Answers.Body: <p>Addendum 12/14/2023: See <a href="https://chess.stackexchange.com/a/43376/15543">Laska's answer</a> down below for a new and improved answer.</p>
  <hr />
  <p>Such a sequence of moves, where there is only one way to reach the given position on the given number of moves, are called <a href="https://www.janko.at/Retros/Glossary/ShortestProofGame.htm" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Shortest Proof Games</a>. There are <a href="http://natch.free.fr/Natch.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">many</a> <a href="http://lestourtereaux.free.fr/euclide/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">chess</a> <a href="https://wismuth.com/jacobi/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">programs</a> that solve such problems.</p>
  <p>Long chess problems like this are usually checked with computers using these specially built chess programs, i.e. they are the A.I. that finds the solution you speak of in your answer. These problems have been composed by humans and computer-verified, meaning that there is only one possible solution no matter what you may think.</p>
  <p>The longest problem that I know of that is computer verified, often shortened to “C+“, is <strong>41.5 moves</strong> long according to the <a href="https://pdb.dieschwalbe.de/P1108595" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Die Schwalbe database</a>.</p>
  <pre><code>[Title &quot;Nicolas Dupont, PG In 41.5, FIDE Olympic Tourney 39 Khanty-Mansiysk, 2010, 3rd Prize&quot;]
  [FEN &quot;&quot;]
  
  1. e4 d5 2. e5 d4 3. e6 d3 4. exf7+ Kd7 5. a4 e5 6. a5 e4 7. a6 e3 8. axb7 e2 9. Ra6 exd1=B 10. Rb6 a5 11. h4 a4 12. h5 a3 13. h6 a2 14. hxg7 Ba3 15. f8=B a1=N 16. Bb4 c5 17. Rhh6 Kc7 18. Rhd6 h5 19. g4 h4 20. g5 Rh5 21. g6 Nh6 22. g8=B Nb3 23. g7 Nxd2 24. Bb3 Ne4 25. g8=N Nf6 26. Kd2 h3 27. Kc3 h2 28. Kc4 h1=B 29. Be1 d2 30. c3 Bc2 31. Ne7 Bh7 32. Nf5 d1=R 33. Ng3 Bcf5 34. f4 Nbd7 35. b8=N Qc8 36. Nc6 Qb7 37. Nb4 Bc6 38. Nh1 Rd5 39. Bd1 Kb8 40. b3 Bb2 41. Nc2 Ra3 42. Na1
  </code></pre>
  <p>By your system, this problem has a score of 83 points.</p>
  <p>The longest computer verified <a href="https://pdb.dieschwalbe.de/P1256159" rel="nofollow noreferrer">one</a> ending in checkmate that I know of is worth 59 points.</p>
  <pre><code>[Title &quot;Silvio Baier, Die Schwalbe 4/24/2010&quot;]
  [FEN &quot;&quot;]
  
  1. h4 a5 2. h5 Ra6 3. Rh4 Rg6 4. hxg6 h5 5. Rc4 h4 6. g4 h3 7. Bg2 h2 8. Bc6 Rh3 9. Bb5 Rb3 10. axb3 Nf6 11. Raa4 Ne4 12. Rab4 a4 13. d3 a3 14. dxe4 a2 15. Qd5 a1=R 16. Nd2 Ra8 17. Ba6 h1=R 18. Qa5 d5 19. Nf1 d4 20. Nf3 d3 21. Nd4 Rh8 22. f3 d2+ 23. Kf2 d1=N+ 24. Kg3 Ne3 25. g5 Nf5+ 26. Kg4 Nh6+ 27. Kh5 Ng8#
  </code></pre>
  <p>Your proof game in 8 moves is computer verified by <a href="https://wismuth.com/jacobi/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Jacobi</a>.</p>
  <p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/Kkeus.png" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/Kkeus.png" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
  
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Answers.UserDisplayName: Rewan Demontay
Answers.Body: <p>In 2023, a new proof game tool exploded into the arena: Stelvio by Reto Aschwanden has broken the record for the longest published proof game to be fully tested. The new record is <strong>48.0 moves</strong>!</p>
  <pre><code>[Title &quot;Karlheinz Bachmann, PG in 48.0, v Die Schwalbe 104, p. 217, 04/1987, 1st Honorable Mention&quot;]
  [FEN &quot;&quot;]
  
