<p>There does not seem to be much readily available on the specific design or design criteria of the ILMT (or I'm bad at finding it - quite possible). The best I can find is <a href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/476/2/2075/4839011" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Brajesh Kumar et al.</a> (Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 476, Issue 2, May 2018, Pages 2075–2085, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty298" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty298</a>).</p>
<p>Of the five listed reasons a liquid metal telescope is useful, I will cite two:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Inexpensive technology: The cost of constructing a moderate
aperture telescope (4-m diameter) is roughly 1/50 that of a conventional
telescope of the same class</p>
</blockquote>
<p>and</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Easy image pre-processing: Unlike conventional imaging,
here image pre-processing is comparatively easier. For example,
the image reduction is performed by dividing each column by a
one-dimensional flat-field. That can be achieved directly from the
scientific data.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>First, they wanted it inexpensive. Given the partners are Belgium, India, Canada, and Poland this is a 'budget' facility (not a major NSF or EU funded telescope). This would argue against considering a custom large area CCD development - that costs real money. If the corrector works, using an off-the-shelf 4k by 4k imager is a real win.</p>
<p>Second, the corrector indeed seems to do its job resulting in 'easy image pre-processing'. Even pretty fancy optics for the corrector can be pretty cheap compared with multiple custom development CCD fab runs to finally get a working chip.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-11-28T15:13:59.613Z
"Even pretty fancy optics for the corrector can be pretty cheap compared with multiple custom development CCD fab runs to finally get a working chip." This is an unsupported sentence - one might write exactly the opposite just as easily. SE Answers need to support assertions otherwise folks can just say anything.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-11-28T16:09:15.763Z
Well, looking at the multi-year project plan for a fast CCD chip, based on a current design, I'd say I have some experience for (admittedly that I can't point to a reference). One-off advanced CMOS development costs are huge.
Jon Custer
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-11-28T20:03:53.103Z
But that's not at al what this is. You start with an existing design, and apply changes only to the array area (where the pixels are). You don't change the circuit, just make tiny adjustments to the pixel positions so they change from being in a straight line to being on very slightly curved lines. That can be done with a few dozen lines of layout script at most. Layout data is hierarchical so you just move the pixel centers, everything else (pixel structures, interconnects) just moves with that.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-11-28T20:04:50.773Z
Granted you make a new mask set, but these are not small features (CCDs have *giant design rules* compared to high speed logic, maybe quarter or half microns vs a handful of nanometers for modern logic) So a mask set is way cheaper and you can use the old i-line or 248 nm lithograpy tools on an older technology manufacturing line. So once again I don't believe that prose alone is sufficient to back up the assertion. It is not a new design, just a gentle adjustment to pixel centers.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-11-28T14:26:10.370Z
2023-11-28T14:26:10.370Z
Jon Custer
<p>Phys.org's <a href="https://phys.org/news/2023-11-indian-telescope-supernova.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">New Indian telescope identifies its first supernova</a> links to the recent arXiv <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.05618" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Follow-up strategy of ILMT discovered supernovae</a>. The International Liquid Mirror Telescope is no ordinary spinning puddle of mercury, it's got 21st century improvements!</p>
<p>The introduction begins:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>The ILMT is a 4-m diameter zenith-pointing telescope located at Devasthal Observatory (Nainital, India). The first light of the facility was achieved last year (2022 April 29) and presently, it is in the advanced stage of commissioning. Unlike conventional telescopes, the primary mirror of the ILMT is formed by pouring approximately 50 liters of mercury into a recipient, which acts as a reflecting mirror. The effective focal length of the optical system is 9.44 m. <strong>The ILMT images are obtained using the Time-Delay Integration (TDI) technique. Given the fixed pointing of the telescope, the stellar objects move in the focal plane along slightly curved trajectories. Therefore, a dedicated five-element optical corrector is being used altogether with the CCD reading the electronic charges in the TDI mode</strong> (Gibson and Hickson, 1992; Hickson and Richardson, 1998). A 4k × 4k CCD camera (Spectral Instruments) is mounted at the prime focus of the telescope, which can secure nightly images in g, r, and i spectral bands with a total integration time of approximately 102 sec (in single scan).</p>
</blockquote>
<p>Time-delay integration and liquid mirror telescopes are discussed further in:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/44086/7982">What was the first use of time-delay integration in Astronomy? Are there instances before GAIA?</a></li>
<li><a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/41023/7982">Why can&#39;t we build a huge stationary optical telescope inside a depression similar to the FAST radio telescope?</a></li>
<li><a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/51963/7982">How would the &quot;Fluidic Telescope (FLUTE)&quot; next generation telescope make and control a smooth, correct concave optical surface figure in microgravity?</a></li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Question:</strong> Instead of a five-element corrector for arced drift trajectories, why didn't the ILMT just use CCDs fabricated with slightly non-cartesian pixel layout?</p>
<p>I've done CMOS layout in a previous life, written (PERL) scripts that generate multiple layers in GDS, and compared to random logic (ASIC) circuits the imaging area (pixels) of a CCD is quite simple with relatively few layers and not particularly small nor critical dimensions.</p>
<p>Instead of trying to map slightly arced drift trajectories on to a straight row of pixels with a five element corrector, why not just ask for a CCD with the rows of pixels slightly curved?</p>
<p>The periphery of the die with the readout logic and on-chip analog amplification and ADCs with it's higher complexity would be unaffected. And plenty of advanced telescopes special order their large format CCDs to meet their specific needs since they're by definition low-volume, high-end applications.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-11-25T09:53:33.593Z
companion question: [Instead of a 4 meter diameter, 50 liter spinning pool of dangerous mercury, why didn't the ILMT just use an ionic liquid?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/55393/7982)
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-11-25T17:26:50.723Z
Cost of a custom chip is certainly one factor.
Jon Custer
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-11-25T20:34:02.257Z
@JonCuster "And plenty of advanced telescopes special order their large format CCDs to meet their specific needs since they're by definition low-volume, high-end applications." You can check for this telescope, but I woujld be surprised if they are using [COTS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf) CCDs.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-11-25T20:50:56.907Z
Hard to say. A paper at https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/293302/1/Kumar2022_Article_Upcoming4mILMTFacilityAndDataR.pdf says it is a Spectral Instruments camera, and Spectral Instruments’ site talks about ‘custom configurations’ for the cameras overall, but ‘a variety of CCDs available’ suggests they don’t make custom pixel format CCD imagers.
Jon Custer
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-11-25T20:58:58.570Z
@JonCuster "a variety of CCDs available" doesn't suggest they would necessarily balk at a order that involves a custom CCD manufactured separately. Perhaps "they haven't (yet)" is more appropriate than "they don't". I suspect that if the answer is money, then it's because they have domestic capability to design and build an advanced optical correction system at modest cost. ISRO for example shocked the world getting a spacecraft successfully in orbit around Mars using homegrown technology, but probably [COTS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf) electronics.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-11-25T21:00:30.697Z
@JonCuster and maybe the functionality of the "five element corrector" extends to widening the flat field available for planar detectors (field of view) and wouldn't necessarily be substantially less complex without the streak-straightening function.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-11-25T21:01:06.510Z
Indeed. There may be other papers on the design of the telescope, but I’m not in a position to do serious research this weekend.
Jon Custer
CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-11-29T10:00:13.683Z
Sometimes the answer is also 'we have a hammer, so let's use nails'
planetmaker
<photography><instruments><ccd><liquid-mirror-telescopes>
Instead of a five-element corrector for arced drift trajectories, why didn't the ILMT just use CCDs fabricated w/ slightly non-cartesian pixel layout?
uhoh
# Instead of a five-element corrector for arced drift trajectories, why didn't the ILMT just use CCDs fabricated w/ slightly non-cartesian pixel layout?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2023-11-25)

