<p>LORRI will be used in 4x4 mode, which yields 4-arcsec pixels.  The error in positions is unlikely to be better than 1%, or 40 mas, about 200x larger than Gaia's error.  NH has a baseline ~20x larger, but this means it still misses Gaia by ~10x.</p>

<p>The date was selected for New Moon to help Earth observers find the two targets.  There is no Earth analogue for LORRI, but it should be readily matched by amateur rigs.  The project will use professional ~0.5 - 1.0m telescopes to get Earth obs.  Simultaneous Earth obs are not strictly required, but the simultaneous times are offered to conduct the aesthetically purest demonstration of instantaneous parallaxes.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-07T19:49:21.777Z
Awesome. So I guess that NH would have to travel 10 times its current distance, up to 470 AU, to have a baseline that allows for better distance estimates to Proxima Centauri than Gaia? That's insane. I hope one day we can send a few Gaia telescopes to the Kuiper Belt and map the entire Local Group.
Swike
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-07T20:53:23.820Z
The solution here as always been to push on the instrument, itself.  Gaia is an immense leap past previous technology, and Gaia Mark 2 (or some such) would be more likely than simply going for a long baseline,  which  has its own technical/cost issues.  That said, people talk about putting a telescope on an interstellar probe, so who knows?
Tod R. Lauer
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-07T21:10:53.420Z
The point is, that this is a PR/public understanding of science stunt.
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-07T22:50:34.023Z
As I read it, the relative drift between the Sun and Proxima Centauri introduces more error into the measurements than the angular resolution of the instruments we use to measure them.  Taking simultaneous measurements, will greatly reduce that source of uncertainty.
jwdonahue
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-07T23:55:04.583Z
The drift or "proper motion," as you note, is a factor that interferes with parallax measures spanning only  6 months, the time it takes the Earth to get to the other side of the Sun.  But it's constant, easy to measure, and subtract off after a few years of observation.  The parallax is sinusoidal wobble superimposed on a steady drift,
Tod R. Lauer
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-10-02T01:00:07.717Z
"There is no Earth analogue for LORRI..." is that right? Somehow I seem to remember that they'd actually used a prototype, reference, or "spare" LORRI to take a comparable image on Earth at the same time. Such an image might not have been used for analysis, but I think it was possible, so I've just asked [Was a "spare LORRI" camera available to take matching image on Earth the same time New Horizons took the parallax image from the Kuiper belt?](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/46811/12102)
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-07T18:23:58.780Z
2020-02-07T18:23:58.780Z
Tod R. Lauer
<p>The <a href="http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-ref=VIZ5e3c44373798&amp;-out.add=.&amp;-source=I/345/gaia2&amp;-c=217.39346574260%20-62.67618210292,eq=ICRS,rs=2&amp;-out.orig=o" rel="nofollow noreferrer">current best parallax measurement</a> for the nearest star to the Solar System, Proxima Centauri, has been given by the European Space Agency's Gaia mission. This is <span class="math-container">$768.5004\; \pm \; 0.2030 \; mas$</span> (milliarcseconds) as for Gaia Data Release 2. This puts Proxima Centauri at a distance of <span class="math-container">$4.2441 \;\pm\; 0.0011\; ly$</span>. Therefore the uncertainty is so small that the error spans <span class="math-container">$141.8 \; AUs$</span>, which is more or less the size of the orbit of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Dwarf Planet Eris</a>. The precission is staggering, but if we want to send one day a <a href="https://breakthroughinitiatives.org/concept/3" rel="nofollow noreferrer">light-sail mission</a> to this system and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_b" rel="nofollow noreferrer">explore its planets</a> we will need two orders of magnitude greater precission in the distance estimates (to at least start talking on how to aim at the <span class="math-container">$AU$</span> level).</p>

<p>NASA's New Horizons team <a href="http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Learn/Get-Involved.php#Parallax-Program" rel="nofollow noreferrer">has launched an interesting proposal</a> to measure the parallax of Proxima Centauri and Wolf 359 by using the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) onboard of the New Horizons probe. Gaia was made to perform these astrometric measurements with high accuracy (<a href="https://gea.esac.esa.int/archive/documentation/GDR2/Catalogue_consolidation/chap_cu9val_cu9val/sec_cu9val_944/ssec_cu9val_944_wp944astrometry.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">less than a milliarcsecond</a>) and New Horizons was not. But while Gaia has a <span class="math-container">$\sim 2 \; AU$</span> baseline for the parallax measurements, New Horizons is at <span class="math-container">$\sim 47 \; AU$</span> from Earth <a href="http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Mission/Where-is-New-Horizons.php" rel="nofollow noreferrer">(as for the 6th February, 2020</a>). The team wants to get this new measurement for Proxima's parallax on April 22, 2020, using simultaneus observations from Earth and the Kuiper Belt.</p>

