<p>There is in fact a cosmic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave_background" rel="noreferrer">gravitational wave background</a>. These waves are expected to be <a href="http://www.ligo.org/science/GW-Stochastic.php" rel="noreferrer">stochastic</a>, having originated in the early universe (much earlier than the cosmic microwave background). Random fluctuations were subsequently stretched during <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)" rel="noreferrer">inflation</a>, making them observable over many wavelengths. A good and reasonably up-to-date introduction I read is <a href="https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.6.011035" rel="noreferrer">Lasky et al. (2016)</a>, which gives some of the most recent constraints on the parameters of the frequency spectrum $\Omega_{\text{GW}}(f)$. The great thing about the wide spectrum is that a number of different tools (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar_timing_array" rel="noreferrer">pulsar timing arrays</a>, interferometers like LIGO, etc.) can be used to constrain different parts of it, both directly and indirectly.</p>

<p>That said, dark energy is almost certainly not a result of the gravitational wave background. First, there's no theoretical mechanism to explain how such an effect would arise. Second, the background is probably not strong enough to have an influence on the current expansion of the universe (see the graph <a href="http://www.tapir.caltech.edu/~teviet/Waves/gwave_spectrum.html" rel="noreferrer">here</a> to see how weak it is). Finally, dark energy is a relatively recent phenomenon, arising several billion years ago. The background was around long before then, and yet had no effects.</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-04-21T02:38:58.553Z
Are we sure the dark energy effect wasn't around earlier?  It would seem that the inflation near the very beginning would be a strong presence of dark energy.  Thank you for your detailed answer!
Jonathan
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-04-21T02:57:47.107Z
@Jonathan Inflation and dark energy are almost certainly two completely different things.
HDE 226868
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-04-21T16:02:40.820Z
@Jonathan Let me just clarify HDE's statement. Dark energy is certainly a recent phenomenon, but the idea is that the strength of dark energy (whatever that means) is related to the total volume of space. As space expands, dark energy gets stronger, making space expand faster, ad infinitum. Dark energy has always existed (hypothetically) but it's only recently (i.e., the past several billion years) that it has "built up enough" to have a noticeable effect on our universe. As such, it cannot be tied to inflation in the early universe and that inflation was caused by some as-yet-unknown source.
zephyr
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-04-21T00:17:44.900Z
2017-04-21T00:17:44.900Z
HDE 226868
<blockquote>
  <p>Could dark energy (the accelerating expansion of the universe) be the result of gravity from the dense past universe "pulling" outward from all directions?</p>
</blockquote>

<p>No, because gravity alters the motion of light and matter through space. It doesn't make space fall down in some Chicken-Little fashion. You may hear that it does, as per <a href="https://www.google.co.uk/#q=black+hole+waterfall+analogy&amp;spf=382" rel="nofollow noreferrer">the waterfall analogy</a>, but it doesn't. In similar vein the "reversed" gravity that you're suggesting doesn't make space fall up, as it were.   </p>

<blockquote>
  <p>The universe theoretically started out extremely dense and hot, and we can see the light reaching us as the cosmic microwave background. </p>
</blockquote>

<p>I think most people are fairly happy with the CMBR. </p>

<blockquote>
  <p>I wonder if that same region and denser portions beyond are exerting a gravitational effect that is stretching out everything within toward it, effectively being a cosmic gravity background. </p>
</blockquote>

<p>It's good to think for yourself, and it's good to wonder. But I have to say I think this idea is a non-starter. We have galaxies receding faster than light (see <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0310808" rel="nofollow noreferrer">this paper</a>). That means it's space expanding, not gravity pulling.    </p>

<blockquote>
  <p>If so, is this the explanation for dark energy?</p>
</blockquote>

<p>Sorry, no. If I were you I'd have a look at vacuum energy. </p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-04-21T15:52:50.903Z
*"We have galaxies receding faster than light."* A more correct statement is that we *predict* some galaxies are receding faster than light. We have no direct observational evidence for this and thus you can't use this as prove that space is doing the expanding instead of gravitational influences.
zephyr
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-04-22T01:34:31.100Z
Good point about galaxies receding faster than the speed of light.  I think that might still be plausible in my proposed idea, as I believe it would possibly "stretch space", but it does make me think.
Jonathan
CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-04-21T15:47:52.823Z
2017-04-21T15:47:52.823Z
John Duffield
<p>Could dark energy (the accelerating expansion of the universe) be the result of gravity from the dense past universe "pulling" outward from all directions? The universe theoretically started out extremely dense and hot, and we can see the light reaching us as the cosmic microwave background. I wonder if that same region and denser portions beyond are exerting a gravitational effect that is stretching out everything within toward it, effectively being a cosmic gravity background. If so, is this the explanation for dark energy?</p>

