<p>My question is whether Mars just about failed to meet the threshold or missed it by a lot. It's been dry for 3 billion years. How much bigger would it have needed to be to buy it that extra time? Let's say in modern times we turn up and find it has enough CO2 to be as warm as Earth, and has small seas in the lowest lying regions north of the equator.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/3L9a9.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/3L9a9.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>Based on this chart (I found in a Google image search) it seems that Mars should be about twice as massive to avoid water vapor reaching escape velocity. If Mars is twice the mass then for the same density (although actually it would automatically be more due to being squished by its own mass) it should have an escape velocity of around 6.324km/s. If it had the same density as Earth due to an iron core (though again Earth gets extra density from squishing its core), then the escape velocity should be 6.69km/s. A double massed Mars should probably have an escape velocity somewhere between these two extremes. 6km/s seems to be the threshold for maintaining water vapor at current Martian temperature, though the issue is that having a thicker atmosphere would warm Mars up a lot. If it had enough greenhouse gases to be the average temperature of the Earth at its current semi-major axis then perhaps the escape velocity needed would be more like 7km/s, which could mean a Mars around 3 times the mass (depending on how much we fiddle with the density). I can't factor in the effect of a strong magnetic field.</p>
<p>Is my quick estimate overzealous? Am I missing anything?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-20T16:03:52.710Z
In the worldbuilding stack exchange there are many questions and answers which mention the minimum and maximum mass of habitable worlds. My answer here: https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/200498/how-would-the-reflection-of-sunlight-change-the-day-night-cycle-of-a-binary-pl/200539#200539(https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/200498/how-would-the-reflection-of-sunlight-change-the-day-night-cycle-of-a-binary-pl/200539#200539) Has links to other questions discussing the masses and sizes of habitable worlds, as well as to scientific articles discussing that subject.
M. A. Golding
CC BY-SA 4.0
2021-04-23T10:15:00.250Z
Given that we don't properly understand the atmospheric masses of terrestrial planets and moons, this is very hard to answer. In general, the capability to hold atmospheric mass goes exponential with the planet mass, when not growing into a gas giant, but those are upper limits.
AtmosphericPrisonEscape
<astrophysics><planetary-atmosphere><water><climate><atmospheric-escape>
How much more mass would Mars need to currently have enough pressure for liquid water and oxygen?
Axion
# How much more mass would Mars need to currently have enough pressure for liquid water and oxygen?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2021-04-20)

My question is whether Mars just about failed to meet the threshold or missed it by a lot. It's been dry for 3 billion years. How much bigger would it have needed to be to buy it that extra time? Let's say in modern times we turn up and find it has enough CO2 to be as warm as Earth, and has small seas in the lowest lying regions north of the equator.

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/3L9a9.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/3L9a9.png)

Based on this chart (I found in a Google image search) it seems that Mars should be about twice as massive to avoid water vapor reaching escape velocity. If Mars is twice the mass then for the same density (although actually it would automatically be more due to being squished by its own mass) it should have an escape velocity of around 6.324km/s. If it had the same density as Earth due to an iron core (though again Earth gets extra density from squishing its core), then the escape velocity should be 6.69km/s. A double massed Mars should probably have an escape velocity somewhere between these two extremes. 6km/s seems to be the threshold for maintaining water vapor at current Martian temperature, though the issue is that having a thicker atmosphere would warm Mars up a lot. If it had enough greenhouse gases to be the average temperature of the Earth at its current semi-major axis then perhaps the escape velocity needed would be more like 7km/s, which could mean a Mars around 3 times the mass (depending on how much we fiddle with the density). I can't factor in the effect of a strong magnetic field.

Is my quick estimate overzealous? Am I missing anything?

**Tags:** astrophysics, planetary-atmosphere, water, climate, atmospheric-escape
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: In the worldbuilding stack exchange there are many questions and answers which mention the minimum and maximum mass of habitable worlds. My answer here: https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/200498/how-would-the-reflection-of-sunlight-change-the-day-night-cycle-of-a-binary-pl/200539#200539(https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/200498/how-would-the-reflection-of-sunlight-change-the-day-night-cycle-of-a-binary-pl/200539#200539) Has links to other questions discussing the masses and sizes of habitable worlds, as well as to scientific articles discussing that subject.  
> **username_2**: Given that we don't properly understand the atmospheric masses of terrestrial planets and moons, this is very hard to answer. In general, the capability to hold atmospheric mass goes exponential with the planet mass, when not growing into a gas giant, but those are upper limits.  

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