<p>The minimum temperature of an object classed as a &quot;star&quot; is something like 2700 K. Such an object, although emitting the bulk of its radiation in the infrared, would still emit something like a few per cent of its energy at visible wavelengths.</p>
<p>Note that the visible and near infrared spectra of cool stars are nothing like blackbodies, so if the calculation is important then you would need to look carefully at empirical or model spectra.</p>
<p>Lower temperature objects do exist - these are called brown dwarfs. Some have (a subset called Y dwarfs) been found that are only a few hundred kelvins, so a planet could orbit not far above their surface and receive a kW per square metre of infrared light.</p>
<p>A plausible scenario might be a brown dwarf of spectral type T7 (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_229" rel="noreferrer">a T-dwarf</a>), with a temperature of about 1000 K (e.g. <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso9942b/" rel="noreferrer">Burgasser et al. 2002</a>). Such an object has a luminosity of only <span class="math-container">$\sim 10^{-5} L_\odot$</span>, so a planet would have to orbit at about 0.003 au (about 0.5 million km) to receive the same bolometric flux as does the Earth from the Sun. Such objects cannot be described as &quot;invisible&quot; at visible wavelengths, but a typical <span class="math-container">$R-J$</span> (red minus near infrared colour) is about 9 or 10 - indicating that there is thousands of times more flux in the near infrared than there is in the red part of the spectrum. <a href="https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso9942b/" rel="noreferrer">An example</a> of the spectrum of such an object is shown below (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_229" rel="noreferrer">GL229b</a> is a T7 brown dwarf). Note how the spectrum is <em>nothing</em> like a blackbody.</p>
<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/wyKRh.jpg" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/wyKRh.jpg" alt="A T7 brown dwarf spectrum" /></a></p>
<p>Edit: There is likely a limit to how close a planet can get to its parent body, depending on a comparison of its density with the density of &quot;star&quot; it is orbiting. Too close and it will break up due to tidal forces, but for an Earth-like planet, whch would be less dense than a brown dwarf or of similar density to a very low-mass star, then that limit is either about a stellar radius above it or very close to the surface respectively.</p>
<p>Edit 2: NB cool white dwarf stars might be considered, but the oldest, coldest ones in the Galaxy are still around 3500 K and their spectrum encroaches significantly into the visible band. It is possible though that the most massive white dwarfs (<span class="math-container">$&gt;1 M_\odot$</span>) in old binary systems could be cooler than 3000 K, though no definitive detection has been made (e.g. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.0488" rel="noreferrer">Kaplan et al. 2014</a>).</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-22T01:00:07.640Z
Is temperature really a criterion here? Are black dwarfs not gonna be stars then?
Mithoron
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-22T09:36:09.563Z
The coolest white dwarf in the galaxy is about 3000 K and emits plenty of visible light (as a fraction of its total output). Yes, temperature is the most important criterion in any answer @Mithoron .
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-21T09:37:50.710Z
2020-11-23T00:36:49.887Z
2020-11-23T00:36:49.887Z
ProfRob
<p>The short answer is no.</p>
<p>The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a body follows a curve that depends on its temperature. This is called its “blackbody radiation.” Even for objects whose blackbody curve peaks in the infrared (heat) portion of the spectrum, there is a small but significant portion of the curve also in the visible spectrum. You can see an interactive simulation at <a href="https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/blackbody-spectrum/latest/blackbody-spectrum_en.html" rel="noreferrer">https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/blackbody-spectrum/latest/blackbody-spectrum_en.html</a></p>
<p>Using this tool, we see that in order to have almost no part of its blackbody curve in the visible spectrum, an object needs to be rather “cold”—even a lightbulb (the old kind; not the more modern LED or compact fluorescent) is hot enough to emit a significant amount of visible radiation; anything hotter will emit more and more in the visible spectrum.</p>
<p>Obviously, having a lightbulb as a “star” wouldn’t provide enough heat to any planet orbiting it…</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-21T09:23:06.527Z
I'm not sure this is true as far as the thermal radiation is concerned. Why couldn't a planet orbit a body of say 1000 K or so, simply close enough that they still received 1 kW/m^2? Or they could receive less and have an atmosphere with more greenhouse gasses that were biocompatible with the local flora and fauna?
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-21T17:21:20.797Z
Well, a lightbulb is 2,500 K and we barely get any heat from it even at close distances, so for the planet to orbit close enough to a 1,000 K to get any heat from it, it would almost have to be touching it…
Pierre Paquette
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-21T17:31:18.307Z
@PierrePaquette You cannot compare a lightbulb and a star! There are objects much warmer than the Sun's surface on Earth itself. The total radiated energy flux is σT^4 but Sun is quite large. If a cold object is much larger...
Vladimir F Героям слава
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-21T17:33:56.467Z
@VladimirF I agree, but if you look at the interactive simulation I mentioned, viz. https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/blackbody-spectrum/latest/blackbody-spectrum_en.html , you’ll see that any object that’s hot enough will emit a significant amount of visible light. I was using the lightbulb merely as an example of a “not-very-hot-object-that-still-emits-visible-light.”
