<p>It boils down to simple remainder mathematics.</p>

<p>If two planets have a 13:8 resonance, then, for every 1 outer planet orbit, the inner planet moves 1 and 5/8ths times around the sun.  Because both planets move in the same direction, that means the inner planet moves ahead 5/8ths of 1 orbit for every outer planet year.</p>

<p>5/8ths in 1 year, means the inner planet passes the outer planet every 8/5ths year, or every 1.6 years.  That's the catch-up time.  The formula is pretty simple:   8/(13-8) or small/(large-small).</p>

<p>That period is known as the synodic period of Venus viewed from Earth.</p>

<p>Throwing out the 13:8, because it's close but not quite right, Venus orbit is 224.701 days and Earth's orbit 365.256 days (sidereal orbits).</p>

<p>224.701/(365.256 - 224.701)
or, 224.701 / 140.555 = 1.59867 Earth years, or 583.92 Earth days.</p>

<p><a href="http://www.livephysics.com/physical-constants/astronomy-pc/synodic-sidereal-periods-planets/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Venus' synodic period is listed here as 584 days</a> - close enough.</p>

<p>All you need for a repeating pattern is a synodic period that's very close to a divisor of an integer and you always get that when the planets are in resonance.    1.59867 is close enough to 1.6 that 5 Venus synodic years comes very close to 8 earth years.   That's what causes the pattern to repeat.   1.59867 times 5 is very close to 8.   I think it misses by maybe 2.6 degrees every 8 years, but it's still close enough to have gotten the attention and admiration of the ancients.  </p>

<p>Venus and Earth aren't really in resonance, just close.  They don't have sufficient tidal forces on each other to maintain a true resonance.</p>

<p>The flower petal you get <a href="https://i.imgur.com/PqJy8lX.gifv" rel="nofollow noreferrer">in your 2nd link</a>, the 5 intersection points or meeting points, those happen in in that Spirograph like image when Earth and Venus are on opposite sides of the sun.  They also happen on a 1.6 earth years and move forward 225 degrees every Earth year.  It looks neat, but like a Spirograph it's a cool design based on nothing more than simple fractions.</p>

<hr>

<p>As far as fractal, flowers are sometimes used as examples of fractal patterns, so I can see how, looking at the flower pattern, one might think it might be fractal.   It's really not.  Fractals are non-repeating.   Kepler Orbits are repeating.  </p>

<p>Some of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Earth's Milankovich cycles</a> may be fractal in their variation.   That's another topic though.</p>

<hr>

<p>@Chappo </p>

<p>using your 7:4</p>

<p>4/(7-4) = 1.333 years to catch up, so that corresponds to 3 passes every 4 years, or, as you said, a triangle.  </p>

<p>For resonances and the number of points in the star-pattern, it seems to be a simple matter of subtraction as you said, because the denominator in your example is 7-4, or 3.   Divide by 3, you then need 3 cycles to get back to an integer.  </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2018-04-29T13:27:24.967Z
2018-04-29T13:27:24.967Z
userLTK
<p>There is a sequence of orbital resonances between the moons of Jupiter, so tracing the motion of moons relative to one another gives a range of nice patterns</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/MLlBe.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/MLlBe.png" alt=""></a></p>

<p>In this image, the camera follows Ganymede, stationary in the centre of the image. Since the camera moves to follow Ganymede, Jupiter moves relative to the camera, producing the pink circle. Io and Europa have resonant orbits, orange and white, Io has a three petalled "flower", and Europa has the cardiod.  Calisto orbits outside of Ganymede, and has the pattern of four lobes.</p>

<p>Image generated by "gravity simulator"</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2018-04-30T16:12:43.787Z
2018-04-30T16:12:43.787Z
James K
<p>I was reading about the <a href="http://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/five-petals-of-venus" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Pentagram/Flower of Venus</a>, and how it is caused by a 13:8 ratio between their orbits. I found <a href="https://i.imgur.com/PqJy8lX.gifv" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this GIF particularly fascinating</a>. </p>

<p>My question is, if the ratio changed, would they form other kind of "fractal" shapes? Does this happen between other planets? What would be the condition for the ratio so that the relative motion forms a symmetrical shape like the Cardioid in the case of Venus and Earth?</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2018-04-27T17:34:54.600Z
A fraction is correct.   The faster orbiting planet would move ahead a certain number of degrees per orbit.   You would either see a repeating pattern, if there's a neat ratio (like 13:8) or you would see a kind of Spirograph, gaining the same angle every rotation.   Mandelbrot did occasionally compare some fractals to flowers but I don't think that comparison fits the spirit of this question.   A repeating fraction or angle, same amount each time isn't a fractal.   (I can turn this into an answer unless somebody else wants to).
userLTK
CC BY-SA 3.0
2018-04-28T12:18:46.307Z
I'd be interested to know (from a maths angle) whether the five-pointed pattern is directly a result of the numerical difference between 13 and 8. Similarly, would a 7:4 ratio result in a triangular pattern (7 - 4 = 3)?
Chappo Hasn't Forgotten
<orbit><solar-system><venus>
Does the relative motion between planets other than Venus and Earth form shapes such as the Flower of Venus?
choreley
# Does the relative motion between planets other than Venus and Earth form shapes such as the Flower of Venus?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2018-04-27)

I was reading about the [Pentagram/Flower of Venus](http://earthsky.org/astronomy-essentials/five-petals-of-venus), and how it is caused by a 13:8 ratio between their orbits. I found [this GIF particularly fascinating](https://i.imgur.com/PqJy8lX.gifv).