<p>I guess that the real baseline for the measurement can't be the entire <span class="math-container">$47\; AU$</span> between the spacecraft and Earth but something less (since the probe is not moving in the plane perpendicular to the Proxima - Earth line), but still <a href="https://www.centauri-dreams.org/2020/02/03/new-horizons-parallax-program-targets-proxima-centauri-wolf-359/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">it will be a huge increase with respect to Gaia's baseline</a>. Still LORRI is not as prepared as Gaia to measure small angles.</p>

<p>So, my question is, How these two things (larger baseline but lower ability to measure small angles for New Horizons) balance out? Will the distance to Proxima Centauri get more accurate with New Horizons parallax program, or is Gaia going to still hold the record for that measurement with its <span class="math-container">$2\; AU$</span> baseline? And if New Horizons gets a more accurate parallax measurement, how large we should expect the error in the distance to be compared to the current <span class="math-container">$141.8 \; AUs$</span> uncertainty measured by Gaia?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-06T20:40:44.763Z
Gaia doesn't have a particularly high angular resolution (compared to the size of a Parallax). I suspect you mean something different, like positional resolution/precision.
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-06T21:33:27.573Z
@RobJeffries I didn't knew those could be different. I've edited the post. I hope is clearer for you now what I'm asking.
Swike
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-06T21:34:32.943Z
You can measure the centroid of a Gaussian to far better precision than the width of the Gaussian.
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-06T23:20:52.200Z
*How cool!* I wonder why they have to wait until April 22, 2020, and why the observations might need to be in any way simultaneous? Are they going to image from Earth's surface with a LORRI clone?
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-06T23:52:33.067Z
Wow, thanks @RobJeffries, I never thought about that. uhoh I think they have to be simultaneous observations to observe pure parallax without the interference of any proper motion from the star. I don't know why the date was selected but it might have to do with moonless nights on Earth and timing of the operations of the probe.
Swike
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-07T23:14:56.753Z
The baseline distance is uncertain due to the motion of the Sun, relative to other nearby stars and their motions.  Taking simultaneous measurements from both corners of the base, greatly reduces that uncertainty.
jwdonahue
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-02-07T23:17:25.100Z
fyi I've just asked [What's next for New Horizons?](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/41307/12102) in Space SE. If it's a dupe or you had other plans I can delete it, but if not, this would be a great answer!
uhoh
<star><distances><parallax><gaia>
Distance to Proxima Centauri (Gaia VS New Horizons parallax program)
Swike
# Distance to Proxima Centauri (Gaia VS New Horizons parallax program)

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-02-06)

The [current best parallax measurement](http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-ref=VIZ5e3c44373798&-out.add=.&-source=I/345/gaia2&-c=217.39346574260%20-62.67618210292,eq=ICRS,rs=2&-out.orig=o) for the nearest star to the Solar System, Proxima Centauri, has been given by the European Space Agency's Gaia mission. This is $768.5004\; \pm \; 0.2030 \; mas$ (milliarcseconds) as for Gaia Data Release 2. This puts Proxima Centauri at a distance of $4.2441 \;\pm\; 0.0011\; ly$. Therefore the uncertainty is so small that the error spans $141.8 \; AUs$, which is more or less the size of the orbit of the [Dwarf Planet Eris](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris_(dwarf_planet)). The precission is staggering, but if we want to send one day a [light-sail mission](https://breakthroughinitiatives.org/concept/3) to this system and [explore its planets](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_b) we will need two orders of magnitude greater precission in the distance estimates (to at least start talking on how to aim at the $AU$ level).

NASA's New Horizons team [has launched an interesting proposal](http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Learn/Get-Involved.php#Parallax-Program) to measure the parallax of Proxima Centauri and Wolf 359 by using the Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) onboard of the New Horizons probe. Gaia was made to perform these astrometric measurements with high accuracy ([less than a milliarcsecond](https://gea.esac.esa.int/archive/documentation/GDR2/Catalogue_consolidation/chap_cu9val_cu9val/sec_cu9val_944/ssec_cu9val_944_wp944astrometry.html)) and New Horizons was not. But while Gaia has a $\sim 2 \; AU$ baseline for the parallax measurements, New Horizons is at $\sim 47 \; AU$ from Earth [(as for the 6th February, 2020](http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Mission/Where-is-New-Horizons.php)). The team wants to get this new measurement for Proxima's parallax on April 22, 2020, using simultaneus observations from Earth and the Kuiper Belt.

