Answers.Body: <p>There may be a light breeze blowing by the mic? This may appear as a low frequency oscillation that only 'adds' to the positive part of the waveform and thus clipping it.</p>
  <p>Because of the low frequency content your player may not be able to play it properly, even if so, you may not be able any tell any major differences in the audio too.</p>
  <p>You may be able to simulate this kind of clipping by adding a low frequency sinusoid (&lt; 10 Hz) to an audio snippet that is smaller than one cycle of the low frequency sound.</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2022-07-14T11:45:14.873Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2022-07-14T13:51:07.927Z
Answers.LastEditDate: 2022-07-14T13:51:07.927Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: Thejasvi
Answers.Body: <p>It could be a physical defect or obstruction in the capsule, that prevents the transducer element from moving all the way to its full extent.</p>
  <p>It's surprising that you say the audio quality appears to be fine - the imperfection should certainly be audible. With one-sided clipping like that, there should be audible artefacts with odd-numbered harmonics, and these would typically sound quite different to the animal sound. Are the artefacts also visible on a spectrogram? Perhaps the artefacts are mainly occurring in the higher frequency bands, making them less perceptible to you.</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2022-07-14T11:20:43.543Z
Answers.Text: Thanks for your answer. I saw no visible artefacts at all, and are not visible on a spectrogram. It looks completely normal, and you would not notice any issues were you not to examine the waveform.
Answers.UserDisplayName: cebola 
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2022-07-14T09:55:53.987Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2022-07-14T09:55:53.987Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: Dan Stowell
Answers.Body: <p>It could be caused by DC (direct current) offset. This happens when the signal &quot;idle&quot; value is shifted from the normal zero value during the recording.</p>
  <p>The picture below is an example of DC offset. You can see that most of the signal is above the zero value. When the signal is digitized to 16-bit signed integer samples all values above the maximum 32767 (the red part) are clipped.</p>
  <p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/NjnJL.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/NjnJL.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
  <p>Later when the DC offset is corrected the signal could look like yours:</p>
  <p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/rM92U.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/rM92U.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
  <p>The offset does not necessarily need to be constant (zero frequency) it could be a very low frequency e.g. caused by wind like Thejasvi pointed out. You can check this if you see longer run of the signal (over several seconds). With the low frequency overload of the signal the clipping value would not be constant. Alternatively the &quot;idle&quot; value of the signal would fluctuate around the zero if the signal still contains strong low frequency components.</p>
  <p>During usual audio recording a high pass filter is applied to block very low frequencies including the DC offset. This filter could be missing or faulty in your circuits.</p>
  <p>As a temporary workaround you can lower the gain during your recording. This will of course make the SNR and dynamic range lower.</p>
  <p>As Dan Stowell pointed out a physical obstruction of the microphone's membrane could be another reason for similar clipping.</p>
  <p>Detailed examination of the signal (zoom around the clipping values) should allow you to distinguish the two. Value clipping (caused by DC offset) should show the maxima always at the (almost) same value. A physical obstruction in the microphone should probably allow some variance among the maximum values.</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2022-07-14T15:01:21.107Z
Answers.Text: Thanks for the detailed answer and the explanation for how to examine the signals to see what the issue is!
Answers.UserDisplayName: cebola 
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2022-07-14T15:25:38.350Z
Answers.Text: I would concur, The most likely reason for onesided clipping is DC offset in analog data.
Answers.UserDisplayName: WMXZ
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2022-07-14T12:35:49.220Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2022-07-14T14:32:26.800Z
Answers.LastEditDate: 2022-07-14T14:32:26.800Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: pabouk - Ukraine stay strong
Body: <p>I took some recordings with small microphone tags and observed this type of 'clipping' where only half of the waveform appears to be clipped, while the other remains intact.</p>
  <p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/6jQHF.png" rel="noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/6jQHF.png" alt="Audio clipping (but only upper half of the waveform" /></a></p>
  <p>Does anybody have any idea of what could possibly cause this? Unfortunately I am unable to obtain manufacturer specifications at the moment. The spectrograms look perfect and the audio quality in playbacks appears to be fine as well.</p>
  
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2022-07-14T10:15:21.957Z
Comments.Text: Are you sure they are actually clipped? The y axis on your plot is -30,000 to +20,000, if you extend it to +30,000 will it show the remainder of the wave? Maybe the limits are set based on the recording, but if not and they are just defaults...?
Comments.UserDisplayName: EcologyTom
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2022-07-14T11:19:21.113Z
Comments.Text: Thanks for your answer, but no they are certainly clipped at the top range. If it's extended it shows the same.
Comments.UserDisplayName: cebola 
Tags: <equipment>
Title: What could cause only half of a waveform to clip?
ThreadText: # What could cause only half of a waveform to clip?
  