Pierre Paquette
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-23T04:17:41.383Z
An observation on temperature:  When I was growing up I entered the kitchen one night and **saw** that a burner was on on our electric stove.  It was a deep red glow--completely invisible in normal light but obvious in the dark.  I don't know the temperature but it pretty much has to have been very cold by stellar standards.
Loren Pechtel
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-23T13:24:44.653Z
@VladimirF: In the universe, "large" objects will be "warm". More concretely, anything larger than the sun will be much hotter than the 1000K mentioned by Pierre. This is necessary the case because a cold object both larger and heavier than the sun would collapse due to its own gravity. Only radiation pressure can keep the volume up. And when that radiation stops, you probably have a supernova on your hand.
MSalters
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-23T13:32:57.270Z
@MSalters yes......
Vladimir F Героям слава
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-21T04:18:38.780Z
2020-11-21T04:18:38.780Z
Pierre Paquette
<p>Possibly a planet could be habitable to humans while having some layers of chemicals or dust in its atmosphere that block out all visible wavelengths of light.  However, someone else would have to design such an atmosphere.</p>
<p>Perhaps the &quot;planet&quot; could actually be a giant exomoon oriting a giant exoplanet in another star system.</p>
<p>And possibly all the heat of the exomoon would come from inside it.  Tidal interactions with the planet and with other large moons of the planet could produce a lot of internal heat to warm up the surface of the exomoon so life was possible.</p>
<p>I believe it has been calculated that if such a planet sized exomoon of a giant exoplanet orbited too close to it's planet, it would have too much tidal heating and suffer a runaway greenhouse effect and become too hot for life.  So an exomoon orbiting somewhat outside that minimum distance should have enough tidal heating to raise it's surface temperature to be suitable for life, regardless of how little radiation it received from its star.</p>
<p>To avoid even a small percentage of light from the star reaching through the possibly opaque atmosphere one could avoid having a star.  Perhaps the giant exoplanet and its habitable exomoon are rogue planets wandering in interstellar space light years from the nearest star.  Thus the light that reaches the upper atmosphere of the planet would be star light, and it would be rather easy to filter out such dim light with atmopsheric layers.</p>
<p>But without intense sunlight, there wouldn't be any photosynthesis, and the free oxygen in the atmosphere of Earth is believed to have been produced by photosynthesis.  An oxygen rich atmosphere is necessary to provide sufficient energy for large landbased life forms.</p>
<p>So a writer of a story set on such a world would have to:</p>
<p>One) find a plausible natural method  of producing an oxygen rich atmosphere without photosynthesis,</p>
<p>or else:</p>
<p>Two) explain that some advanced civilization terraformed the world and gave it an oxygen rich atmosphere,</p>
<p>or else:</p>
<p>Three) find a plausible replacement for oxygen in the biochemestry of the alien life on that world.</p>
<p>And another problem is that in a world without visible light frequencies reaching the surface but with temperatures similar to Earth, many of the animals would have eyes that see the infra red radiation that all the objects and lifeforms emit at temperatures similar to those of Earth.  So unless a writer plans to give his creatures infra red vision, no world warm enough for liquid water and for Earth like life will be dark enough for his purposes.</p>
<p>If every source of visible radiation is cut off, the lifeforms will evolve eyes capable of seeing with infra red light emitted by all objects at Earth like temperatures.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-21T18:58:52.063Z
"Can a star emit heat but no visible light?"
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-23T10:32:13.950Z
Or maybe it's stuck in L₂ in the eternal shade of a Hot Jupiter?
gerrit
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-21T18:08:34.670Z
2020-11-21T18:08:34.670Z
M. A. Golding
<p>What if the star was surrounded by a large dust cloud? Then the visible radiation would get stopped, while the dust cloud would eventually heat up and emit the infrared. The cloud could be orders of magnitude larger than the star, which means that the energy into the dust cloud is still equal to the energy out, just in different frequencies. In fact, the dust cloud wouldn't have to even be completely spherical. It could just be a donut that sat between the star and the planet, while regular radiation escaped the star at the poles.</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-21T17:22:57.780Z
Space dust is not that thick stuff we find under our furniture. It’s actually less dense than the atmosphere we breathe. Even thick dust clouds only obscure about 6–7 magnitudes after *light-years* of thickness, so it would be unlikely for dust to obscure a local star from its neighboring planets.
Pierre Paquette
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-22T00:16:00.723Z
Light exerts pressure.  It takes only a few million years for a star to blow away the dust cloud that it formed from.
Mark
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-23T15:57:29.667Z
the star would still be emitting light, even IF that light was being absorbed by a cloud of dust
PeterH
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-21T14:33:48.707Z
2020-11-21T14:33:48.707Z
stardonut
<p>Can a star emit enough heat to allow human life on its planets, however emit no visible light? If so, what problems would this pose?</p>

CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-21T08:16:41.287Z
[Cross-posted on Worldbuilding.SE](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/q/190401/8732)
Glorfindel
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-21T09:25:41.123Z
Welcome to Stack Exchange! While I know it is tempting, it's strongly discouraged to cross-post the same question in multiple SE sites. You are now accumulating answers in both sites, and *answer fragmentation* is a problem because future readers may find some answers and never know about the others.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-21T13:17:13.120Z
It has been closed on the other site.
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-21T20:48:13.040Z
You should be more specific about what you mean by "no visible light"; what is the specific limits for saying that it "emits visible light" in this context?
Williham Totland
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-21T22:57:15.773Z
@RobJeffries thanks for the update! Looks like I'd picked the wrong horse, so *I've withdrawn my close vote here*.
uhoh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-22T12:20:12.143Z
Relevant meta discussion: https://astronomy.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/558/how-do-we-handle-questions-with-answers-on-other-sites/559
Nilay Ghosh
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-11-23T19:19:16.797Z
It is possible for a planet to have a stable orbit around a black hole.  Whether it could receive enough heat to be habitable is beyond my ability to answer.
Darrel Hoffman
<star><light><heat>
Can a star emit heat but no visible light?
user36985
# Can a star emit heat but no visible light?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-11-21)

Can a star emit enough heat to allow human life on its planets, however emit no visible light? If so, what problems would this pose?

**Tags:** star, light, heat
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: [Cross-posted on Worldbuilding.SE](https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/q/190401/8732)  
> **username_2**: Welcome to Stack Exchange! While I know it is tempting, it's strongly discouraged to cross-post the same question in multiple SE sites. You are now accumulating answers in both sites, and *answer fragmentation* is a problem because future readers may find some answers and never know about the others.  
> **username_3**: It has been closed on the other site.  
> **username_4**: You should be more specific about what you mean by "no visible light"; what is the specific limits for saying that it "emits visible light" in this context?  
> **username_2**: @RobJeffries thanks for the update! Looks like I'd picked the wrong horse, so *I've withdrawn my close vote here*.  
> **username_5**: Relevant meta discussion: https://astronomy.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/558/how-do-we-handle-questions-with-answers-on-other-sites/559  
> **username_6**: It is possible for a planet to have a stable orbit around a black hole.  Whether it could receive enough heat to be habitable is beyond my ability to answer.  

---

## 4 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2020-11-21. Score: 24

The minimum temperature of an object classed as a "star" is something like 2700 K. Such an object, although emitting the bulk of its radiation in the infrared, would still emit something like a few per cent of its energy at visible wavelengths.