  1. Nf3 a5 2. Nd4 a4 3. Nb3 axb3 4. a3 Ra4 5. Ra2 bxa2 6. Rg1 axb1=N 7. Rh1 Nc3 8. Rg1 Nd5 9. Rh1 Nb6 10. Rg1 Na8 11. Rh1 b6 12. Rg1 Ba6 13. Rh1 Qc8 14. Rg1 Qb7 15. Rh1 Qf3 16. gxf3 h5 17. Bh3 h4 18. Be6 h3 19. Ba2 Bc4 20. Bb1 Ba2 21. b3 Na6 22. Bb2 Nc5 23. Bf6 gxf6 24. Kf1 Bh6 25. Kg1 Kf8 26. Qf1 Kg7 27. Qg2+ hxg2 28. h4 Kg6 29. Kh2 g1=N 30. Kg2 Bf4 31. h5+ Kg5 32. h6 Bg3 33. h7 Nh6 34. Rh4 Rb8 35. Rb4 Rb7 36. f4+ Kh4 37. h8=R Nf3 38. Rg8 Ne5 39. Rg5 Ng6 40. Kf3 Kh3 41. Ke3 Kg2 42. Re5 Kf1 43. Kf3 Ke1 44. Kg2 Kd1 45. Kf1 Kc1 46. Ke1 Kb2 47. Kd1 Ka1 48. Kc1 Nh8
  </code></pre>
  <p>But in fact, he has done better than that, proving that the first 51.0 moves of Pronkin &amp; Frolkin's 57.5 is sound.</p>
  <p>Reto is continuing to improve the tool, and has just released v2.1. How long is Pronkin &amp; Frolkin's PG in 57.5 safe?</p>
  <p>Apparently, there is also a candidate for 58.0 in the works, but following a failed 58.5 attempt a few years ago, this new one is being kept secret squirrel until there's more validation. This 58.0 has also been validated for the first 51.0 moves.</p>
  <p>(Parenthetically, it's ridiculous that Bachmann's effort back in the day did not merit even a full prize!)</p>
  <p>Stelvio can be downloaded from <a href="https://www.thbrand.de/stelvio-seite/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://www.thbrand.de/stelvio-seite/</a> (page in German):</p>
  <p><a href="https://i.sstatic.net/kjCjO.jpg" rel="nofollow noreferrer"><img src="https://i.sstatic.net/kjCjO.jpg" alt="enter image description here" /></a></p>
  
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Answers.UserDisplayName: Laska
Answers.Body: <p>The <a href="https://pdb.dieschwalbe.de/P0000136" rel="nofollow noreferrer">current length record</a> is an astounding 57.5 moves (115 half-moves).</p>
  <pre><code>[Title &quot;Dmitri W. Pronkin &amp; Andriy Frolkin, Die Schwalbe 06/1989, 1st Prize, PG in 57.5&quot;]
  [FEN &quot;&quot;]
  
  1. a4 h5 2. a5 h4 3. a6 h3 4. axb7 hxg2 5. h4 d5 6. h5 d4 7. h6 d3 8. h7 dxc2 9. d4 a5 10. Bh6 c1=R 11. e4 Rc5 12. Ne2 Rh5 13. e5 c5 14. e6 Nc6 15. b8=R a4 16. Rb4 a3 17. Ra4 c4 18. b4 c3 19. b5 c2 20. b6 c1=R 21. b7 Rc4 22. b8=R Qa5+ 23. Rbb4 Bb7 24. Nbc3 O-O-O 25. exf7 e5 26. Rc1 Bc5 27. f8=R a2 28. Rf3 a1=R 29. Na2 g1=R 30. Rfa3 Rg6 31. f4 Re6 32. f5 g5 33. f6 g4 34. f7 g3 35. f8=R g2 36. Rf5 g1=R 37. Bf8 Rg7 38. Ng3 e4 39. Bd3 e3 40. O-O e2 41. Rcc3 e1=R 42. Bc2 R1e3 43. d5 Rdd7 44. d6 Rdf7 45. d7+ Kb8 46. Qd6+ Ka8 47. Qc7 Nge7 48. d8=R+ Nc8 49. Rdd3 Rhg8 50. h8=R Rae1 51. Rh6 R1e2 52. R1f2 Rce4 53. Kf1 Bd4 54. Rfc5 Ne5 55. Nf5 Nc4 56. Nd6 Nb2 57. Rbc4 Nb6 58. Qb8+
  </code></pre>
  <p>This length record was reportedly beaten in 2017 by Pronkin, Frolkin and Keym (to 58.5 moves) but unfortunately it turned that the longer problem had more than one solution. I do not know if the authors managed to make the problem sound.</p>
  <p>Although this problem is not computer-checked, it has withstood human testing for 31 years, so it might as well be considered computer checked by the greatest computer of them all-the human mind.</p>
  
