<p>(I have tracked down the reference that I made in my comment on the question.)</p>
<p>Presumably earth rocks once blasted into space (by volcanism or meteorite impact) gain or lose energy primarily by orbital interactions with planets or moons. Since these interactions will occasionally give enough energy to escape the solar system entirely, presumably anything short of that (Neptune's orbit, the Kuiper belt) is also possible. The questions is if this will happen often enough to create a reasonable expectation that an Earth rock could have collided with any given solar system body.</p>
<p>Various attempts to identify the odds have been made.  In one, researchers simulated the path of fragments from the Chixculub impact, and found that many may have made it to the outer Solar System within 10 million years.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/ast.2013.1028" rel="noreferrer">This is the paper in <em>Astrobiology</em></a></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-09-23T17:47:38.867Z
fyi the folks in the Astrobiology paper used a program called Mercury, whereas [these folks](https://space.stackexchange.com/a/25386/12102) used something called REBOUND for long term solar system evolution modelling
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-09-23T17:38:15.703Z
2020-09-23T17:45:14.857Z
2020-09-23T17:45:14.857Z
antlersoft
<p><a href="https://space.stackexchange.com/a/46680/12102">This answer</a>  (currently <a href="https://space.stackexchange.com/revisions/46680/3">edit 3</a>) to <em>How certain are we that we have not sent life to other planets/moons?</em> begins:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>First of all, <strong>rocks from Earth are probably just about everywhere in the Solar System</strong>. One simple example is this <a href="https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/820/earths-oldest-rock-found-on-the-moon/" rel="noreferrer">rock found on the Moon</a>. A number of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_meteorite" rel="noreferrer">pieces of Mars</a> have been found on Earth, and if that has happened, no doubt there are Earth rocks on Mars. If Earth life can survive a vacuum it has probably gotten to everywhere in the Solar System anyways. (emphasis added)</p>
</blockquote>
<p>I started to write the following as a comment:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>&quot;...rocks from Earth are probably just about everywhere in the Solar System&quot; is quite a statement, and  <a href="https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/46679/how-certain-are-we-that-we-have-not-sent-life-to-other-planets-moons#comment152534_46680">...from which point they will travel throughout the solar system.</a> requires energy. What mechanism accelerates <strong>a rock</strong> from Earth to the outer solar-system? Mars is not really a distant object compared to the size of the solar system. New Horizons is in the Kuiper belt already. Is it even remotely plausible to suggest that Earth <em>rocks</em> can become <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt" rel="noreferrer">KBO</a>s?</p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>Question:</strong> Can rocks from Earth have reached the Kuiper belt or Neptune at least? If so, how?</p>
<p>I'll even allow a solid particle of proper space-<a href="/questions/tagged/dust" class="post-tag" title="show questions tagged &#39;dust&#39;" rel="tag">dust</a> to serve as proxy for the rock for the purposes of this question, <em>even sub-micron in size if necessary</em>, but not simply an atom or a molecule. We know from answers to <a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/16707/7982">What is the origin of the dust near the sun?</a> that dust is surprisingly (to me at least) mobile in the solar system due in part to its large surface to mass ratio and interaction with static EM fields and photons for example.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-09-23T17:12:19.033Z
Presumably earth rocks once blasted into space (by volcanism or meteorite impact) gain or lose energy primarily by orbital interactions with planets or moons.  Since these interactions will occasionally give enough energy to escape the solar system entirely, presumably anything short of that (Neptune's orbit, the Kuiper belt) is also possible.  The questions is if this will happen often enough to create a reasonable expectation that an Earth rock could have collided with any given solar system body.
antlersoft
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-09-23T17:12:37.230Z
I vaguely recall reading someone having done the math to figure out the expected mass of earth rocks that have reached many solar system bodies, but I can't recall where and my Google skills are failing me.
antlersoft
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-09-23T17:35:24.700Z
@antlersoft this is encouraging, thanks
uhoh
<solar-system><planetary-formation><dust><planetary-science><kuiper-belt>
Could rocks from Earth have reached the Kuiper belt, or Neptune at least? If so, how?
uhoh
# Could rocks from Earth have reached the Kuiper belt, or Neptune at least? If so, how?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-09-23)

[This answer](https://space.stackexchange.com/a/46680/12102) (currently [edit 3](https://space.stackexchange.com/revisions/46680/3)) to *How certain are we that we have not sent life to other planets/moons?* begins:

> First of all, **rocks from Earth are probably just about everywhere in the Solar System**. One simple example is this [rock found on the Moon](https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/820/earths-oldest-rock-found-on-the-moon/). A number of [pieces of Mars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_meteorite) have been found on Earth, and if that has happened, no doubt there are Earth rocks on Mars. If Earth life can survive a vacuum it has probably gotten to everywhere in the Solar System anyways. (emphasis added)

I started to write the following as a comment:

> "...rocks from Earth are probably just about everywhere in the Solar System" is quite a statement, and [...from which point they will travel throughout the solar system.](https://space.stackexchange.com/questions/46679/how-certain-are-we-that-we-have-not-sent-life-to-other-planets-moons#comment152534_46680) requires energy. What mechanism accelerates **a rock** from Earth to the outer solar-system? Mars is not really a distant object compared to the size of the solar system. New Horizons is in the Kuiper belt already. Is it even remotely plausible to suggest that Earth *rocks* can become [KBO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt)s?

**Question:** Can rocks from Earth have reached the Kuiper belt or Neptune at least? If so, how?

I'll even allow a solid particle of proper space-[dust](/questions/tagged/dust "show questions tagged 'dust'") to serve as proxy for the rock for the purposes of this question, *even sub-micron in size if necessary*, but not simply an atom or a molecule. We know from answers to [What is the origin of the dust near the sun?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/16707/7982) that dust is surprisingly (to me at least) mobile in the solar system due in part to its large surface to mass ratio and interaction with static EM fields and photons for example.

**Tags:** solar-system, planetary-formation, dust, planetary-science, kuiper-belt
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Presumably earth rocks once blasted into space (by volcanism or meteorite impact) gain or lose energy primarily by orbital interactions with planets or moons.  Since these interactions will occasionally give enough energy to escape the solar system entirely, presumably anything short of that (Neptune's orbit, the Kuiper belt) is also possible.  The questions is if this will happen often enough to create a reasonable expectation that an Earth rock could have collided with any given solar system body.  
> **username_1**: I vaguely recall reading someone having done the math to figure out the expected mass of earth rocks that have reached many solar system bodies, but I can't recall where and my Google skills are failing me.  
> **username_0**: @antlersoft this is encouraging, thanks  

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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2020-09-23. Score: 6 | Accepted answer

(I have tracked down the reference that I made in my comment on the question.)

Presumably earth rocks once blasted into space (by volcanism or meteorite impact) gain or lose energy primarily by orbital interactions with planets or moons. Since these interactions will occasionally give enough energy to escape the solar system entirely, presumably anything short of that (Neptune's orbit, the Kuiper belt) is also possible. The questions is if this will happen often enough to create a reasonable expectation that an Earth rock could have collided with any given solar system body.

Various attempts to identify the odds have been made. In one, researchers simulated the path of fragments from the Chixculub impact, and found that many may have made it to the outer Solar System within 10 million years.

[This is the paper in *Astrobiology*](https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/ast.2013.1028)

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: fyi the folks in the Astrobiology paper used a program called Mercury, whereas [these folks](https://space.stackexchange.com/a/25386/12102) used something called REBOUND for long term solar system evolution modelling  

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