Note that the visible and near infrared spectra of cool stars are nothing like blackbodies, so if the calculation is important then you would need to look carefully at empirical or model spectra.

Lower temperature objects do exist - these are called brown dwarfs. Some have (a subset called Y dwarfs) been found that are only a few hundred kelvins, so a planet could orbit not far above their surface and receive a kW per square metre of infrared light.

A plausible scenario might be a brown dwarf of spectral type T7 ([a T-dwarf](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_229)), with a temperature of about 1000 K (e.g. [Burgasser et al. 2002](https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso9942b/)). Such an object has a luminosity of only $\sim 10^{-5} L\_\odot$, so a planet would have to orbit at about 0.003 au (about 0.5 million km) to receive the same bolometric flux as does the Earth from the Sun. Such objects cannot be described as "invisible" at visible wavelengths, but a typical $R-J$ (red minus near infrared colour) is about 9 or 10 - indicating that there is thousands of times more flux in the near infrared than there is in the red part of the spectrum. [An example](https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso9942b/) of the spectrum of such an object is shown below ([GL229b](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_229) is a T7 brown dwarf). Note how the spectrum is *nothing* like a blackbody.

[![A T7 brown dwarf spectrum](https://i.sstatic.net/wyKRh.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/wyKRh.jpg)

Edit: There is likely a limit to how close a planet can get to its parent body, depending on a comparison of its density with the density of "star" it is orbiting. Too close and it will break up due to tidal forces, but for an Earth-like planet, whch would be less dense than a brown dwarf or of similar density to a very low-mass star, then that limit is either about a stellar radius above it or very close to the surface respectively.

Edit 2: NB cool white dwarf stars might be considered, but the oldest, coldest ones in the Galaxy are still around 3500 K and their spectrum encroaches significantly into the visible band. It is possible though that the most massive white dwarfs ($>1 M\_\odot$) in old binary systems could be cooler than 3000 K, though no definitive detection has been made (e.g. [Kaplan et al. 2014](https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.0488)).

> **Comments:**
> **username_7**: Is temperature really a criterion here? Are black dwarfs not gonna be stars then?  
> **username_3**: The coolest white dwarf in the galaxy is about 3000 K and emits plenty of visible light (as a fraction of its total output). Yes, temperature is the most important criterion in any answer @Mithoron .  

---

### Answer by username_8 on 2020-11-21. Score: 5

The short answer is no.

The spectrum of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a body follows a curve that depends on its temperature. This is called its “blackbody radiation.” Even for objects whose blackbody curve peaks in the infrared (heat) portion of the spectrum, there is a small but significant portion of the curve also in the visible spectrum. You can see an interactive simulation at <https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/blackbody-spectrum/latest/blackbody-spectrum_en.html>

Using this tool, we see that in order to have almost no part of its blackbody curve in the visible spectrum, an object needs to be rather “cold”—even a lightbulb (the old kind; not the more modern LED or compact fluorescent) is hot enough to emit a significant amount of visible radiation; anything hotter will emit more and more in the visible spectrum.

Obviously, having a lightbulb as a “star” wouldn’t provide enough heat to any planet orbiting it…

> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: I'm not sure this is true as far as the thermal radiation is concerned. Why couldn't a planet orbit a body of say 1000 K or so, simply close enough that they still received 1 kW/m^2? Or they could receive less and have an atmosphere with more greenhouse gasses that were biocompatible with the local flora and fauna?  
> **username_8**: Well, a lightbulb is 2,500 K and we barely get any heat from it even at close distances, so for the planet to orbit close enough to a 1,000 K to get any heat from it, it would almost have to be touching it…  
> **username_9**: @PierrePaquette You cannot compare a lightbulb and a star! There are objects much warmer than the Sun's surface on Earth itself. The total radiated energy flux is σT^4 but Sun is quite large. If a cold object is much larger...  
> **username_8**: @VladimirF I agree, but if you look at the interactive simulation I mentioned, viz. https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/blackbody-spectrum/latest/blackbody-spectrum_en.html , you’ll see that any object that’s hot enough will emit a significant amount of visible light. I was using the lightbulb merely as an example of a “not-very-hot-object-that-still-emits-visible-light.”  
> **username_10**: An observation on temperature:  When I was growing up I entered the kitchen one night and **saw** that a burner was on on our electric stove.  It was a deep red glow--completely invisible in normal light but obvious in the dark.  I don't know the temperature but it pretty much has to have been very cold by stellar standards.  
> **username_11**: @VladimirF: In the universe, "large" objects will be "warm". More concretely, anything larger than the sun will be much hotter than the 1000K mentioned by Pierre. This is necessary the case because a cold object both larger and heavier than the sun would collapse due to its own gravity. Only radiation pressure can keep the volume up. And when that radiation stops, you probably have a supernova on your hand.  
> **username_9**: @MSalters yes......  

