<p>Sir Cumference's answer is great. Molecular clouds are generally thousands of times more massive than the Solar System, and since they're less dense they're much much larger in volume.</p>

<p>We don't know where our Solar System originated from, and we don't know how many other stars were born in the same cloud, probably hundreds or even thousands (just recently 1 or 2 stars were suggested to be sisters of Sol, but the jury is, as far as I know, still out on that).</p>

<p>Anyway, either due to interstellar winds, magnetic fields, supernovae explosions, or some other difference in average density, a volume of our mother molecular cloud began to collapse due to gravity being just a bit more in some areas.</p>

<p>The more the cloud became concentrated, the more the gravitational attraction increased, so the faster it collapsed. While dust and gas collide, the whole system conserves energy and momentum (as it is an isolated system) , and thus is naïve to assume that planet orbits should be random — which means <em>any</em> which way, you seem to have assumed that space is two dimensional, and the most random arrangement would be a flat disk.</p>

<p><strong>Nope.</strong> It would be a sphere... like a swarm of flies around something stinky. When we program a computer to model a swarm of random dust and gas collapsing, it turns out that due to chance it will select a preferred direction. A random dust cloud will collapse into a disk with most of the particles orbiting in the same direction (this ignores possible effects from the Milky Way influencing the process, so even without the molecular cloud orbiting the center of the Milky Way, disk formation will occur).</p>

<p>Keep in mind that these answers are tentative: most of the gravity in the Milky Way is of dark matter, and we're still working on understanding how that influences star formation and until we know a lot more about dark matter, we can't be sure our computer models are correct. Generally, we prefer models that give results similar to the actual way our Solar System is.</p>

<p>But guess what? The thousands of exoplanets we've discovered have far more "hot Jupiters" (gas giants very close to their stars) than we expected. So we are adjusting our models. One popular idea is that planets had a lot more collisions than we used to think. This means more planets in very close to the Star, and more planets actually ejected from the star system. Who knows, perhaps that's where Theia came from.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-27T15:35:00.367Z
Care to add a little formatting to your answer to make it easier to read?
SE - stop firing the good guys
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-27T18:31:30.973Z
I agree with Hohmannfan as well. The formatting kind of put me off reading.
HotSaucey
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-27T20:15:08.750Z
@Mobal I formatted it for him.
Sir Cumference
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-27T20:35:57.587Z
@SirCumference And I added onto it.
HotSaucey
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-27T12:26:44.690Z
2016-06-27T20:59:15.390Z
2016-06-27T20:59:15.390Z
Li Zhi
<p>The same reason (almost) all of them rotate in the same direction: because of the <strong>conservation of angular momentum.</strong></p>

<p>Before a star and its planets exist, there’s just a cloud of disorganized gas and small molecules. The Solar System formed from such a cloud around 4.6 billion years ago. </p>

<p>On that scale, there is some small amount of rotation within the cloud. It could be caused by the gravity of nearby stellar objects, local differences in mass as the cloud churns, or even the impact of a distant supernova. The point is, all molecular clouds have at least a little rotation.</p>

<p>In a large system like a molecular cloud, each particle has some angular momentum, and it all adds together across a very wide area. That’s a lot of momentum, and it is conserved as the cloud continues to collapse under its own gravity. That angular momentum also flattens the cloud, which is the reason why the Solar System is near-planar.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/d3kRf.jpg" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/d3kRf.jpg" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>

<p>When the cloud finally collapses, it forms a star and shortly after planets. However, angular momentum is always conserved. That's why planets all follow the same orbit, and why almost all of them rotate in the same direction. There's nothing to turn them the other direction, so they will continue spinning in the same direction as the original gas cloud.</p>

<p>There are a few exceptions, though. Whenever objects formed in such a way that sent them orbiting the opposite direction, they usually collided with objects going in the same direction as the original cloud. This destroyed any outlying objects or sent them in the same direction as the original cloud.</p>

<p>Still, two huge exceptions are planets Venus and Uranus. Uranus spins on an axis of almost 90-degrees (on its side). Venus meanwhile spins the opposite direction as Earth and the other planets.</p>

