<p>Current understanding is that star is an <em>oblate spheroid</em>. An extreme example is shown below.</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/U3CA5.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/U3CA5.png" alt="oblate spheroid"></a></p>

<p>For a neutron star, the difference between the polar diameter and the equatorial diameter is around 10% and would look more like this:</p>

<p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/J8Gar.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/J8Gar.png" alt="neutron"></a></p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-04-24T18:21:37.667Z
10% sounds extreme. What rotation period would that be for?
ProfRob
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2017-04-24T19:05:30.043Z
@Rob Jeffries: I will chase the reference down and send it. Would love another opinion.
dantopa
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2017-04-24T17:20:53.063Z
2017-04-24T17:20:53.063Z
dantopa
<p>Logically speaking, they should be spherical as things with higher gravity tend to collapse into spheres.  Neutron stars are extremely dense, and have high gravity.  However, they are as far as we know rotating extremely fast as well (e.g. Pulsars).  It should be that the faster they rotate, the more disc-like they would become (like an ellipse or slight possibility of more of a disc in extreme cases).  So, depending on rotation speed, sphere for no to fairly high rotation speed, ellipse for high rotation speed, or possibly even a disc for extremely high rotation speed.  There is room for debate here, but this is how I logically see it.</p>

<p>Edit: By ellipse, I mean a 3 dimensional ellipse, like an egg, but "squished the other way".  Basically a sphere that has been stretched out on its equator.  The faster it spins, the more it should be deformed (stretched along the equator).  Dantopia's answer shows the shape I am describing.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-04-23T22:48:28.437Z
You're never going to see a disk shaped neutron star. I'm quite sure a neutron star would be rotating faster than the speed of light at that point and it would have long been flung apart before it got close to that point.
zephyr
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-04-24T01:39:20.207Z
@zephyr You may be right, hence why I said possibly disc shaped (not sure if they ever can or do form that shape.  Spheres and becoming more of an ellipse, wider on the equator with higher rotation speeds should be what is observed.  Would be interesting to know if they can rotate fast enough to form a disc or if that would exceed the speed of light as you mention.
Jonathan
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2017-04-24T09:14:52.977Z
And, in the opposite direction, you're not going to see a neutron star with no rotation, since the neutron star still has the angular momentum of the core of the collapsed star, which will always result in extremely rapid spin.
David Richerby
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2017-04-24T19:42:32.133Z
@Rob Jeffries I meant basically a 3D ellipse, good catch!  I edited my answer accordingly.
Jonathan
CC BY-SA 4.0
2019-03-17T16:53:10.417Z
@theonlygusti I disagree that my answer adds nothing.  Showing the relationship (sphere at 0 rotation speed), and increasingly stretched outward as rotation speed increases wasn't mentioned anywhere else that I saw...
Jonathan
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-04-23T19:19:47.607Z
2017-04-24T19:45:54.300Z
2017-04-24T19:45:54.300Z
Jonathan
<p>I don't think you'll find a single agreed shape for a rotating neutron star, not least because we don't have an agreed single model for the equation of state of the material in a neutron star (which is more complex than the name suggests).</p>

<p>I found one <a href="https://arxiv.org/pdf/1303.3259.pdf" rel="noreferrer">openly available paper</a> (I'm sure there are more) which will give you a rough flavor for the complexity of modeling the shape of neutron stars.  As you'll see the difficulty of no single model for an equation of state (EOS is the shorthand typically used) is just one issue.</p>

<p>I think "ellipsoid" should be considered as an approximation, although it's not something I'd consider written in stone.</p>

<p>Remember that to be useful a paper has to provide not just a model for what the shape might be, but also someone has to provide a way to measure this, which is challenging.  I think one of the hopes for the new era of gravitational wave astronomy is to be able (eventually) to make more useful and measurements that help us investigate the interior of neutron stars.</p>

<p>So this is an open question, I think.</p>

<p><em>@Rob-Jeffries asked a question in comment about typical numbers for the deformation, and I answered in comment but comments can be removed by the system, so I'm adding that information as an edit :</em></p>

<p>In the first section of the paper I linked to they do quote fractional deformations as being typically $10^{−5}$, perhaps $10^{−4}$ in special cases and in extreme cases up to $10^{−3}$. However another paper gives an analysis based on crustal rigidity and a very small deformation for a particular neutron star. The paper I initially liked to describes an upper limit based on gravitational wave considerations, I think, rather than a general analysis.</p>

