<p>Yes, what you are proposing is essentially the accretion of dwarf galaxies/globular clusters onto larger bound objects. As the gravitationally bound cluster falls towards the more massive object, it will become tidally stripped. These stars will begin to phase mix until they approach equilibrium in the new potential, where they will have larger kinetic energy than they did before.</p>
<p>Here's a rough treatment of this: Start with the cluster in isolation, and assume virial equilibrium. That is, <span class="math-container">\begin{equation} E_{tot,i} = K_{i} + U_{i} = -2K_{i}. \end{equation}</span> If you embed the cluster in the new potential of the larger dark matter halo, then its total energy is now <span class="math-container">\begin{equation} E_{tot,f} = K_{i} + U_{i} + K_{cluster} + U_{cluster},\end{equation}</span> i.e. you have to add in the kinetic energy of the cluster with respect to the center of momentum of the dark matter halo (<span class="math-container">$K_{cluster}$</span>), and the potential energy that the cluster has in the dark matter halo (<span class="math-container">$U_{cluster}$</span>).</p>
<p>We dynamicists like to think that everything eventually trends towards virial equilibrium, so as the cluster tidally strips and becomes unbound, this total energy will eventually become <span class="math-container">\begin{equation} E_{tot,f} = K_{f} + U_{f} = -2K_{f}.\end{equation}</span> We can set the second and third equations equal to each other; <span class="math-container">\begin{equation} (K_{i} + U_{i}) + K_{cluster} + U_{cluster} = K_{f} + U_{f} \end{equation}</span><span class="math-container">\begin{equation} -2 K_i + K_{cluster} + U_{cluster} = -2K_f \end{equation}</span><span class="math-container">\begin{equation} 2 (K_f - K_i) = - (K_{cluster} + U_{cluster})\end{equation}</span></p>
<p>Since the problem assumes that the cluster becomes embedded in the dark matter halo, or in other words it is gravitationally bound to the dark matter halo, then <span class="math-container">$U_{cluster} &lt; -K_{cluster},$</span> so <span class="math-container">$- (K_{cluster} + U_{cluster})$</span> is positive. This means that <span class="math-container">$2 (K_f - K_i)&gt; 0$</span>, so there is a net heating of the particles in the cluster in order to reach the new equilibrium distribution.</p>
<p>This is (in general) our understanding of how stellar halos form around galaxies.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2023-10-23T17:41:12.797Z
2023-10-23T18:58:25.827Z
2023-10-23T18:58:25.827Z
Tom Donlon
<p>This question is inspired by <a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/a/55069/7982">ProfRob's inspiring answer to <em>Are there really confined Globular Clusters?</em></a> in which he invokes the concept of &quot;virialization&quot; where a dynamical system reaches the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virial_theorem" rel="nofollow noreferrer">virial theorem</a>'s limit of <span class="math-container">$2T_{mean} = -V_{mean}$</span>; twice the average kinetic energy of the stars will (eventually) equal (minus) the average gravitational potential energy.</p>
<p>Suppose that in a gedanken-friendly part of the universe a &quot;virialized&quot; cluster of stars falls into a much larger blob of dark matter. As it descends towards the center, the total gravitational potential energy of the stars decreases further.</p>
<p>In addition to their center of mass accelerating as they go (conservation laws dictate that the blob of dark matter will need to accelerate in the opposite direction as well):</p>
<ul>
<li>Will they also get &quot;hotter&quot;?</li>
<li>Will that cause it to expand?</li>
<li>Will the decrease in potential energy lead to an increased average kinetic energy <em>in the frame moving with the center of mass of the cluster of stars?</em></li>
</ul>
<p>I haven't constrained the size and density distribution of the blob of dark matter - is there some way to determine if virialization happens fast enough in some cases that it significantly reduces the kinetic energy of the cluster's center of mass so that it slows down and turns around before exiting?</p>
<p>Basically can it convert enough center-of-mass kinetic energy to thermal energy to stay inside and eventually settle down near the center of the dark matter blob?</p>

