Answers.Body: <p>When I started my last job, there were many problems with the CS "tutors" at the CC and university I worked at:</p>
  
  <ul>
  <li>Tutors actually didn't know the content that well themselves.</li>
  <li>Tutors "explained" a lot, and used the sessions as hangout time with other buddies, or as a sort of show-off time.</li>
  <li>Attendance at tutoring sessions was (unsurprisingly) low.</li>
  </ul>
  
  <p>If no one knows the content, no one knows how to teach the content, and no one is welcoming to new students, what can you do?? I opted for a fairly time-intensive solution because it fit within my role, but others may benefit from at least parts of this model.</p>
  
  <p>I started a <strong>Peer-Led Team Learning</strong> program, with training in </p>
  
  <ol>
  <li>CS content</li>
  <li>CS pedagogical techniques </li>
  <li>supportive culture</li>
  </ol>
  
  <p>PLTL Leaders didn't just hold tutoring hours. They also led weekly PLTL sessions where they helped students learn CS in a structured setting. This provided a way for students to meet the Leaders, and a context that ensured the students learned something and that the Leaders were trained. PLTL leaders also helped out in the classroom.</p>
  
  <p>PLTL is a proven model with a <a href="http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0130288055" rel="noreferrer">handbook</a>, a <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/quickpltl/pub-database" rel="noreferrer">research tradition</a>, and <a href="http://pltlis.org/" rel="noreferrer">support</a>. I had to make my own exercises for CS1 / CS2, but the model for how to run a PLTL program is already well-established---simply follow the handbook. PLTL emphasizes collaborative work (usually on paper), and Leaders prompt and direct students, but do not give away the answers. </p>
  
  <p>Being a PLTL leader was advertised as a high-status position, a leader in both content knowledge <em>and</em> professionalism. I was inspired by <a href="https://www2.cs.arizona.edu/slprogram/" rel="noreferrer">Section Leader programs</a> at many universities. PLTL Leaders were paid hourly. At the university, I was able to set up a system of interviews to hire new PLTL leaders--this gave another level of professionalism, and also gave students much needed practice in whiteboarding and interviewing, even if they didn't get the job.</p>
  
  <p>Weekly trainings bootstrapped the tutors' content and pedagogical knowledge. We worked through the packet of problems for that week's PLTL session ahead of time as a group. This ensured that everyone knew the content, and also knew how to prompt students to solve the problems. We practiced pedagogical techniques like tracing code, drawing memory diagrams, and prompting students to collaborate. We typically spent 30 minutes talking about issues like making sure students didn't feel afraid of looking stupid or asking questions.</p>
  
  <p>This model does require buy-in from instructors to motivate PLTL attendance. Some CS1/CS2 teachers made PLTL attendance mandatory, others offered extra credit. In an ideal world, the CS1 / CS2 teachers would write the PLTL materials and help run the program, but it fell on me in my setting.</p>
  
  <p>Over time, student coordinators took over running the training sessions. Once problem sets were developed, they were re-used. </p>
  
  <p>Starting this program was one of the highlights of my job. I'm happy to say that these students did become a strong part of the department's culture over the 2.5 years I ran the program, raising the bar for what professors thought their students could be capable of. Many of those students now have great jobs in industry. <a href="https://twitter.com/katieirenec/status/730866698086055936" rel="noreferrer">I miss 'em :')</a></p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2017-07-16T23:22:29.330Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2017-07-16T23:22:29.330Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: nova
Answers.Body: <p>This is from a high school, so it's not quite the same...</p>
  
  <p>Our school has free tutoring one night every week for any students that want to show up. Typically it's parents that know the subjects. A writer might tutor Literature, an engineer might tutor physics; that sort of thing. </p>
  
