<p>The diffraction pattern at the focal plane created by a circular aperture is called an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airy_disk" rel="noreferrer">Airy Disk or Airy Pattern</a>.  Both the outer opening and the inner hole plus secondary contribute to the exact function.  This is usually not easily observed with ground based telescopes because the seeing fluctuations due to air turbulence smears it out.  These images use filters that are a few 100 Angstroms wide, so although not monochromatic, they are narrow enough to clearly see the pattern.  The spectral shape of the star's light within the filter makes the effective width of frequencies more narrow. </p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-20T18:19:18.783Z
I checked the archive at STScI which lists these exposures.  The heic0901f Carina Nebula was taken with F502n, F656N, and F673N narrow band filters in the red in camera WFC3.   The Serpens Nebula was taken with F125W, F160W wide band and F164N narrow band filters  in the near IR on WFC3.  So, you  are correct there is a narrow band image included that was not mentioned in the annotations.
eshaya
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-21T01:04:48.660Z
Hey that is great news! Would you consider adding that to the answer, comments are "ephemeral" and future readers may not read all of them. I'm still mulling how to write a script to best "find" (detect and quantify) the Airy pattern with Python. By eye it seems that the period at large radii  is about 4.6 pixels in the original image, so if you know the image magnification you could even confirm that the pattern is consistent quantitatively with the wavelength and aperture diameter. I've added a high contrast size-doubled image of each pattern the question as well.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-03T02:42:05.377Z
Aha, very nice! That works mathematically. In [this answer](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/a/18821/7982) I tracked down some specific Hubble images and plotted the transmission spectra of the specific filters used in those images. Is it possible here to at least name the group of filters that are a few hundred Ångstroms wide? Thanks!
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-03T03:00:05.860Z
To convince myself (actually, just because it's fun) I'd like to do the calculation and get it to match. I can't track down the original HST images used to make this color image from `heic1819 — Photo Release`, so any information about the filter's transmission shape in general would be great.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-05T16:33:51.313Z
@uhoh - If you click on the photo and scroll down one sees the filter list.  It used the Wide J and H on WFC3.  The Wide J is center at 1248.6 nm and is
284.5 nm wide and the Wide H is centered at 1536.9 nm and is  268.3 nm (from the WFC3 Handbook).   Wider than I thought but still narrow enough, evidently, to provide a clear Airy pattern.
eshaya
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-05T16:39:49.543Z
No, those are too wide to get "15 or more sharp, distinct rings." I can count 20 on the right-hand star in the monochrome cropped image. But they may isolate narrow emission lines. This is what really caught my eye, so many rings yet the last one as narrow as the first!
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-05T16:44:25.833Z
Aha! Notice in this image, those two filters have different names, [Fe II] https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0910f/ The center wavelengths are the same. Is it possible that in the IR (1.2 to 1.6 um) there could be so much light in the emission line compared to the whole 260 nm wide filter bandpass?
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-07T18:32:32.353Z
The gas might be dominated by emission light, but stars are typically thermal continuum with some absorption lines.
eshaya
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-08T01:22:53.057Z
Either the image lists the wrong filter and a narrow filter was used (bandpass of only a few percent or less), or there is indeed narrow emission. I'll put up a better analysis of the images shortly.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-02T18:01:27.190Z
2018-11-02T18:12:16.123Z
2018-11-02T18:12:16.123Z
eshaya
<p>ESA's HST page <a href="https://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1819/?lang" rel="nofollow noreferrer">heic1819 — Photo Release; Hubble reveals cosmic Bat Shadow in the Serpent’s Tail</a> is of course beautiful and stunning, but my eyes are drawn to the diffraction artifacts of the bright stars.</p>
<p>I'm assuming the crosses are due to four vanes supporting the secondary mirror, but are the tight concentric rings due to Hubble's large aperture, or it's smaller secondary mirror blocking that aperture, or something else, perhaps image processing?</p>
<p>Without a scale for reference, it's hard to get an angular frequency and compare to an Airy-like diffraction pattern to get a diameter, and that's where it gets more puzzling, because you need a narrow wavelength range to get a coherent oscillation for so many cycles (I think I can see perhaps 15 or more sharp, distinct rings), and to zeroth order stars are mostly black-body.</p>
<p>Is this a bit of a puzzle, or am I missing something obvious (e.g. filters)? Or both?</p>
<p>Here's a cropped, monochromed, ROI:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/Sour1.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/Sour1.jpg" alt="heic1819 — Photo Release; Hubble cropped, monochrome" /></a></p>
<p>Further stretched in contrast and size:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/Y2OGQ.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/Y2OGQ.jpg" alt="heic1819 — Photo Release; Hubble cropped, monochrome" /></a></p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/bcyLJ.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/bcyLJ.jpg" alt="heic1819 — Photo Release; Hubble" /></a></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2018-11-02T16:59:48.217Z
Most photos like this have had heavy false-color applied both for visual contrast and for "beauty" .  I wouldn't be surprised if the original is from a narrowband filter/receiver, as you surmized.
Carl Witthoft
<hubble-telescope><optics><angular-resolution>
What is the cause of all of these sharp, concentric rings around bright stars in this HST image?
uhoh
# What is the cause of all of these sharp, concentric rings around bright stars in this HST image?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2018-11-02)

ESA's HST page [heic1819 — Photo Release; Hubble reveals cosmic Bat Shadow in the Serpent’s Tail](https://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1819/?lang) is of course beautiful and stunning, but my eyes are drawn to the diffraction artifacts of the bright stars.

