<p>If a star 300,000 km away from you explodes, it'll normally take the radiation from that explosion one second to start vaporizing you.
If the space between you and that exploding star inflates to 2.6X10^23km (28 billion ly) one half second after the explosion, the radiation will take 14 billion years, plus a half second, to reach you, and won't vaporize you.
Of course the expansion need not be instantaneous. You can plug in about any function you want there. The important thing is not the distance between you and the star at the time of explosion, but the total distance the photon must travel on its path to you. That distance must take into account the expansion of space between the emitted radiation and you, the observer.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-09-19T11:08:43.767Z
That's a hypothetical number you're using as an example. The expansion occurs at escape velocity, and that's lower than $c$. The explanation comes from the inflation epoch.
stevenvh
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-09-19T14:09:33.523Z
@Wayfaring, from your hypothetical, space would instantly grow 2.6X10^23km.  Space is NOT instantly growing, it is growing at a rate slower than the speed of light.  So, while I understand that it would take light longer than the original distance, I don't understand why light 14 billion light years away could possibly just now be reaching us.  How big do we estimate the universe was 14 billion years ago?
Scottie
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-09-19T14:16:31.773Z
@Scottie During inflationary epoch http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflationary_epoch spatial expansion occured at far above speed of light. Given the distance given in the initial question, that superluminal growth is the major factor involved. Hubble expansion (68 km/sec mpc) isn't going to get anything out to 14 billion light years in 13.8 billion years.
Wayfaring Stranger
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-09-19T14:20:21.110Z
@Wayfaring: That is cool!  I knew there was a period of time where the universe expanded faster than c, but I didn't know it was that long!  Thanks!
Scottie
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-09-19T21:56:59.387Z
@Scottie - since recession velocity increases with distance, even today there are galaxies with recession velocity > c -- and in some cases a light ray from such a galaxy can even reach us, since despite the acceleration of the expansion, the Hubble parameter is continually decreasing with time (as mentioned in the [deceleration parameter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deceleration_parameter) wiki page), meaning that the recession velocity at a fixed distance is continually decreasing. So, such a light ray can in some cases end up in a region of space with recession velocity < c.
Hypnosifl
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-09-19T22:03:25.167Z
For more on that point, see the sidebar "Can we see galaxies receding faster than light?" on p. 42 of the Scientific American article "Misconceptions About the Big Bang", online [here](http://www.mso.anu.edu.au/~charley/papers/LineweaverDavisSciAm.pdf) in pdf form.
Hypnosifl
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-09-18T23:22:59.713Z
2014-09-21T01:49:43.810Z
2014-09-21T01:49:43.810Z
Wayfaring Stranger
<p>One thing that I can't quite wrap my head around is how light is traveling to Earth from 14 billion light years away, aka the beginning of the universe.</p>

<p>The way I see it, the universe itself was very small 14 billion years ago and has been steadily accelerating in size since.  So the photons that left a star that existed 14 billion years ago couldn't travel for 14 billion years because the universe itself was probably only a few million light years total in diameter.  The universe is not expanding faster than the speed of light, so that photon should have hit the end of the universe before now.</p>

<p>What piece of this puzzle am I missing?</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-09-18T22:52:27.530Z
A comment to the general public: Why have there been so many expansion-of-the-universe-related questions recently?
HDE 226868
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-09-18T22:53:26.807Z
Doesn't astronomy=study of the universe?
Scottie
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-09-18T22:55:03.250Z
I'm not saying your question doesn't fit here; it fits fine. I'm just surprised at the frequency of the questions related to the expansion of the universe because so many other topics are in scope. Astronomy is the study of the universe on a large scale and many objects in it - stars, galaxies, black holes. It just seemed odd to find so many questions asked recently related to the expansion of the universe. But your question fits here fine.
HDE 226868
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-09-19T11:05:04.453Z
@Scottie - No. The study of the universe is cosmology. Astronomy is the study of the life of stars, which is a much smaller field. Astronomy doesn't include the Big Bang, the CMB or the formation of early galaxies, for instance.
stevenvh
CC BY-SA 3.0
2014-09-20T20:20:12.447Z
Regardless, the question is definitely on-topic. But astronomy does include the study of galaxies and other celestial objects.
HDE 226868
<light><dark-energy>
How can light reach us from 14 billion light years away?
Scottie
# How can light reach us from 14 billion light years away?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2014-09-18)

One thing that I can't quite wrap my head around is how light is traveling to Earth from 14 billion light years away, aka the beginning of the universe.

