<p>This is probably easiest to grasp by using some planetarium software (like <a href="https://stellarium.org/" rel="noreferrer">Stellarium</a>), and turn on the equatorial grid as in the images below (note the map distortion makes the &quot;circles&quot; distorted, so it is better to use an interactive map you can move around and explore yourself).  You'll see that it is only the celestial equator which intersects the horizon directly at the East and West points.  Any circle of declination above <span class="math-container">$ 0^\circ $</span> will go past West and intersect the horizon North of the West point.  Similarly, any declination circle below <span class="math-container">$ 0^\circ $</span> will intersect the horizon South of the West point.  So, the Sun will only set directly West when its declination is <span class="math-container">$ 0^\circ $</span> (the equinoxes), will set North of that when it's declination is above <span class="math-container">$ 0^\circ $</span>, and South of that when its below <span class="math-container">$ 0^\circ $</span>.</p>
<p>Near Vernal Equinox
<a href="https://i.sstatic.net/q4Ffk.jpg" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/q4Ffk.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a>
Near Summer Solstice (Northern hemisphere)
<a href="https://i.sstatic.net/IO2zZ.jpg" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/IO2zZ.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a>
Near Winter Solstice (Northern hemisphere)
<a href="https://i.sstatic.net/9gKcF.jpg" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/9gKcF.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>To take things a step further.  If you look directly North, you'll see some declination circles don't intersect the horizon at all.  As you move further North in latitude, the center of all of the circles gets higher and higher, and fewer declination circles will intersect the horizon.  Eventually, you'll get to a point where the Sun would be directly on the Northern horizon on the summer solstice, and for anyplace North of this, the Sun will never set that day.  If you were to go all the way to the North pole, the Sun won't set until the Sun goes below <span class="math-container">$ 0^\circ $</span> declination.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/evg4x.jpg" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/evg4x.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-03-20T13:28:01.653Z
2024-03-20T13:28:01.653Z
Greg Miller
<p>This should be fairly easy to understand from the following pictures. The sun is directly to the right in each one and the earth's orientation matches what it would be for the northern hemisphere summer solstice, autumnal equinox, winter solstice, and vernal equinox respectively. The grid lines help indicate which way is east/west (the lines of latitude) and which way is north/south (the meridians).</p>
<p>You can see in the northern summer, all the points along the red line where sunrise is occurring their local east direction is pointing towards the bottom of the image, so the sun will appear north of east. The amount north of east differs because the local east vector is also pointing varying amounts into or out of the image depending on latitude. Along the arctic circle (at the very top), the local east vector is pointing straight out of the image, so sunrise is effectively directly to the north.</p>
<h1>Northern Summer Solstice</h1>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/k5KZ8.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/k5KZ8.png" alt="Northern summer solstice" /></a></p>
<p>The equinoxes mark the point where the sun will rise directly in the east as you can see below. All the local east directions are pointed directly at the sun. This happens at both equinoxes. So for half the year (between each equinox), the sun will rise in the northeast (and set in the northwest), reaching its extremes at the solstices.</p>
<h1>Northern Autumnal Equinox</h1>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/3eP17.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/3eP17.png" alt="Northern autumnal equinox" /></a></p>
<h1>Northern Winter Solstice</h1>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/GCe1j.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/GCe1j.png" alt="Northern winter solstice" /></a></p>
<h1>Northern Vernal Equinox</h1>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/26r4h.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/26r4h.png" alt="Northern vernal equinox" /></a></p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-03-22T05:47:04.517Z
2024-03-22T05:47:04.517Z
Kyle
<p>This can be proven mathematically fairly easily, at least on a sphere and neglecting refraction. The algorithm can also be followed in Google Earth Pro with the &quot;circle ruler&quot; tool.</p>
