Answers.Body: <h1>Opening puzzles</h1>
  <p>On Lichess it's possible to train opening related puzzles:</p>
  <p><a href="https://lichess.org/training/opening" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://lichess.org/training/opening</a></p>
  <p>Puzzles for other phases of the game are available as well:</p>
  <p><a href="https://lichess.org/training/themes" rel="nofollow noreferrer">https://lichess.org/training/themes</a></p>
  <p>Keep in mind, that the puzzle selection will be only as good as the votes given by Lichess users. Also, as far as I know, it's not possible to select specific openings.</p>
  <h1>Statistics</h1>
  <p>Because of a question by @BCLC in the comments I found this <a href="https://database.lichess.org/#puzzles" rel="nofollow noreferrer">link</a>, where you can download all Lichess puzzles. I made a little table based on all puzzles tagged with &quot;opening&quot;. Actual motifs are marked in <strong>bold</strong> other tags in <em>italic</em>.</p>
  <p>Remember, that the statistics will be only as good as the data. Apparently there is one puzzle tagged with &quot;opening&quot; and &quot;rookEndgame&quot;.</p>
  <div class="s-table-container">
  <table class="s-table">
  <thead>
  <tr>
  <th>Tag</th>
  <th style="text-align: right;">Count</th>
  <th style="text-align: right;">Perc.</th>
  </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
  <tr>
  <td><em>short</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>71723</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>74.27%</em></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><em>advantage</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>58328</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>60.40%</em></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><em>crushing</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>25978</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>26.90%</em></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>fork</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>20514</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>21.24%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><em>long</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>11694</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>12.11%</em></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><em>oneMove</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>11204</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>11.60%</em></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>mate</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>9170</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>9.50%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>hangingPiece</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>8307</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>8.60%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>discoveredAttack</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>8110</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>8.40%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>kingsideAttack</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>7507</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>7.77%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>pin</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>6299</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>6.52%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>mateIn2</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>4618</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>4.78%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>trappedPiece</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>4150</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>4.30%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>mateIn1</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>3597</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>3.72%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>attackingF2F7</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>3451</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>3.57%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>sacrifice</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>3412</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>3.53%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><em>equality</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>3099</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>3.21%</em></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>intermezzo</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>2842</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>2.94%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>defensiveMove</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>2683</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>2.78%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>attraction</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>2003</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>2.07%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><em>veryLong</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>1954</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>2.02%</em></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>deflection</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>1952</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>2.02%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>capturingDefender</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>1605</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>1.66%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><em>master</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>1042</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>1.08%</em></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>advancedPawn</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>1022</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>1.06%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>clearance</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>892</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>0.92%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>mateIn3</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>784</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>0.81%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>skewer</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>741</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>0.77%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>exposedKing</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>740</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>0.77%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>quietMove</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>582</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>0.60%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>doubleCheck</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>550</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>0.57%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>interference</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>455</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>0.47%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>queensideAttack</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>416</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>0.43%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>smotheredMate</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>393</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>0.41%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>backRankMate</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>212</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>0.22%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><em>enPassant</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>177</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>0.18%</em></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>mateIn4</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>120</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>0.12%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><em>castling</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>110</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>0.11%</em></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><em>masterVsMaster</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>91</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>0.09%</em></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>promotion</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>89</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>0.09%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>bodenMate</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>57</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>0.06%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>mateIn5</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>51</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>0.05%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>xRayAttack</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>47</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>0.05%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><em>superGM</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>35</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>0.04%</em></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>doubleBishopMate</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>28</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>0.03%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>dovetailMate</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>20</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>0.02%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>underPromotion</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>4</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>0.00%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>anastasiaMate</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>3</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>0.00%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>hookMate</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>1</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>0.00%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><strong>arabianMate</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>1</strong></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><strong>0.00%</strong></td>
  </tr>
  <tr>
  <td><em>rookEndgame</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>1</em></td>
  <td style="text-align: right;"><em>0.00%</em></td>
  </tr>
  </tbody>
  </table>
  </div><h1>Code</h1>
  <p>Here is the Kotlin snippet I used to generate the table:</p>
  <pre><code>val data = File(&quot;lichess_db_puzzle.csv&quot;).readText().trim().split('\n')
      .map { it.split(',')[7].split(' ') }.filter { it.contains(&quot;opening&quot;) }.flatten()
      .groupingBy { it }.eachCount().toList().sortedByDescending { it.second }
  for (i in 1..data.lastIndex) {
      val t = if (data[i].first in listOf(&quot;advancedPawn&quot;, &quot;anastasiaMate&quot;, &quot;arabianMate&quot;, &quot;attackingF2F7&quot;, &quot;attraction&quot;, &quot;backRankMate&quot;, &quot;bodenMate&quot;, &quot;capturingDefender&quot;, &quot;clearance&quot;, &quot;defensiveMove&quot;, &quot;deflection&quot;, &quot;discoveredAttack&quot;, &quot;doubleBishopMate&quot;, &quot;doubleCheck&quot;, &quot;dovetailMate&quot;, &quot;exposedKing&quot;, &quot;fork&quot;, &quot;hangingPiece&quot;, &quot;hookMate&quot;, &quot;interference&quot;, &quot;intermezzo&quot;, &quot;kingsideAttack&quot;, &quot;mate&quot;, &quot;mateIn1&quot;, &quot;mateIn2&quot;, &quot;mateIn3&quot;, &quot;mateIn4&quot;, &quot;mateIn5&quot;, &quot;pin&quot;, &quot;promotion&quot;, &quot;queensideAttack&quot;, &quot;quietMove&quot;, &quot;sacrifice&quot;, &quot;skewer&quot;, &quot;smotheredMate&quot;, &quot;trappedPiece&quot;, &quot;underPromotion&quot;, &quot;xRayAttack&quot;, &quot;zugzwang&quot;)) &quot;**&quot; else &quot;*&quot;
      println(&quot;| %-24s | %10s | %11s |&quot;.format(&quot;${t}${data[i].first}${t}&quot;, &quot;${t}${data[i].second}${t}&quot;, &quot;${t}${&quot;%.2f&quot;.format(100.0 * data[i].second / data[0].second)}%${t}&quot;))
  }
  </code></pre>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2021-04-14T08:59:03.887Z
Answers.Text: Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been [moved to chat](https://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/122986/discussion-on-answer-by-sleafar-most-common-tactic-motifs-in-the-opening-phase-o).
Answers.UserDisplayName: Brian Towers
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2021-04-14T21:04:37.903Z
Answers.Text: +1 for code inclusion
Answers.UserDisplayName: artu-hnrq
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2021-04-09T12:37:41.053Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2021-04-14T20:44:38.633Z
Answers.LastEditDate: 2021-04-14T20:44:38.633Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: Sleafar
Answers.Body: <p>During all standard / book openings tactical motifs which win material don't feature. They wouldn't be book openings if they did. That rules out forks, deflections, double attacks, etc. and leaves only pins.</p>
  <p>As it happens pins are very common and feature sooner or later in a lot of openings but they only win material if the player with the pinned piece lets something else go wrong. Usually the pinned piece is a knight pinned by a bishop against king or queen and usually the player with the pinned piece has the opportunity to break the pin with a bishop move or force the pinning bishop away with a couple of pawn moves.</p>
  <p>I think you are wasting your time looking at tactical motifs in standard openings, i.e. in openings which are played properly. What you really need to do as a priority is look at what tactical motifs you miss in <em>your own</em> games. As a second priority you need to improve your knowledge of the openings you personally play. The openings I play or which are played most often generally are no use to you if you don't play them.</p>
  <p>You need to be familiar not just with pages of moves and analysis. Much more useful is to be familiar with the ideas behind the openings <em>you</em> play. You need to be familiar and comfortable with the kinds of positions which arise from those openings and know how to handle them.</p>
  <p>That way you are much less likely to make tactical mistakes playing moves that go against the ideas of your favoured openings. That way, too, you are more likely to spot when your opponent makes a move which doesn't &quot;fit in&quot; with the ideas of the opening and which may be some kind of &quot;hope chess&quot; trap. Then you are more likely to avoid falling into it and maybe even taking advantage of your opponent's deviation.</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2021-04-05T23:08:16.530Z
Answers.Text: Contrary to your first paragraph, pawn fork motifs do occur in book openings, such as the Vienna Game 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 Nf6 3.Bc4 Nxe4! among others. Forks, deflections, double attacks, etc. do not always win material, sometimes they preserve the balance. Moreover, there are standard openings in which material is traded for position. At least that's how it looks to me, but I'm just a patzer.
Answers.UserDisplayName: bof
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2021-04-06T04:59:42.287Z
Answers.Text: There are queen forks in book openings too, e.g., 1.Nf3 d5 2.c4 dxc4 3.Qa4+
Answers.UserDisplayName: bof
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2021-04-06T11:54:49.107Z
Answers.Text: Combinations that win material are not common, but combinations that regain lost material definitely are. Take a look at the mainline of the Danish gambit: **1.e4 e5 2.d4 exd4 3.c3 dxc3 4.Bc4 cxb2 5.Bxb2 d5 6.Bxd5 Nf6 7.Bxf7+ Kxf7 8.Qxd8 Bb4+ 9.Qd2**. How many different tactical motifs can we see there? Also, a tactical theme may not appear on the mainline but it can still be a justification for why the mainline works. Take for instance **1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 c5 4.c3 Nc6 5.Nf3 Qb6 6.Bd3**. This move is only possible because of the discovered attack if White takes on d4.
Answers.UserDisplayName: David
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2021-04-14T05:03:55.377Z
Answers.Text: This is an odd answer. Most games between amateurs will diverge from the book at a relatively early stage, so tactics definitely appear in them.
Answers.UserDisplayName: kamekura
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2021-04-05T19:23:14.590Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2021-04-05T19:23:14.590Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: Brian Towers
Answers.Body: <p>This will not be really an answer to the question that wanted only statistics.
  This is answer to why you have those errors and how to improve that.
  Obviously reason is lack of pattern knowledge for tactics typical for openings.
  Improving it is easy - read books on miniatures - I'll not mention any specific as there are lot of those in different languages. Additionally - you can use some chess database and tools to search for games under 20-25 moves and this way you will get lot of miniatures. Studying miniatures will greatly improve your skills of opening phase of game and show you all the typical errors and good books will explain what would be a good move played instead of error that lead the game to become miniature.</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2021-04-12T12:48:08.833Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2021-04-12T12:48:08.833Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: Drako
Body: <p>On analyzing my games, I found that I usually miss tactics in the opening than during middlegame and endgame. To supplement my study by solving tactical problems based on motifs, it would be helpful if I understand the key motifs I must stress on. Hence the question below.</p>
  <p><strong>Based on different tactical motifs like fork, pin, deflection, double-attack, etc. what is the most common tactical motif during the opening phase statistically?</strong></p>
  