  <p>But they'll also have student tutors, and most organizations like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Honor_Society" rel="nofollow noreferrer">National Honor Society</a> will give their members volunteer hours for tutoring. One of the first things on my task list for early in the school year is to find a couple of upper level students that would make good tutors and connect them with the organizers of the tutoring. Past that, I don't do anything other than suggest it to students or parents that ask about extra tutoring. I've heard good things though. </p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>Are the tutors other students or professionals?</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>Both. </p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>How are the tutors selected?</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>Some sign up on their own, some we ask to help out. </p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>Are tutors or sessions supervised formally in any way?</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>Not by the school</p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>Are tutors paid? If so in what way? (money, academic credit, ...)</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>Student tutors might get volunteer hours for service organizations. </p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>What are the scheduling issues? What works and what does not?</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>No clue. It's setup and kids show up if they want. </p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>Are the tutors and tutees matched with each other in any specific way?</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>First come, first serve</p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>Is tutoring one-one or one-many, generally?</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>One to how ever many show up</p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>Does the student need a "ticket" to join, say a recommendation from a prof?</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>Nope, they just show up</p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>Can you get any measure of success?</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>Never tried. </p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>How do the tutors benefit other than formal pay?</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>Service hours. </p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2017-07-10T18:24:39.183Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2017-07-17T04:54:09.540Z
Answers.LastEditDate: 2017-07-17T04:54:09.540Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: Ryan Nutt
Answers.Body: <p>Here are my answers, from the perspective of an undergraduate majoring in computer science and engineering. The engineering college provides free tutoring 6 days a week from 6pm to 9pm.</p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>Are the tutors other students or professionals?</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>The tutors are all other students.</p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>How are the tutors selected?</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>The tutors apply and are interviewed. The interview consists of one prepared problem and one unprepared problem, both taken from areas they claim to be able to tutor. They then have to mock tutor their interviewer.</p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>Are tutors or sessions supervised formally in any way? </p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>No. Students come in and ask for help in a subject, and tutors assist them. If a tutor has nothing to do, they usually do their own homework.</p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>Are tutors paid? If so in what way? (money, academic credit, ...)</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>Yes. Tutors make somewhere around \$10 an hour to $15 an hour, depending on subjects, expertise, etc. </p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>What are the scheduling issues? What works and what does not?</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>There are none that I am aware of.</p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>Are the tutors and tutees matched with each other in any specific way?</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>No -- it's entirely informal. You do not need to sign up for an appointment or anything, you just walk in.</p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>Is tutoring one-one or one-many, generally?</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>It depends on the demand and subject area. Prior to exams or important homework assignments it will usually be one-many. Less common subjects attract fewer students.</p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>Does the student need a "ticket" to join, say a recommendation from a prof?</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>No -- it's open to anyone.</p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>Can you get any measure of success?</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>I'm not sure what is meant by this. University analytics seems to indicate that students who go to tutoring do significantly better than students who do not. Otherwise, attendance is logged, and is usually fairly high -- showing that students clearly think it helps.</p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>How do the tutors benefit other than formal pay?</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>On off weeks, tutors often get plenty of time to work on their own homework while getting paid. Additionally, if they are part of the honors program, it can count for credit in that regard, and tutoring is a great way to become a TA later (and many of the tutors are also TAs).</p>
  
  <p>I think the way the engineering college has set up this system is an efficient use of resources. It's lamentable that our regular CS program does not have anything of the sort. The CS department maintains a list of approved tutors (anyone can apply online, fill out a form, and be approved as long as they meet a sufficient course grade for the courses they want to tutor). There is no formal training whatsoever and close to no oversight from the university itself. This results in incredibly variable tutoring experiences. Additionally, the system itself is poorly known, and I doubt most students would be willing to pay a private tutor 15-30 dollars an hour to quite possibly get no help other than a brief explanation of the answer to their assignment. Of course, this is speculation on my part, but I think if the computer science department were willing to budget some money to set up a system like the one I've described, it would be a great investment. It would ease the load on TAs and professors (as an aside, I recall prior to one homework deadline in my data structures class, my professor and TA for that class had 30-40 people lined up for an office with four chairs), ostensibly reduce cheating, and improve understanding.</p>
  
  <p>Of course, that's just my opinion -- but I have no reason to believe the former model would not work for common computer science courses as well.</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 3.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2017-07-11T20:13:25.330Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2017-07-11T20:13:25.330Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: Kevin Blicharski
Body: <p>Some students find themselves falling behind in a course but still have the desire to do well. Some colleges provide a definite system of tutors in which such students can get additional help. What are good models, in your experience, for such systems?</p>
  
  <p>Some questions you might want to answer in giving a model are</p>
  
  <ul>
  <li>Are the tutors other students or professionals?</li>
  <li>How are the tutors selected?</li>
  <li>Are tutors or sessions supervised formally in any way?</li>
  <li>Are tutors paid? If so in what way? (money, academic credit, ...)</li>
  <li>What are the scheduling issues? What works and what does not?</li>
  <li>Are the tutors and tutees matched with each other in any specific way?</li>
  <li>Is tutoring one-one or one-many, generally?</li>
  <li>Does the student need a "ticket" to join, say a recommendation from a prof?</li>
  <li>Can you get any measure of success?</li>
  <li>How do the tutors benefit other than formal pay?</li>
  </ul>
  
  <p>What models have you seen or been part of that might be used elsewhere?</p>
  
Tags: <best-practice><undergraduate><differentiation>
Title: What are good models for a Tutorial System for lagging CS students?
ThreadText: # What are good models for a Tutorial System for lagging CS students?
  
