<p>According to NASA, satellites in Earth orbit don't experience strong enough interference from the Moon to "whisk a spacecraft out of the game". To a satellite in Earth orbit, the gravitational pull of the Sun is actually ~160 times stronger than influence from the Moon. Source: <a href="https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2006/30nov_highorbit" rel="nofollow noreferrer">A New Paradigm for Lunar Orbits</a> (see EDIT note below for details).  </p>

<p>However, gravitational pull from the Sun, the Moon, planets such as Jupiter (as well as other factors such as solar radiation pressure, atmospheric drag, etc.) do cause enough interference to slightly alter the orbital path of any satellite orbiting Earth. To compensate for the deviations all satellites must periodically fire their thrusters for brief periods of time in order to maintain the correct desired orbit. If a satellite has no fuel to perform these "orbital stationkeeping" maneuvers it essentially becomes space junk. Source: <a href="https://www.quora.com/Is-the-ISS-and-all-other-satellites-affected-by-the-gravitational-pull-of-the-moon" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Is the ISS, and all other satellites, affected by the gravitational pull of the moon?</a></p>

<p>EDIT: Consider a satellite with mass of 3,000 kg rotating around Earth on geostationary (GEO) orbit of 42,164 km radius. Gravitational pull from the Earth is constant throughout the orbit and equals ~673 N (Newtons). As the satellite rotates around the Earth it gets closer or further away from the Moon as well as the Sun and, therefore, their gravitational pulls change. The pull from the Sun is about 17 Newtons but changes only by 0.02 N. The gravitational pull from the Moon varies between 0.12 N (when the satellite is between the Earth and the Moon) and 0.08 Newtons (when the satellite is furthest away from the Moon over the opposite side of the Earth). So even though the pull from the Moon is much smaller than from the Sun, the variation of the Moon's perturbation is about twice as large than from the Sun. </p>