Phys.org's [New Indian telescope identifies its first supernova](https://phys.org/news/2023-11-indian-telescope-supernova.html) links to the recent arXiv [Follow-up strategy of ILMT discovered supernovae](https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.05618). The International Liquid Mirror Telescope is no ordinary spinning puddle of mercury, it's got 21st century improvements!

The introduction begins:

> The ILMT is a 4-m diameter zenith-pointing telescope located at Devasthal Observatory (Nainital, India). The first light of the facility was achieved last year (2022 April 29) and presently, it is in the advanced stage of commissioning. Unlike conventional telescopes, the primary mirror of the ILMT is formed by pouring approximately 50 liters of mercury into a recipient, which acts as a reflecting mirror. The effective focal length of the optical system is 9.44 m. **The ILMT images are obtained using the Time-Delay Integration (TDI) technique. Given the fixed pointing of the telescope, the stellar objects move in the focal plane along slightly curved trajectories. Therefore, a dedicated five-element optical corrector is being used altogether with the CCD reading the electronic charges in the TDI mode** (Gibson and Hickson, 1992; Hickson and Richardson, 1998). A 4k × 4k CCD camera (Spectral Instruments) is mounted at the prime focus of the telescope, which can secure nightly images in g, r, and i spectral bands with a total integration time of approximately 102 sec (in single scan).

Time-delay integration and liquid mirror telescopes are discussed further in:

* [What was the first use of time-delay integration in Astronomy? Are there instances before GAIA?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/44086/7982)
* [Why can't we build a huge stationary optical telescope inside a depression similar to the FAST radio telescope?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/41023/7982)
* [How would the "Fluidic Telescope (FLUTE)" next generation telescope make and control a smooth, correct concave optical surface figure in microgravity?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/51963/7982)

**Question:** Instead of a five-element corrector for arced drift trajectories, why didn't the ILMT just use CCDs fabricated with slightly non-cartesian pixel layout?