  (Asked by: username_0 on 2017-07-10)
  
  Some students find themselves falling behind in a course but still have the desire to do well. Some colleges provide a definite system of tutors in which such students can get additional help. What are good models, in your experience, for such systems?
  
  Some questions you might want to answer in giving a model are
  
  * Are the tutors other students or professionals?
  * How are the tutors selected?
  * Are tutors or sessions supervised formally in any way?
  * Are tutors paid? If so in what way? (money, academic credit, ...)
  * What are the scheduling issues? What works and what does not?
  * Are the tutors and tutees matched with each other in any specific way?
  * Is tutoring one-one or one-many, generally?
  * Does the student need a "ticket" to join, say a recommendation from a prof?
  * Can you get any measure of success?
  * How do the tutors benefit other than formal pay?
  
  What models have you seen or been part of that might be used elsewhere?
  
  **Tags:** best-practice, undergraduate, differentiation
  
  
  ---
  
  ## 3 answers
  
  ### Answer by username_1 on 2017-07-16. Score: 6
  
  When I started my last job, there were many problems with the CS "tutors" at the CC and university I worked at:
  
  * Tutors actually didn't know the content that well themselves.
  * Tutors "explained" a lot, and used the sessions as hangout time with other buddies, or as a sort of show-off time.
  * Attendance at tutoring sessions was (unsurprisingly) low.
  
  If no one knows the content, no one knows how to teach the content, and no one is welcoming to new students, what can you do?? I opted for a fairly time-intensive solution because it fit within my role, but others may benefit from at least parts of this model.
  
  I started a **Peer-Led Team Learning** program, with training in
  
  1. CS content
  2. CS pedagogical techniques
  3. supportive culture
  
  PLTL Leaders didn't just hold tutoring hours. They also led weekly PLTL sessions where they helped students learn CS in a structured setting. This provided a way for students to meet the Leaders, and a context that ensured the students learned something and that the Leaders were trained. PLTL leaders also helped out in the classroom.
  
  PLTL is a proven model with a [handbook](http://rads.stackoverflow.com/amzn/click/0130288055), a [research tradition](https://sites.google.com/site/quickpltl/pub-database), and [support](http://pltlis.org/). I had to make my own exercises for CS1 / CS2, but the model for how to run a PLTL program is already well-established---simply follow the handbook. PLTL emphasizes collaborative work (usually on paper), and Leaders prompt and direct students, but do not give away the answers.
  
  Being a PLTL leader was advertised as a high-status position, a leader in both content knowledge *and* professionalism. I was inspired by [Section Leader programs](https://www2.cs.arizona.edu/slprogram/) at many universities. PLTL Leaders were paid hourly. At the university, I was able to set up a system of interviews to hire new PLTL leaders--this gave another level of professionalism, and also gave students much needed practice in whiteboarding and interviewing, even if they didn't get the job.
  
  Weekly trainings bootstrapped the tutors' content and pedagogical knowledge. We worked through the packet of problems for that week's PLTL session ahead of time as a group. This ensured that everyone knew the content, and also knew how to prompt students to solve the problems. We practiced pedagogical techniques like tracing code, drawing memory diagrams, and prompting students to collaborate. We typically spent 30 minutes talking about issues like making sure students didn't feel afraid of looking stupid or asking questions.
  
  This model does require buy-in from instructors to motivate PLTL attendance. Some CS1/CS2 teachers made PLTL attendance mandatory, others offered extra credit. In an ideal world, the CS1 / CS2 teachers would write the PLTL materials and help run the program, but it fell on me in my setting.
  
  Over time, student coordinators took over running the training sessions. Once problem sets were developed, they were re-used.
  
  Starting this program was one of the highlights of my job. I'm happy to say that these students did become a strong part of the department's culture over the 2.5 years I ran the program, raising the bar for what professors thought their students could be capable of. Many of those students now have great jobs in industry. [I miss 'em :')](https://twitter.com/katieirenec/status/730866698086055936)
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_2 on 2017-07-10. Score: 2
  
  This is from a high school, so it's not quite the same...
  