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Answers.UserDisplayName: Étienne
Body: <p>The challenge is to create the longest list of half moves whereby an AI could re-create that list of moves perfectly, only given the ending board state and the number of moves.</p>
  <p>As example I will first give a short example that does NOT work.</p>
  <pre><code>[FEN &quot;&quot;]
  
  1. a3 a6 2. b3 
  </code></pre>
  <p>From that final board state, it is impossible to differentiate it from  1. b3 a6 2. a3.</p>
  <p>And a short example that DOES work.</p>
  <pre><code>[FEN &quot;&quot;]
  1. a3 a6 2. a4 a5 
  </code></pre>
  <p>There is no way to get this board state in exactly two moves other than what was done here.</p>
  <p>Scoring will work like this.</p>
  <ol>
  <li>+1 point per move.</li>
  <li>+5 points if the game is complete, i.e. the last move in the sequence is checkmate.</li>
  </ol>
  <p>This is my best solution so far.</p>
  <pre><code>[FEN &quot;&quot;]
  
  1. a4 h5 2. a5 h4 3. a6 h3 4. axb7 hxg2 5. Rxa7 Rxh2 6. Rxa8 Rxh1 7. Rxb8 Rxg1 8. Rxc8 Rxf1 
  </code></pre>
  <p>This would score 21 points: 1 point for each of the 16 moves plus 5 points for ending in a checkmate for black.</p>
  <p>Note: Opening pawns moving 2 spaces instead of one is necessary in this particular solution.  A 9 turn game where the pawns each move one space per turn would be undifferentiated from an identical game where pawns open with the two space move and then rooks spend an extra turn making their first capture. Also, the game cannot be extended by slipping in Bxg2 at any point in time for White, because it would be unclear, when looking back, when such a move had occurred, since there are several possible turns for such a move to occur.</p>
  
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2020-04-30T14:36:35.450Z
Comments.Text: You have (re-invented) the "shortest proof game genre" (aka "unique proof game")! Congratulations! You also have an intuition for the kind of thinking required. There are currently 2462 computer validated proof games in PDB. https://pdb.dieschwalbe.de/overview.jsp. Type: k='unique proof game' and cplus and not G='Fairies', taking care with the quote characters
Comments.UserDisplayName: Laska
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2023-04-14T08:41:39.050Z
Comments.Text: 1.e4 e5 2. Ke2 Ke7 3.Kf3 Kf6 4. Kg4 Kg6 5.Nf3 Nf6+ 6.Kh4 Nxe4+ 7.Kh3 d5# is a fun example
Comments.UserDisplayName: David
Tags: <problems><records><retrograde-analysis>
Title: Challenge: Create the longest game determined only by the final diagram and move number
ThreadText: # Challenge: Create the longest game determined only by the final diagram and move number
  
  (Asked by: username_0 on 2020-04-29)
  
  The challenge is to create the longest list of half moves whereby an AI could re-create that list of moves perfectly, only given the ending board state and the number of moves.
  
  As example I will first give a short example that does NOT work.
  
  ```
  [FEN ""]
  
  1. a3 a6 2. b3 
  
  ```
  
  From that final board state, it is impossible to differentiate it from 1. b3 a6 2. a3.
  
  And a short example that DOES work.
  
  ```
  [FEN ""]
  1. a3 a6 2. a4 a5 
  
  ```
  
  There is no way to get this board state in exactly two moves other than what was done here.
  
  Scoring will work like this.
  
  1. +1 point per move.
  2. +5 points if the game is complete, i.e. the last move in the sequence is checkmate.
  
  This is my best solution so far.
  
  ```
  [FEN ""]
  
  1. a4 h5 2. a5 h4 3. a6 h3 4. axb7 hxg2 5. Rxa7 Rxh2 6. Rxa8 Rxh1 7. Rxb8 Rxg1 8. Rxc8 Rxf1 
  
  ```
  
  This would score 21 points: 1 point for each of the 16 moves plus 5 points for ending in a checkmate for black.
  
  Note: Opening pawns moving 2 spaces instead of one is necessary in this particular solution. A 9 turn game where the pawns each move one space per turn would be undifferentiated from an identical game where pawns open with the two space move and then rooks spend an extra turn making their first capture. Also, the game cannot be extended by slipping in Bxg2 at any point in time for White, because it would be unclear, when looking back, when such a move had occurred, since there are several possible turns for such a move to occur.
  