<p>Let us denote your location <span class="math-container">$Y$</span> (without loss of generality we assume it is in the northern hemisphere). Then we define the subsolar point <span class="math-container">$S$</span>, the point on the surface of the Earth where the Sun is directly overhead. This is obviously unique at any moment in time and its latitude is equal to the current solar declination <span class="math-container">$\delta$</span>. We only need to show that the direction towards the subsolar point is north of east for any sunrise in summer and south of east for any sunrise in winter.</p>
<p>You can see the Sun rising or setting if and only if the subsolar point is exactly 90° away, or about 10000 km on the surface. This set of points is, by definition, a great circle, and we'll call it <span class="math-container">$g$</span>.</p>
<p>Unless you are at one of the poles, <span class="math-container">$g$</span> intersects the equator at two distinct points, and they must be antipodes (exactly on the opposite sides of the Earth). We'll name them <span class="math-container">$A$</span> and <span class="math-container">$B$</span>, with <span class="math-container">$A$</span> being the one to the east and <span class="math-container">$B$</span> to the west.</p>
<p>Now draw a plane <span class="math-container">$ABY$</span> through these two points and your location. The angle between the equatorial plane and the plane <span class="math-container">$ABY$</span> is equal to your geographic latitude, and your location is the northernmost point of its intersection with the surface. Therefore, your line of sight <span class="math-container">$\vec{YA}$</span> points exactly east and <span class="math-container">$\vec{YB}$</span> points exactly west.</p>
<p>Finally, as we have shown, for any sunrise at any time of the year, the subsolar point must lie on circle <span class="math-container">$g$</span>, and its latitude must be <span class="math-container">$\delta$</span>. So if</p>
<ul>
<li><span class="math-container">$\delta &gt; 0$</span> (northern spring or summer), the subsolar point is in the northern hemisphere, and you see the rising Sun left of <span class="math-container">$A$</span>, or further north than east, and its azimuth is <span class="math-container">$&lt; 90°$</span>,</li>
<li>and if <span class="math-container">$\delta &lt; 0$</span> (northern autumn or winter), the subsolar point is in the southern hemisphere, and the rising Sun is right of <span class="math-container">$A$</span>, or further south than east, and its azimuth is <span class="math-container">$&gt; 90°$</span>.</li>
</ul>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/8DgbX.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/8DgbX.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a>
The whole situation depicted for a random place <span class="math-container">$Y$</span> (Warsaw to be honest). Green line <span class="math-container">$\vec{YA}$</span> points directly east, the direction of sunrise on equinox. The orange one points to the northernmost sunrise (<span class="math-container">$\delta = +\varepsilon \approx 23.44$</span>, at summer solstice) and the blue one to the southernmost one (<span class="math-container">$\delta = -\varepsilon \approx -23.44°$</span>, at winter solstice).</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-03-21T10:30:21.137Z
2024-03-22T10:38:03.240Z
2024-03-22T10:38:03.240Z
Martin 'Kvík' Baláž
<p>You cam see what's happening by using Google Maps. Zoom out until you see a lot of the world. Pick a point (left click) then right click and select measure distance. Right click somewhere on the equator, then drag that point along the equator until the distance from the original point is 6225 miles, a quarter of the Earth's circumference. That point will be the geographical position of sunrise or sunset as seen from the original point, on the equinoxes. You'll notice that the line isn't straight. Then change to globe view and center the display on the midpoint of the distance measuring straight line. Zoom in on the initial point in either view: The measuring line will be at right angles to the meridian.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-03-20T19:26:28.103Z
Note that Google Maps uses the [Web Mercator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Mercator_projection) projection, which has some slightly odd properties. In particular, it's non-conformal, so it can distort angles slightly, unlike the true Mercator. But I guess it's adequate for your demo.
PM 2Ring
CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-03-20T20:56:21.927Z
I'm not following how this explains why the sun rises in a northeasterly direction for 6 months of the year. At best, it loses the forest for the trees. At worst, it fails to addressing the core issue completely.
R.M.
CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-03-21T12:47:15.807Z
The core issue is that the azimuth of sunrise and sunset is counterintuitive, since you know the Sun's  geographical positionfor for most north latitudes is always south of the observer. The crossovers, when  geographical position and declination change from north to south or south to north is on the equinoxes, when the 6 month periods begin.   I'm sure OP knows that.
