Answers.Body: <p>Neuromorphic engineering offers various of ways of reproducing the brain’s processing ability.</p>
  
  <p>The recent technology can include IBM's multi-artificial-neuron computer, the world's first artificial nanoscale stochastic phase-change neurons<sup><a href="http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/08/ibm-phase-change-neurons/?" rel="nofollow">article</a></sup>. Check the: <a href="http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v11/n8/full/nnano.2016.70.html" rel="nofollow">Stochastic phase-change neurons</a> study.</p>
  
  <p>Other can include</p>
  
  <ul>
  <li><p><a href="http://web.stanford.edu/group/brainsinsilicon/neurogrid.html" rel="nofollow">Neurogrid</a>, built by Brains in Silicon at Stanford University is another example for brain simulation. It uses analog computation to emulate ion-channel activity. It emulates neurons using digital circuitry designed to maximize spiking throughput<sup><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering#Examples" rel="nofollow">wiki</a></sup>.</p></li>
  <li><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpiNNaker" rel="nofollow">SpiNNaker</a>, which is a manycore computer to simulate the human brain (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Brain_Project" rel="nofollow">Human Brain Project</a>).</p></li>
  <li><p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SyNAPSE" rel="nofollow">SyNAPSE</a>, a DARPA neuromorphic machine technology, that scales to biological levels. Each chip can have over a million of electronic “neurons” and 256 million electronic synapses between neurons. In 2014 the 5.4 billion transistor chip had one of the highest transistor counts of any chip ever produced. The program is undertaken by HRL, HP and IBM.</p></li>
  </ul>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2016-08-06T01:27:03.500Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2016-08-06T01:27:03.500Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: kenorb
Answers.Body: <p>Vernor Vinge said that if we can scan a human brain and then simulate it: We can run it at 1000 times the speed. The brain will be able to do 1000 years of thinking in 1 year ect. </p>
  
  <p>At this stage in history we have the computer power.</p>
  
  <p>The trouble lies in cutting a brain up and scanning the 100 billion neurons and 12 million kilometres of axons and 100000 billion synapses.
  And piecing together the connectome from all the data.</p>
  
  <p>Sebastian Seung at MIT is working on automating this scanning process with machine learning. By gathering training data from thousands of people playing his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyewire" rel="noreferrer">Eyewire game</a></p>
  
  <p>Henry Markram in Europe tried to do something similar with his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Brain_Project" rel="noreferrer">Blue Brain Project</a>.
  He attempted to simulate the neocortical column of a rat. The EU gave him a billion euros to do this. Unfortunately he has been heavily criticised by the Neuroscience community. They claim that we don't know the physiology  well enough to make a valid simulation.</p>
  
  <p>Check out his <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LS3wMC2BpxU" rel="noreferrer">Ted Talk</a>.</p>
  
  <p>In the 1970s Sydney Brenner achieved a <em>full brain scan</em> of a C Elegans worm. This worm has one of the simplest biological neural networks having only 302 neurons.
  Here is a picture of its connectome:<a href="https://i.sstatic.net/cAZ49.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/cAZ49.png" alt="enter image description here"></a>
  <a href="https://i.sstatic.net/siHt8.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/siHt8.png" alt="enter image description here"></a></p>
  
  <p>An accurate computer simulation of this worm would be a major stepping stone to uploading a human brain.</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2016-08-06T08:59:35.103Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2016-08-06T09:37:48.850Z
Answers.LastEditDate: 2016-08-06T09:37:48.850Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: Conor Cosnett
Body: <p>I'd like to know whether there were attempts to simulate the whole brain, I'm not talking only about some <a href="https://ai.stackexchange.com/q/237/8">ANN on microchips</a>, but brain simulations.</p>
  
Tags: <neuromorphic-engineering><brain>
Title: Are there any artificial neuromorphic systems which can mimic the brain?
UserDisplayName: kenorb
ThreadText: # Are there any artificial neuromorphic systems which can mimic the brain?
  
  (Asked by: username_0 on 2016-08-06)
  
  I'd like to know whether there were attempts to simulate the whole brain, I'm not talking only about some [ANN on microchips](https://ai.stackexchange.com/q/237/8), but brain simulations.
  
  **Tags:** neuromorphic-engineering, brain
  
  ---
  
  ## 2 answers
  
  ### Answer by username_1 on 2016-08-06. Score: 6 | Accepted answer
  
  Vernor Vinge said that if we can scan a human brain and then simulate it: We can run it at 1000 times the speed. The brain will be able to do 1000 years of thinking in 1 year ect.
  
  At this stage in history we have the computer power.
  
  The trouble lies in cutting a brain up and scanning the 100 billion neurons and 12 million kilometres of axons and 100000 billion synapses.
  And piecing together the connectome from all the data.
  
  Sebastian Seung at MIT is working on automating this scanning process with machine learning. By gathering training data from thousands of people playing his [Eyewire game](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyewire)
  
  Henry Markram in Europe tried to do something similar with his [Blue Brain Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Brain_Project).
  He attempted to simulate the neocortical column of a rat. The EU gave him a billion euros to do this. Unfortunately he has been heavily criticised by the Neuroscience community. They claim that we don't know the physiology well enough to make a valid simulation.
  
  Check out his [Ted Talk](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LS3wMC2BpxU).
  
  In the 1970s Sydney Brenner achieved a *full brain scan* of a C Elegans worm. This worm has one of the simplest biological neural networks having only 302 neurons.
  Here is a picture of its connectome:[![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/cAZ49.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/cAZ49.png)
  [![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/siHt8.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/siHt8.png)
  
  An accurate computer simulation of this worm would be a major stepping stone to uploading a human brain.
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_0 on 2016-08-06. Score: 3
  
  Neuromorphic engineering offers various of ways of reproducing the brain’s processing ability.
  
  The recent technology can include IBM's multi-artificial-neuron computer, the world's first artificial nanoscale stochastic phase-change neurons[article](http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/08/ibm-phase-change-neurons/?). Check the: [Stochastic phase-change neurons](http://www.nature.com/nnano/journal/v11/n8/full/nnano.2016.70.html) study.
  
  Other can include
  
  * [Neurogrid](http://web.stanford.edu/group/brainsinsilicon/neurogrid.html), built by Brains in Silicon at Stanford University is another example for brain simulation. It uses analog computation to emulate ion-channel activity. It emulates neurons using digital circuitry designed to maximize spiking throughput[wiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuromorphic_engineering#Examples).
  * [SpiNNaker](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpiNNaker), which is a manycore computer to simulate the human brain (see [Human Brain Project](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Brain_Project)).
  * [SyNAPSE](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SyNAPSE), a DARPA neuromorphic machine technology, that scales to biological levels. Each chip can have over a million of electronic “neurons” and 256 million electronic synapses between neurons. In 2014 the 5.4 billion transistor chip had one of the highest transistor counts of any chip ever produced. The program is undertaken by HRL, HP and IBM.
  
  
  ---
  
  