---

### Answer by username_12 on 2020-11-21. Score: 2

Possibly a planet could be habitable to humans while having some layers of chemicals or dust in its atmosphere that block out all visible wavelengths of light. However, someone else would have to design such an atmosphere.

Perhaps the "planet" could actually be a giant exomoon oriting a giant exoplanet in another star system.

And possibly all the heat of the exomoon would come from inside it. Tidal interactions with the planet and with other large moons of the planet could produce a lot of internal heat to warm up the surface of the exomoon so life was possible.

I believe it has been calculated that if such a planet sized exomoon of a giant exoplanet orbited too close to it's planet, it would have too much tidal heating and suffer a runaway greenhouse effect and become too hot for life. So an exomoon orbiting somewhat outside that minimum distance should have enough tidal heating to raise it's surface temperature to be suitable for life, regardless of how little radiation it received from its star.

To avoid even a small percentage of light from the star reaching through the possibly opaque atmosphere one could avoid having a star. Perhaps the giant exoplanet and its habitable exomoon are rogue planets wandering in interstellar space light years from the nearest star. Thus the light that reaches the upper atmosphere of the planet would be star light, and it would be rather easy to filter out such dim light with atmopsheric layers.

But without intense sunlight, there wouldn't be any photosynthesis, and the free oxygen in the atmosphere of Earth is believed to have been produced by photosynthesis. An oxygen rich atmosphere is necessary to provide sufficient energy for large landbased life forms.

So a writer of a story set on such a world would have to:

One) find a plausible natural method of producing an oxygen rich atmosphere without photosynthesis,

or else:

Two) explain that some advanced civilization terraformed the world and gave it an oxygen rich atmosphere,

or else:

Three) find a plausible replacement for oxygen in the biochemestry of the alien life on that world.

And another problem is that in a world without visible light frequencies reaching the surface but with temperatures similar to Earth, many of the animals would have eyes that see the infra red radiation that all the objects and lifeforms emit at temperatures similar to those of Earth. So unless a writer plans to give his creatures infra red vision, no world warm enough for liquid water and for Earth like life will be dark enough for his purposes.

If every source of visible radiation is cut off, the lifeforms will evolve eyes capable of seeing with infra red light emitted by all objects at Earth like temperatures.

> **Comments:**
> **username_3**: "Can a star emit heat but no visible light?"  
> **username_13**: Or maybe it's stuck in L₂ in the eternal shade of a Hot Jupiter?  

---

### Answer by username_14 on 2020-11-21. Score: 0

What if the star was surrounded by a large dust cloud? Then the visible radiation would get stopped, while the dust cloud would eventually heat up and emit the infrared. The cloud could be orders of magnitude larger than the star, which means that the energy into the dust cloud is still equal to the energy out, just in different frequencies. In fact, the dust cloud wouldn't have to even be completely spherical. It could just be a donut that sat between the star and the planet, while regular radiation escaped the star at the poles.

> **Comments:**
> **username_8**: Space dust is not that thick stuff we find under our furniture. It’s actually less dense than the atmosphere we breathe. Even thick dust clouds only obscure about 6–7 magnitudes after *light-years* of thickness, so it would be unlikely for dust to obscure a local star from its neighboring planets.  
> **username_15**: Light exerts pressure.  It takes only a few million years for a star to blow away the dust cloud that it formed from.  
> **username_16**: the star would still be emitting light, even IF that light was being absorbed by a cloud of dust  

---