stretch
CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-03-20T15:24:52.447Z
2024-03-20T15:24:52.447Z
stretch
<p>The apparent position of the sun at sunrise (or sunset) is perpendicular to the terminator. I'm sure you've seen one of those <a href="https://demonstrations.wolfram.com/DayAndNightWorldClock/" rel="noreferrer">world maps that shows the day/night areas</a>
over time and the seasons. On the morning of an equinox, the terminators are vertical (following lines of longitude) and the sun rises due east for everyone, regardless of latitude.</p>
<p>As the sun passes north of the equator, everyone sees it as being in the northeast by some amount at sunrise and northwest at sunset.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-03-21T04:00:24.950Z
2024-03-21T12:35:23.623Z
2024-03-21T12:35:23.623Z
Dave Tweed
<p>As per title, I'm having trouble understanding how it's possible for a person at 45°N to see the Sun rising in a northeasterly direction for 6 months of the year. Even during the summer solstice, the Sun is circling the Tropic of Cancer which is well south of 45°N, so how come it is seen rising north of 45°N?</p>
<p>[PS: I do understand that this is the case, I'm just not understanding why]</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-03-23T15:00:50.820Z
You need to stop thinking about the Earth's tropic of Cancer, which is South of you, and think about the Sky tropic of Cancer, which is partially North of you - it intersect the horizon North of you, wherever on Earth you are.
Pere
CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-03-24T16:09:14.323Z
@Pere thank you, I think this makes a lot of sense now
Adrien Hingert
CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-03-24T19:08:04.077Z
@Pere if you add it as an answer I'll mark it as accepted
Adrien Hingert
CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-03-20T12:55:43.423Z
There was a very similar question a few days ago: https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/57148/what-is-the-distance-between-sunrise-and-sunset-along-a-parallel-of-latitude-for Does that answer your question?
planetmaker
CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-03-20T13:03:00.387Z
@planetmaker, thank you, but not really. The question you link calculates the position of the Sun at sunrise. It does not explain why this is seen north of my position even when it's rotating on a great circle south of me
Adrien Hingert
CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-03-20T13:03:08.053Z
(I know the answer is rather on the mathematical side than on the illustrative... which is my understanding you are asking rather for). However the answer calculates the sunrise position - and the position is what you ask about, don't you? Mind though that it's not the Sun which rotates on a Southerly great circle, but it's Earth rotating around a tilted axis against its orbital plane.
planetmaker
CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-03-20T13:10:09.477Z
The question/answer is why does the 23.5 degree declination circle intersect the horizon in the northeast. It's hard to answer without math.
JohnHoltz
CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-03-20T13:23:00.567Z
Thank you. Let me think about it
Adrien Hingert
CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-03-21T10:55:43.733Z
see also [Why am I seeing the sun slightly north instead of slightly south early in the morning in Malta?](https://outdoors.stackexchange.com/q/27209/2529) on Outdoors.SE for some more descriptive answers
Chris H
CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-03-21T13:46:03.827Z
Intuitively, picture yourself on the Arctic Circle during the summer solstice.  The sun would appear to circumnavigate you completely, just touching the horizon due north of you at midnight.  As you move south, the sun is occluded more during midnight, but still passes directly north of you.
Cristobol Polychronopolis
CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-03-21T23:50:04.530Z
In the northern summer half (- one day) the sun **always** rises somewhere in the NE-quadrant of the horizon, **everywhere** - provided _he_ rises at all. _He_ has either a long way to go or a short one. In the southern summer it's the SE-quadrant.
klanomath
CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-03-22T12:45:37.223Z
https://drajmarsh.bitbucket.io/sunpath2d.html migh help. As mentioned by klanomath, it's the case basically everywhere on Earth.
Eric Duminil
CC BY-SA 4.0
2024-03-22T19:02:40.970Z
A diagram like the one at the [bottom of this page](https://physics.weber.edu/schroeder/ua/sunandseasons.html) might help.
Michael Seifert
<the-sun><sunrise>
At 45°N, how come the Sun rises in a northeasterly direction?
Adrien Hingert
# At 45°N, how come the Sun rises in a northeasterly direction?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2024-03-20)