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2021-04-09T10:49:18.383Z
Comments.Text: I would argue this is an all but impossible question to answer. It's not just that you will find examples of virtually any tactical motif you chose in openings. The other problem is that a threat of a tactic often limits a players responses - so though the tactical motif has not appeared on the board it has still very much influenced the game. I have no idea how you plan to count the occurrences of this second point. I also have no idea how you plan to quantify the first point (what do you mean by "common" for starters), but that's another problem.
Comments.UserDisplayName: Ian Bush
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2021-04-09T11:56:39.823Z
Comments.Text: From a personal view (I regularly get my king handed to me in the opening) then main reasons are dxc5 and bogarting the pawn with d4/White (is "lack of development" a legit motif?), and Nxb5/Nd5/Nf5/Nxe6 (line opening sacrifice) with e4 c5/Black.
Comments.UserDisplayName: Hauke Reddmann
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2021-04-10T02:36:01.877Z
Comments.Text: Relevant? Sathyam @IanBush [Lichess puzzles - opening](https://lichess.org/training/opening) / Edit: Oh there's an answer with this link. But idk i figure to extract statistics from openings. but then i'm not sure there's a way to do keyword search in lichess puzzles like ('opening' and 'fork') or ('opening' and 'skewer') or whatever
Comments.UserDisplayName: BCLC
Tags: <opening><tactics>
Title: Most common tactic motifs in the opening phase of chess
ThreadText: # Most common tactic motifs in the opening phase of chess
  