<p>Note: the numbers above are computed under a simplified assumption that all orbits are on the same plane. In reality, due to the inclinations of orbits, the numbers can be somewhat lower, but the overall picture remains about the same. </p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-08-16T10:04:01.250Z
Re *To a satellite in Earth orbit, the gravitational pull of the Sun is actually 160 times stronger than influence from the Moon.* I can't believe NASA wrote that. Since NASA **did** write that, I'm not going to downvote this answer. But that is very wrong. The Moon is actually a larger perturber of satellites in Earth orbit than is the Sun, by a factor of about two.
David Hammen
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-11-26T01:55:35.263Z
@DavidHammen that is a very good point that the Moon is a larger perturber of satellites in Earth orbit than the Sun. However, I think NASA is also correct, the absolute gravitational pull from the Sun is indeed stronger than from the Moon, it's just that the pull from the Sun does not vary as much as the pull from the Moon (due to the Sun being much further away). I added estimated numbers to the answer. Thank you for your comment!
Oleg Muir Lou Goff
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-03-01T02:40:20.643Z
2019-11-26T02:04:29.977Z
2019-11-26T02:04:29.977Z
Oleg Muir Lou Goff
<p>The Moon's gravity perturbs the orbit of satellites, but for satellites in Low  Earth Orbit, the perturbation isn't much.</p>
<p>Consult the image below. (found at <a href="https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/32684/which-orbit-around-earth-has-the-least-perturbation">https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/32684/which-orbit-around-earth-has-the-least-perturbation</a>)  The horizontal axis represents orbital radius, with the ISS being even closer to the Earth than the Iridium satellites.  The vertical axis represents the amount of acceleration resulting from different sources. It is a logarithmic scale, so each step from the top represents ten times less effect.  The top curve, marked GM, is the Earth's gravity, if the Earth was a perfect sphere with Newtonian gravity. That is the biggest acceleration on the ISS.</p>
<p>The next highest line is marked J<sub>2,0</sub>, it is a perturbing effect due to the fact that the Earth isn't perfectly spherical.  You can also see that drag is quite significant for the ISS</p>
<p>The perturbing effect of the moon is 10000 times less than the effect of J<sub>2,0</sub>, and 10 million times less than the Earth.</p>
<p>So yes, the gravity of the moon has a known and measurable effect on the orbit of the space station, but it is much less than you might expect.</p>
<p>This is due to the fact that although the ISS is pulled towards the moon, so is the Earth, so when the orbit is measured relative to the Earth, it is only the difference in gravity of the moon between the near and far side of the Earth from the moon that causes perturbation of the orbit relative to the moon.</p>
<p>Similarly, although the force of gravity from the sun is greater, the difference in the sun's gravity is less, so the sun perturbs orbits less than the moon.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/JvAFS.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/JvAFS.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-02-05T11:10:54.617Z
2022-02-05T11:10:54.617Z
James K
<p>While sun's gravitatonal influence is much larger it's governed under rotational motion of bodies around sun. Earth and moon should be considered as a system of their own and in that system moon's gravitatonal effects are more effecitve on orbiting sattellites</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-02-05T15:54:27.520Z
This answer needs improvement. add more details or explanation to your answer.
Kavin Ishwaran
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-02-04T19:35:36.690Z
2022-02-04T19:35:36.690Z
Yunus Emre BEYRİBEY
<p>In browsing through Astronomy Stack Exchange, I came across this question about orbiting the moon (<a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/20499/is-it-possible-to-achieve-a-stable-lunarstationary-orbit-around-the-moon">Is it possible to achieve a stable &quot;lunarstationary&quot; orbit around the moon?</a>).  In further looking, I came across (<a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/11616/can-i-measure-the-moons-gravity">Can I measure the moon&#39;s gravity?</a>) which seems to indicate that with sensitive enough equipment, the moon's gravitational pull <em>could</em> be measured on earth.  This prompted me to wonder if the moon's gravitational pull can be observed on the Space Station's or geosynchronous satellite's orbital path?  And if so, if any compensation (either short-term or long-term) needs to be performed due to the moon's gravity.  I would think it to be relatively inconsequential, but am not sure, hence the question.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-02-28T20:15:17.603Z
a different question, but slightly related: [“Deep space” corrections in SGP4; how does it account for the Sun's and Moon's gravity?](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/23810/12102)
uhoh
<orbit><the-moon><gravity>
Can the moon's gravity influence be observed on the space station's orbit?
Milwrdfan
# Can the moon's gravity influence be observed on the space station's orbit?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2019-02-28)

In browsing through Astronomy Stack Exchange, I came across this question about orbiting the moon ([Is it possible to achieve a stable "lunarstationary" orbit around the moon?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/20499/is-it-possible-to-achieve-a-stable-lunarstationary-orbit-around-the-moon)). In further looking, I came across ([Can I measure the moon's gravity?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/11616/can-i-measure-the-moons-gravity)) which seems to indicate that with sensitive enough equipment, the moon's gravitational pull *could* be measured on earth. This prompted me to wonder if the moon's gravitational pull can be observed on the Space Station's or geosynchronous satellite's orbital path? And if so, if any compensation (either short-term or long-term) needs to be performed due to the moon's gravity. I would think it to be relatively inconsequential, but am not sure, hence the question.

**Tags:** orbit, the-moon, gravity
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: a different question, but slightly related: [“Deep space” corrections in SGP4; how does it account for the Sun's and Moon's gravity?](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/23810/12102)  

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## 3 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2019-03-01. Score: 8

According to NASA, satellites in Earth orbit don't experience strong enough interference from the Moon to "whisk a spacecraft out of the game". To a satellite in Earth orbit, the gravitational pull of the Sun is actually ~160 times stronger than influence from the Moon. Source: [A New Paradigm for Lunar Orbits](https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2006/30nov_highorbit) (see EDIT note below for details).