As per title, I'm having trouble understanding how it's possible for a person at 45°N to see the Sun rising in a northeasterly direction for 6 months of the year. Even during the summer solstice, the Sun is circling the Tropic of Cancer which is well south of 45°N, so how come it is seen rising north of 45°N?

[PS: I do understand that this is the case, I'm just not understanding why]

**Tags:** the-sun, sunrise
> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: There was a very similar question a few days ago: https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/57148/what-is-the-distance-between-sunrise-and-sunset-along-a-parallel-of-latitude-for Does that answer your question?  
> **username_0**: @planetmaker, thank you, but not really. The question you link calculates the position of the Sun at sunrise. It does not explain why this is seen north of my position even when it's rotating on a great circle south of me  
> **username_2**: (I know the answer is rather on the mathematical side than on the illustrative... which is my understanding you are asking rather for). However the answer calculates the sunrise position - and the position is what you ask about, don't you? Mind though that it's not the Sun which rotates on a Southerly great circle, but it's Earth rotating around a tilted axis against its orbital plane.  
> **username_3**: The question/answer is why does the 23.5 degree declination circle intersect the horizon in the northeast. It's hard to answer without math.  
> **username_0**: Thank you. Let me think about it  
> **username_4**: see also [Why am I seeing the sun slightly north instead of slightly south early in the morning in Malta?](https://outdoors.stackexchange.com/q/27209/2529) on Outdoors.SE for some more descriptive answers  
> **username_5**: Intuitively, picture yourself on the Arctic Circle during the summer solstice.  The sun would appear to circumnavigate you completely, just touching the horizon due north of you at midnight.  As you move south, the sun is occluded more during midnight, but still passes directly north of you.  
> **username_6**: In the northern summer half (- one day) the sun **always** rises somewhere in the NE-quadrant of the horizon, **everywhere** - provided _he_ rises at all. _He_ has either a long way to go or a short one. In the southern summer it's the SE-quadrant.  
> **username_7**: https://drajmarsh.bitbucket.io/sunpath2d.html migh help. As mentioned by klanomath, it's the case basically everywhere on Earth.  
> **username_8**: A diagram like the one at the [bottom of this page](https://physics.weber.edu/schroeder/ua/sunandseasons.html) might help.  
> **username_1**: You need to stop thinking about the Earth's tropic of Cancer, which is South of you, and think about the Sky tropic of Cancer, which is partially North of you - it intersect the horizon North of you, wherever on Earth you are.  
> **username_0**: @Pere thank you, I think this makes a lot of sense now  
> **username_0**: @Pere if you add it as an answer I'll mark it as accepted  

---

## 5 answers

### Answer by username_9 on 2024-03-20. Score: 13

This is probably easiest to grasp by using some planetarium software (like [Stellarium](https://stellarium.org/)), and turn on the equatorial grid as in the images below (note the map distortion makes the "circles" distorted, so it is better to use an interactive map you can move around and explore yourself). You'll see that it is only the celestial equator which intersects the horizon directly at the East and West points. Any circle of declination above $ 0^\circ $ will go past West and intersect the horizon North of the West point. Similarly, any declination circle below $ 0^\circ $ will intersect the horizon South of the West point. So, the Sun will only set directly West when its declination is $ 0^\circ $ (the equinoxes), will set North of that when it's declination is above $ 0^\circ $, and South of that when its below $ 0^\circ $.

Near Vernal Equinox
[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/q4Ffk.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/q4Ffk.jpg)
Near Summer Solstice (Northern hemisphere)
[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/IO2zZ.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/IO2zZ.jpg)
Near Winter Solstice (Northern hemisphere)
[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/9gKcF.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/9gKcF.jpg)

To take things a step further. If you look directly North, you'll see some declination circles don't intersect the horizon at all. As you move further North in latitude, the center of all of the circles gets higher and higher, and fewer declination circles will intersect the horizon. Eventually, you'll get to a point where the Sun would be directly on the Northern horizon on the summer solstice, and for anyplace North of this, the Sun will never set that day. If you were to go all the way to the North pole, the Sun won't set until the Sun goes below $ 0^\circ $ declination.

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/evg4x.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/evg4x.jpg)


---

### Answer by username_10 on 2024-03-22. Score: 6

This should be fairly easy to understand from the following pictures. The sun is directly to the right in each one and the earth's orientation matches what it would be for the northern hemisphere summer solstice, autumnal equinox, winter solstice, and vernal equinox respectively. The grid lines help indicate which way is east/west (the lines of latitude) and which way is north/south (the meridians).

You can see in the northern summer, all the points along the red line where sunrise is occurring their local east direction is pointing towards the bottom of the image, so the sun will appear north of east. The amount north of east differs because the local east vector is also pointing varying amounts into or out of the image depending on latitude. Along the arctic circle (at the very top), the local east vector is pointing straight out of the image, so sunrise is effectively directly to the north.

# Northern Summer Solstice

[![Northern summer solstice](https://i.sstatic.net/k5KZ8.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/k5KZ8.png)

The equinoxes mark the point where the sun will rise directly in the east as you can see below. All the local east directions are pointed directly at the sun. This happens at both equinoxes. So for half the year (between each equinox), the sun will rise in the northeast (and set in the northwest), reaching its extremes at the solstices.

