<p>Astronomers use this system simply because it is (was) convenient. The sky shifts about 15° every hour or a full circle, 360° every 24 hours (actually 23h56m). So if you want to know where a star is in an hour, simply add an hour to the local hour angle. </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-09T14:27:05.267Z
2014-07-09T14:27:05.267Z
Dieudonné
<p>In order to know when a star will be above horizon, you'll need an equation with times, not &quot;celestial longitudes&quot;.</p>
<p>So you end up adding RA and sidereal time.</p>
<hr />
<p>In order to find out the position of a star you need to find out how its Hour Angle varies with time.</p>
<p>The Hour Angle is how far the star is from the observer's meridian:</p>
<p><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/1YAB9.gif" alt="Diagram of angles" /></p>
<p>In this image, it is the angle between the site's celestial meridian (North Celestial <strong>P</strong> ole-<strong>Z</strong> enith-<strong>S</strong> outh horizon) and the star's celestial meridian (<strong>P</strong>-<strong>X</strong>-<strong>Y</strong>). It is the same angle as between where X culminates and <strong>X</strong>.</p>
<p>So it comes that <span class="math-container">$HA=ST-RA$</span>, and since you may not have a &quot;local sidereal time&quot; clock at hand, you can use Greenwich's Sidereal Time: <span class="math-container">$HA=GST+Lon-RA$</span></p>
<ul>
<li><span class="math-container">$HA$</span> (local) Hour Angle of a star</li>
<li><span class="math-container">$ST$</span> Local Sidereal Time</li>
<li><span class="math-container">$GST$</span> Greenwich Sidereal Time</li>
<li><span class="math-container">$RA$</span> Right Ascension of a star</li>
<li><span class="math-container">$Lon$</span> (local) Geographical Longitude (east is positive).</li>
</ul>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-09T13:38:16.597Z
This is actually not correct! The Sidereal Time is not a time but an angle just as right ascension is. It is the angle between the local meridian and the vernal equinox. For instance, you cannot use sidereal time as the time of an event because the same sidereal time occurs every 23h56m... The strict interpretation of time includes the date.
Dieudonné
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-09T21:57:08.323Z
@Dieudonné You are wrong. Sidereal time is a time, measured in Sidereal seconds, not in degrees.Please check e.g. Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_time **Local Sidereal Time at any locality differs from the Greenwich Sidereal Time value of the same moment, by an amount that is proportional to the longitude of the locality. When one moves eastward 15° in longitude, sidereal time is larger by one sidereal hour (note that it wraps around at 24 hours).** I have actually used sidereal time clocks in my observations.
Envite
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-10T08:01:26.843Z
To me, time can be used to identify a specific moment (in time), and should include a date. A time therefore, should not occur again. You cannot use sidereal time to identify a specific moment in time because 23h56m later it will occur again. I would call sidereal time an angle because it specifies the right ascension of objects which lie on the local meridian (i.e. the line from south to zenith in the northern hemisphere). Sirius, for instance, will be on the meridian when the sidereal time is 6h45m.
Dieudonné
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-10T08:12:38.190Z
As you say, sidereal time is measured in **sidereal** seconds and not in degrees. But a **sidereal** second is not necessarily a unit of time. A second is precisely defined with the number of cycles of radiation of cesium 133. A sidereal second cannot be defined so exactly. The duration of a sidereal second in real seconds in January will be different from the duration in July because of variations in the rotation of the Earth. The practical use of sidereal time is as the right ascension of the local meridian at a specific time. And right ascension is an angle.
Dieudonné
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-10T08:17:08.500Z
I'm not sure if I would use Wikipedia as a fountain of truth ;-) However, in the Glossary of the Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac by Siedelmann, sidereal time is defined as "the measure of time defined by the apparent diurnal motion of the **catalog equinox**; hence a measure of the rotation of the Earth with respect to the stars rather than the Sun." -- It seems to me that it supports your definition.
Dieudonné
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-10T23:55:32.433Z
@Dieudonné Moreover, a sidereal second is defined regarding Earth's rotation referring to "fixed stars" (so, to the catalog equinox). Please cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_time and the definition there: *Sidereal time, at any moment (and at a given locality defined by its geographical longitude), more precisely Local Apparent Sidereal Time (LAST), is defined as the hour angle of the vernal equinox at that locality: it has the same value as the right ascension of any celestial body that is crossing the local meridian at that same moment.* Since it is defined as HA, it is a time.
Envite
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-11T07:27:55.620Z
Which is why I have a problem with defining a sidereal second as a unit of time. Because the rotation of the earth is not constant, you cannot define a sidereal second in an exact number of seconds of time as it will be variable. You can however define a sidereal second as 1/2400 of a degree as that is the **average** rotation of the Earth (referred to the fixed stars) per second.
Dieudonné
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-07-11T10:28:10.757Z
@Dieudonné No, you can not define a time unit as an angle, they are different magnitudes. You can, instead, define a time unit by using an angle: a sidereal second is the **time** the Earth rotates 360/(24*60*60) degrees in reference to the fixed stars in average.
Envite
CC BY-SA 4.0
2014-05-20T15:24:59.873Z
2022-06-15T08:40:39.113Z
2022-06-15T08:40:39.113Z
Envite
<p>When viewing star maps in Stellarium, I noticed that the meridians of the equatorial grid were denoted in hours and not degrees, and that always puzzled me. Why did astronomers choose this system? I understand it has something to do with being relative to the Earth's rotation which takes 24 hours, but I can't figure out exactly what.</p>

<coordinate>
Why is right ascension measured in hours?
Joe Z.
# Why is right ascension measured in hours?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2014-05-20)

When viewing star maps in Stellarium, I noticed that the meridians of the equatorial grid were denoted in hours and not degrees, and that always puzzled me. Why did astronomers choose this system? I understand it has something to do with being relative to the Earth's rotation which takes 24 hours, but I can't figure out exactly what.