  (Asked by: username_0 on 2021-04-05)
  
  On analyzing my games, I found that I usually miss tactics in the opening than during middlegame and endgame. To supplement my study by solving tactical problems based on motifs, it would be helpful if I understand the key motifs I must stress on. Hence the question below.
  
  **Based on different tactical motifs like fork, pin, deflection, double-attack, etc. what is the most common tactical motif during the opening phase statistically?**
  
  **Tags:** opening, tactics
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_1**: I would argue this is an all but impossible question to answer. It's not just that you will find examples of virtually any tactical motif you chose in openings. The other problem is that a threat of a tactic often limits a players responses - so though the tactical motif has not appeared on the board it has still very much influenced the game. I have no idea how you plan to count the occurrences of this second point. I also have no idea how you plan to quantify the first point (what do you mean by "common" for starters), but that's another problem.  
  > **username_2**: From a personal view (I regularly get my king handed to me in the opening) then main reasons are dxc5 and bogarting the pawn with d4/White (is "lack of development" a legit motif?), and Nxb5/Nd5/Nf5/Nxe6 (line opening sacrifice) with e4 c5/Black.  
  > **username_3**: Relevant? username_0 @username_1 [Lichess puzzles - opening](https://lichess.org/training/opening) / Edit: Oh there's an answer with this link. But idk i figure to extract statistics from openings. but then i'm not sure there's a way to do keyword search in lichess puzzles like ('opening' and 'fork') or ('opening' and 'skewer') or whatever  
  