  Our school has free tutoring one night every week for any students that want to show up. Typically it's parents that know the subjects. A writer might tutor Literature, an engineer might tutor physics; that sort of thing.
  
  But they'll also have student tutors, and most organizations like [National Honor Society](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Honor_Society) will give their members volunteer hours for tutoring. One of the first things on my task list for early in the school year is to find a couple of upper level students that would make good tutors and connect them with the organizers of the tutoring. Past that, I don't do anything other than suggest it to students or parents that ask about extra tutoring. I've heard good things though.
  
  > Are the tutors other students or professionals?
  
  Both.
  
  > How are the tutors selected?
  
  Some sign up on their own, some we ask to help out.
  
  > Are tutors or sessions supervised formally in any way?
  
  Not by the school
  
  > Are tutors paid? If so in what way? (money, academic credit, ...)
  
  Student tutors might get volunteer hours for service organizations.
  
  > What are the scheduling issues? What works and what does not?
  
  No clue. It's setup and kids show up if they want.
  
  > Are the tutors and tutees matched with each other in any specific way?
  
  First come, first serve
  
  > Is tutoring one-one or one-many, generally?
  
  One to how ever many show up
  
  > Does the student need a "ticket" to join, say a recommendation from a prof?
  
  Nope, they just show up
  
  > Can you get any measure of success?
  
  Never tried.
  
  > How do the tutors benefit other than formal pay?
  
  Service hours.
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_3 on 2017-07-11. Score: 1
  
  Here are my answers, from the perspective of an undergraduate majoring in computer science and engineering. The engineering college provides free tutoring 6 days a week from 6pm to 9pm.
  
  > Are the tutors other students or professionals?
  
  The tutors are all other students.
  
  > How are the tutors selected?
  
  The tutors apply and are interviewed. The interview consists of one prepared problem and one unprepared problem, both taken from areas they claim to be able to tutor. They then have to mock tutor their interviewer.
  
  > Are tutors or sessions supervised formally in any way?
  
  No. Students come in and ask for help in a subject, and tutors assist them. If a tutor has nothing to do, they usually do their own homework.
  
  > Are tutors paid? If so in what way? (money, academic credit, ...)
  
  Yes. Tutors make somewhere around \$10 an hour to $15 an hour, depending on subjects, expertise, etc.
  
  > What are the scheduling issues? What works and what does not?
  
  There are none that I am aware of.
  
  > Are the tutors and tutees matched with each other in any specific way?
  
  No -- it's entirely informal. You do not need to sign up for an appointment or anything, you just walk in.
  
  > Is tutoring one-one or one-many, generally?
  
  It depends on the demand and subject area. Prior to exams or important homework assignments it will usually be one-many. Less common subjects attract fewer students.
  
  > Does the student need a "ticket" to join, say a recommendation from a prof?
  
  No -- it's open to anyone.
  
  > Can you get any measure of success?
  
  I'm not sure what is meant by this. University analytics seems to indicate that students who go to tutoring do significantly better than students who do not. Otherwise, attendance is logged, and is usually fairly high -- showing that students clearly think it helps.
  
  > How do the tutors benefit other than formal pay?
  
  On off weeks, tutors often get plenty of time to work on their own homework while getting paid. Additionally, if they are part of the honors program, it can count for credit in that regard, and tutoring is a great way to become a TA later (and many of the tutors are also TAs).
  
  I think the way the engineering college has set up this system is an efficient use of resources. It's lamentable that our regular CS program does not have anything of the sort. The CS department maintains a list of approved tutors (anyone can apply online, fill out a form, and be approved as long as they meet a sufficient course grade for the courses they want to tutor). There is no formal training whatsoever and close to no oversight from the university itself. This results in incredibly variable tutoring experiences. Additionally, the system itself is poorly known, and I doubt most students would be willing to pay a private tutor 15-30 dollars an hour to quite possibly get no help other than a brief explanation of the answer to their assignment. Of course, this is speculation on my part, but I think if the computer science department were willing to budget some money to set up a system like the one I've described, it would be a great investment. It would ease the load on TAs and professors (as an aside, I recall prior to one homework deadline in my data structures class, my professor and TA for that class had 30-40 people lined up for an office with four chairs), ostensibly reduce cheating, and improve understanding.
  
  Of course, that's just my opinion -- but I have no reason to believe the former model would not work for common computer science courses as well.
  
  
  ---
  
  