<p>I'm familiar enough with the 20m that I can at least answer the instrumental part of your question -- what the graphs are displaying.</p>
<p><a href="https://www.gb.nrao.edu/20m/index.htm" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Since about 2014</a>, the 20m has had an L-band receiver, with a wideband linear feed: it samples two linearly polarized components of the signal, which are perpendicular to one another. We can label those two polarizations in whatever way we want; here, one is designated &quot;XX&quot; and the other is designated &quot;YY&quot;. Since in HIRES mode you're observing at two different frequencies (&quot;1&quot; and &quot;2&quot;), the plot of &quot;XX1&quot; gives the intensity of the XX polarization at frequency 1 (~1420 MHz). The plot of &quot;YY1&quot; gives the intensity of the YY polarization at frequency 1, and the pattern continues for the measurements at frequency 2 (~1670 MHz). (For comparison, LOWRES mode only has one central frequency, and so there are only two frequency-polarization pairs; for more information, see <a href="https://www.gb.nrao.edu/20m/textexplanation.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this page</a>.)</p>
<p>&quot;T<sub>sys</sub>&quot; refers to the system temperature, which is a combination of noise from the receiver, the sky, the ground, the atmosphere, the electronics, etc. I'm not an expert on the particular contributions, but it should make sense that at different frequencies or polarizations, some of these effects should change, causing slightly different system temperatures, which is what we do see.</p>
<p>I'm not sure what's up with the second, smaller peak, but I'm reasonably certain it's not due to the expansion of the nebula. As a very quick sanity check, you can find the difference in frequency between the peaks by <a href="https://www.gb.nrao.edu/20m/peak/CRAB_NEBULA/Skynet_60122_crab_nebula_99790_48690.A.spect.cal.txt" rel="nofollow noreferrer">looking at the calibrated spectral data from your observation</a>. We see that the taller peak is at 1420.36621 MHz and the smaller peak is at 1419.98474 MHz. That's a frequency difference of <span class="math-container">$\Delta\nu=0.381\;\mathrm{MHz}$</span>; converting it to a velocity difference gives
<span class="math-container">$$\Delta v=\frac{\Delta\nu}{\nu}c=\frac{0.381\;\mathrm{MHz}}{1420.3661\;\mathrm{MHz}}c\approx80.5\;\mathrm{km/s}$$</span>
For comparison, the Crab Nebula expands <a href="https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap180104.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">at something like ~1000 km/s</a>. Granted, most of the ejecta is not moving directly towards or away from Earth, but I still wouldn't expect to see a sharp peak like that. It does, though, appear in other 20m Crab observations in HIRES track mode, like <a href="https://www.gb.nrao.edu/20m/peak/CRAB_NEBULA/Skynet_60126_crab_nebula_99878_48775.htm" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this one</a>, but not Crab observations in daisy mode (HIRES or LOWRES). I may be missing something extremely obvious.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-07-12T03:36:27.587Z
2023-07-12T03:36:27.587Z
HDE 226868
<p>I am a high school student who is into radio astronomy, and I have the opportunity to use Green Bank’s 20m radio telescope for a practice research project. I would like to use my observations to very roughly estimate the date of the supernova explosion. First, I did a spectrum scan of the remnant so I could find its expansion rate using the Doppler effect. I got back my first scan, but I have some questions regarding the results.<br />
<a href="https://i.sstatic.net/dqY4t.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/dqY4t.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a>
<a href="https://i.sstatic.net/QQNnK.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/QQNnK.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>I am wondering what the difference is between the red and the green lines, as I don't know what is meant by XX1 Tsys136.25 and YY1 Tsys113.80. I was also expecting two peaks in the data due to the doppler effect and the supernova remnant’s orientation to the observer, but I’m uncertain if this is what the results show (Shouldn't the curves represent separate parts of the nebula?). I've included the parameters and values that I used for the observation below.</p>
<p>The scans were very consistent with one another.</p>
<p>Thank you for your help!</p>

