<p>I feel this question is so broad, it might well be the topic of an interesting book on the history of astronomy, should someone be inclined to write it. :)</p>

<p>Anyway, I think a few points could be made briefly.</p>

<p><strong>1. Collecting data</strong></p>

<p>In astronomy, that means observing the cosmos. That means using an instrument of some kind, typically a telescope, and gathering information through it. Telescope performance is dictated by many factors, but the most important one is size (or aperture).</p>

<p>Telescope size grew rapidly through 1600s and 1700s, from Galileo's 1.5 cm refractor in early 1600s, surpassing the 1 meter aperture in early 1800s - <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40-foot_telescope" rel="noreferrer">Herschel's 40 foot reflector</a>. There was a steady stream of improvements regularly throughout that 200 year period. One could say that the first golden age of the telescope aperture race both culminated and ended with Herschel and his giant telescopes.</p>

<p>Then there was a lull, briefly interrupted by Lord Rosse's 1.83 meter telescope, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_of_Parsonstown" rel="noreferrer">the Leviathan of Parsonstown</a>, in mid-1800s. Then nothing again.</p>

<p>The aperture race was resumed only in early 1900s, with the 2.5 meter reflector on Mt. Wilson, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Observatory" rel="noreferrer">the Hooker telescope</a>. Afterwards, throughout the 20th century, and now in early 21st, the race is going strong, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Telescopio_Canarias" rel="noreferrer">the 10.4 meter Gran Canarias segmented reflector</a> currently in the lead, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Extremely_Large_Telescope" rel="noreferrer">the 39 meter E-ELT reflector</a> being under construction at Cerro Armazones.</p>

<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_optical_telescopes_historically" rel="noreferrer">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_optical_telescopes_historically</a></p>

<p><strong>2. Interpreting data</strong></p>

<p>The year 1900 marks the boundary between classic physics and the new physics. After that year, relativity and quantum mechanics took off. This is what enabled the new cosmology to emerge in the 20th century.</p>

<p>In other words, with the 1800s science, even with tons of data, there would have been no way to figure out, basically, everything. Supernovas? The expansion of the universe? Dark matter and the rotation of galaxies? This is all based on 20th century physics. 19th century physics would have been clueless.</p>

<p>Astronomy used classic physics to derive interpretations from data pretty quickly, and that process had achieved great success already well into the 1700s. That's when <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System" rel="noreferrer">the structure of the solar system was figured out</a>, way back to Kepler in the 1600s. Herschel found Uranus in late 1700s.</p>

<p>There are some exceptions here. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_parallax" rel="noreferrer">Stellar parallax</a> was detected in early 1800s, which enabled an estimate to nearest stars. Spectroscopy showed that distant stars are made of the same elements like the Earth in the 1850s. Around that same time, Neptune was discovered.</p>

<p>So the 1800s was not quite a completely dry period, in terms of theoretical progress.</p>

<p>In any case, a limit was reached anyway in late 1800s, because what was needed was new paradigms in physics to give new life to the interpretation process. That boost occurred after 1900, with relativity and quantum mechanics.</p>

<p>Cosmology is highly dependent on physics (and vice-versa).</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-06-24T20:29:52.983Z
2014-06-24T20:36:32.443Z
2014-06-24T20:36:32.443Z
Florin Andrei
<p>The 1800's was a century of fantastic scientific discoveries in chemistry, geology, biology, engineering and so on.  Is it correct to say that astronomy did not keep up with this development? And if so, why? If not, what might be some main reasons for me (and others) having this impression?</p>

<p>The late 1700's saw a couple of revolutions in astronomy such as the discovery of Uranus as the first non-antique planet and the measurement of solar system distances thanks to the transits of Venus. As I understand it, the next big leaps in astronomy came in the early 1900's with the HR-diagram and the "discovery" of galaxies and more. The view of the universe did not seem to change much between 1800 and 1900. Nowadays every decade has its revolution such as inflation, dark matter, dark energy, exoplanets.</p>