  **Tags:** problems, records, retrograde-analysis
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_1**: You have (re-invented) the "shortest proof game genre" (aka "unique proof game")! Congratulations! You also have an intuition for the kind of thinking required. There are currently 2462 computer validated proof games in PDB. https://pdb.dieschwalbe.de/overview.jsp. Type: k='unique proof game' and cplus and not G='Fairies', taking care with the quote characters  
  > **username_2**: 1.e4 e5 2. Ke2 Ke7 3.Kf3 Kf6 4. Kg4 Kg6 5.Nf3 Nf6+ 6.Kh4 Nxe4+ 7.Kh3 d5# is a fun example  
  
  ---
  
  ## 3 answers
  
  ### Answer by username_4 on 2020-04-30. Score: 8 | Accepted answer
  
  The [current length record](https://pdb.dieschwalbe.de/P0000136) is an astounding 57.5 moves (115 half-moves).
  
  ```
  [Title "Dmitri W. Pronkin & Andriy Frolkin, Die Schwalbe 06/1989, 1st Prize, PG in 57.5"]
  [FEN ""]
  
  1. a4 h5 2. a5 h4 3. a6 h3 4. axb7 hxg2 5. h4 d5 6. h5 d4 7. h6 d3 8. h7 dxc2 9. d4 a5 10. Bh6 c1=R 11. e4 Rc5 12. Ne2 Rh5 13. e5 c5 14. e6 Nc6 15. b8=R a4 16. Rb4 a3 17. Ra4 c4 18. b4 c3 19. b5 c2 20. b6 c1=R 21. b7 Rc4 22. b8=R Qa5+ 23. Rbb4 Bb7 24. Nbc3 O-O-O 25. exf7 e5 26. Rc1 Bc5 27. f8=R a2 28. Rf3 a1=R 29. Na2 g1=R 30. Rfa3 Rg6 31. f4 Re6 32. f5 g5 33. f6 g4 34. f7 g3 35. f8=R g2 36. Rf5 g1=R 37. Bf8 Rg7 38. Ng3 e4 39. Bd3 e3 40. O-O e2 41. Rcc3 e1=R 42. Bc2 R1e3 43. d5 Rdd7 44. d6 Rdf7 45. d7+ Kb8 46. Qd6+ Ka8 47. Qc7 Nge7 48. d8=R+ Nc8 49. Rdd3 Rhg8 50. h8=R Rae1 51. Rh6 R1e2 52. R1f2 Rce4 53. Kf1 Bd4 54. Rfc5 Ne5 55. Nf5 Nc4 56. Nd6 Nb2 57. Rbc4 Nb6 58. Qb8+
  
  ```
  
  This length record was reportedly beaten in 2017 by Pronkin, Frolkin and Keym (to 58.5 moves) but unfortunately it turned that the longer problem had more than one solution. I do not know if the authors managed to make the problem sound.
  
  Although this problem is not computer-checked, it has withstood human testing for 31 years, so it might as well be considered computer checked by the greatest computer of them all-the human mind.
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_3 on 2020-04-29. Score: 5
  
  Addendum 12/14/2023: See [username_1's answer](https://chess.stackexchange.com/a/43376/15543) down below for a new and improved answer.
  
  ---
  
  Such a sequence of moves, where there is only one way to reach the given position on the given number of moves, are called [Shortest Proof Games](https://www.janko.at/Retros/Glossary/ShortestProofGame.htm). There are [many](http://natch.free.fr/Natch.html) [chess](http://lestourtereaux.free.fr/euclide/) [programs](https://wismuth.com/jacobi/) that solve such problems.
  
  Long chess problems like this are usually checked with computers using these specially built chess programs, i.e. they are the A.I. that finds the solution you speak of in your answer. These problems have been composed by humans and computer-verified, meaning that there is only one possible solution no matter what you may think.
  
  The longest problem that I know of that is computer verified, often shortened to “C+“, is **41.5 moves** long according to the [Die Schwalbe database](https://pdb.dieschwalbe.de/P1108595).
  
  ```
  [Title "Nicolas Dupont, PG In 41.5, FIDE Olympic Tourney 39 Khanty-Mansiysk, 2010, 3rd Prize"]
  [FEN ""]
  
  1. e4 d5 2. e5 d4 3. e6 d3 4. exf7+ Kd7 5. a4 e5 6. a5 e4 7. a6 e3 8. axb7 e2 9. Ra6 exd1=B 10. Rb6 a5 11. h4 a4 12. h5 a3 13. h6 a2 14. hxg7 Ba3 15. f8=B a1=N 16. Bb4 c5 17. Rhh6 Kc7 18. Rhd6 h5 19. g4 h4 20. g5 Rh5 21. g6 Nh6 22. g8=B Nb3 23. g7 Nxd2 24. Bb3 Ne4 25. g8=N Nf6 26. Kd2 h3 27. Kc3 h2 28. Kc4 h1=B 29. Be1 d2 30. c3 Bc2 31. Ne7 Bh7 32. Nf5 d1=R 33. Ng3 Bcf5 34. f4 Nbd7 35. b8=N Qc8 36. Nc6 Qb7 37. Nb4 Bc6 38. Nh1 Rd5 39. Bd1 Kb8 40. b3 Bb2 41. Nc2 Ra3 42. Na1
  
  ```
  
  By your system, this problem has a score of 83 points.
  
