Answers.Body: <p>I am afraid the general answer to your question is: it depends.</p>
  <p>The issue of choosing a suitable metric to describe the intensity of an acoustic phenomenon is quite common in the field of environmental noise. Let's take the example of road traffic noise. When dealing with a continuous flow of vehicles like on a highway, it is quite common to use either equivalent sound levels with time constants that can reach 24h, or fractile sound levels. When dealing with isolated vehicle pass-bys like in the evaluation of the performance of road pavements, the standard way is to evaluate the maximum sound pressure level - that should not be confused with the peak level - or the Sound Exposure Level (SEL). In general the metrics used will vary from one transportation mode to the next, not to mention industry noise. So it depends on the type of signal, but it may also depend on what feature you want to highlight.</p>
  <p>In the field of environmental noise on land, the use of the peak level is deprecated because the reproducibility of the estimation of peak level is considered lower, owing to the fact that peak level is based on a very short fraction of the signal. Moreover, the peak you will register will be sensitive to the equipment you use. The impulse response of the equipment might play a decisive role here. So for short events a possibility is to compute the maximum sound pressure level as defined in IEC 61672-1.</p>
  <p>But whatever the metric used, it will almost always involve an integration over a time interval (this applies to the evaluation of the rms value) or depend on a time constant (like for the maximum sound pressure level). When reporting a dB value, it is essential to specify this parameter (for instance by writing Leq,10s=XX dB (re p0) for a 10-second equivalent sound level). Otherwise the dB value reported will be of limited use, because the dB value will depend on the time constant in general.</p>
  <p>Subtracting the background noise might be considered if the SNR is such that the background noise influences the total sound level. But then you really need to know what you are doing.</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2022-09-04T09:02:43.430Z
Answers.Text: The SNR is only saying how much louder is the sound over background noise at the receiver location (i.e. how detectable is it) but not how loud is it at the bird location. OK, it depends on how one defines loud.
Answers.UserDisplayName: WMXZ
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Answers.Text: I should have made it clear that background noise correction can only be considered when the background noise is known at the receiver location.
Answers.UserDisplayName: Guillaume Dutilleux
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Answers.Text: Thank you for your answer. Can you provide links/citations/definitions for the specific definitions of maximum sound pressure level (as opposed to peak level and sound exposure level), and an example in the literature of a best-practice method?
Answers.UserDisplayName: Sam Lapp
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Answers.CreationDate: 2022-11-18T17:58:44.053Z
Answers.Text: The IEC 61672-1 standard mentioned above contains all the definitions you ask for. Almost all of them are available freely in ISO TR 25417: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/fr/#iso:std:iso:tr:25417:ed-1:v1:en .
Answers.UserDisplayName: Guillaume Dutilleux
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Answers.CreationDate: 2022-11-18T21:36:06.727Z
Answers.Text: You can also check https://erlend-viggen.no/acoustic-quantities-3/ .
Answers.UserDisplayName: Guillaume Dutilleux
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Answers.CreationDate: 2022-09-02T18:24:34.833Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2022-09-02T18:24:34.833Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: Guillaume Dutilleux
Answers.Body: <p>The first two areas of questions can be answered like this:</p>
  <p>Describe the sound event in such a way that the information provided can support the detection and classification of the event/signal and the species. The amount of features to be described will depend on the complexity of the signal.</p>
  <p>However, I would suggest, to always consider:</p>
  <ul>
  <li>temporal features: peak level, duration, peak location in signal, RMS level</li>
  <li>spectral features: min-mean-max frequencies, with level and locations in signal, number of loops.</li>
  </ul>
  <p>Edit: following reformulation of OP I would augment my answer:
  Any description of bird/animal calls should describe quantity and quality:</p>
  <ol>
  <li>If call is short (large amplitude variation) provide peak-level; if call is long with or nearly constant amplitude, provide RMS value; provide both if in doubt</li>
  <li>describe the spectral functionality in sufficient detail, but do not try to provide spectral time estimates for broadband sound due to reciprocal uncertainty (uncertainty principle)</li>
  <li>do not subtract noise from signal. BTW this is NOT done in cited paper, where the authors correctly measured the background noise and considered it as co-variants, but they did not subtract it from signal.</li>
  </ol>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2022-07-30T18:53:20.770Z
Answers.Text: This does not answer my question so I will edit it to clarify
Answers.UserDisplayName: Sam Lapp
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2022-07-31T04:59:20.930Z
Answers.Text: can modify answer when question is consistent.
Answers.UserDisplayName: WMXZ
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2022-07-30T05:30:45.323Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2022-09-24T09:23:01.223Z
Answers.LastEditDate: 2022-09-24T09:23:01.223Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: WMXZ
Body: <p>It is often useful to quantitatively measure (or at least estimate) the amplitude of an acoustic event such as a bird song. The desired measurement could be, for instance, that a bird sang at 105 dB SPL (re 20 uPa) at 1 m.</p>
  <p>However, I am unsure how to best estimate the sound level of an event, even if it is possible to record the event at a known distance with a calibrated microphone or a sound level meter. For the purpose of this question, let's assume that we record a sound event originating from a point source which has well defined boundaries in frequency and time and a high signal to noise ratio above background noise. We record the event exactly 1 m from the source. We are not concerned with directionality, we assume all measurements are “on axis”. How should we quantify the sound pressure level in dB SPL @1m (or some other measure of sound pressure) of the event?</p>
  <p>Specifically,</p>
  <ol>
  <li>Should we measure some average (such as rms) over the duration of an event or the peak value?</li>
  <li>Should we take a measurement at specific frequencies or across the frequency spectrum?</li>
  <li>Should the background noise measurement be subtracted in some way from the signal measurement, as in the methods of [1]</li>
  </ol>
  <p>[1] <a href="https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00814.x" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00814.x</a></p>
  
