Answers.Body: <h2>The Role of Deliberate Practice in Expertise: Necessary but Not Sufficient</h2>
  
  <p><a href="http://csjarchive.cogsci.rpi.edu/proceedings/2008/pdfs/p823.pdf" rel="noreferrer">Fernand Gobet (Centre for the Study of Expertise, Brunel University)</a></p>
  
  <p><strong>The Deliberate Practice Framework</strong></p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>In an influential paper, Ericsson, Krampe, and Tesch-Romer (1993)
    proposed that expertise is acquired only through practice deliberately
    designed to improve one’s own skill. Deliberate practice (DP) consists
    of goal-directed and repetitive activities that enable immediate
    feedback. These activities, performed individually, are typically
    effortful and not enjoyable, and cannot be carried out for more than a
    few hours a day. Inherited factors are not excluded, but these factors
    are limited to motivation and general activity levels, with cognitive
    abilities being explicitly excluded. The DP framework has had a
    considerable impact in the field of expertise, and numerous studies
    have been carried out to examine the role of practice in domains such
    as art, sports, games, and professional activities.</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p><strong>New Data on Deliberate Practice in Chess</strong></p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>Much of what we know about expertise comes from chess (Gobet et al.,
    2004) and it is therefore a good domain for examining to what extent
    DP accounts for the development of expertise. Gobet and Campitelli
    (2007) collected data from a sample of 104 Argentinean players ranging
    from weak amateurs to grandmasters. They found that, while DP
    accounted for 34% of the variance in skill (measured by players’
    national rating), several results did not fit the DP framework.
    Although the average amount of DP necessary for reaching master level
    was considerable (11,053 hours), there was also a substantial amount
    of variability, with the slowest player (23,608 hours) taking nearly 8
    times as long as the fastest player (3,016 hours). Some players with
    more than 25,000 hours of DP never reached the master level. These
    results violate Ericsson et al.’s (1993) assumption that DP yields
    monotonic benefits. In addition, group practice was a better predictor
    of skill than individual practice, and the age at which players
    started playing chess seriously correlated with current rating even
    after the number of hours of practice was controlled for
    statistically.</p>
    
    <p>Analyzing longitudinal data from the same sample, Campitelli and Gobet
    (in press) found that, after playing chess seriously for three years,
    masters had a higher rating than Experts although they had not
    practiced more. The Experts’ ratings did not improve much thereafter,
    in spite of substantial amounts of DP. This study also presented
    evidence that practice in chess is more complex than previously
    thought and is not limited to the kind of repetitive and feedback-rich
    activities described in the DP literature.</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p><strong>Other Factors Mediating Expertise in Chess</strong></p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>If practice does not explain all of the variance, what are the other
    factors that are involved in the development of chess expertise? Gobet
    and Campitelli (2007) showed that chessplayers’ degree of handedness
    is weaker than in the population at large. Two studies have also shown
    a correlation between chess skill and intelligence (Bilalić et al.
    2007a; Grabner, Stern &amp; Neubauer, 2007), adding to a complex pattern
    of data (Didierjean &amp; Gobet, in press). Personality differences exist
    as well (Bilalić et al., 2007b). Finally, Gobet and Chassy (2008)
    discovered that expert chess players in the northern hemisphere tend
    to be born more often in late winter and early spring than the overall
    population. The results briefly reviewed here show that practice
    encompasses more varied training activities than argued by Ericsson et
    al. (1993). They also highlight the importance of individual
    variability and show that other factors play a role in the acquisition
    of expertise. Practice is a necessary, but not sufficient condition
    for reaching high levels of expertise.</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <hr>
  