<p>In both cases there is strong evidence that these planets were struck by large objects at some point in the distant past. The impacts were large enough to overcome the angular momentum of the bodies, and give them a different spin. There are also a range of other theories; for example, some astronomers think that Venus may have been flipped upside-down. Point is, there were irregular events that happened to both of these planets.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-26T16:45:06.780Z
+1 for simplicity and explanation. So we meet again. I don't know how you did better than your last answer on one of my questions, but you did!
HotSaucey
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-26T22:11:31.097Z
Very good answer. One more exception I could think of is when a foreign object is captured due to gravity.
Sebb
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-27T14:56:25.330Z
Here's a simple visualization to aid SirC's answer. [Visualization of Gravity](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTY1Kje0yLg) The visualization of angular of opposite orbits correcting themselves occurs around 2:45.  This demonstration is geared towards high school students, however it's still useful.
Dupontrocks11
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-27T15:03:38.437Z
@Dupontrocks11 That's a great video, I've seen it before. I was thinking about including it but I didn't want this answer to get too lengthy.
Sir Cumference
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-27T20:03:45.340Z
@Dupontrocks11 You see, I watched that video some time ago. If I am correct it is supposed to represent spacetime.
HotSaucey
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-27T20:10:59.823Z
@Mobal Correct, however he uses his visualization to explain why bodies tend to orbit the same direction in a brief tangent around the 2:45 mark, which I thought was useful. Cheers!
Dupontrocks11
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-27T20:16:12.143Z
This is a fantastic answer; the only improvement I could suggest is to link "conservation of momentum" with the average momentum of the starting cloud--i.e., the resultant ecliptic plane is the the average direction of all of the particles the cloud started out with, and was settled through stochastic collisions of those particles cancelling out all (or most, rather) other directions of motion.
S. G.
CC BY-SA 4.0
2022-08-09T05:46:33.837Z
Would you be able to join the dots between `angular momentum is always conserved. That's why... almost all of them rotate in the same direction` with more detail? It doesn't seem so obvious to me. (Or to the answerers of this question: https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/6183/why-do-most-of-the-planets-rotate-counterclockwise-i-e-the-same-way-the-sun?rq=1)
craq
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-26T15:52:56.143Z
2016-06-26T21:07:13.107Z
2016-06-26T21:07:13.107Z
Sir Cumference
<p>Theoretically, planets would have an approximately equal chance of going one way in their orbit or another but in reality, this is not the case (at least in our solar system). <strong>Why is this?</strong> </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-26T15:53:56.563Z
*"Theoretically, planets would have an approximately equal chance of going one way in their orbit or another"*.  That's quite wrong.  Planets are formed from a big cloud of dust.  Whichever way the cloud of dust was orbiting, then of course **that is the way the planets end up orbiting!**  "It's that simple!"  You are, indeed, simply seeing the original ball of dust, still spinning around.   Imagine a movie, showing the ball of dust slightly spinning, and then the planets forming and, quite simply, still continuing to spin that way.
Fattie
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-26T16:47:03.310Z
Oh, I was just thinking if the cloud of dust theoretically had no rotation.
HotSaucey
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-26T19:58:38.447Z
If the dust cloud had no rotation (which is extremely unlikely) then it would all simply collapse into the forming proto star.
RBarryYoung
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-27T14:10:01.570Z
Theoretically there could be a planet which orbited in the opposite direction, or in a plane very different from the plane of the others, but then it must be a planet which was not formed within the same system, but was captured. Such rogue planets are, however, quite rare, compared with the number of solar systems and normal planets.
vsz
CC BY-SA 3.0
2016-06-28T13:46:53.660Z
Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been [moved to chat](http://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/41762/discussion-on-question-by-mobal-why-do-the-planets-orbit-in-the-same-direction).
called2voyage
<planet><orbit><solar-system>
Why do the planets orbit in the same direction?
HotSaucey
# Why do the planets orbit in the same direction?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2016-06-26)

Theoretically, planets would have an approximately equal chance of going one way in their orbit or another but in reality, this is not the case (at least in our solar system). **Why is this?**

**Tags:** planet, orbit, solar-system
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: *"Theoretically, planets would have an approximately equal chance of going one way in their orbit or another"*.  That's quite wrong.  Planets are formed from a big cloud of dust.  Whichever way the cloud of dust was orbiting, then of course **that is the way the planets end up orbiting!**  "It's that simple!"  You are, indeed, simply seeing the original ball of dust, still spinning around.   Imagine a movie, showing the ball of dust slightly spinning, and then the planets forming and, quite simply, still continuing to spin that way.  
> **username_0**: Oh, I was just thinking if the cloud of dust theoretically had no rotation.  
> **username_2**: If the dust cloud had no rotation (which is extremely unlikely) then it would all simply collapse into the forming proto star.  
> **username_3**: Theoretically there could be a planet which orbited in the opposite direction, or in a plane very different from the plane of the others, but then it must be a planet which was not formed within the same system, but was captured. Such rogue planets are, however, quite rare, compared with the number of solar systems and normal planets.  
> **username_4**: Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been [moved to chat](http://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/41762/discussion-on-question-by-mobal-why-do-the-planets-orbit-in-the-same-direction).  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_7 on 2016-06-26. Score: 44 | Accepted answer

The same reason (almost) all of them rotate in the same direction: because of the **conservation of angular momentum.**

Before a star and its planets exist, there’s just a cloud of disorganized gas and small molecules. The Solar System formed from such a cloud around 4.6 billion years ago.

On that scale, there is some small amount of rotation within the cloud. It could be caused by the gravity of nearby stellar objects, local differences in mass as the cloud churns, or even the impact of a distant supernova. The point is, all molecular clouds have at least a little rotation.