The way I see it, the universe itself was very small 14 billion years ago and has been steadily accelerating in size since. So the photons that left a star that existed 14 billion years ago couldn't travel for 14 billion years because the universe itself was probably only a few million light years total in diameter. The universe is not expanding faster than the speed of light, so that photon should have hit the end of the universe before now.

What piece of this puzzle am I missing?

**Tags:** light, dark-energy
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: A comment to the general public: Why have there been so many expansion-of-the-universe-related questions recently?  
> **username_0**: Doesn't astronomy=study of the universe?  
> **username_1**: I'm not saying your question doesn't fit here; it fits fine. I'm just surprised at the frequency of the questions related to the expansion of the universe because so many other topics are in scope. Astronomy is the study of the universe on a large scale and many objects in it - stars, galaxies, black holes. It just seemed odd to find so many questions asked recently related to the expansion of the universe. But your question fits here fine.  
> **username_2**: @Scottie - No. The study of the universe is cosmology. Astronomy is the study of the life of stars, which is a much smaller field. Astronomy doesn't include the Big Bang, the CMB or the formation of early galaxies, for instance.  
> **username_1**: Regardless, the question is definitely on-topic. But astronomy does include the study of galaxies and other celestial objects.  

---

## 1 answers

### Answer by username_3 on 2014-09-18. Score: 6 | Accepted answer

If a star 300,000 km away from you explodes, it'll normally take the radiation from that explosion one second to start vaporizing you.
If the space between you and that exploding star inflates to 2.6X10^23km (28 billion ly) one half second after the explosion, the radiation will take 14 billion years, plus a half second, to reach you, and won't vaporize you.
Of course the expansion need not be instantaneous. You can plug in about any function you want there. The important thing is not the distance between you and the star at the time of explosion, but the total distance the photon must travel on its path to you. That distance must take into account the expansion of space between the emitted radiation and you, the observer.

> **Comments:**
> **username_2**: That's a hypothetical number you're using as an example. The expansion occurs at escape velocity, and that's lower than $c$. The explanation comes from the inflation epoch.  
> **username_0**: @Wayfaring, from your hypothetical, space would instantly grow 2.6X10^23km.  Space is NOT instantly growing, it is growing at a rate slower than the speed of light.  So, while I understand that it would take light longer than the original distance, I don't understand why light 14 billion light years away could possibly just now be reaching us.  How big do we estimate the universe was 14 billion years ago?  
> **username_3**: @Scottie During inflationary epoch http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflationary_epoch spatial expansion occured at far above speed of light. Given the distance given in the initial question, that superluminal growth is the major factor involved. Hubble expansion (68 km/sec mpc) isn't going to get anything out to 14 billion light years in 13.8 billion years.  
> **username_0**: @Wayfaring: That is cool!  I knew there was a period of time where the universe expanded faster than c, but I didn't know it was that long!  Thanks!  
> **username_4**: @Scottie - since recession velocity increases with distance, even today there are galaxies with recession velocity > c -- and in some cases a light ray from such a galaxy can even reach us, since despite the acceleration of the expansion, the Hubble parameter is continually decreasing with time (as mentioned in the [deceleration parameter](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deceleration_parameter) wiki page), meaning that the recession velocity at a fixed distance is continually decreasing. So, such a light ray can in some cases end up in a region of space with recession velocity < c.  
> **username_4**: For more on that point, see the sidebar "Can we see galaxies receding faster than light?" on p. 42 of the Scientific American article "Misconceptions About the Big Bang", online [here](http://www.mso.anu.edu.au/~charley/papers/LineweaverDavisSciAm.pdf) in pdf form.  

---