  <p><strong>SOURCE:</strong> <a href="http://csjarchive.cogsci.rpi.edu/proceedings/2008/pdfs/p823.pdf" rel="noreferrer">Cognitive Science Society's Journal Archive</a></p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2012-05-20T01:16:00.403Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2012-05-20T01:16:00.403Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: blunders
Answers.Body: <p>There is likely a cutoff around 110-130 IQ, where if you have higher than this it will have negligible impact on your chess performance, but if you have less than this you will likely not be able to reach the highest levels. The argument for this is, Kasparov had an IQ of 135, and many top players are quoted with IQ around 120, but does anyone know of a world class player with less then 110 IQ?</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2013-01-09T13:52:03.867Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2019-07-22T08:04:37.647Z
Answers.LastEditDate: 2019-07-22T08:04:37.647Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: fzk
Answers.Body: <p>'IQ' is a notoriously flawed way of measuring intelligence.</p>
  
  <p>A high rating (NM and higher) is a sign of intelligence, talent, and hard work.</p>
  
  <p>Talent is missing from your equation.  It's why some people who play once a decade can mop up on normal club players.</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2013-01-09T14:24:23.973Z
Answers.Text: blunders: that curve says that _the chess skill of a particular player on a particular moment in time_ is distributed on a bell curve around his real skill. The idea is that, like many other things in nature, the whole daily variation in your skill is the sum of a large number of small random effects, and the sum of a large number of small random effects gives a bell curve. The distribution of skill among all chess players can't fit a bell curve -- clearly there are many more players in the bottom 200 rating points (people who barely know the rules) than there are in the top 200 rating points.
Answers.UserDisplayName: RemcoGerlich
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2012-05-20T02:04:20.557Z
Answers.Text: Did you know the [distribution of player skill within chess fits a bell curve](http://blog.chess.com/kurtgodden/elo-to-glicko-your-rating-explained)?
Answers.UserDisplayName: blunders
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2012-05-20T02:11:12.700Z
Answers.Text: You realize that it's a bell curve because the system is designed to make it a bell curve?
Answers.UserDisplayName: Tony Ennis
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2012-05-20T02:27:28.717Z
Answers.Text: Yes, though what I don't know is what that means; which is to say I I have no idea how to understand the raw nature of the data, but assume there's a reason the data is fitted to a bell curve.
Answers.UserDisplayName: blunders
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2012-05-19T20:24:06.660Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2012-05-19T20:24:06.660Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: Tony Ennis
Body: <p>Are they tied to IQ and amount of deliberate practice, and if so, does that mean if you know the player's IQ you're able to estimate the time of deliberate practice spent learning?</p>
  
Tags: <analysis><iq>
Title: Are there innate limits in chess performance?
ThreadText: # Are there innate limits in chess performance?
  
  (Asked by: username_0 on 2012-05-19)
  
  Are they tied to IQ and amount of deliberate practice, and if so, does that mean if you know the player's IQ you're able to estimate the time of deliberate practice spent learning?
  
  **Tags:** analysis, iq
  
  
  ---
  
  ## 3 answers
  
  ### Answer by username_2 on 2012-05-19. Score: 8 | Accepted answer
  
  'IQ' is a notoriously flawed way of measuring intelligence.
  
  A high rating (NM and higher) is a sign of intelligence, talent, and hard work.
  
  Talent is missing from your equation. It's why some people who play once a decade can mop up on normal club players.
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_0**: Did you know the [distribution of player skill within chess fits a bell curve](http://blog.chess.com/kurtgodden/elo-to-glicko-your-rating-explained)?  
  > **username_2**: You realize that it's a bell curve because the system is designed to make it a bell curve?  
  > **username_0**: Yes, though what I don't know is what that means; which is to say I I have no idea how to understand the raw nature of the data, but assume there's a reason the data is fitted to a bell curve.  
  > **username_3**: username_0: that curve says that _the chess skill of a particular player on a particular moment in time_ is distributed on a bell curve around his real skill. The idea is that, like many other things in nature, the whole daily variation in your skill is the sum of a large number of small random effects, and the sum of a large number of small random effects gives a bell curve. The distribution of skill among all chess players can't fit a bell curve -- clearly there are many more players in the bottom 200 rating points (people who barely know the rules) than there are in the top 200 rating points.  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_0 on 2012-05-20. Score: 7
  