<p>Spectroscopy, optics, photography, Doppler effect, and electricity all developed greatly during the 1800's but don't seem to have brought any revolution to astronomy until later. Is relativity and quantum physics behind this new flourishing? Had the Newtonian physics reached its limit for potentially revolutionizing astronomy already about year 1800? Or was astronomy just out of fashion, maybe because of more profitable employment for the brightest brains in the age of industrialization?</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-27T15:28:12.867Z
I have some anecdotes about the miserable state of astronomy in the later 1800s: - The last supernova in the Milky Way of 1868 was not observed. - The new transits of Venus was (at first anyway) met by disinterest since it was thought that the measurements of the late 1700s could not be improved anyway. - The worlds largest telescope, in Flagstaff, was used to map how the "martians" were digging channels on Mars in order to bring water to their plantations. - Scifi only thought about using cannons, never rockets, for space flight.
LocalFluff
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-27T23:55:06.537Z
"Fraunhofer discovered 600 bands in the spectrum of the sun in 1814-15, which, in 1859, Kirchof ascribed to the presence of different elements. Stars were proven to be similar to the Earth's own Sun…" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy#Scientific_revolution I'd call those big discoveries. Bessel first announced the distance to a star (61 Cygni) in 1838.
HopDavid
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-05-28T07:13:52.700Z
There were discoveries, but I think at a much slower rate than in other sciences at the time and compared to before and after the 1800s. Sure, it is impossible to quantify, but was there any significant difference in the understanding of the universe in 1900 compared to 1800?
LocalFluff
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-06-26T04:19:24.573Z
The ability for humans to put observatories such as the Hubble Space Telescope outside of the Earth's atmosphere is a relatively new thing and has no doubt contributed more to our knowledge of the cosmos than ground based telescopes ever could.
Colin Basnett
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-09-07T12:42:04.517Z
I would recommend "A popular history of astronomy during the nineteenth century" by the female astronomer Agnes M. Clerke, published 1893-1902, for a pretty deep overview of astronomy in the 1800s. I couldn't imagine a more perfect answer to my question here! https://archive.org/details/popularhistoryof00clerrich
LocalFluff
<fundamental-astronomy><history>
Was the progress of astronomy in the 1800s surprisingly slow, and if so why?
LocalFluff
# Was the progress of astronomy in the 1800s surprisingly slow, and if so why?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2014-05-27)

The 1800's was a century of fantastic scientific discoveries in chemistry, geology, biology, engineering and so on. Is it correct to say that astronomy did not keep up with this development? And if so, why? If not, what might be some main reasons for me (and others) having this impression?

The late 1700's saw a couple of revolutions in astronomy such as the discovery of Uranus as the first non-antique planet and the measurement of solar system distances thanks to the transits of Venus. As I understand it, the next big leaps in astronomy came in the early 1900's with the HR-diagram and the "discovery" of galaxies and more. The view of the universe did not seem to change much between 1800 and 1900. Nowadays every decade has its revolution such as inflation, dark matter, dark energy, exoplanets.

Spectroscopy, optics, photography, Doppler effect, and electricity all developed greatly during the 1800's but don't seem to have brought any revolution to astronomy until later. Is relativity and quantum physics behind this new flourishing? Had the Newtonian physics reached its limit for potentially revolutionizing astronomy already about year 1800? Or was astronomy just out of fashion, maybe because of more profitable employment for the brightest brains in the age of industrialization?