  The longest computer verified [one](https://pdb.dieschwalbe.de/P1256159) ending in checkmate that I know of is worth 59 points.
  
  ```
  [Title "Silvio Baier, Die Schwalbe 4/24/2010"]
  [FEN ""]
  
  1. h4 a5 2. h5 Ra6 3. Rh4 Rg6 4. hxg6 h5 5. Rc4 h4 6. g4 h3 7. Bg2 h2 8. Bc6 Rh3 9. Bb5 Rb3 10. axb3 Nf6 11. Raa4 Ne4 12. Rab4 a4 13. d3 a3 14. dxe4 a2 15. Qd5 a1=R 16. Nd2 Ra8 17. Ba6 h1=R 18. Qa5 d5 19. Nf1 d4 20. Nf3 d3 21. Nd4 Rh8 22. f3 d2+ 23. Kf2 d1=N+ 24. Kg3 Ne3 25. g5 Nf5+ 26. Kg4 Nh6+ 27. Kh5 Ng8#
  
  ```
  
  Your proof game in 8 moves is computer verified by [Jacobi](https://wismuth.com/jacobi/).
  
  [![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/Kkeus.png)](https://i.sstatic.net/Kkeus.png)
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_1 on 2023-12-14. Score: 3
  
  In 2023, a new proof game tool exploded into the arena: Stelvio by Reto Aschwanden has broken the record for the longest published proof game to be fully tested. The new record is **48.0 moves**!
  
  ```
  [Title "Karlheinz Bachmann, PG in 48.0, v Die Schwalbe 104, p. 217, 04/1987, 1st Honorable Mention"]
  [FEN ""]
  
  1. Nf3 a5 2. Nd4 a4 3. Nb3 axb3 4. a3 Ra4 5. Ra2 bxa2 6. Rg1 axb1=N 7. Rh1 Nc3 8. Rg1 Nd5 9. Rh1 Nb6 10. Rg1 Na8 11. Rh1 b6 12. Rg1 Ba6 13. Rh1 Qc8 14. Rg1 Qb7 15. Rh1 Qf3 16. gxf3 h5 17. Bh3 h4 18. Be6 h3 19. Ba2 Bc4 20. Bb1 Ba2 21. b3 Na6 22. Bb2 Nc5 23. Bf6 gxf6 24. Kf1 Bh6 25. Kg1 Kf8 26. Qf1 Kg7 27. Qg2+ hxg2 28. h4 Kg6 29. Kh2 g1=N 30. Kg2 Bf4 31. h5+ Kg5 32. h6 Bg3 33. h7 Nh6 34. Rh4 Rb8 35. Rb4 Rb7 36. f4+ Kh4 37. h8=R Nf3 38. Rg8 Ne5 39. Rg5 Ng6 40. Kf3 Kh3 41. Ke3 Kg2 42. Re5 Kf1 43. Kf3 Ke1 44. Kg2 Kd1 45. Kf1 Kc1 46. Ke1 Kb2 47. Kd1 Ka1 48. Kc1 Nh8
  
  ```
  
  But in fact, he has done better than that, proving that the first 51.0 moves of Pronkin & Frolkin's 57.5 is sound.
  
  Reto is continuing to improve the tool, and has just released v2.1. How long is Pronkin & Frolkin's PG in 57.5 safe?
  
  Apparently, there is also a candidate for 58.0 in the works, but following a failed 58.5 attempt a few years ago, this new one is being kept secret squirrel until there's more validation. This 58.0 has also been validated for the first 51.0 moves.
  
  (Parenthetically, it's ridiculous that Bachmann's effort back in the day did not merit even a full prize!)
  
  Stelvio can be downloaded from <https://www.thbrand.de/stelvio-seite/> (page in German):
  
  [![enter image description here](https://i.sstatic.net/kjCjO.jpg)](https://i.sstatic.net/kjCjO.jpg)
  
  
  ---
  
  