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2022-07-30T09:11:41.680Z
Comments.Text: Welcome @Sam Lapp, this question is potentially three separate questions, and also possibly handled by pre-existing questions [1](https://bioacoustics.stackexchange.com/q/271/131),  [2](https://bioacoustics.stackexchange.com/q/33/131), [3](https://bioacoustics.stackexchange.com/q/395/131) and others. Please see if the questions answer your query, and if not point out how this question varies? Also, please provide detailed info about the 'event' under consideration if possible?
Comments.UserDisplayName: Thejasvi
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2022-07-30T18:52:51.443Z
Comments.Text: None of these answer my question so I will edit it to clarify
Comments.UserDisplayName: Sam Lapp
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2022-07-31T04:58:27.037Z
Comments.Text: The body of your question is not consistent with title. As title IS the question and body is context and details, question is still confusing. Are you asking about "measuring amplitude" or "describing" signal?
Comments.UserDisplayName: WMXZ
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2022-08-01T19:02:40.453Z
Comments.Text: Hi @Sam Lapp, the question remains multi-component and continues to have overlap with pre-existing answered questions. Please ask one question per post to get targeted replies.
Comments.UserDisplayName: Thejasvi
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2022-08-04T19:11:31.993Z
Comments.Text: I honestly don’t understand why this question is confusing. Should I just simplify the question to read: “how should I measure how loud a bird is?”
Comments.UserDisplayName: Sam Lapp
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2022-09-04T09:04:32.107Z
Comments.Text: How do you then quantify "loud"?
Comments.UserDisplayName: WMXZ
Tags: <calibration><measurement><amplitude>
Title: Best practice for measuring amplitude of biophony
ThreadText: # Best practice for measuring amplitude of biophony
  
  (Asked by: username_0 on 2022-07-29)
  
  It is often useful to quantitatively measure (or at least estimate) the amplitude of an acoustic event such as a bird song. The desired measurement could be, for instance, that a bird sang at 105 dB SPL (re 20 uPa) at 1 m.
  
  However, I am unsure how to best estimate the sound level of an event, even if it is possible to record the event at a known distance with a calibrated microphone or a sound level meter. For the purpose of this question, let's assume that we record a sound event originating from a point source which has well defined boundaries in frequency and time and a high signal to noise ratio above background noise. We record the event exactly 1 m from the source. We are not concerned with directionality, we assume all measurements are “on axis”. How should we quantify the sound pressure level in dB SPL @1m (or some other measure of sound pressure) of the event?
  