**Tags:** fundamental-astronomy, history
> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: I have some anecdotes about the miserable state of astronomy in the later 1800s: - The last supernova in the Milky Way of 1868 was not observed. - The new transits of Venus was (at first anyway) met by disinterest since it was thought that the measurements of the late 1700s could not be improved anyway. - The worlds largest telescope, in Flagstaff, was used to map how the "martians" were digging channels on Mars in order to bring water to their plantations. - Scifi only thought about using cannons, never rockets, for space flight.  
> **username_1**: "Fraunhofer discovered 600 bands in the spectrum of the sun in 1814-15, which, in 1859, Kirchof ascribed to the presence of different elements. Stars were proven to be similar to the Earth's own Sun…" http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy#Scientific_revolution I'd call those big discoveries. Bessel first announced the distance to a star (61 Cygni) in 1838.  
> **username_0**: There were discoveries, but I think at a much slower rate than in other sciences at the time and compared to before and after the 1800s. Sure, it is impossible to quantify, but was there any significant difference in the understanding of the universe in 1900 compared to 1800?  
> **username_2**: The ability for humans to put observatories such as the Hubble Space Telescope outside of the Earth's atmosphere is a relatively new thing and has no doubt contributed more to our knowledge of the cosmos than ground based telescopes ever could.  
> **username_0**: I would recommend "A popular history of astronomy during the nineteenth century" by the female astronomer Agnes M. Clerke, published 1893-1902, for a pretty deep overview of astronomy in the 1800s. I couldn't imagine a more perfect answer to my question here! https://archive.org/details/popularhistoryof00clerrich  

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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2014-06-24. Score: 5

I feel this question is so broad, it might well be the topic of an interesting book on the history of astronomy, should someone be inclined to write it. :)

Anyway, I think a few points could be made briefly.

**1. Collecting data**

In astronomy, that means observing the cosmos. That means using an instrument of some kind, typically a telescope, and gathering information through it. Telescope performance is dictated by many factors, but the most important one is size (or aperture).

Telescope size grew rapidly through 1600s and 1700s, from Galileo's 1.5 cm refractor in early 1600s, surpassing the 1 meter aperture in early 1800s - [Herschel's 40 foot reflector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40-foot_telescope). There was a steady stream of improvements regularly throughout that 200 year period. One could say that the first golden age of the telescope aperture race both culminated and ended with Herschel and his giant telescopes.

Then there was a lull, briefly interrupted by Lord Rosse's 1.83 meter telescope, [the Leviathan of Parsonstown](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leviathan_of_Parsonstown), in mid-1800s. Then nothing again.

The aperture race was resumed only in early 1900s, with the 2.5 meter reflector on Mt. Wilson, [the Hooker telescope](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Wilson_Observatory). Afterwards, throughout the 20th century, and now in early 21st, the race is going strong, with [the 10.4 meter Gran Canarias segmented reflector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Telescopio_Canarias) currently in the lead, and [the 39 meter E-ELT reflector](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Extremely_Large_Telescope) being under construction at Cerro Armazones.

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_optical_telescopes_historically>

**2. Interpreting data**

The year 1900 marks the boundary between classic physics and the new physics. After that year, relativity and quantum mechanics took off. This is what enabled the new cosmology to emerge in the 20th century.

In other words, with the 1800s science, even with tons of data, there would have been no way to figure out, basically, everything. Supernovas? The expansion of the universe? Dark matter and the rotation of galaxies? This is all based on 20th century physics. 19th century physics would have been clueless.

Astronomy used classic physics to derive interpretations from data pretty quickly, and that process had achieved great success already well into the 1700s. That's when [the structure of the solar system was figured out](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_and_exploration_of_the_Solar_System), way back to Kepler in the 1600s. Herschel found Uranus in late 1700s.

There are some exceptions here. [Stellar parallax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_parallax) was detected in early 1800s, which enabled an estimate to nearest stars. Spectroscopy showed that distant stars are made of the same elements like the Earth in the 1850s. Around that same time, Neptune was discovered.

So the 1800s was not quite a completely dry period, in terms of theoretical progress.

In any case, a limit was reached anyway in late 1800s, because what was needed was new paradigms in physics to give new life to the interpretation process. That boost occurred after 1900, with relativity and quantum mechanics.

Cosmology is highly dependent on physics (and vice-versa).


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