<p>The Sun is a big ball of relatively dense gas. At most points within the Sun, if a photon is emitted, it will be re-absorbed or scattered on a relatively short length scale.</p>

<p>The photosphere of the Sun (what we can actually see) is simply defined as that surface at which a photon that is emitted outwards will most likely escape. This is also the definition of transparency!</p>

<p>In other words, what lies <em>above</em> the photosphere is transparent to the radiation emitted at the photosphere.</p>

<p>This definition is inexact in the sense that one can only define a probability that a photon will escape. By convention, the photosphere is usually defined to be where the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_depth" rel="noreferrer">optical depth</a> is approximately 2/3 and a photon has about a 50% chance of escaping. This in turn is wavelength dependent (since the absorption coefficient of the gas in the Sun's atmosphere varies with wavelength) and this is why we see features and absorption lines in the solar spectrum - we are viewing to different depths (and hence temperatures) into the Sun.</p>

<p>The reason that the photosphere is at this particular density/temperature, is that the opacity at the photosphere and just below is dominated by H$^{-}$ ions. These are formed from the copious H atoms combining with free electrons from easily-ionised heavier elements like Na, Fe, Mg etc. These H$^{-}$ ions can then easily be disintegrated by any photon with energy more than about 0.75 eV leading to opaqueness to light with $\lambda &lt; 2.2\,\mu$m. However, as the density/temperature  decreases with height it becomes increasingly difficult to form H$^{-}$ ions because the supply of free electrons dries up, collisonal timescales increase, and the gas becomes transparent to visible light, except at distinct wavelengths corresponding to absorption lines of various chemical species. </p>

<p>If you like you can turn this around and ask yourself - if I fired a photon at the Sun, at what position in the Sun's atmosphere would it most likely be absorbed? The answer is the photosphere, the depth at which the Sun ceases to be transparent.</p>

<p>NB: The chromosphere and corona lie above the photosphere, are hotter but much less dense, and are transparent to visible light of almost all wavelengths. They too emit light, mostly in the form of narrow emission lines with very little continuum. The light from the photosphere below usually swamps our view of the chromosphere, however it can be seen above the limb of the Sun during a solar eclipse and high resolution spectroscopy can detect the chromospheric emission lines, especially in the ultra-violet and EUV regions where it dominates.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-11-08T02:34:47.560Z
This should be the accepted answer - Rob Jeffries to the rescue again! Now that you point out the source of visible ligh absorption in this temperature range is related to H${}^-$ I found a discussion [here](http://www.ucolick.org/~woosley/ay112-14/useful/opacityshu.pdf) helpful as well.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-11-07T16:36:16.350Z
2016-11-07T17:06:52.090Z
2016-11-07T17:06:52.090Z
ProfRob
<p>See the other <a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/a/18979/7982">answer by @RobJeffries</a> for a more thorough explanation. Here I just address the the question of how something transparent can also be visible.</p>
<p>Transparent things <a href="https://i.sstatic.net/gr2fA.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer">can still emit bright light</a>. Under some circumstances it can even approximate blackbody radiation. Think about red hot glass, and then imagine it is much bigger and the glass is now gas.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/gr2fA.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/gr2fA.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p><strong>above:</strong> from <a href="http://www.lightlead.com/Glowing_Glass.htm" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Glowing Glass</a></p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/aPHo9.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/aPHo9.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p><strong>above:</strong> from Wikipedia</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-11-08T02:12:37.060Z
See the [answer by @RobJeffries](http://astronomy.stackexchange.com/a/18979/7982) for a more thorough explanation.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2016-11-07T06:12:04.853Z
2020-07-01T15:03:09.213Z
2020-07-01T15:03:09.213Z
uhoh
<p>This book, <em>Astronomy in Minutes: 200 Key Concepts Explained in an Instant</em>, by Giles Sparrow, says the photosphere is a visible surface at first, but after that, it says the Sun becomes cool and then transparent, so I am confused.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Our local star is a fiery ball of gas 1.39 million kilometres (863,000 miles) across. Powered by nuclear fusion, it has a three-layered internal structure (see pages 272 and 286). Its visible surface or 'photosphere' marks the zone <strong>where the Sun's hot gases grow sparse and cool enough to become transparent</strong>, at a temperature of around 5,500°C (9,900°F), but the Sun's sparse atmosphere or corona extends much further outwards.</p>
</blockquote>
<p>I think the sentence highlighted in <strong>bold</strong> (not highlighted in the original) represents the definition of chromosphere... Is that right?</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-11-07T04:41:45.090Z
I suspect it has to do with the energy of the light given out, photosphere produce heat while chromosphere glows in visible light more or less but I could be wrong lol.
user6760
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-01T12:06:35.130Z
voting to reopen because the question is clear-enough to be answered successfully
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-01T14:38:00.977Z
@antispinwards The question originally contained an image of text from a book, but the OP edited it out. Of course, on Stack Exchange sites we prefer text as actual text, not an image, and all quoted material should be properly attributed. But since the question is rather unclear without that text, I've restored it.
PM 2Ring
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-07-01T15:15:24.090Z
See [Google Books](https://books.google.com.au/books?id=1WurBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT55&lpg=PT55&dq=Powered+by+nuclear+fusion,+it+has+a+three-layered+internal+structure&source=bl&ots=JvVEoXX-fE&sig=ACfU3U2RKKSWXf0HUBBS99tb66QdhfIkFg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjBwuq3pKzqAhXszzgGHUf7B9kQ6AEwAHoECAUQAQ#v=onepage)
PM 2Ring
<the-sun>
Photosphere is relatively transparent. Is that right?
Purple Rain Kim
# Photosphere is relatively transparent. Is that right?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2016-11-07)

This book, *Astronomy in Minutes: 200 Key Concepts Explained in an Instant*, by Giles Sparrow, says the photosphere is a visible surface at first, but after that, it says the Sun becomes cool and then transparent, so I am confused.

