<p>I don't know how this happened, but somehow I managed to miss the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_theory#Variation" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><strong>variation inequality</strong></a> whose term is <span class="math-container">$+2370''\sin(2D)$</span>. we see that the derivative is <span class="math-container">$+4740''\cos(2D)$</span> hence at <span class="math-container">$D=0,180$</span> the Moon is fastest, and at <span class="math-container">$D=90,270$</span> slowest as we see in the diagram.</p>
<p>Now, we have also explanation - and probably the correct one this time - of the asymmetry. The asymmetry is due the <em>Parallactic inequality</em> that makes the Moon, as we said, slower in the New Moon and faster at the Full moon. The average angle we have found is 89.9773 for 180 - about <span class="math-container">$80''$</span> below 90. so for 360 it will be <span class="math-container">$160''$</span> below 180.</p>
<p>Now, Let's check. The derivative of this term - which signifies the speed - is <span class="math-container">$−125′′\cos(D)$</span> . to find the angle difference we have to integrate <span class="math-container">$ −125′′* (\cos(D)- \cos(D+180)$</span> between <span class="math-container">$-\pi/2$</span> and <span class="math-container">$+\pi/2$</span> it yields <span class="math-container">$-125′′* 4 = 500′′$</span> - that's the total angular difference between the halves. to find the average difference let's divide by <span class="math-container">$\pi$</span> - and we get <span class="math-container">$159.15′′$</span> or  <span class="math-container">$179.9557903$</span> or - if we look until 180 degrees it is <span class="math-container">$89.97789$</span> which is about what we have found empirically. Hence it is safe to assume the <strong>Parallactic inequality is indeed the source of the asymmetric (or at least the major one)</strong>.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-04-16T02:41:25.377Z
thanks - I was curious about the reason for the 89.977 degrees
Roger Wood
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-04-13T22:40:48.723Z
2022-04-13T22:40:48.723Z
d_e
<p>Intrigued by <a href="https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/49024/what-is-the-average-angular-distance-between-the-sun-and-the-moon/49031#49031">my recent question about the average angular distance between the Sun and the Moon</a>, I tried to inquire this little more in attempt to find the source of the asymmetry. Basically I have two questions about my finding: <strong>(1)</strong> A diagram of the frequency of the elongation (this time all 360 degrees) was constructed using average of 1900 years (23500 synodic months). this pattern could be easily discerned even using only 19 years though less clean (I didn't try less).</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/vzI3t.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/vzI3t.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>The diagram shows for each whole degree of elongation, how much its frequency is above the average frequency of 1/360. I was expecting to see in the diagram the effect that called <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_theory#Parallactic_inequality" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Parallactic_inequality</a>, Since this is the only principle term that is solely dependent upon the elongation (mean elongation rather than the true, it should be noted); Other terms, I thought, are mix between elongation and other parameters (like perigee location) hence should be expected to cancel over the long term.</p>
<p>We can clearly see something - which is probably indeed this effect of Parallactic_inequality- but after some thought, something still does not add up to me: If I understand correctly, the term of this inequality <span class="math-container">$ -125''\sin(D)$</span> is basically accumulative in nature: meaning we should see the greatest effect at an elongation of 90 and 270 where the Moon will be mostly removed from his location. but what elongation location contributes the most to this accumulative effect? If we look at the derivative of the term, we see that the Moon is slowest in New Moon when the elongation is 0. But according to the diagram the Moon is slowest at 90/270 elongations. <strong>What am I missing?</strong> It actually also matches what Wiki says <em>&quot;Its effect is that the Moon is a little behind at first quarter, and a little ahead at last quarter&quot;</em> - hence it follows that the Moon should be slowest at the new moon between the last and the first quarter.</p>
<p><strong>(2)</strong> Now, for the second part, which is why I started the inquiry in the first place: namely that the average elongation is less than 90 (or less than 180 if we use 360 degrees). For that end, this diagram was created:</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/qhj5b.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/qhj5b.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
<p>The diagram displays the for every elongation near the New Moon (between -90/270 and +90), the difference with the corresponding elongation in the Full Moon half (between 90-270). We can see the asymmetry, but it is quite ugly and not sinusoidal; rather it runs across all board (expect near the quarters). i.e., the frequency of elongation 30 is higher than the elongation of 210 in about the same that elongation 60 is higher than elongation 240. In my previous question, in which I suspected this effect exists, and in my answer there I said it might be due to some &quot;complex&quot; mechanism that is basically due to the fact the irregularities and precessions of the Moon are not independent of each other since they are related to the Sun so we might see this kind of effect. But, though I believe the recent diagram gives some evidence to my idea, I can't pass the level of hand-waving here - and great chances of being wrong. <strong>I seek an explanation to this phenomenon.</strong> It might turn up eventually to be sinusoidal - but resulting from not significant small term. At any case, it should be reminded that this asymmetry is only visible when we average a lot of years. The average might be above 90, even for a period of above 50 years.</p>

