<p>We have examples of tidally locked objects in our own Solar System.</p>
<p><strong>Ganymede</strong> is not a planet orbiting a star, but a tidally locked moon orbiting the giant planet Jupiter. Galileo discovered the presence of a magnetic field native to Ganymede (<a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/ganymede/in-depth" rel="nofollow noreferrer">source</a>):</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The Galileo spacecraft, the first to orbit Jupiter, made the major discovery that Ganymede has its own magnetosphere – a region of charged particles that surrounds many planets but had never before been found around a moon. Galileo even captured <a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/galileo-team-hears-voice-of-ganymede-europa-flyby-is-next" rel="nofollow noreferrer">sounds of whistling and static caused by Ganymede's magnetosphere</a>.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>Mercury</strong> has undergone a modified form of tidal lock to the Sun, whereby the planet rotates three times for every two orbits around the star. The 3:2 (instead of 1:1) ratio is connected either the planet'shighly eccentric elliptical orbit. The Mercurian magnetic field, discovered via data from Mariner 10 in 1974, is much weaker than Earth's, but isthe only one other than Earth's among the inner planets. See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%27s_magnetic_field" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%27s_magnetic_field</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Our Moon</strong> is magnetically dead now, but Apollo astronauts found magnetized rocks hinting at a former magnetic field in this always tidally-locked body. According to a model developed at the University of Califirnia at Santa Cruz, the Moon had a magnetic field when it was closer to Earth and suffered strong tidal interactions, which caused convection and created the dynamo. Now the tidal interactions have weakened and the Moon's dynamo has shut down. See <a href="https://sservi.nasa.gov/articles/mystery-moons-lost-magnetism-explained/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://sservi.nasa.gov/articles/mystery-moons-lost-magnetism-explained/</a>.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-02-25T02:04:04.187Z
2023-03-04T19:33:38.307Z
2023-03-04T19:33:38.307Z
Oscar Lanzi
<p><strong>tl;dr:</strong> It should be possible for tidally locked planets to have magnetic fields under certain condiitions which are not all known at the moment.</p>
<hr />
<p>Tidally locked planets and moons rotate.</p>
<p>Their rotation is slowed down until their rotation rate with respect to the distant stars is the same length as their orbital period around their primary.</p>
<p>So a tidally locked planet will make a 360 degree rotation with respect to the distant stars in the same period that it orbits 360 degrees around its star.</p>
<p>So one side of a tidally locked planet will always face toward it's star in eternal light and the other side will always face away from the star in eternal darkness.</p>
<p>But since the planet orbits around its star, the direction between the planet and its star will be constantly changing.  So for one side to constantly face the star the planet has to be rotating.</p>
<p>So tidally locked planets do rotate.</p>
<p>Because lower mass K type stars and red dwarfs are very dim their habitable zones are very close to them and thus their orbital periods are very short compared to Earth's.  Thus the rotation periods of tidally locked planets are very short compared to an Earth year.</p>
<p>Here is a link to Wikipedia's list of potentially habitable planets, planets which orbit within the habitable zone of their stars and thus can possibly be habitable if they fit other requirements for habitability:</p>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets" rel="noreferrer">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets</a></p>
<p>According to that list, the potentially habitable planets orbiting class M stars in the habitable zones of those stars have orbital periods between 140.4 Earth days and 4.05 Earth days.  Thus their rotation periods with respect to the distant stars and within their own inertial frames vary between 140.4 and 4.05 Earth days.</p>
<p>And some of the shorter orbital periods and thus rotation periods are just a few times as long as Earth's rotation period.</p>
<p>As far as I know the processes which generate planetary magnetic fields are not understood very well.</p>
<p>I have read that it is convection currents in the liquid outer cores of planets, instead of the rotation of the cores, which generates planetary magnetic fields.  In that case the rotation rate of the planet might be irrelevant to the strength of the planet's magnetic field, if any.</p>
<p>I note that the planet Mercury was a weak magnetic field, and Ganymede, the largest moon of Jupiter has a magnetic field which interacts with the magnetosphere of Jupiter.</p>
<p>Mercury and Ganymede are much smaller than the Earth, which might be a factor in weakening their magnetic fields.</p>
<p>Ganymede has an orbital and thus rotation period or 7.154 Earth days. Mercury has a rotation period of 58.646 Earth Days.</p>
<p>So if faster rotation tends to make a stronger magnetic field, it is possible that a rotation rate of 7.154 or even 58.646 Earth days might be fast enough to generate a strong magnetic field.</p>
<p>But the primary influence on how fast a planet loses its atmosphere is probably its escape velocity.  A rough rule of thumb is that if the ratio of the world's escape velocity divided by the average velocity of a gas in the exosphere of the planet's atmosphere is 1 or 2, the planet will lose most of that gas almost instantly, while if the ratio is as high as 6 the planet will hold on to that gas just about forever - billions or trillions of years.</p>