I've done CMOS layout in a previous life, written (PERL) scripts that generate multiple layers in GDS, and compared to random logic (ASIC) circuits the imaging area (pixels) of a CCD is quite simple with relatively few layers and not particularly small nor critical dimensions.

Instead of trying to map slightly arced drift trajectories on to a straight row of pixels with a five element corrector, why not just ask for a CCD with the rows of pixels slightly curved?

The periphery of the die with the readout logic and on-chip analog amplification and ADCs with it's higher complexity would be unaffected. And plenty of advanced telescopes special order their large format CCDs to meet their specific needs since they're by definition low-volume, high-end applications.

**Tags:** photography, instruments, ccd, liquid-mirror-telescopes
> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: companion question: [Instead of a 4 meter diameter, 50 liter spinning pool of dangerous mercury, why didn't the ILMT just use an ionic liquid?](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/q/55393/7982)  
> **username_1**: Cost of a custom chip is certainly one factor.  
> **username_0**: @JonCuster "And plenty of advanced telescopes special order their large format CCDs to meet their specific needs since they're by definition low-volume, high-end applications." You can check for this telescope, but I woujld be surprised if they are using [COTS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf) CCDs.  
> **username_1**: Hard to say. A paper at https://orbi.uliege.be/bitstream/2268/293302/1/Kumar2022_Article_Upcoming4mILMTFacilityAndDataR.pdf says it is a Spectral Instruments camera, and Spectral Instruments’ site talks about ‘custom configurations’ for the cameras overall, but ‘a variety of CCDs available’ suggests they don’t make custom pixel format CCD imagers.  
> **username_0**: @JonCuster "a variety of CCDs available" doesn't suggest they would necessarily balk at a order that involves a custom CCD manufactured separately. Perhaps "they haven't (yet)" is more appropriate than "they don't". I suspect that if the answer is money, then it's because they have domestic capability to design and build an advanced optical correction system at modest cost. ISRO for example shocked the world getting a spacecraft successfully in orbit around Mars using homegrown technology, but probably [COTS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_off-the-shelf) electronics.  
> **username_0**: @JonCuster and maybe the functionality of the "five element corrector" extends to widening the flat field available for planar detectors (field of view) and wouldn't necessarily be substantially less complex without the streak-straightening function.  
> **username_1**: Indeed. There may be other papers on the design of the telescope, but I’m not in a position to do serious research this weekend.  
> **username_2**: Sometimes the answer is also 'we have a hammer, so let's use nails'  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2023-11-28. Score: 2

There does not seem to be much readily available on the specific design or design criteria of the ILMT (or I'm bad at finding it - quite possible). The best I can find is [Brajesh Kumar et al.](https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/476/2/2075/4839011) (Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 476, Issue 2, May 2018, Pages 2075–2085, <https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty298>).

Of the five listed reasons a liquid metal telescope is useful, I will cite two:

> Inexpensive technology: The cost of constructing a moderate
> aperture telescope (4-m diameter) is roughly 1/50 that of a conventional
> telescope of the same class

and

> Easy image pre-processing: Unlike conventional imaging,
> here image pre-processing is comparatively easier. For example,
> the image reduction is performed by dividing each column by a
> one-dimensional flat-field. That can be achieved directly from the
> scientific data.

First, they wanted it inexpensive. Given the partners are Belgium, India, Canada, and Poland this is a 'budget' facility (not a major NSF or EU funded telescope). This would argue against considering a custom large area CCD development - that costs real money. If the corrector works, using an off-the-shelf 4k by 4k imager is a real win.

Second, the corrector indeed seems to do its job resulting in 'easy image pre-processing'. Even pretty fancy optics for the corrector can be pretty cheap compared with multiple custom development CCD fab runs to finally get a working chip.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: "Even pretty fancy optics for the corrector can be pretty cheap compared with multiple custom development CCD fab runs to finally get a working chip." This is an unsupported sentence - one might write exactly the opposite just as easily. SE Answers need to support assertions otherwise folks can just say anything.  
> **username_1**: Well, looking at the multi-year project plan for a fast CCD chip, based on a current design, I'd say I have some experience for (admittedly that I can't point to a reference). One-off advanced CMOS development costs are huge.  
> **username_0**: But that's not at al what this is. You start with an existing design, and apply changes only to the array area (where the pixels are). You don't change the circuit, just make tiny adjustments to the pixel positions so they change from being in a straight line to being on very slightly curved lines. That can be done with a few dozen lines of layout script at most. Layout data is hierarchical so you just move the pixel centers, everything else (pixel structures, interconnects) just moves with that.  
> **username_0**: Granted you make a new mask set, but these are not small features (CCDs have *giant design rules* compared to high speed logic, maybe quarter or half microns vs a handful of nanometers for modern logic) So a mask set is way cheaper and you can use the old i-line or 248 nm lithograpy tools on an older technology manufacturing line. So once again I don't believe that prose alone is sufficient to back up the assertion. It is not a new design, just a gentle adjustment to pixel centers.  

---