  Specifically,
  
  1. Should we measure some average (such as rms) over the duration of an event or the peak value?
  2. Should we take a measurement at specific frequencies or across the frequency spectrum?
  3. Should the background noise measurement be subtracted in some way from the signal measurement, as in the methods of [1]
  
  [1] <https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00814.x>
  
  **Tags:** calibration, measurement, amplitude
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_1**: Welcome @username_0, this question is potentially three separate questions, and also possibly handled by pre-existing questions [1](https://bioacoustics.stackexchange.com/q/271/131),  [2](https://bioacoustics.stackexchange.com/q/33/131), [3](https://bioacoustics.stackexchange.com/q/395/131) and others. Please see if the questions answer your query, and if not point out how this question varies? Also, please provide detailed info about the 'event' under consideration if possible?  
  > **username_0**: None of these answer my question so I will edit it to clarify  
  > **username_2**: The body of your question is not consistent with title. As title IS the question and body is context and details, question is still confusing. Are you asking about "measuring amplitude" or "describing" signal?  
  > **username_1**: Hi @username_0, the question remains multi-component and continues to have overlap with pre-existing answered questions. Please ask one question per post to get targeted replies.  
  > **username_0**: I honestly don’t understand why this question is confusing. Should I just simplify the question to read: “how should I measure how loud a bird is?”  
  > **username_2**: How do you then quantify "loud"?  
  
  ---
  
  ## 2 answers
  
  ### Answer by username_3 on 2022-09-02. Score: 2
  
  I am afraid the general answer to your question is: it depends.
  
  The issue of choosing a suitable metric to describe the intensity of an acoustic phenomenon is quite common in the field of environmental noise. Let's take the example of road traffic noise. When dealing with a continuous flow of vehicles like on a highway, it is quite common to use either equivalent sound levels with time constants that can reach 24h, or fractile sound levels. When dealing with isolated vehicle pass-bys like in the evaluation of the performance of road pavements, the standard way is to evaluate the maximum sound pressure level - that should not be confused with the peak level - or the Sound Exposure Level (SEL). In general the metrics used will vary from one transportation mode to the next, not to mention industry noise. So it depends on the type of signal, but it may also depend on what feature you want to highlight.
  
  In the field of environmental noise on land, the use of the peak level is deprecated because the reproducibility of the estimation of peak level is considered lower, owing to the fact that peak level is based on a very short fraction of the signal. Moreover, the peak you will register will be sensitive to the equipment you use. The impulse response of the equipment might play a decisive role here. So for short events a possibility is to compute the maximum sound pressure level as defined in IEC 61672-1.
  
  But whatever the metric used, it will almost always involve an integration over a time interval (this applies to the evaluation of the rms value) or depend on a time constant (like for the maximum sound pressure level). When reporting a dB value, it is essential to specify this parameter (for instance by writing Leq,10s=XX dB (re p0) for a 10-second equivalent sound level). Otherwise the dB value reported will be of limited use, because the dB value will depend on the time constant in general.
  
  Subtracting the background noise might be considered if the SNR is such that the background noise influences the total sound level. But then you really need to know what you are doing.
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_2**: The SNR is only saying how much louder is the sound over background noise at the receiver location (i.e. how detectable is it) but not how loud is it at the bird location. OK, it depends on how one defines loud.  
  > **username_3**: I should have made it clear that background noise correction can only be considered when the background noise is known at the receiver location.  
  > **username_0**: Thank you for your answer. Can you provide links/citations/definitions for the specific definitions of maximum sound pressure level (as opposed to peak level and sound exposure level), and an example in the literature of a best-practice method?  
  > **username_3**: The IEC 61672-1 standard mentioned above contains all the definitions you ask for. Almost all of them are available freely in ISO TR 25417: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/fr/#iso:std:iso:tr:25417:ed-1:v1:en .  
  > **username_3**: You can also check https://erlend-viggen.no/acoustic-quantities-3/ .  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_2 on 2022-07-30. Score: 1
  
  The first two areas of questions can be answered like this:
  
  Describe the sound event in such a way that the information provided can support the detection and classification of the event/signal and the species. The amount of features to be described will depend on the complexity of the signal.
  
  However, I would suggest, to always consider:
  
  * temporal features: peak level, duration, peak location in signal, RMS level
  * spectral features: min-mean-max frequencies, with level and locations in signal, number of loops.
  
  Edit: following reformulation of OP I would augment my answer:
  Any description of bird/animal calls should describe quantity and quality:
  
  1. If call is short (large amplitude variation) provide peak-level; if call is long with or nearly constant amplitude, provide RMS value; provide both if in doubt
  2. describe the spectral functionality in sufficient detail, but do not try to provide spectral time estimates for broadband sound due to reciprocal uncertainty (uncertainty principle)
  3. do not subtract noise from signal. BTW this is NOT done in cited paper, where the authors correctly measured the background noise and considered it as co-variants, but they did not subtract it from signal.
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_0**: This does not answer my question so I will edit it to clarify  
  > **username_2**: can modify answer when question is consistent.  
  
  ---
  
  