<p>Many other factors can speed up a planet's loss of gas, but the only factor that can help a planet retain a gas longer is replenishment of that gas as fast or faster than it is lost.</p>
<p>The planet Venus has an escape velocity of 10.36 kilometers per second, 0.926 of Earth's 11.186 kilometers per second. Venus is closer to the Sun, about 0.723332 as far as Earth is, and so the solar wind is stronger at Venus.  Venus has no magnetic field to protect its atmosphere from being knocked away by the solar wind.</p>
<p>The rotation period of Venus is 243.0226 Earth days, which may or may not have anything to do with its lack of a magnetic field.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Venus has a dense atmosphere composed of 96.5% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen—both exist as supercritical fluids at the planet's surface—and traces of other gases including sulfur dioxide.[30] The mass of its atmosphere is 92 times that of Earth's, whereas the pressure at its surface is about 93 times that at Earth's—a pressure equivalent to that at a depth of nearly 1 km (5⁄8 mi) under Earth's oceans.</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus" rel="noreferrer">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus</a></p>
<p>So the lack of a magnetic field to protect against the solar wind does not seem to resulted in Venus losing its atmosphere very rapidly.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-02-22T23:05:31.040Z
OP asks "Can a tidally locked planet sustain a magnetic field?" To that, is your answer more than just "...the processes which generate planetary magnetic fields are not understood very well"? I understand you don't want to say "yes" or "no", but would you suggest that there's at least no reason to think that it's never possible?
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-02-24T07:25:54.280Z
@Uhoh I did point out that if faster rotation means a stronger magnetic field (which is not exactly proved) some tidally locked planets in the habitable zones of their stars - to say nothing of tidally locked planets closer to their stars than the habitable zones -  rotate faster than Ganymede and Mercury which do have magnetic fields.  Thus it should be possible for tidally locked planets to have magnetic fields under certain condiitions which are not all known at the moment.,.
M. A. Golding
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-02-24T07:28:31.243Z
Okay thanks! I've added that as a tl;dr to help readers like me who are sometimes challenged by longer answers. Feel free to roll back or edit further.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-02-24T15:44:51.077Z
I agree with all said by @M.A.Golding, but would like to mention that the rotation of a close-in planet is not necessarily synchronised. It may be faster than the mean motion. (1)  If the planet is perturbed by the outer planets and has a considerable eccentricity, it may end up in a higher spin-orbit state, like our Mercury. (2) The planet may be synchronised by a heavy moon if it has one  https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.04646
Michael_1812
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-02-22T22:15:39.530Z
2023-02-24T07:27:34.700Z
2023-02-24T07:27:34.700Z
M. A. Golding
<p>The vast majority of stars in the Galaxy, and probably the universe, are red dwarfs. The habitable zones of these stars are very close to the stars themselves, often within what would be Mercury’s orbit in our solar system. Because of this, such planets would most likely be tidally locked, but this presents a problem.</p>
<p>To retain an earth-like atmosphere, any habitable planet orbiting a red dwarf would need a strong magnetic field. However, to the best of my knowledge, a body’s magnetic field is induced by rotation. So even if the core of this planet is kept liquid by tidal heating, without rotation it still won’t induce a magnetosphere.</p>
<p>Can a tidally-locked, habitable planet still sustain a magnetic field?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-02-22T15:17:38.300Z
Tidally locked planet still rotates relative to stars (or to inertial system).
Leos Ondra
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-02-22T16:06:02.827Z
With regard to "*to retain an earth-like atmosphere ...*" -- this is a highly debated topic. Extrapolating from a sample size of one is in general a bad idea.
David Hammen
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-02-22T16:12:19.190Z
Whether a tidally locked planet orbiting a red dwarf, regardless of whether it has a magnetic field (or not) can support life is also a highly debated topic. That means this question is opinion-based. I voted to close this question as opinion-based.
David Hammen
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-02-22T16:18:38.743Z
Note also that tidally locked planets orbiting close to a red dwarf are rotating rather rapidly relative to inertial space. It's the rotation with respect to inertial space rather than rotation with respect to the parent star the supposedly drives a terrestrial planet's magnetic field -- based on a sample size of one.
David Hammen
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-02-23T14:00:56.207Z
Mercury has a (small) magnetic field.
Jon Custer
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-03-04T19:32:01.553Z
with two good fact-based answers already, the vote to close for "opinion-based answers" seem at a minimum unwarranted. Voting to **leave open**.
uhoh
<rotation><planetary-atmosphere><magnetic-field><planetary-science><habitable-zone>
Can a tidally locked planet sustain a magnetic field
user98816
# Can a tidally locked planet sustain a magnetic field