However, gravitational pull from the Sun, the Moon, planets such as Jupiter (as well as other factors such as solar radiation pressure, atmospheric drag, etc.) do cause enough interference to slightly alter the orbital path of any satellite orbiting Earth. To compensate for the deviations all satellites must periodically fire their thrusters for brief periods of time in order to maintain the correct desired orbit. If a satellite has no fuel to perform these "orbital stationkeeping" maneuvers it essentially becomes space junk. Source: [Is the ISS, and all other satellites, affected by the gravitational pull of the moon?](https://www.quora.com/Is-the-ISS-and-all-other-satellites-affected-by-the-gravitational-pull-of-the-moon)

EDIT: Consider a satellite with mass of 3,000 kg rotating around Earth on geostationary (GEO) orbit of 42,164 km radius. Gravitational pull from the Earth is constant throughout the orbit and equals ~673 N (Newtons). As the satellite rotates around the Earth it gets closer or further away from the Moon as well as the Sun and, therefore, their gravitational pulls change. The pull from the Sun is about 17 Newtons but changes only by 0.02 N. The gravitational pull from the Moon varies between 0.12 N (when the satellite is between the Earth and the Moon) and 0.08 Newtons (when the satellite is furthest away from the Moon over the opposite side of the Earth). So even though the pull from the Moon is much smaller than from the Sun, the variation of the Moon's perturbation is about twice as large than from the Sun.

Note: the numbers above are computed under a simplified assumption that all orbits are on the same plane. In reality, due to the inclinations of orbits, the numbers can be somewhat lower, but the overall picture remains about the same.

> **Comments:**
> **username_3**: Re *To a satellite in Earth orbit, the gravitational pull of the Sun is actually 160 times stronger than influence from the Moon.* I can't believe NASA wrote that. Since NASA **did** write that, I'm not going to downvote this answer. But that is very wrong. The Moon is actually a larger perturber of satellites in Earth orbit than is the Sun, by a factor of about two.  
> **username_2**: @DavidHammen that is a very good point that the Moon is a larger perturber of satellites in Earth orbit than the Sun. However, I think NASA is also correct, the absolute gravitational pull from the Sun is indeed stronger than from the Moon, it's just that the pull from the Sun does not vary as much as the pull from the Moon (due to the Sun being much further away). I added estimated numbers to the answer. Thank you for your comment!  

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### Answer by username_4 on 2022-02-05. Score: 1

The Moon's gravity perturbs the orbit of satellites, but for satellites in Low Earth Orbit, the perturbation isn't much.

Consult the image below. (found at <https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/32684/which-orbit-around-earth-has-the-least-perturbation>) The horizontal axis represents orbital radius, with the ISS being even closer to the Earth than the Iridium satellites. The vertical axis represents the amount of acceleration resulting from different sources. It is a logarithmic scale, so each step from the top represents ten times less effect. The top curve, marked GM, is the Earth's gravity, if the Earth was a perfect sphere with Newtonian gravity. That is the biggest acceleration on the ISS.

The next highest line is marked J2,0, it is a perturbing effect due to the fact that the Earth isn't perfectly spherical. You can also see that drag is quite significant for the ISS

The perturbing effect of the moon is 10000 times less than the effect of J2,0, and 10 million times less than the Earth.

So yes, the gravity of the moon has a known and measurable effect on the orbit of the space station, but it is much less than you might expect.

This is due to the fact that although the ISS is pulled towards the moon, so is the Earth, so when the orbit is measured relative to the Earth, it is only the difference in gravity of the moon between the near and far side of the Earth from the moon that causes perturbation of the orbit relative to the moon.

Similarly, although the force of gravity from the sun is greater, the difference in the sun's gravity is less, so the sun perturbs orbits less than the moon.

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/JvAFS.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/JvAFS.png)


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### Answer by username_5 on 2022-02-04. Score: 0

While sun's gravitatonal influence is much larger it's governed under rotational motion of bodies around sun. Earth and moon should be considered as a system of their own and in that system moon's gravitatonal effects are more effecitve on orbiting sattellites

> **Comments:**
> **username_6**: This answer needs improvement. add more details or explanation to your answer.  

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