In a large system like a molecular cloud, each particle has some angular momentum, and it all adds together across a very wide area. That’s a lot of momentum, and it is conserved as the cloud continues to collapse under its own gravity. That angular momentum also flattens the cloud, which is the reason why the Solar System is near-planar.

[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/d3kRf.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/d3kRf.jpg)

When the cloud finally collapses, it forms a star and shortly after planets. However, angular momentum is always conserved. That's why planets all follow the same orbit, and why almost all of them rotate in the same direction. There's nothing to turn them the other direction, so they will continue spinning in the same direction as the original gas cloud.

There are a few exceptions, though. Whenever objects formed in such a way that sent them orbiting the opposite direction, they usually collided with objects going in the same direction as the original cloud. This destroyed any outlying objects or sent them in the same direction as the original cloud.

Still, two huge exceptions are planets Venus and Uranus. Uranus spins on an axis of almost 90-degrees (on its side). Venus meanwhile spins the opposite direction as Earth and the other planets.

In both cases there is strong evidence that these planets were struck by large objects at some point in the distant past. The impacts were large enough to overcome the angular momentum of the bodies, and give them a different spin. There are also a range of other theories; for example, some astronomers think that Venus may have been flipped upside-down. Point is, there were irregular events that happened to both of these planets.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: +1 for simplicity and explanation. So we meet again. I don't know how you did better than your last answer on one of my questions, but you did!  
> **username_8**: Very good answer. One more exception I could think of is when a foreign object is captured due to gravity.  
> **username_9**: Here's a simple visualization to aid SirC's answer. [Visualization of Gravity](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTY1Kje0yLg) The visualization of angular of opposite orbits correcting themselves occurs around 2:45.  This demonstration is geared towards high school students, however it's still useful.  
> **username_7**: @Dupontrocks11 That's a great video, I've seen it before. I was thinking about including it but I didn't want this answer to get too lengthy.  
> **username_0**: @Dupontrocks11 You see, I watched that video some time ago. If I am correct it is supposed to represent spacetime.  
> **username_9**: @Mobal Correct, however he uses his visualization to explain why bodies tend to orbit the same direction in a brief tangent around the 2:45 mark, which I thought was useful. Cheers!  
> **username_10**: This is a fantastic answer; the only improvement I could suggest is to link "conservation of momentum" with the average momentum of the starting cloud--i.e., the resultant ecliptic plane is the the average direction of all of the particles the cloud started out with, and was settled through stochastic collisions of those particles cancelling out all (or most, rather) other directions of motion.  
> **username_11**: Would you be able to join the dots between `angular momentum is always conserved. That's why... almost all of them rotate in the same direction` with more detail? It doesn't seem so obvious to me. (Or to the answerers of this question: https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/6183/why-do-most-of-the-planets-rotate-counterclockwise-i-e-the-same-way-the-sun?rq=1)  

---

### Answer by username_5 on 2016-06-27. Score: 8

Sir Cumference's answer is great. Molecular clouds are generally thousands of times more massive than the Solar System, and since they're less dense they're much much larger in volume.

We don't know where our Solar System originated from, and we don't know how many other stars were born in the same cloud, probably hundreds or even thousands (just recently 1 or 2 stars were suggested to be sisters of Sol, but the jury is, as far as I know, still out on that).

Anyway, either due to interstellar winds, magnetic fields, supernovae explosions, or some other difference in average density, a volume of our mother molecular cloud began to collapse due to gravity being just a bit more in some areas.

The more the cloud became concentrated, the more the gravitational attraction increased, so the faster it collapsed. While dust and gas collide, the whole system conserves energy and momentum (as it is an isolated system) , and thus is naïve to assume that planet orbits should be random — which means *any* which way, you seem to have assumed that space is two dimensional, and the most random arrangement would be a flat disk.

**Nope.** It would be a sphere... like a swarm of flies around something stinky. When we program a computer to model a swarm of random dust and gas collapsing, it turns out that due to chance it will select a preferred direction. A random dust cloud will collapse into a disk with most of the particles orbiting in the same direction (this ignores possible effects from the Milky Way influencing the process, so even without the molecular cloud orbiting the center of the Milky Way, disk formation will occur).

Keep in mind that these answers are tentative: most of the gravity in the Milky Way is of dark matter, and we're still working on understanding how that influences star formation and until we know a lot more about dark matter, we can't be sure our computer models are correct. Generally, we prefer models that give results similar to the actual way our Solar System is.

But guess what? The thousands of exoplanets we've discovered have far more "hot Jupiters" (gas giants very close to their stars) than we expected. So we are adjusting our models. One popular idea is that planets had a lot more collisions than we used to think. This means more planets in very close to the Star, and more planets actually ejected from the star system. Who knows, perhaps that's where Theia came from.

> **Comments:**
> **username_6**: Care to add a little formatting to your answer to make it easier to read?  
> **username_0**: I agree with Hohmannfan as well. The formatting kind of put me off reading.  
> **username_7**: @Mobal I formatted it for him.  
> **username_0**: @SirCumference And I added onto it.  

---