I'm assuming the crosses are due to four vanes supporting the secondary mirror, but are the tight concentric rings due to Hubble's large aperture, or it's smaller secondary mirror blocking that aperture, or something else, perhaps image processing?

Without a scale for reference, it's hard to get an angular frequency and compare to an Airy-like diffraction pattern to get a diameter, and that's where it gets more puzzling, because you need a narrow wavelength range to get a coherent oscillation for so many cycles (I think I can see perhaps 15 or more sharp, distinct rings), and to zeroth order stars are mostly black-body.

Is this a bit of a puzzle, or am I missing something obvious (e.g. filters)? Or both?

Here's a cropped, monochromed, ROI:

[![heic1819 — Photo Release; Hubble cropped, monochrome](https://i.sstatic.net/Sour1.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/Sour1.jpg)

Further stretched in contrast and size:

[![heic1819 — Photo Release; Hubble cropped, monochrome](https://i.sstatic.net/Y2OGQ.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/Y2OGQ.jpg)

[![heic1819 — Photo Release; Hubble](https://i.sstatic.net/bcyLJ.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/bcyLJ.jpg)

**Tags:** hubble-telescope, optics, angular-resolution
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Most photos like this have had heavy false-color applied both for visual contrast and for "beauty" .  I wouldn't be surprised if the original is from a narrowband filter/receiver, as you surmized.  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2018-11-02. Score: 8 | Accepted answer

The diffraction pattern at the focal plane created by a circular aperture is called an [Airy Disk or Airy Pattern](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airy_disk). Both the outer opening and the inner hole plus secondary contribute to the exact function. This is usually not easily observed with ground based telescopes because the seeing fluctuations due to air turbulence smears it out. These images use filters that are a few 100 Angstroms wide, so although not monochromatic, they are narrow enough to clearly see the pattern. The spectral shape of the star's light within the filter makes the effective width of frequencies more narrow.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Aha, very nice! That works mathematically. In [this answer](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/a/18821/7982) I tracked down some specific Hubble images and plotted the transmission spectra of the specific filters used in those images. Is it possible here to at least name the group of filters that are a few hundred Ångstroms wide? Thanks!  
> **username_0**: To convince myself (actually, just because it's fun) I'd like to do the calculation and get it to match. I can't track down the original HST images used to make this color image from `heic1819 — Photo Release`, so any information about the filter's transmission shape in general would be great.  
> **username_2**: @uhoh - If you click on the photo and scroll down one sees the filter list.  It used the Wide J and H on WFC3.  The Wide J is center at 1248.6 nm and is 284.5 nm wide and the Wide H is centered at 1536.9 nm and is  268.3 nm (from the WFC3 Handbook).   Wider than I thought but still narrow enough, evidently, to provide a clear Airy pattern.  
> **username_0**: No, those are too wide to get "15 or more sharp, distinct rings." I can count 20 on the right-hand star in the monochrome cropped image. But they may isolate narrow emission lines. This is what really caught my eye, so many rings yet the last one as narrow as the first!  
> **username_0**: Aha! Notice in this image, those two filters have different names, [Fe II] https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0910f/ The center wavelengths are the same. Is it possible that in the IR (1.2 to 1.6 um) there could be so much light in the emission line compared to the whole 260 nm wide filter bandpass?  
> **username_2**: The gas might be dominated by emission light, but stars are typically thermal continuum with some absorption lines.  
> **username_0**: Either the image lists the wrong filter and a narrow filter was used (bandpass of only a few percent or less), or there is indeed narrow emission. I'll put up a better analysis of the images shortly.  
> **username_2**: I checked the archive at STScI which lists these exposures.  The heic0901f Carina Nebula was taken with F502n, F656N, and F673N narrow band filters in the red in camera WFC3.   The Serpens Nebula was taken with F125W, F160W wide band and F164N narrow band filters  in the near IR on WFC3.  So, you  are correct there is a narrow band image included that was not mentioned in the annotations.  
> **username_0**: Hey that is great news! Would you consider adding that to the answer, comments are "ephemeral" and future readers may not read all of them. I'm still mulling how to write a script to best "find" (detect and quantify) the Airy pattern with Python. By eye it seems that the period at large radii  is about 4.6 pixels in the original image, so if you know the image magnification you could even confirm that the pattern is consistent quantitatively with the wavelength and aperture diameter. I've added a high contrast size-doubled image of each pattern the question as well.  

---