  ---
  
  ## 3 answers
  
  ### Answer by username_4 on 2021-04-09. Score: 8
  
  # Opening puzzles
  
  On Lichess it's possible to train opening related puzzles:
  
  <https://lichess.org/training/opening>
  
  Puzzles for other phases of the game are available as well:
  
  <https://lichess.org/training/themes>
  
  Keep in mind, that the puzzle selection will be only as good as the votes given by Lichess users. Also, as far as I know, it's not possible to select specific openings.
  
  # Statistics
  
  Because of a question by @username_3 in the comments I found this [link](https://database.lichess.org/#puzzles), where you can download all Lichess puzzles. I made a little table based on all puzzles tagged with "opening". Actual motifs are marked in **bold** other tags in *italic*.
  
  Remember, that the statistics will be only as good as the data. Apparently there is one puzzle tagged with "opening" and "rookEndgame".
  
  | Tag | Count | Perc. |
  | --- | --- | --- |
  | *short* | *71723* | *74.27%* |
  | *advantage* | *58328* | *60.40%* |
  | *crushing* | *25978* | *26.90%* |
  | **fork** | **20514** | **21.24%** |
  | *long* | *11694* | *12.11%* |
  | *oneMove* | *11204* | *11.60%* |
  | **mate** | **9170** | **9.50%** |
  | **hangingPiece** | **8307** | **8.60%** |
  | **discoveredAttack** | **8110** | **8.40%** |
  | **kingsideAttack** | **7507** | **7.77%** |
  | **pin** | **6299** | **6.52%** |
  | **mateIn2** | **4618** | **4.78%** |
  | **trappedPiece** | **4150** | **4.30%** |
  | **mateIn1** | **3597** | **3.72%** |
  | **attackingF2F7** | **3451** | **3.57%** |
  | **sacrifice** | **3412** | **3.53%** |
  | *equality* | *3099* | *3.21%* |
  | **intermezzo** | **2842** | **2.94%** |
  | **defensiveMove** | **2683** | **2.78%** |
  | **attraction** | **2003** | **2.07%** |
  | *veryLong* | *1954* | *2.02%* |
  | **deflection** | **1952** | **2.02%** |
  | **capturingDefender** | **1605** | **1.66%** |
  | *master* | *1042* | *1.08%* |
  | **advancedPawn** | **1022** | **1.06%** |
  | **clearance** | **892** | **0.92%** |
  | **mateIn3** | **784** | **0.81%** |
  | **skewer** | **741** | **0.77%** |
  | **exposedKing** | **740** | **0.77%** |
  | **quietMove** | **582** | **0.60%** |
  | **doubleCheck** | **550** | **0.57%** |
  | **interference** | **455** | **0.47%** |
  | **queensideAttack** | **416** | **0.43%** |
  | **smotheredMate** | **393** | **0.41%** |
  | **backRankMate** | **212** | **0.22%** |
  | *enPassant* | *177* | *0.18%* |
  | **mateIn4** | **120** | **0.12%** |
  | *castling* | *110* | *0.11%* |
  | *masterVsMaster* | *91* | *0.09%* |
  | **promotion** | **89** | **0.09%** |
  | **bodenMate** | **57** | **0.06%** |
  | **mateIn5** | **51** | **0.05%** |
  | **xRayAttack** | **47** | **0.05%** |
  | *superGM* | *35* | *0.04%* |
  | **doubleBishopMate** | **28** | **0.03%** |
  | **dovetailMate** | **20** | **0.02%** |
  | **underPromotion** | **4** | **0.00%** |
  | **anastasiaMate** | **3** | **0.00%** |
  | **hookMate** | **1** | **0.00%** |
  | **arabianMate** | **1** | **0.00%** |
  | *rookEndgame* | *1* | *0.00%* |
  
  # Code
  
  Here is the Kotlin snippet I used to generate the table:
  