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2017-04-23T19:36:35.733Z
Better if you gave an order of mgnitude estimate for how important these considerations are. The fastest rotating neutron star has a period of 1.4 ms.
ProfRob
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2017-04-23T20:27:52.097Z
In the first section of the paper I linked to they do quote fractional deformations as being typically $10^{-5}$, perhaps $10^{-4}$ in special cases and in extreme cases up to $10^{-3}$.  However [another paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/0805.1814v1.pdf) gives an analysis based on crustal rigidity and a very small deformation for a particular neutron star.  The paper I initially liked to describes an upper limit based on gravitational wave considerations, I think, rather than a general analysis.  I'd be interested in hearing more on this from better informed members.
StephenG - Help Ukraine
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2017-04-23T21:07:29.603Z
I think that was the point I wanted you to make. A maximally rotating neutron star has a rotation period of like 0.3 ms. Even the fastest known rotating neutron stars are a lot slower than this. So to look at, they would be spherical. The change in shape is very subtle.
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-04-24T11:11:33.790Z
Still not getting to the point. What rotation period corresponds to "typically"?
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-04-24T12:05:10.997Z
@rob-jeffries : I've never seen a distribution for the periods of rotation of neutron stars, so I'd be loath to give a "typical" value.  I'd be interested in seeing such a distribution, in fact.
StephenG - Help Ukraine
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-04-23T18:57:47.980Z
2017-04-24T14:58:00.783Z
2017-04-24T14:58:00.783Z
StephenG - Help Ukraine
<p>I've heard that the more an object spins, the less of a true sphere it is.
Using this logic most of neutron stars would be far from spherical,in general what shape are most neutron stars?</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-04-24T00:08:09.950Z
Consider that as it shrinks it's gravitation also increases so there are two effects that work against each other, the faster rotation wants to stretch the equator, the increase in gravition works against that.
userLTK
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-04-24T06:59:18.477Z
Bear in mind that neutron stars generally have strong magnetic fields, and it appears that in extreme cases the magnetic field can induce shape distortion. According to [Kazuo Makishima et al](https://physics.aps.org/synopsis-for/10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.171102) the distortion can be sufficient to "deform the magnetar into a prolate shape, like a football, which wobbles as it spins".
PM 2Ring
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-04-24T11:10:47.040Z
See https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/10376/what-happens-when-star-spins-too-fast/10377#10377
ProfRob
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-04-24T11:28:13.553Z
So in general neutron stars aren't that far from a sphere since gravity overpowers rotation,so most of the deformation comes from relativity i.e by length contraction.
kingW3
<rotation><neutron-star>
Shape of neutron stars
kingW3
# Shape of neutron stars

(Asked by: username_0 on 2017-04-23)

I've heard that the more an object spins, the less of a true sphere it is.
Using this logic most of neutron stars would be far from spherical,in general what shape are most neutron stars?

**Tags:** rotation, neutron-star
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Consider that as it shrinks it's gravitation also increases so there are two effects that work against each other, the faster rotation wants to stretch the equator, the increase in gravition works against that.  
> **username_2**: Bear in mind that neutron stars generally have strong magnetic fields, and it appears that in extreme cases the magnetic field can induce shape distortion. According to [Kazuo Makishima et al](https://physics.aps.org/synopsis-for/10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.171102) the distortion can be sufficient to "deform the magnetar into a prolate shape, like a football, which wobbles as it spins".  
> **username_3**: See https://astronomy.stackexchange.com/questions/10376/what-happens-when-star-spins-too-fast/10377#10377  
> **username_0**: So in general neutron stars aren't that far from a sphere since gravity overpowers rotation,so most of the deformation comes from relativity i.e by length contraction.  

---

## 3 answers

### Answer by username_8 on 2017-04-23. Score: 21 | Accepted answer

I don't think you'll find a single agreed shape for a rotating neutron star, not least because we don't have an agreed single model for the equation of state of the material in a neutron star (which is more complex than the name suggests).

I found one [openly available paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/1303.3259.pdf) (I'm sure there are more) which will give you a rough flavor for the complexity of modeling the shape of neutron stars. As you'll see the difficulty of no single model for an equation of state (EOS is the shorthand typically used) is just one issue.

I think "ellipsoid" should be considered as an approximation, although it's not something I'd consider written in stone.