(Asked by: username_0 on 2023-02-22)

The vast majority of stars in the Galaxy, and probably the universe, are red dwarfs. The habitable zones of these stars are very close to the stars themselves, often within what would be Mercury’s orbit in our solar system. Because of this, such planets would most likely be tidally locked, but this presents a problem.

To retain an earth-like atmosphere, any habitable planet orbiting a red dwarf would need a strong magnetic field. However, to the best of my knowledge, a body’s magnetic field is induced by rotation. So even if the core of this planet is kept liquid by tidal heating, without rotation it still won’t induce a magnetosphere.

Can a tidally-locked, habitable planet still sustain a magnetic field?

**Tags:** rotation, planetary-atmosphere, magnetic-field, planetary-science, habitable-zone
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Tidally locked planet still rotates relative to stars (or to inertial system).  
> **username_2**: With regard to "*to retain an earth-like atmosphere ...*" -- this is a highly debated topic. Extrapolating from a sample size of one is in general a bad idea.  
> **username_2**: Whether a tidally locked planet orbiting a red dwarf, regardless of whether it has a magnetic field (or not) can support life is also a highly debated topic. That means this question is opinion-based. I voted to close this question as opinion-based.  
> **username_2**: Note also that tidally locked planets orbiting close to a red dwarf are rotating rather rapidly relative to inertial space. It's the rotation with respect to inertial space rather than rotation with respect to the parent star the supposedly drives a terrestrial planet's magnetic field -- based on a sample size of one.  
> **username_3**: Mercury has a (small) magnetic field.  
> **username_4**: with two good fact-based answers already, the vote to close for "opinion-based answers" seem at a minimum unwarranted. Voting to **leave open**.  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_6 on 2023-02-22. Score: 6 | Accepted answer

**tl;dr:** It should be possible for tidally locked planets to have magnetic fields under certain condiitions which are not all known at the moment.

---

Tidally locked planets and moons rotate.

Their rotation is slowed down until their rotation rate with respect to the distant stars is the same length as their orbital period around their primary.

So a tidally locked planet will make a 360 degree rotation with respect to the distant stars in the same period that it orbits 360 degrees around its star.

So one side of a tidally locked planet will always face toward it's star in eternal light and the other side will always face away from the star in eternal darkness.

But since the planet orbits around its star, the direction between the planet and its star will be constantly changing. So for one side to constantly face the star the planet has to be rotating.

So tidally locked planets do rotate.

Because lower mass K type stars and red dwarfs are very dim their habitable zones are very close to them and thus their orbital periods are very short compared to Earth's. Thus the rotation periods of tidally locked planets are very short compared to an Earth year.

Here is a link to Wikipedia's list of potentially habitable planets, planets which orbit within the habitable zone of their stars and thus can possibly be habitable if they fit other requirements for habitability:

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_potentially_habitable_exoplanets>

According to that list, the potentially habitable planets orbiting class M stars in the habitable zones of those stars have orbital periods between 140.4 Earth days and 4.05 Earth days. Thus their rotation periods with respect to the distant stars and within their own inertial frames vary between 140.4 and 4.05 Earth days.

And some of the shorter orbital periods and thus rotation periods are just a few times as long as Earth's rotation period.

As far as I know the processes which generate planetary magnetic fields are not understood very well.

I have read that it is convection currents in the liquid outer cores of planets, instead of the rotation of the cores, which generates planetary magnetic fields. In that case the rotation rate of the planet might be irrelevant to the strength of the planet's magnetic field, if any.

I note that the planet Mercury was a weak magnetic field, and Ganymede, the largest moon of Jupiter has a magnetic field which interacts with the magnetosphere of Jupiter.

Mercury and Ganymede are much smaller than the Earth, which might be a factor in weakening their magnetic fields.

Ganymede has an orbital and thus rotation period or 7.154 Earth days. Mercury has a rotation period of 58.646 Earth Days.