<amateur-observing><supernova><radio-telescope><doppler-effect>
Measuring Expansion Rate of Crab Nebula with Radio Spectrum Scan
Myra
# Measuring Expansion Rate of Crab Nebula with Radio Spectrum Scan

(Asked by: username_0 on 2023-07-11)

I am a high school student who is into radio astronomy, and I have the opportunity to use Green Bank’s 20m radio telescope for a practice research project. I would like to use my observations to very roughly estimate the date of the supernova explosion. First, I did a spectrum scan of the remnant so I could find its expansion rate using the Doppler effect. I got back my first scan, but I have some questions regarding the results.  
[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/dqY4t.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/dqY4t.png)
[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/QQNnK.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/QQNnK.png)

I am wondering what the difference is between the red and the green lines, as I don't know what is meant by XX1 Tsys136.25 and YY1 Tsys113.80. I was also expecting two peaks in the data due to the doppler effect and the supernova remnant’s orientation to the observer, but I’m uncertain if this is what the results show (Shouldn't the curves represent separate parts of the nebula?). I've included the parameters and values that I used for the observation below.

The scans were very consistent with one another.

Thank you for your help!

**Tags:** amateur-observing, supernova, radio-telescope, doppler-effect

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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2023-07-12. Score: 2

I'm familiar enough with the 20m that I can at least answer the instrumental part of your question -- what the graphs are displaying.

[Since about 2014](https://www.gb.nrao.edu/20m/index.htm), the 20m has had an L-band receiver, with a wideband linear feed: it samples two linearly polarized components of the signal, which are perpendicular to one another. We can label those two polarizations in whatever way we want; here, one is designated "XX" and the other is designated "YY". Since in HIRES mode you're observing at two different frequencies ("1" and "2"), the plot of "XX1" gives the intensity of the XX polarization at frequency 1 (~1420 MHz). The plot of "YY1" gives the intensity of the YY polarization at frequency 1, and the pattern continues for the measurements at frequency 2 (~1670 MHz). (For comparison, LOWRES mode only has one central frequency, and so there are only two frequency-polarization pairs; for more information, see [this page](https://www.gb.nrao.edu/20m/textexplanation.html).)

"Tsys" refers to the system temperature, which is a combination of noise from the receiver, the sky, the ground, the atmosphere, the electronics, etc. I'm not an expert on the particular contributions, but it should make sense that at different frequencies or polarizations, some of these effects should change, causing slightly different system temperatures, which is what we do see.

I'm not sure what's up with the second, smaller peak, but I'm reasonably certain it's not due to the expansion of the nebula. As a very quick sanity check, you can find the difference in frequency between the peaks by [looking at the calibrated spectral data from your observation](https://www.gb.nrao.edu/20m/peak/CRAB_NEBULA/Skynet_60122_crab_nebula_99790_48690.A.spect.cal.txt). We see that the taller peak is at 1420.36621 MHz and the smaller peak is at 1419.98474 MHz. That's a frequency difference of $\Delta\nu=0.381\;\mathrm{MHz}$; converting it to a velocity difference gives
$$\Delta v=\frac{\Delta\nu}{\nu}c=\frac{0.381\;\mathrm{MHz}}{1420.3661\;\mathrm{MHz}}c\approx80.5\;\mathrm{km/s}$$
For comparison, the Crab Nebula expands [at something like ~1000 km/s](https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap180104.html). Granted, most of the ejecta is not moving directly towards or away from Earth, but I still wouldn't expect to see a sharp peak like that. It does, though, appear in other 20m Crab observations in HIRES track mode, like [this one](https://www.gb.nrao.edu/20m/peak/CRAB_NEBULA/Skynet_60126_crab_nebula_99878_48775.htm), but not Crab observations in daisy mode (HIRES or LOWRES). I may be missing something extremely obvious.


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