# Northern Autumnal Equinox

[![Northern autumnal equinox](https://i.sstatic.net/3eP17.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/3eP17.png)

# Northern Winter Solstice

[![Northern winter solstice](https://i.sstatic.net/GCe1j.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/GCe1j.png)

# Northern Vernal Equinox

[![Northern vernal equinox](https://i.sstatic.net/26r4h.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/26r4h.png)


---

### Answer by username_11 on 2024-03-21. Score: 6

This can be proven mathematically fairly easily, at least on a sphere and neglecting refraction. The algorithm can also be followed in Google Earth Pro with the "circle ruler" tool.

Let us denote your location $Y$ (without loss of generality we assume it is in the northern hemisphere). Then we define the subsolar point $S$, the point on the surface of the Earth where the Sun is directly overhead. This is obviously unique at any moment in time and its latitude is equal to the current solar declination $\delta$. We only need to show that the direction towards the subsolar point is north of east for any sunrise in summer and south of east for any sunrise in winter.

You can see the Sun rising or setting if and only if the subsolar point is exactly 90° away, or about 10000 km on the surface. This set of points is, by definition, a great circle, and we'll call it $g$.

Unless you are at one of the poles, $g$ intersects the equator at two distinct points, and they must be antipodes (exactly on the opposite sides of the Earth). We'll name them $A$ and $B$, with $A$ being the one to the east and $B$ to the west.

Now draw a plane $ABY$ through these two points and your location. The angle between the equatorial plane and the plane $ABY$ is equal to your geographic latitude, and your location is the northernmost point of its intersection with the surface. Therefore, your line of sight $\vec{YA}$ points exactly east and $\vec{YB}$ points exactly west.

Finally, as we have shown, for any sunrise at any time of the year, the subsolar point must lie on circle $g$, and its latitude must be $\delta$. So if

* $\delta > 0$ (northern spring or summer), the subsolar point is in the northern hemisphere, and you see the rising Sun left of $A$, or further north than east, and its azimuth is $< 90°$,
* and if $\delta < 0$ (northern autumn or winter), the subsolar point is in the southern hemisphere, and the rising Sun is right of $A$, or further south than east, and its azimuth is $> 90°$.

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/8DgbX.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/8DgbX.jpg)
The whole situation depicted for a random place $Y$ (Warsaw to be honest). Green line $\vec{YA}$ points directly east, the direction of sunrise on equinox. The orange one points to the northernmost sunrise ($\delta = +\varepsilon \approx 23.44$, at summer solstice) and the blue one to the southernmost one ($\delta = -\varepsilon \approx -23.44°$, at winter solstice).


---

### Answer by username_12 on 2024-03-20. Score: 5

You cam see what's happening by using Google Maps. Zoom out until you see a lot of the world. Pick a point (left click) then right click and select measure distance. Right click somewhere on the equator, then drag that point along the equator until the distance from the original point is 6225 miles, a quarter of the Earth's circumference. That point will be the geographical position of sunrise or sunset as seen from the original point, on the equinoxes. You'll notice that the line isn't straight. Then change to globe view and center the display on the midpoint of the distance measuring straight line. Zoom in on the initial point in either view: The measuring line will be at right angles to the meridian.

> **Comments:**
> **username_13**: Note that Google Maps uses the [Web Mercator](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Mercator_projection) projection, which has some slightly odd properties. In particular, it's non-conformal, so it can distort angles slightly, unlike the true Mercator. But I guess it's adequate for your demo.  
> **username_14**: I'm not following how this explains why the sun rises in a northeasterly direction for 6 months of the year. At best, it loses the forest for the trees. At worst, it fails to addressing the core issue completely.  
> **username_12**: The core issue is that the azimuth of sunrise and sunset is counterintuitive, since you know the Sun's  geographical positionfor for most north latitudes is always south of the observer. The crossovers, when  geographical position and declination change from north to south or south to north is on the equinoxes, when the 6 month periods begin.   I'm sure OP knows that.  

---

### Answer by username_15 on 2024-03-21. Score: 5

The apparent position of the sun at sunrise (or sunset) is perpendicular to the terminator. I'm sure you've seen one of those [world maps that shows the day/night areas](https://demonstrations.wolfram.com/DayAndNightWorldClock/)
over time and the seasons. On the morning of an equinox, the terminators are vertical (following lines of longitude) and the sun rises due east for everyone, regardless of latitude.

As the sun passes north of the equator, everyone sees it as being in the northeast by some amount at sunrise and northwest at sunset.


---