I guess that the real baseline for the measurement can't be the entire $47\; AU$ between the spacecraft and Earth but something less (since the probe is not moving in the plane perpendicular to the Proxima - Earth line), but still [it will be a huge increase with respect to Gaia's baseline](https://www.centauri-dreams.org/2020/02/03/new-horizons-parallax-program-targets-proxima-centauri-wolf-359/). Still LORRI is not as prepared as Gaia to measure small angles.

So, my question is, How these two things (larger baseline but lower ability to measure small angles for New Horizons) balance out? Will the distance to Proxima Centauri get more accurate with New Horizons parallax program, or is Gaia going to still hold the record for that measurement with its $2\; AU$ baseline? And if New Horizons gets a more accurate parallax measurement, how large we should expect the error in the distance to be compared to the current $141.8 \; AUs$ uncertainty measured by Gaia?

**Tags:** star, distances, parallax, gaia
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Gaia doesn't have a particularly high angular resolution (compared to the size of a Parallax). I suspect you mean something different, like positional resolution/precision.  
> **username_0**: @RobJeffries I didn't knew those could be different. I've edited the post. I hope is clearer for you now what I'm asking.  
> **username_1**: You can measure the centroid of a Gaussian to far better precision than the width of the Gaussian.  
> **username_2**: *How cool!* I wonder why they have to wait until April 22, 2020, and why the observations might need to be in any way simultaneous? Are they going to image from Earth's surface with a LORRI clone?  
> **username_0**: Wow, thanks @RobJeffries, I never thought about that. uhoh I think they have to be simultaneous observations to observe pure parallax without the interference of any proper motion from the star. I don't know why the date was selected but it might have to do with moonless nights on Earth and timing of the operations of the probe.  
> **username_3**: The baseline distance is uncertain due to the motion of the Sun, relative to other nearby stars and their motions.  Taking simultaneous measurements from both corners of the base, greatly reduces that uncertainty.  
> **username_2**: fyi I've just asked [What's next for New Horizons?](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/41307/12102) in Space SE. If it's a dupe or you had other plans I can delete it, but if not, this would be a great answer!  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_4 on 2020-02-07. Score: 3 | Accepted answer

LORRI will be used in 4x4 mode, which yields 4-arcsec pixels. The error in positions is unlikely to be better than 1%, or 40 mas, about 200x larger than Gaia's error. NH has a baseline ~20x larger, but this means it still misses Gaia by ~10x.

The date was selected for New Moon to help Earth observers find the two targets. There is no Earth analogue for LORRI, but it should be readily matched by amateur rigs. The project will use professional ~0.5 - 1.0m telescopes to get Earth obs. Simultaneous Earth obs are not strictly required, but the simultaneous times are offered to conduct the aesthetically purest demonstration of instantaneous parallaxes.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Awesome. So I guess that NH would have to travel 10 times its current distance, up to 470 AU, to have a baseline that allows for better distance estimates to Proxima Centauri than Gaia? That's insane. I hope one day we can send a few Gaia telescopes to the Kuiper Belt and map the entire Local Group.  
> **username_4**: The solution here as always been to push on the instrument, itself.  Gaia is an immense leap past previous technology, and Gaia Mark 2 (or some such) would be more likely than simply going for a long baseline,  which  has its own technical/cost issues.  That said, people talk about putting a telescope on an interstellar probe, so who knows?  
> **username_1**: The point is, that this is a PR/public understanding of science stunt.  
> **username_3**: As I read it, the relative drift between the Sun and Proxima Centauri introduces more error into the measurements than the angular resolution of the instruments we use to measure them.  Taking simultaneous measurements, will greatly reduce that source of uncertainty.  
> **username_4**: The drift or "proper motion," as you note, is a factor that interferes with parallax measures spanning only  6 months, the time it takes the Earth to get to the other side of the Sun.  But it's constant, easy to measure, and subtract off after a few years of observation.  The parallax is sinusoidal wobble superimposed on a steady drift,  
> **username_2**: "There is no Earth analogue for LORRI..." is that right? Somehow I seem to remember that they'd actually used a prototype, reference, or "spare" LORRI to take a comparable image on Earth at the same time. Such an image might not have been used for analysis, but I think it was possible, so I've just asked [Was a "spare LORRI" camera available to take matching image on Earth the same time New Horizons took the parallax image from the Kuiper belt?](https://space.stackexchange.com/q/46811/12102)  

---