  ## The Role of Deliberate Practice in Expertise: Necessary but Not Sufficient
  
  [Fernand Gobet (Centre for the Study of Expertise, Brunel University)](http://csjarchive.cogsci.rpi.edu/proceedings/2008/pdfs/p823.pdf)
  
  **The Deliberate Practice Framework**
  
  > In an influential paper, Ericsson, Krampe, and Tesch-Romer (1993)
  > proposed that expertise is acquired only through practice deliberately
  > designed to improve one’s own skill. Deliberate practice (DP) consists
  > of goal-directed and repetitive activities that enable immediate
  > feedback. These activities, performed individually, are typically
  > effortful and not enjoyable, and cannot be carried out for more than a
  > few hours a day. Inherited factors are not excluded, but these factors
  > are limited to motivation and general activity levels, with cognitive
  > abilities being explicitly excluded. The DP framework has had a
  > considerable impact in the field of expertise, and numerous studies
  > have been carried out to examine the role of practice in domains such
  > as art, sports, games, and professional activities.
  
  **New Data on Deliberate Practice in Chess**
  
  > Much of what we know about expertise comes from chess (Gobet et al.,
  > 2004) and it is therefore a good domain for examining to what extent
  > DP accounts for the development of expertise. Gobet and Campitelli
  > (2007) collected data from a sample of 104 Argentinean players ranging
  > from weak amateurs to grandmasters. They found that, while DP
  > accounted for 34% of the variance in skill (measured by players’
  > national rating), several results did not fit the DP framework.
  > Although the average amount of DP necessary for reaching master level
  > was considerable (11,053 hours), there was also a substantial amount
  > of variability, with the slowest player (23,608 hours) taking nearly 8
  > times as long as the fastest player (3,016 hours). Some players with
  > more than 25,000 hours of DP never reached the master level. These
  > results violate Ericsson et al.’s (1993) assumption that DP yields
  > monotonic benefits. In addition, group practice was a better predictor
  > of skill than individual practice, and the age at which players
  > started playing chess seriously correlated with current rating even
  > after the number of hours of practice was controlled for
  > statistically.
  >
  > Analyzing longitudinal data from the same sample, Campitelli and Gobet
  > (in press) found that, after playing chess seriously for three years,
  > masters had a higher rating than Experts although they had not
  > practiced more. The Experts’ ratings did not improve much thereafter,
  > in spite of substantial amounts of DP. This study also presented
  > evidence that practice in chess is more complex than previously
  > thought and is not limited to the kind of repetitive and feedback-rich
  > activities described in the DP literature.
  
  **Other Factors Mediating Expertise in Chess**
  
  > If practice does not explain all of the variance, what are the other
  > factors that are involved in the development of chess expertise? Gobet
  > and Campitelli (2007) showed that chessplayers’ degree of handedness
  > is weaker than in the population at large. Two studies have also shown
  > a correlation between chess skill and intelligence (Bilalić et al.
  > 2007a; Grabner, Stern & Neubauer, 2007), adding to a complex pattern
  > of data (Didierjean & Gobet, in press). Personality differences exist
  > as well (Bilalić et al., 2007b). Finally, Gobet and Chassy (2008)
  > discovered that expert chess players in the northern hemisphere tend
  > to be born more often in late winter and early spring than the overall
  > population. The results briefly reviewed here show that practice
  > encompasses more varied training activities than argued by Ericsson et
  > al. (1993). They also highlight the importance of individual
  > variability and show that other factors play a role in the acquisition
  > of expertise. Practice is a necessary, but not sufficient condition
  > for reaching high levels of expertise.
  
  ---
  
  **SOURCE:** [Cognitive Science Society's Journal Archive](http://csjarchive.cogsci.rpi.edu/proceedings/2008/pdfs/p823.pdf)
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_1 on 2013-01-09. Score: 4
  
  There is likely a cutoff around 110-130 IQ, where if you have higher than this it will have negligible impact on your chess performance, but if you have less than this you will likely not be able to reach the highest levels. The argument for this is, Kasparov had an IQ of 135, and many top players are quoted with IQ around 120, but does anyone know of a world class player with less then 110 IQ?
  
  
  ---
  
  