  ```
  val data = File("lichess_db_puzzle.csv").readText().trim().split('\n')
      .map { it.split(',')[7].split(' ') }.filter { it.contains("opening") }.flatten()
      .groupingBy { it }.eachCount().toList().sortedByDescending { it.second }
  for (i in 1..data.lastIndex) {
      val t = if (data[i].first in listOf("advancedPawn", "anastasiaMate", "arabianMate", "attackingF2F7", "attraction", "backRankMate", "bodenMate", "capturingDefender", "clearance", "defensiveMove", "deflection", "discoveredAttack", "doubleBishopMate", "doubleCheck", "dovetailMate", "exposedKing", "fork", "hangingPiece", "hookMate", "interference", "intermezzo", "kingsideAttack", "mate", "mateIn1", "mateIn2", "mateIn3", "mateIn4", "mateIn5", "pin", "promotion", "queensideAttack", "quietMove", "sacrifice", "skewer", "smotheredMate", "trappedPiece", "underPromotion", "xRayAttack", "zugzwang")) "**" else "*"
      println("| %-24s | %10s | %11s |".format("${t}${data[i].first}${t}", "${t}${data[i].second}${t}", "${t}${"%.2f".format(100.0 * data[i].second / data[0].second)}%${t}"))
  }
  
  ```
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_5**: Comments are not for extended discussion; this conversation has been [moved to chat](https://chat.stackexchange.com/rooms/122986/discussion-on-answer-by-username_4-most-common-tactic-motifs-in-the-opening-phase-o).  
  > **username_6**: +1 for code inclusion  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_5 on 2021-04-05. Score: 4
  
  During all standard / book openings tactical motifs which win material don't feature. They wouldn't be book openings if they did. That rules out forks, deflections, double attacks, etc. and leaves only pins.
  
  As it happens pins are very common and feature sooner or later in a lot of openings but they only win material if the player with the pinned piece lets something else go wrong. Usually the pinned piece is a knight pinned by a bishop against king or queen and usually the player with the pinned piece has the opportunity to break the pin with a bishop move or force the pinning bishop away with a couple of pawn moves.
  
  I think you are wasting your time looking at tactical motifs in standard openings, i.e. in openings which are played properly. What you really need to do as a priority is look at what tactical motifs you miss in *your own* games. As a second priority you need to improve your knowledge of the openings you personally play. The openings I play or which are played most often generally are no use to you if you don't play them.
  
  You need to be familiar not just with pages of moves and analysis. Much more useful is to be familiar with the ideas behind the openings *you* play. You need to be familiar and comfortable with the kinds of positions which arise from those openings and know how to handle them.
  
  That way you are much less likely to make tactical mistakes playing moves that go against the ideas of your favoured openings. That way, too, you are more likely to spot when your opponent makes a move which doesn't "fit in" with the ideas of the opening and which may be some kind of "hope chess" trap. Then you are more likely to avoid falling into it and maybe even taking advantage of your opponent's deviation.
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_7**: Contrary to your first paragraph, pawn fork motifs do occur in book openings, such as the Vienna Game 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 Nf6 3.Bc4 Nxe4! among others. Forks, deflections, double attacks, etc. do not always win material, sometimes they preserve the balance. Moreover, there are standard openings in which material is traded for position. At least that's how it looks to me, but I'm just a patzer.  
  > **username_7**: There are queen forks in book openings too, e.g., 1.Nf3 d5 2.c4 dxc4 3.Qa4+  
  > **username_8**: Combinations that win material are not common, but combinations that regain lost material definitely are. Take a look at the mainline of the Danish gambit: **1.e4 e5 2.d4 exd4 3.c3 dxc3 4.Bc4 cxb2 5.Bxb2 d5 6.Bxd5 Nf6 7.Bxf7+ Kxf7 8.Qxd8 Bb4+ 9.Qd2**. How many different tactical motifs can we see there? Also, a tactical theme may not appear on the mainline but it can still be a justification for why the mainline works. Take for instance **1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 c5 4.c3 Nc6 5.Nf3 Qb6 6.Bd3**. This move is only possible because of the discovered attack if White takes on d4.  
  > **username_9**: This is an odd answer. Most games between amateurs will diverge from the book at a relatively early stage, so tactics definitely appear in them.  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_10 on 2021-04-12. Score: 0
  
  This will not be really an answer to the question that wanted only statistics.
  This is answer to why you have those errors and how to improve that.
  Obviously reason is lack of pattern knowledge for tactics typical for openings.
  Improving it is easy - read books on miniatures - I'll not mention any specific as there are lot of those in different languages. Additionally - you can use some chess database and tools to search for games under 20-25 moves and this way you will get lot of miniatures. Studying miniatures will greatly improve your skills of opening phase of game and show you all the typical errors and good books will explain what would be a good move played instead of error that lead the game to become miniature.
  
  
  ---
  
  