<astrophysics><dark-matter><star-cluster><stellar-dynamics><thermodynamics>
If a cluster of stars in dynamical equilibrium falls into a much larger blob of dark matter, will it get hotter and expand? Will it stop?
uhoh
# If a cluster of stars in dynamical equilibrium falls into a much larger blob of dark matter, will it get hotter and expand? Will it stop?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2023-10-22)

This question is inspired by [ProfRob's inspiring answer to *Are there really confined Globular Clusters?*](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/a/55069/7982) in which he invokes the concept of "virialization" where a dynamical system reaches the [virial theorem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virial_theorem)'s limit of $2T\_{mean} = -V\_{mean}$; twice the average kinetic energy of the stars will (eventually) equal (minus) the average gravitational potential energy.

Suppose that in a gedanken-friendly part of the universe a "virialized" cluster of stars falls into a much larger blob of dark matter. As it descends towards the center, the total gravitational potential energy of the stars decreases further.

In addition to their center of mass accelerating as they go (conservation laws dictate that the blob of dark matter will need to accelerate in the opposite direction as well):

* Will they also get "hotter"?
* Will that cause it to expand?
* Will the decrease in potential energy lead to an increased average kinetic energy *in the frame moving with the center of mass of the cluster of stars?*

I haven't constrained the size and density distribution of the blob of dark matter - is there some way to determine if virialization happens fast enough in some cases that it significantly reduces the kinetic energy of the cluster's center of mass so that it slows down and turns around before exiting?

Basically can it convert enough center-of-mass kinetic energy to thermal energy to stay inside and eventually settle down near the center of the dark matter blob?

**Tags:** astrophysics, dark-matter, star-cluster, stellar-dynamics, thermodynamics

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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2023-10-23. Score: 4

Yes, what you are proposing is essentially the accretion of dwarf galaxies/globular clusters onto larger bound objects. As the gravitationally bound cluster falls towards the more massive object, it will become tidally stripped. These stars will begin to phase mix until they approach equilibrium in the new potential, where they will have larger kinetic energy than they did before.

Here's a rough treatment of this: Start with the cluster in isolation, and assume virial equilibrium. That is, \begin{equation} E\_{tot,i} = K\_{i} + U\_{i} = -2K\_{i}. \end{equation} If you embed the cluster in the new potential of the larger dark matter halo, then its total energy is now \begin{equation} E\_{tot,f} = K\_{i} + U\_{i} + K\_{cluster} + U\_{cluster},\end{equation} i.e. you have to add in the kinetic energy of the cluster with respect to the center of momentum of the dark matter halo ($K\_{cluster}$), and the potential energy that the cluster has in the dark matter halo ($U\_{cluster}$).

We dynamicists like to think that everything eventually trends towards virial equilibrium, so as the cluster tidally strips and becomes unbound, this total energy will eventually become \begin{equation} E\_{tot,f} = K\_{f} + U\_{f} = -2K\_{f}.\end{equation} We can set the second and third equations equal to each other; \begin{equation} (K\_{i} + U\_{i}) + K\_{cluster} + U\_{cluster} = K\_{f} + U\_{f} \end{equation}\begin{equation} -2 K\_i + K\_{cluster} + U\_{cluster} = -2K\_f \end{equation}\begin{equation} 2 (K\_f - K\_i) = - (K\_{cluster} + U\_{cluster})\end{equation}

Since the problem assumes that the cluster becomes embedded in the dark matter halo, or in other words it is gravitationally bound to the dark matter halo, then $U\_{cluster} < -K\_{cluster},$ so $- (K\_{cluster} + U\_{cluster})$ is positive. This means that $2 (K\_f - K\_i)> 0$, so there is a net heating of the particles in the cluster in order to reach the new equilibrium distribution.

This is (in general) our understanding of how stellar halos form around galaxies.


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