> Our local star is a fiery ball of gas 1.39 million kilometres (863,000 miles) across. Powered by nuclear fusion, it has a three-layered internal structure (see pages 272 and 286). Its visible surface or 'photosphere' marks the zone **where the Sun's hot gases grow sparse and cool enough to become transparent**, at a temperature of around 5,500°C (9,900°F), but the Sun's sparse atmosphere or corona extends much further outwards.

I think the sentence highlighted in **bold** (not highlighted in the original) represents the definition of chromosphere... Is that right?

**Tags:** the-sun
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: I suspect it has to do with the energy of the light given out, photosphere produce heat while chromosphere glows in visible light more or less but I could be wrong lol.  
> **username_2**: voting to reopen because the question is clear-enough to be answered successfully  
> **username_3**: @antispinwards The question originally contained an image of text from a book, but the OP edited it out. Of course, on Stack Exchange sites we prefer text as actual text, not an image, and all quoted material should be properly attributed. But since the question is rather unclear without that text, I've restored it.  
> **username_3**: See [Google Books](https://books.google.com.au/books?id=1WurBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT55&lpg=PT55&dq=Powered+by+nuclear+fusion,+it+has+a+three-layered+internal+structure&source=bl&ots=JvVEoXX-fE&sig=ACfU3U2RKKSWXf0HUBBS99tb66QdhfIkFg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjBwuq3pKzqAhXszzgGHUf7B9kQ6AEwAHoECAUQAQ#v=onepage)  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_4 on 2016-11-07. Score: 6

The Sun is a big ball of relatively dense gas. At most points within the Sun, if a photon is emitted, it will be re-absorbed or scattered on a relatively short length scale.

The photosphere of the Sun (what we can actually see) is simply defined as that surface at which a photon that is emitted outwards will most likely escape. This is also the definition of transparency!

In other words, what lies *above* the photosphere is transparent to the radiation emitted at the photosphere.

This definition is inexact in the sense that one can only define a probability that a photon will escape. By convention, the photosphere is usually defined to be where the [optical depth](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_depth) is approximately 2/3 and a photon has about a 50% chance of escaping. This in turn is wavelength dependent (since the absorption coefficient of the gas in the Sun's atmosphere varies with wavelength) and this is why we see features and absorption lines in the solar spectrum - we are viewing to different depths (and hence temperatures) into the Sun.

The reason that the photosphere is at this particular density/temperature, is that the opacity at the photosphere and just below is dominated by H$^{-}$ ions. These are formed from the copious H atoms combining with free electrons from easily-ionised heavier elements like Na, Fe, Mg etc. These H$^{-}$ ions can then easily be disintegrated by any photon with energy more than about 0.75 eV leading to opaqueness to light with $\lambda < 2.2\,\mu$m. However, as the density/temperature decreases with height it becomes increasingly difficult to form H$^{-}$ ions because the supply of free electrons dries up, collisonal timescales increase, and the gas becomes transparent to visible light, except at distinct wavelengths corresponding to absorption lines of various chemical species.

If you like you can turn this around and ask yourself - if I fired a photon at the Sun, at what position in the Sun's atmosphere would it most likely be absorbed? The answer is the photosphere, the depth at which the Sun ceases to be transparent.

NB: The chromosphere and corona lie above the photosphere, are hotter but much less dense, and are transparent to visible light of almost all wavelengths. They too emit light, mostly in the form of narrow emission lines with very little continuum. The light from the photosphere below usually swamps our view of the chromosphere, however it can be seen above the limb of the Sun during a solar eclipse and high resolution spectroscopy can detect the chromospheric emission lines, especially in the ultra-violet and EUV regions where it dominates.

> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: This should be the accepted answer - Rob Jeffries to the rescue again! Now that you point out the source of visible ligh absorption in this temperature range is related to H${}^-$ I found a discussion [here](http://www.ucolick.org/~woosley/ay112-14/useful/opacityshu.pdf) helpful as well.  

---

### Answer by username_2 on 2016-11-07. Score: 5

See the other [answer by @RobJeffries](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/a/18979/7982) for a more thorough explanation. Here I just address the the question of how something transparent can also be visible.

Transparent things [can still emit bright light](https://i.sstatic.net/gr2fA.jpg). Under some circumstances it can even approximate blackbody radiation. Think about red hot glass, and then imagine it is much bigger and the glass is now gas.

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/gr2fA.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/gr2fA.jpg)

**above:** from [Glowing Glass](http://www.lightlead.com/Glowing_Glass.htm)

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/aPHo9.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/aPHo9.jpg)

**above:** from Wikipedia

> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: See the [answer by @RobJeffries](http://astronomy.stackexchange.com/a/18979/7982) for a more thorough explanation.  

---

