Answers.Body: <p>The black king must be on c8.</p>
  <p>The white king reached g8 through g6 and h7 before the white pawns arrived on g6-h7. A white knight took the Bc8 from b6; the black queen was also taken by a knight. The black king remained en e8, and the black rook on a8, until a few moves ago.</p>
  <p>The last moves were for instance:</p>
  <pre><code>[Title &quot;Invisible Black King solution&quot;]
  [FEN &quot;r3k1K1/ppppp1pP/6P1/8/8/8/8/2n5 w q - 0 1&quot;]
  
  1. Kh8 Na2 2. Kg8 Nc1 3. Kh8 Na2 4. Kg8 O-O-O+
  5. Kf7 Rh8
  </code></pre>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2020-12-20T12:01:11.957Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2020-12-20T12:13:04.407Z
Answers.LastEditDate: 2020-12-20T12:13:04.407Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: Evargalo
Answers.Body: <p>Evarglo's answer is correct, but doesn't give any reasoning for why lines that involve queen-side castling are the <em>only</em> viable ones.</p>
  <p>The key to the puzzle is noticing that with the pawns in their current position, the White King can't approach it's current location from the White side of the board. Thus it must have just moved from the 8th row.
  Further the Black King is trapped on the 8th row too and, without castling, the Black Rook is trapped on <em>that side</em> of the 8th row.</p>
  <p>This obviously causes problems: if those pawns have been in place for 5 turns, and no pieces have been taken then that means that white has only been moving his King ... and  where has it been moving, if the black rook was covering that entire side of the 8th row?</p>
  <p>One might think that there had been a black piece on f8/g8, allowing the White King to move around on the 9th row, but the blocking piece would have had to have been taken recently ( the Knight on a2 is too far away to have been 'helping').</p>
  <p>The only conclusion left is that the Black Rook <em>wasn't</em> on this side of the Black King, until the last few turns. ... leading to the given solution.</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2020-12-21T02:13:48.683Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2020-12-21T02:19:50.337Z
Answers.LastEditDate: 2020-12-21T02:19:50.337Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: Brondahl
Body: <pre><code>[FEN &quot;7r/pppppKpP/6P1/8/8/8/n7/8 w - - 0 1&quot;]
  </code></pre>
  <p>Assume that the following position was reached in a legal game of chess. In the last 5 moves, no pawn has moved and no pieces were captured. The Black king is invisible – on which square does it stand?</p>
  
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2020-12-20T19:13:12.677Z
Comments.Text: Who is the composer?
Comments.UserDisplayName: James Martin
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2020-12-20T19:18:22.473Z
Comments.Text: By the way, do you need to specify that it's as long as 5 moves since the last pawn-move or capture? Doesn't 3 half-moves already work? Maybe I'm missing something.
Comments.UserDisplayName: James Martin
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2021-01-16T16:49:54.043Z
Comments.Text: This is problem M3 ("Moriarty's third problem") of Raymond Smullyan's "The Chess Mysteries of Sherlock Holmes"
Comments.UserDisplayName: alphacapture
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2021-01-16T17:07:45.943Z
Comments.Text: @JamesMartin The book's solution doesn't seem to say why it was written as 5 moves instead of 3 half moves, but it may have been a typo: The book's solution doesn't reference the 5 move limit at all, and problem M2 appearing right before it had the condition of the white king and queen not moving in the last 5 moves.
Comments.UserDisplayName: alphacapture
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2021-01-16T17:14:41.000Z
Comments.Text: @JamesMartin dr. vlad lup also posted M2 here: https://chess.stackexchange.com/questions/33377/brainteaser-puzzle
Comments.UserDisplayName: alphacapture
Tags: <problems><retrograde-analysis>
Title: Where does the black king stand in this specific position?
ThreadText: # Where does the black king stand in this specific position?
  
  (Asked by: username_0 on 2020-12-20)
  
  ```
  [FEN "7r/pppppKpP/6P1/8/8/8/n7/8 w - - 0 1"]
  
  ```
  
  Assume that the following position was reached in a legal game of chess. In the last 5 moves, no pawn has moved and no pieces were captured. The Black king is invisible – on which square does it stand?
  
  **Tags:** problems, retrograde-analysis
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_1**: Who is the composer?  
  > **username_1**: By the way, do you need to specify that it's as long as 5 moves since the last pawn-move or capture? Doesn't 3 half-moves already work? Maybe I'm missing something.  
  > **username_2**: This is problem M3 ("Moriarty's third problem") of Raymond Smullyan's "The Chess Mysteries of Sherlock Holmes"  
  > **username_2**: @username_1 The book's solution doesn't seem to say why it was written as 5 moves instead of 3 half moves, but it may have been a typo: The book's solution doesn't reference the 5 move limit at all, and problem M2 appearing right before it had the condition of the white king and queen not moving in the last 5 moves.  
  > **username_2**: @username_1 dr. vlad lup also posted M2 here: https://chess.stackexchange.com/questions/33377/brainteaser-puzzle  
  
  ---
  
  ## 2 answers
  
  ### Answer by username_3 on 2020-12-20. Score: 8
  
  The black king must be on c8.
  
  The white king reached g8 through g6 and h7 before the white pawns arrived on g6-h7. A white knight took the Bc8 from b6; the black queen was also taken by a knight. The black king remained en e8, and the black rook on a8, until a few moves ago.
  
  The last moves were for instance:
  
  ```
  [Title "Invisible Black King solution"]
  [FEN "r3k1K1/ppppp1pP/6P1/8/8/8/8/2n5 w q - 0 1"]
  
  1. Kh8 Na2 2. Kg8 Nc1 3. Kh8 Na2 4. Kg8 O-O-O+
  5. Kf7 Rh8
  
  ```
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_4 on 2020-12-21. Score: 3
  
  Evarglo's answer is correct, but doesn't give any reasoning for why lines that involve queen-side castling are the *only* viable ones.
  
  The key to the puzzle is noticing that with the pawns in their current position, the White King can't approach it's current location from the White side of the board. Thus it must have just moved from the 8th row.
  Further the Black King is trapped on the 8th row too and, without castling, the Black Rook is trapped on *that side* of the 8th row.
  
  This obviously causes problems: if those pawns have been in place for 5 turns, and no pieces have been taken then that means that white has only been moving his King ... and where has it been moving, if the black rook was covering that entire side of the 8th row?
  
  One might think that there had been a black piece on f8/g8, allowing the White King to move around on the 9th row, but the blocking piece would have had to have been taken recently ( the Knight on a2 is too far away to have been 'helping').
  
  The only conclusion left is that the Black Rook *wasn't* on this side of the Black King, until the last few turns. ... leading to the given solution.
  
  
  ---
  
  