CC BY-SA 3.0
2017-04-21T14:15:57.830Z
Gravity on a universal scale has to be treated in the context of General Relativity and the Robertson-Walker metric. Your question does not make any sense because every place causally connected to us in the universe was coincident in the past.
ProfRob
<gravity><expansion><cosmological-inflation><dark-energy>
Could Dark Energy be a "Cosmic Gravity Background"
Jonathan
# Could Dark Energy be a "Cosmic Gravity Background"

(Asked by: username_0 on 2017-04-20)

Could dark energy (the accelerating expansion of the universe) be the result of gravity from the dense past universe "pulling" outward from all directions? The universe theoretically started out extremely dense and hot, and we can see the light reaching us as the cosmic microwave background. I wonder if that same region and denser portions beyond are exerting a gravitational effect that is stretching out everything within toward it, effectively being a cosmic gravity background. If so, is this the explanation for dark energy?

**Tags:** gravity, expansion, cosmological-inflation, dark-energy
> **Comments:**
> **username_1**: Gravity on a universal scale has to be treated in the context of General Relativity and the Robertson-Walker metric. Your question does not make any sense because every place causally connected to us in the universe was coincident in the past.  

---

## 2 answers

### Answer by username_2 on 2017-04-21. Score: 5 | Accepted answer

There is in fact a cosmic [gravitational wave background](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave_background). These waves are expected to be [stochastic](http://www.ligo.org/science/GW-Stochastic.php), having originated in the early universe (much earlier than the cosmic microwave background). Random fluctuations were subsequently stretched during [inflation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation_(cosmology)), making them observable over many wavelengths. A good and reasonably up-to-date introduction I read is [Lasky et al. (2016)](https://journals.aps.org/prx/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevX.6.011035), which gives some of the most recent constraints on the parameters of the frequency spectrum $\Omega\_{\text{GW}}(f)$. The great thing about the wide spectrum is that a number of different tools ([pulsar timing arrays](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar_timing_array), interferometers like LIGO, etc.) can be used to constrain different parts of it, both directly and indirectly.

That said, dark energy is almost certainly not a result of the gravitational wave background. First, there's no theoretical mechanism to explain how such an effect would arise. Second, the background is probably not strong enough to have an influence on the current expansion of the universe (see the graph [here](http://www.tapir.caltech.edu/~teviet/Waves/gwave_spectrum.html) to see how weak it is). Finally, dark energy is a relatively recent phenomenon, arising several billion years ago. The background was around long before then, and yet had no effects.

> **Comments:**
> **username_0**: Are we sure the dark energy effect wasn't around earlier?  It would seem that the inflation near the very beginning would be a strong presence of dark energy.  Thank you for your detailed answer!  
> **username_2**: @Jonathan Inflation and dark energy are almost certainly two completely different things.  
> **username_3**: @Jonathan Let me just clarify HDE's statement. Dark energy is certainly a recent phenomenon, but the idea is that the strength of dark energy (whatever that means) is related to the total volume of space. As space expands, dark energy gets stronger, making space expand faster, ad infinitum. Dark energy has always existed (hypothetically) but it's only recently (i.e., the past several billion years) that it has "built up enough" to have a noticeable effect on our universe. As such, it cannot be tied to inflation in the early universe and that inflation was caused by some as-yet-unknown source.  

---

### Answer by username_4 on 2017-04-21. Score: 1

> Could dark energy (the accelerating expansion of the universe) be the result of gravity from the dense past universe "pulling" outward from all directions?

No, because gravity alters the motion of light and matter through space. It doesn't make space fall down in some Chicken-Little fashion. You may hear that it does, as per [the waterfall analogy](https://www.google.co.uk/#q=black+hole+waterfall+analogy&spf=382), but it doesn't. In similar vein the "reversed" gravity that you're suggesting doesn't make space fall up, as it were.

> The universe theoretically started out extremely dense and hot, and we can see the light reaching us as the cosmic microwave background.

I think most people are fairly happy with the CMBR.

> I wonder if that same region and denser portions beyond are exerting a gravitational effect that is stretching out everything within toward it, effectively being a cosmic gravity background.

It's good to think for yourself, and it's good to wonder. But I have to say I think this idea is a non-starter. We have galaxies receding faster than light (see [this paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0310808)). That means it's space expanding, not gravity pulling.

> If so, is this the explanation for dark energy?

Sorry, no. If I were you I'd have a look at vacuum energy.

> **Comments:**
> **username_3**: *"We have galaxies receding faster than light."* A more correct statement is that we *predict* some galaxies are receding faster than light. We have no direct observational evidence for this and thus you can't use this as prove that space is doing the expanding instead of gravitational influences.  
> **username_0**: Good point about galaxies receding faster than the speed of light.  I think that might still be plausible in my proposed idea, as I believe it would possibly "stretch space", but it does make me think.  

---