My question is, if the ratio changed, would they form other kind of "fractal" shapes? Does this happen between other planets? What would be the condition for the ratio so that the relative motion forms a symmetrical shape like the Cardioid in the case of Venus and Earth?

**Tags:** orbit, solar-system, venus
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: A fraction is correct.   The faster orbiting planet would move ahead a certain number of degrees per orbit.   You would either see a repeating pattern, if there's a neat ratio (like 13:8) or you would see a kind of Spirograph, gaining the same angle every rotation.   Mandelbrot did occasionally compare some fractals to flowers but I don't think that comparison fits the spirit of this question.   A repeating fraction or angle, same amount each time isn't a fractal.   (I can turn this into an answer unless somebody else wants to).  
> **username_2**: I'd be interested to know (from a maths angle) whether the five-pointed pattern is directly a result of the numerical difference between 13 and 8. Similarly, would a 7:4 ratio result in a triangular pattern (7 - 4 = 3)?  

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## 2 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2018-04-29. Score: 1

It boils down to simple remainder mathematics.

If two planets have a 13:8 resonance, then, for every 1 outer planet orbit, the inner planet moves 1 and 5/8ths times around the sun. Because both planets move in the same direction, that means the inner planet moves ahead 5/8ths of 1 orbit for every outer planet year.

5/8ths in 1 year, means the inner planet passes the outer planet every 8/5ths year, or every 1.6 years. That's the catch-up time. The formula is pretty simple: 8/(13-8) or small/(large-small).

That period is known as the synodic period of Venus viewed from Earth.

Throwing out the 13:8, because it's close but not quite right, Venus orbit is 224.701 days and Earth's orbit 365.256 days (sidereal orbits).

224.701/(365.256 - 224.701)
or, 224.701 / 140.555 = 1.59867 Earth years, or 583.92 Earth days.

[Venus' synodic period is listed here as 584 days](http://www.livephysics.com/physical-constants/astronomy-pc/synodic-sidereal-periods-planets/) - close enough.

All you need for a repeating pattern is a synodic period that's very close to a divisor of an integer and you always get that when the planets are in resonance. 1.59867 is close enough to 1.6 that 5 Venus synodic years comes very close to 8 earth years. That's what causes the pattern to repeat. 1.59867 times 5 is very close to 8. I think it misses by maybe 2.6 degrees every 8 years, but it's still close enough to have gotten the attention and admiration of the ancients.

Venus and Earth aren't really in resonance, just close. They don't have sufficient tidal forces on each other to maintain a true resonance.

The flower petal you get [in your 2nd link](https://i.imgur.com/PqJy8lX.gifv), the 5 intersection points or meeting points, those happen in in that Spirograph like image when Earth and Venus are on opposite sides of the sun. They also happen on a 1.6 earth years and move forward 225 degrees every Earth year. It looks neat, but like a Spirograph it's a cool design based on nothing more than simple fractions.

---

As far as fractal, flowers are sometimes used as examples of fractal patterns, so I can see how, looking at the flower pattern, one might think it might be fractal. It's really not. Fractals are non-repeating. Kepler Orbits are repeating.

Some of [Earth's Milankovich cycles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles) may be fractal in their variation. That's another topic though.

---

@Chappo

using your 7:4

4/(7-4) = 1.333 years to catch up, so that corresponds to 3 passes every 4 years, or, as you said, a triangle.

For resonances and the number of points in the star-pattern, it seems to be a simple matter of subtraction as you said, because the denominator in your example is 7-4, or 3. Divide by 3, you then need 3 cycles to get back to an integer.


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### Answer by username_3 on 2018-04-30. Score: 0

There is a sequence of orbital resonances between the moons of Jupiter, so tracing the motion of moons relative to one another gives a range of nice patterns

[![](https://i.sstatic.net/MLlBe.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/MLlBe.png)

In this image, the camera follows Ganymede, stationary in the centre of the image. Since the camera moves to follow Ganymede, Jupiter moves relative to the camera, producing the pink circle. Io and Europa have resonant orbits, orange and white, Io has a three petalled "flower", and Europa has the cardiod. Calisto orbits outside of Ganymede, and has the pattern of four lobes.

Image generated by "gravity simulator"


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