**Tags:** coordinate

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2014-05-20. Score: 5 | Accepted answer

In order to know when a star will be above horizon, you'll need an equation with times, not "celestial longitudes".

So you end up adding RA and sidereal time.

---

In order to find out the position of a star you need to find out how its Hour Angle varies with time.

The Hour Angle is how far the star is from the observer's meridian:

![Diagram of angles](https://i.sstatic.net/1YAB9.gif)

In this image, it is the angle between the site's celestial meridian (North Celestial **P** ole-**Z** enith-**S** outh horizon) and the star's celestial meridian (**P**-**X**-**Y**). It is the same angle as between where X culminates and **X**.

So it comes that $HA=ST-RA$, and since you may not have a "local sidereal time" clock at hand, you can use Greenwich's Sidereal Time: $HA=GST+Lon-RA$

* $HA$ (local) Hour Angle of a star
* $ST$ Local Sidereal Time
* $GST$ Greenwich Sidereal Time
* $RA$ Right Ascension of a star
* $Lon$ (local) Geographical Longitude (east is positive).

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: This is actually not correct! The Sidereal Time is not a time but an angle just as right ascension is. It is the angle between the local meridian and the vernal equinox. For instance, you cannot use sidereal time as the time of an event because the same sidereal time occurs every 23h56m... The strict interpretation of time includes the date.  
> **username_2**: @Dieudonné You are wrong. Sidereal time is a time, measured in Sidereal seconds, not in degrees.Please check e.g. Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_time **Local Sidereal Time at any locality differs from the Greenwich Sidereal Time value of the same moment, by an amount that is proportional to the longitude of the locality. When one moves eastward 15° in longitude, sidereal time is larger by one sidereal hour (note that it wraps around at 24 hours).** I have actually used sidereal time clocks in my observations.  
> **username_1**: To me, time can be used to identify a specific moment (in time), and should include a date. A time therefore, should not occur again. You cannot use sidereal time to identify a specific moment in time because 23h56m later it will occur again. I would call sidereal time an angle because it specifies the right ascension of objects which lie on the local meridian (i.e. the line from south to zenith in the northern hemisphere). Sirius, for instance, will be on the meridian when the sidereal time is 6h45m.  
> **username_1**: As you say, sidereal time is measured in **sidereal** seconds and not in degrees. But a **sidereal** second is not necessarily a unit of time. A second is precisely defined with the number of cycles of radiation of cesium 133. A sidereal second cannot be defined so exactly. The duration of a sidereal second in real seconds in January will be different from the duration in July because of variations in the rotation of the Earth. The practical use of sidereal time is as the right ascension of the local meridian at a specific time. And right ascension is an angle.  
> **username_1**: I'm not sure if I would use Wikipedia as a fountain of truth ;-) However, in the Glossary of the Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac by Siedelmann, sidereal time is defined as "the measure of time defined by the apparent diurnal motion of the **catalog equinox**; hence a measure of the rotation of the Earth with respect to the stars rather than the Sun." -- It seems to me that it supports your definition.  
> **username_2**: @Dieudonné Moreover, a sidereal second is defined regarding Earth's rotation referring to "fixed stars" (so, to the catalog equinox). Please cf. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_time and the definition there: *Sidereal time, at any moment (and at a given locality defined by its geographical longitude), more precisely Local Apparent Sidereal Time (LAST), is defined as the hour angle of the vernal equinox at that locality: it has the same value as the right ascension of any celestial body that is crossing the local meridian at that same moment.* Since it is defined as HA, it is a time.  
> **username_1**: Which is why I have a problem with defining a sidereal second as a unit of time. Because the rotation of the earth is not constant, you cannot define a sidereal second in an exact number of seconds of time as it will be variable. You can however define a sidereal second as 1/2400 of a degree as that is the **average** rotation of the Earth (referred to the fixed stars) per second.  
> **username_2**: @Dieudonné No, you can not define a time unit as an angle, they are different magnitudes. You can, instead, define a time unit by using an angle: a sidereal second is the **time** the Earth rotates 360/(24*60*60) degrees in reference to the fixed stars in average.  

---

### Answer by username_1 on 2014-07-09. Score: 2

Astronomers use this system simply because it is (was) convenient. The sky shifts about 15° every hour or a full circle, 360° every 24 hours (actually 23h56m). So if you want to know where a star is in an hour, simply add an hour to the local hour angle.


---

