Answers.Body: <p>If impulsiveness is indeed relevant to asses the impact of sound on marine mammals, then yes, it should be analysed for all species and regulations should specify limits.</p>
  <p>However, AFAIK, there is no conclusive answer on what sound characteristics are relevant for the different impact possibilities. The work cited in the OP is certainly an important step towards such an answer and more independent  work has to follow.</p>
  <p>Edit: in how far reactions across species are similar may depend on the type of sound the species are commonly using and therefore are used to.</p>
  
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Body: <p>I've recently heard a lot of people talk about <em><strong>kurtosis</strong></em> (a measure of signal 'peakiness') in the context of assessing the impacts of noise exposure. (The higher the kurtosis score, the more the signal has impulsive characteristics).</p>
  <p>Including <strong>kurtosis-corrected SPLs</strong> in an acoustics impact assessment, for example, has been shown to better predict hearing damage in humans exposed to 'complex sounds' (see <a href="https://asa.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1121/1.3533691" rel="noreferrer">Goley et al. 2011, JASA</a>; and <a href="https://journals.lww.com/ear-hearing/fulltext/2010/08000/Application_of_the_Kurtosis_Statistic_to_the.8.aspx?casa_token=KYp1M7NynLYAAAAA:6VRx7TqGbqLZredPKiM9pa5KyNQdDcA6j-OhD-bTezK0OxI0hFNTnMqdFSt53CpFa4lwA3bhMhT8ueF2GVFtSKw" rel="noreferrer">Zhao et al. 2010, Ear &amp; Hearing</a>).  However, current standards for noise exposure (in humans) doesn't take this into account; current ISO standards only consider the noise duration and overall SPL.</p>
  <p>This approach has been applied to evaluating underwater sound (<a href="https://asa.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1121/10.0001631" rel="noreferrer">Muller et al. 2020, JASA</a>) , and very recently, it has also been used to better predict the onset of hearing threshold shifts in harbour porpoises (<a href="https://asa.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1121/10.0012364" rel="noreferrer">von Benda-Beckmann et al. 2022, JASA</a>). Specifically, <strong>kurtosis corrections were applied to frequency-weighted SEL (sound exposure levels), and this lead to more consistently predicted TTS (temporary threshold shift) onset thresholds for porpoises</strong>. This seems like a really useful tool!</p>
  <p>The discussion (in <a href="https://asa.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1121/10.0012364" rel="noreferrer">von Benda-Beckmann et al. 2022, JAS</a>A) only briefly speculates on how broadly the kurtosis-correction method can be applied, and I am wondering aloud (to an audience with a few marine mammal auditory specialists, I'm sure), that given the different functional hearing groups of marine mammals, should we expect the kurtosis-correction method to be of equal usefulness for these groups? If not, why not?</p>
  
Tags: <kurtosis><noise-impact>
Title: How applicable are kurtosis-corrections for noise impact assessments across marine mammal functional hearing groups?
ThreadText: # How applicable are kurtosis-corrections for noise impact assessments across marine mammal functional hearing groups?
  
  (Asked by: username_0 on 2022-07-29)
  
  I've recently heard a lot of people talk about ***kurtosis*** (a measure of signal 'peakiness') in the context of assessing the impacts of noise exposure. (The higher the kurtosis score, the more the signal has impulsive characteristics).
  
  Including **kurtosis-corrected SPLs** in an acoustics impact assessment, for example, has been shown to better predict hearing damage in humans exposed to 'complex sounds' (see [Goley et al. 2011, JASA](https://asa.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1121/1.3533691); and [Zhao et al. 2010, Ear & Hearing](https://journals.lww.com/ear-hearing/fulltext/2010/08000/Application_of_the_Kurtosis_Statistic_to_the.8.aspx?casa_token=KYp1M7NynLYAAAAA:6VRx7TqGbqLZredPKiM9pa5KyNQdDcA6j-OhD-bTezK0OxI0hFNTnMqdFSt53CpFa4lwA3bhMhT8ueF2GVFtSKw)). However, current standards for noise exposure (in humans) doesn't take this into account; current ISO standards only consider the noise duration and overall SPL.
  
  This approach has been applied to evaluating underwater sound ([Muller et al. 2020, JASA](https://asa.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1121/10.0001631)) , and very recently, it has also been used to better predict the onset of hearing threshold shifts in harbour porpoises ([von Benda-Beckmann et al. 2022, JASA](https://asa.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1121/10.0012364)). Specifically, **kurtosis corrections were applied to frequency-weighted SEL (sound exposure levels), and this lead to more consistently predicted TTS (temporary threshold shift) onset thresholds for porpoises**. This seems like a really useful tool!
  
  The discussion (in [von Benda-Beckmann et al. 2022, JAS](https://asa.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1121/10.0012364)A) only briefly speculates on how broadly the kurtosis-correction method can be applied, and I am wondering aloud (to an audience with a few marine mammal auditory specialists, I'm sure), that given the different functional hearing groups of marine mammals, should we expect the kurtosis-correction method to be of equal usefulness for these groups? If not, why not?
  
  **Tags:** kurtosis, noise-impact
  
  
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  ## 1 answers
  
  ### Answer by username_1 on 2022-07-29. Score: 3
  
  If impulsiveness is indeed relevant to asses the impact of sound on marine mammals, then yes, it should be analysed for all species and regulations should specify limits.
  
  However, AFAIK, there is no conclusive answer on what sound characteristics are relevant for the different impact possibilities. The work cited in the OP is certainly an important step towards such an answer and more independent work has to follow.
  
  Edit: in how far reactions across species are similar may depend on the type of sound the species are commonly using and therefore are used to.
  
  
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