  (Asked by: username_0 on 2022-07-14)
  
  I took some recordings with small microphone tags and observed this type of 'clipping' where only half of the waveform appears to be clipped, while the other remains intact.
  
  [![Audio clipping (but only upper half of the waveform](https://i.sstatic.net/6jQHF.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/6jQHF.png)
  
  Does anybody have any idea of what could possibly cause this? Unfortunately I am unable to obtain manufacturer specifications at the moment. The spectrograms look perfect and the audio quality in playbacks appears to be fine as well.
  
  **Tags:** equipment
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_1**: Are you sure they are actually clipped? The y axis on your plot is -30,000 to +20,000, if you extend it to +30,000 will it show the remainder of the wave? Maybe the limits are set based on the recording, but if not and they are just defaults...?  
  > **username_0**: Thanks for your answer, but no they are certainly clipped at the top range. If it's extended it shows the same.  
  
  ---
  
  ## 3 answers
  
  ### Answer by username_4 on 2022-07-14. Score: 10 | Accepted answer
  
  It could be caused by DC (direct current) offset. This happens when the signal "idle" value is shifted from the normal zero value during the recording.
  
  The picture below is an example of DC offset. You can see that most of the signal is above the zero value. When the signal is digitized to 16-bit signed integer samples all values above the maximum 32767 (the red part) are clipped.
  
  [![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/NjnJL.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/NjnJL.png)
  
  Later when the DC offset is corrected the signal could look like yours:
  
  [![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/rM92U.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/rM92U.png)
  
  The offset does not necessarily need to be constant (zero frequency) it could be a very low frequency e.g. caused by wind like username_2 pointed out. You can check this if you see longer run of the signal (over several seconds). With the low frequency overload of the signal the clipping value would not be constant. Alternatively the "idle" value of the signal would fluctuate around the zero if the signal still contains strong low frequency components.
  
  During usual audio recording a high pass filter is applied to block very low frequencies including the DC offset. This filter could be missing or faulty in your circuits.
  
  As a temporary workaround you can lower the gain during your recording. This will of course make the SNR and dynamic range lower.
  
  As username_3 pointed out a physical obstruction of the microphone's membrane could be another reason for similar clipping.
  
  Detailed examination of the signal (zoom around the clipping values) should allow you to distinguish the two. Value clipping (caused by DC offset) should show the maxima always at the (almost) same value. A physical obstruction in the microphone should probably allow some variance among the maximum values.
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_0**: Thanks for the detailed answer and the explanation for how to examine the signals to see what the issue is!  
  > **username_5**: I would concur, The most likely reason for onesided clipping is DC offset in analog data.  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_2 on 2022-07-14. Score: 5
  
  There may be a light breeze blowing by the mic? This may appear as a low frequency oscillation that only 'adds' to the positive part of the waveform and thus clipping it.
  
  Because of the low frequency content your player may not be able to play it properly, even if so, you may not be able any tell any major differences in the audio too.
  
  You may be able to simulate this kind of clipping by adding a low frequency sinusoid (< 10 Hz) to an audio snippet that is smaller than one cycle of the low frequency sound.
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_3 on 2022-07-14. Score: 5
  
  It could be a physical defect or obstruction in the capsule, that prevents the transducer element from moving all the way to its full extent.
  
  It's surprising that you say the audio quality appears to be fine - the imperfection should certainly be audible. With one-sided clipping like that, there should be audible artefacts with odd-numbered harmonics, and these would typically sound quite different to the animal sound. Are the artefacts also visible on a spectrogram? Perhaps the artefacts are mainly occurring in the higher frequency bands, making them less perceptible to you.
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_0**: Thanks for your answer. I saw no visible artefacts at all, and are not visible on a spectrogram. It looks completely normal, and you would not notice any issues were you not to examine the waveform.  
  
  ---
  
  