Remember that to be useful a paper has to provide not just a model for what the shape might be, but also someone has to provide a way to measure this, which is challenging. I think one of the hopes for the new era of gravitational wave astronomy is to be able (eventually) to make more useful and measurements that help us investigate the interior of neutron stars.

So this is an open question, I think.

*@Rob-Jeffries asked a question in comment about typical numbers for the deformation, and I answered in comment but comments can be removed by the system, so I'm adding that information as an edit :*

In the first section of the paper I linked to they do quote fractional deformations as being typically $10^{−5}$, perhaps $10^{−4}$ in special cases and in extreme cases up to $10^{−3}$. However another paper gives an analysis based on crustal rigidity and a very small deformation for a particular neutron star. The paper I initially liked to describes an upper limit based on gravitational wave considerations, I think, rather than a general analysis.

> **Comments:**
> **username_3**: Better if you gave an order of mgnitude estimate for how important these considerations are. The fastest rotating neutron star has a period of 1.4 ms.  
> **username_8**: In the first section of the paper I linked to they do quote fractional deformations as being typically $10^{-5}$, perhaps $10^{-4}$ in special cases and in extreme cases up to $10^{-3}$.  However [another paper](https://arxiv.org/pdf/0805.1814v1.pdf) gives an analysis based on crustal rigidity and a very small deformation for a particular neutron star.  The paper I initially liked to describes an upper limit based on gravitational wave considerations, I think, rather than a general analysis.  I'd be interested in hearing more on this from better informed members.  
> **username_3**: I think that was the point I wanted you to make. A maximally rotating neutron star has a rotation period of like 0.3 ms. Even the fastest known rotating neutron stars are a lot slower than this. So to look at, they would be spherical. The change in shape is very subtle.  
> **username_3**: Still not getting to the point. What rotation period corresponds to "typically"?  
> **username_8**: @rob-jeffries : I've never seen a distribution for the periods of rotation of neutron stars, so I'd be loath to give a "typical" value.  I'd be interested in seeing such a distribution, in fact.  

---

### Answer by username_4 on 2017-04-24. Score: 0

Current understanding is that star is an *oblate spheroid*. An extreme example is shown below.

[![oblate spheroid](https://i.sstatic.net/U3CA5.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/U3CA5.png)

For a neutron star, the difference between the polar diameter and the equatorial diameter is around 10% and would look more like this:

[![neutron](https://i.sstatic.net/J8Gar.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/J8Gar.png)

> **Comments:**
> **username_3**: 10% sounds extreme. What rotation period would that be for?  
> **username_4**: @Rob Jeffries: I will chase the reference down and send it. Would love another opinion.  

---

### Answer by username_5 on 2017-04-23. Score: -2

Logically speaking, they should be spherical as things with higher gravity tend to collapse into spheres. Neutron stars are extremely dense, and have high gravity. However, they are as far as we know rotating extremely fast as well (e.g. Pulsars). It should be that the faster they rotate, the more disc-like they would become (like an ellipse or slight possibility of more of a disc in extreme cases). So, depending on rotation speed, sphere for no to fairly high rotation speed, ellipse for high rotation speed, or possibly even a disc for extremely high rotation speed. There is room for debate here, but this is how I logically see it.

Edit: By ellipse, I mean a 3 dimensional ellipse, like an egg, but "squished the other way". Basically a sphere that has been stretched out on its equator. The faster it spins, the more it should be deformed (stretched along the equator). Dantopia's answer shows the shape I am describing.

> **Comments:**
> **username_6**: You're never going to see a disk shaped neutron star. I'm quite sure a neutron star would be rotating faster than the speed of light at that point and it would have long been flung apart before it got close to that point.  
> **username_5**: @zephyr You may be right, hence why I said possibly disc shaped (not sure if they ever can or do form that shape.  Spheres and becoming more of an ellipse, wider on the equator with higher rotation speeds should be what is observed.  Would be interesting to know if they can rotate fast enough to form a disc or if that would exceed the speed of light as you mention.  
> **username_7**: And, in the opposite direction, you're not going to see a neutron star with no rotation, since the neutron star still has the angular momentum of the core of the collapsed star, which will always result in extremely rapid spin.  
> **username_5**: @Rob Jeffries I meant basically a 3D ellipse, good catch!  I edited my answer accordingly.  
> **username_5**: @theonlygusti I disagree that my answer adds nothing.  Showing the relationship (sphere at 0 rotation speed), and increasingly stretched outward as rotation speed increases wasn't mentioned anywhere else that I saw...  

---