<the-moon><solar-system>
How to explain this elongation frequency diagram between the Sun and the Moon
d_e
# How to explain this elongation frequency diagram between the Sun and the Moon

(Asked by: username_0 on 2022-04-13)

Intrigued by [my recent question about the average angular distance between the Sun and the Moon](https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/49024/what-is-the-average-angular-distance-between-the-sun-and-the-moon/49031#49031), I tried to inquire this little more in attempt to find the source of the asymmetry. Basically I have two questions about my finding: **(1)** A diagram of the frequency of the elongation (this time all 360 degrees) was constructed using average of 1900 years (23500 synodic months). this pattern could be easily discerned even using only 19 years though less clean (I didn't try less).

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/vzI3t.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/vzI3t.png)

The diagram shows for each whole degree of elongation, how much its frequency is above the average frequency of 1/360. I was expecting to see in the diagram the effect that called [Parallactic\_inequality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_theory#Parallactic_inequality), Since this is the only principle term that is solely dependent upon the elongation (mean elongation rather than the true, it should be noted); Other terms, I thought, are mix between elongation and other parameters (like perigee location) hence should be expected to cancel over the long term.

We can clearly see something - which is probably indeed this effect of Parallactic\_inequality- but after some thought, something still does not add up to me: If I understand correctly, the term of this inequality $ -125''\sin(D)$ is basically accumulative in nature: meaning we should see the greatest effect at an elongation of 90 and 270 where the Moon will be mostly removed from his location. but what elongation location contributes the most to this accumulative effect? If we look at the derivative of the term, we see that the Moon is slowest in New Moon when the elongation is 0. But according to the diagram the Moon is slowest at 90/270 elongations. **What am I missing?** It actually also matches what Wiki says *"Its effect is that the Moon is a little behind at first quarter, and a little ahead at last quarter"* - hence it follows that the Moon should be slowest at the new moon between the last and the first quarter.

**(2)** Now, for the second part, which is why I started the inquiry in the first place: namely that the average elongation is less than 90 (or less than 180 if we use 360 degrees). For that end, this diagram was created:

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/qhj5b.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/qhj5b.png)

The diagram displays the for every elongation near the New Moon (between -90/270 and +90), the difference with the corresponding elongation in the Full Moon half (between 90-270). We can see the asymmetry, but it is quite ugly and not sinusoidal; rather it runs across all board (expect near the quarters). i.e., the frequency of elongation 30 is higher than the elongation of 210 in about the same that elongation 60 is higher than elongation 240. In my previous question, in which I suspected this effect exists, and in my answer there I said it might be due to some "complex" mechanism that is basically due to the fact the irregularities and precessions of the Moon are not independent of each other since they are related to the Sun so we might see this kind of effect. But, though I believe the recent diagram gives some evidence to my idea, I can't pass the level of hand-waving here - and great chances of being wrong. **I seek an explanation to this phenomenon.** It might turn up eventually to be sinusoidal - but resulting from not significant small term. At any case, it should be reminded that this asymmetry is only visible when we average a lot of years. The average might be above 90, even for a period of above 50 years.

**Tags:** the-moon, solar-system

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## 1 answers

### Answer by username_0 on 2022-04-13. Score: 4

I don't know how this happened, but somehow I managed to miss the [**variation inequality**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_theory#Variation) whose term is $+2370''\sin(2D)$. we see that the derivative is $+4740''\cos(2D)$ hence at $D=0,180$ the Moon is fastest, and at $D=90,270$ slowest as we see in the diagram.

Now, we have also explanation - and probably the correct one this time - of the asymmetry. The asymmetry is due the *Parallactic inequality* that makes the Moon, as we said, slower in the New Moon and faster at the Full moon. The average angle we have found is 89.9773 for 180 - about $80''$ below 90. so for 360 it will be $160''$ below 180.

Now, Let's check. The derivative of this term - which signifies the speed - is $−125′′\cos(D)$ . to find the angle difference we have to integrate $ −125′′\* (\cos(D)- \cos(D+180)$ between $-\pi/2$ and $+\pi/2$ it yields $-125′′\* 4 = 500′′$ - that's the total angular difference between the halves. to find the average difference let's divide by $\pi$ - and we get $159.15′′$ or $179.9557903$ or - if we look until 180 degrees it is $89.97789$ which is about what we have found empirically. Hence it is safe to assume the **Parallactic inequality is indeed the source of the asymmetric (or at least the major one)**.

> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: thanks - I was curious about the reason for the 89.977 degrees  

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