliquity sine wave crosses the X axis at the solstices and equinoxes. The combined EOT wave crosses the X axis at 4 points, near 15 April, 13 June, 1 September, and 25 December.

Here's another approximate graph of the EOT.

[![Shaded EOT](https://i.sstatic.net/26dbm.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/26dbm.png)

Over a one year cycle, the mean solar time is the mean of the apparent solar time, so the red portion of the graph above the X axis has the same area as the blue portion below the X axis.

In *Astronomical Algorithms*, [Jean Meeus](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Meeus) gives this nice description, quoted in [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_time#Mean_solar_time):

> Consider a first fictitious Sun travelling along the ecliptic with a constant speed and coinciding with the true sun at the perigee and apogee (when the Earth is in perihelion and aphelion, respectively).
>
> Then consider a second fictitious Sun travelling along the celestial equator at a constant speed and coinciding with the first fictitious Sun at the equinoxes. This second fictitious sun is the mean Sun.

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: More on the Equation of Time: https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/a/49546/16685  
> **username_5**: No I cannot see such. difference is equal > 8 to -8 sec.  

---

### Answer by username_2 on 2022-01-20. Score: 4

Time zones have a reference meridian where the average noon is at 12h local time (disregarding daylight saving).

The location of the 0° meridian is essentially totally arbitrary and goes through Greenwich observatory just by definition and convention and general agreement between the countries to faciliate a common understanding of time. Before that definition was adopted, Paris tried to become the defiintion of 0-meridian as well, still documented in [its observatory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_meridian), not at ~2°E. The internationally agreed-upon time reference is [UTC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time). Without such agreement, one could not meaningfully communicate time. The same is true for the definition of basically *every* unit, be that to know weight or temperature or length: Essentially the definition of "1m" is arbitrary - just chosen to be convenient within the system of all units. Each country essentially decides independently what offset to GMT they want to use, thus chooses its own [time zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_zone). For convenience usually this is done in one hour steps, though there are some time zones which have fractional offsets like UTC+4:30h.

The difficulty with the time of the meridian passage of the Sun is that for a fixed 24h clock, the time of local noon changes daily - you write that yourself. The annual variation is around +- 15 minutes. This is described by the [equation of time](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_of_time) and is expression of the ellipticity of Earth's orbit.

The definition of time is done by international agreement via UTC which is defined by a weighted mean derived from atomic clocks all over the world run by the national standardization institutions. There must have been an agreement on how to establish the initial synchronization (thus the 0-offset at the time UTC and TAI were introduced), but I don't find this value referenced [other than that TAI was synced](https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Atomic_Time) to the previous existing time definition in 1958.

Further read:

* <https://www.timeanddate.com/time/international-atomic-time.html>
* <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_standard>
* [https://www.ucolick.org/~sla/leapsecs/timescales.html](https://www.ucolick.org/%7Esla/leapsecs/timescales.html) (thanks @PM2Ring for link)

> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: oi! thanks & fixed  
> **username_0**: Thanks. I understood that. My problem is regardless of convention be it Paris, Jerusalem or GW, the solar noon at those places wont be 12:00 o clock due to equation of time. People typically use actual astronomical phenomena to mark time, which now the actual sun movement couldn't represent, I'm curious as to the merit of an artificial mean sun. What is the relevance of LMT vs standard time then, since both are as arbitrary since the point of reference is mean sun at an arbitrary point (GW) ?  
> **username_0**: Historically, LMT is used in every city and town to so called represent the sun's movement, which I found out now that it actually don't due to mean vs apparent sun issue. That is why I dont understand what is the relevance of LMT since it is almost as arbitrary than standard time.  
> **username_2**: It gives you days of equal length. Otherwise each day would have a different length than the preceeding and the following one. So either you make one hour in the day not have 60 minutes but something between 40 and 100 - or you change the length of each second. Both is a prospect leading to MANY practical difficulties.  
> **username_1**: @emotionallyattached Historically, people used local apparent solar time, so the Sun was exactly on their meridian at noon. Mean time was introduced because of mechanical clocks, and standard time was introduced because of railroads. Mean solar time is also generally useful when you want a uniform time scale that's tied to the Sun. You need a uniform time scale for things like ephemeris calculations, but traditionally astronomers used sidereal time as their preferred uniform time scale.  
> **username_6**: Re *This is described by the equation of time and is expression of the ellipticity of Earth's orbit.* There are two primary drivers of the equation of time. That is the lesser of the two, by a small margin. The effect of the Earth's axial tilt on local solar time is slightly greater than that of eccentricity.  
> **username_0**: Ah yes. initially it was stuff like sundial to measure local apparent sun. I understood now LMT 12pm is indeed solar noon, but the mean sun, not apparent one. Thanks bunch.  

---