So if faster rotation tends to make a stronger magnetic field, it is possible that a rotation rate of 7.154 or even 58.646 Earth days might be fast enough to generate a strong magnetic field.

But the primary influence on how fast a planet loses its atmosphere is probably its escape velocity. A rough rule of thumb is that if the ratio of the world's escape velocity divided by the average velocity of a gas in the exosphere of the planet's atmosphere is 1 or 2, the planet will lose most of that gas almost instantly, while if the ratio is as high as 6 the planet will hold on to that gas just about forever - billions or trillions of years.

Many other factors can speed up a planet's loss of gas, but the only factor that can help a planet retain a gas longer is replenishment of that gas as fast or faster than it is lost.

The planet Venus has an escape velocity of 10.36 kilometers per second, 0.926 of Earth's 11.186 kilometers per second. Venus is closer to the Sun, about 0.723332 as far as Earth is, and so the solar wind is stronger at Venus. Venus has no magnetic field to protect its atmosphere from being knocked away by the solar wind.

The rotation period of Venus is 243.0226 Earth days, which may or may not have anything to do with its lack of a magnetic field.

> Venus has a dense atmosphere composed of 96.5% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen—both exist as supercritical fluids at the planet's surface—and traces of other gases including sulfur dioxide.[30] The mass of its atmosphere is 92 times that of Earth's, whereas the pressure at its surface is about 93 times that at Earth's—a pressure equivalent to that at a depth of nearly 1 km (5⁄8 mi) under Earth's oceans.

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus>

So the lack of a magnetic field to protect against the solar wind does not seem to resulted in Venus losing its atmosphere very rapidly.

> **Comments:**
> **username_4**: OP asks "Can a tidally locked planet sustain a magnetic field?" To that, is your answer more than just "...the processes which generate planetary magnetic fields are not understood very well"? I understand you don't want to say "yes" or "no", but would you suggest that there's at least no reason to think that it's never possible?  
> **username_6**: @Uhoh I did point out that if faster rotation means a stronger magnetic field (which is not exactly proved) some tidally locked planets in the habitable zones of their stars - to say nothing of tidally locked planets closer to their stars than the habitable zones -  rotate faster than Ganymede and Mercury which do have magnetic fields.  Thus it should be possible for tidally locked planets to have magnetic fields under certain condiitions which are not all known at the moment.,.  
> **username_4**: Okay thanks! I've added that as a tl;dr to help readers like me who are sometimes challenged by longer answers. Feel free to roll back or edit further.  
> **username_7**: I agree with all said by @M.A.Golding, but would like to mention that the rotation of a close-in planet is not necessarily synchronised. It may be faster than the mean motion. (1)  If the planet is perturbed by the outer planets and has a considerable eccentricity, it may end up in a higher spin-orbit state, like our Mercury. (2) The planet may be synchronised by a heavy moon if it has one  https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.04646  

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### Answer by username_5 on 2023-02-25. Score: 2

We have examples of tidally locked objects in our own Solar System.

**Ganymede** is not a planet orbiting a star, but a tidally locked moon orbiting the giant planet Jupiter. Galileo discovered the presence of a magnetic field native to Ganymede ([source](https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/moons/jupiter-moons/ganymede/in-depth)):

> The Galileo spacecraft, the first to orbit Jupiter, made the major discovery that Ganymede has its own magnetosphere – a region of charged particles that surrounds many planets but had never before been found around a moon. Galileo even captured [sounds of whistling and static caused by Ganymede's magnetosphere](https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/galileo-team-hears-voice-of-ganymede-europa-flyby-is-next).

**Mercury** has undergone a modified form of tidal lock to the Sun, whereby the planet rotates three times for every two orbits around the star. The 3:2 (instead of 1:1) ratio is connected either the planet'shighly eccentric elliptical orbit. The Mercurian magnetic field, discovered via data from Mariner 10 in 1974, is much weaker than Earth's, but isthe only one other than Earth's among the inner planets. See <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury%27s_magnetic_field>.

**Our Moon** is magnetically dead now, but Apollo astronauts found magnetized rocks hinting at a former magnetic field in this always tidally-locked body. According to a model developed at the University of Califirnia at Santa Cruz, the Moon had a magnetic field when it was closer to Earth and suffered strong tidal interactions, which caused convection and created the dynamo. Now the tidal interactions have weakened and the Moon's dynamo has shut down. See <https://sservi.nasa.gov/articles/mystery-moons-lost-magnetism-explained/>.


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