Answers.Body: <p>There is much discussion in philosophy about inner language and the ability to perceive pain (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Pain in philosophy</a> article). Your question is in the area of philosophy and not science. If you define emotion as some state then you can construct simple automata with two states (emotion vs no-emotion). It can be a very complicated state with degrees of truth (percentage of emotion).</p>
  
  <p>Basically, to mimic human emotion you need to make a living human-like organism, and still with todays understanding and technology you will not be able to recognize emotion in it. The only thing you can do is trust when it says "I'm sad". Now we are in the area of the Turing test, which is again philosophy, and not science.</p>
  
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Answers.Body: <blockquote>
    <p>It is certainly possible for AI to theoretically feel emotion. </p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>There are, according to Murray Shanahan's book <strong>The Technological Singularity</strong>, two primary forms of AI:</p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>1) Human based AI - achieved through processes such as <strong><em>whole brain emulation</em></strong>, the functioning of human based AI would likely be indistinguishable from that of the human brain, and, as a consequence, human based AI would likely experience emotion in the same manner as humans.</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>-</p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>2) AI from scratch - with this form of AI, based on machine learning algorithms and complex processes to drive goals, we enter into uncharted territory as the development of this form of AI is inherently unpredictable and unlike anything we observe in the biological sample space of intelligence we have access to.</p>
    
    <p>With this form of AI, there is no telling if and how it could experience emotion.</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>As the question references the former, it is very likely that human-based AI would indeed experience emotion and other human-like characteristics.</p>
  
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Answers.Body: <p>Assuming an AI was built out of a mechanical husk, mirroring the human brain exactly; complete with chemical signals and all. An AI should theoretically be capable of feeling/processing emotions.</p>
  
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Answers.Text: Are you the Apple's Siri?
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Answers.Text: Dualists would argue that even then, an AI wouldn't be able to feel emotions, see [the philosophical zombie argument](http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/zombies/) and the problem of [Qualia](http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qualia/).
Answers.UserDisplayName: Alex S King
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Answers.Text: You should differentiate the ability to process emotions and mimics. Emotions are a much bigger deal than just chemical signals. It's also a matter of perception.
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Answers.Text: Although I agree with @kvfi that it is also a matter of perception(which depends on lot of factors), I believe with the current pace of advancements in the field of AI, as @Siri said, an `AI should be able to feel emotions` by taking into account and processing every piece of data related to it.
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Answers.UserDisplayName: Siri
Answers.Body: <p>Emotions are a factor in humans having ethics/morals only because they are a factor in all human learning and decision-making.</p>
  
  <p>Unless you are duplicating a human being exactly, there is no reason to think that an AI will learn the way a human learns, or make decisions in the same way a human makes decisions.</p>
  
  <p>Therefore, whether it "feels emotion" just like we do, or whether it simply responds to outcomes "cost is greater = don't go there", the outcome of ethical BEHAVIOUR could be achieved. An AI could behave perfectly ethically without any need for feeling empathy, shame, etc.</p>
  
  <p>You could also argue that a lot of UNETHICAL behaviour in human beings is driven by emotions, too, and that an unemotional but ethical AI may well do a better overall job than a human being.</p>
  
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Answers.Body: <p>This question is more the province of philosophy of mind than of AI, here are some detailed answers to your question from the philosophy SE: <a href="https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/a/35824/13808">Is simulating emotions the same as experiencing emotions?</a>, and <a href="https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/a/34244/13808">What is the problem with physicalism?</a>. </p>
  
  <p>For the record, the accepted answer (by Siri) to the question is not entirely correct (The position in that answer corresponds roughly to <a href="https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/a/34682/13808">John Searle's view</a> on the question, and his is a minority view): Dualists would argue that even with a perfect replication down to the chemical level of brain interactions, an AI still wouldn't experience emotions, as it lacks the purely mental substance/properties that make a mind and not a machine. </p>
  
  <p>On the completely opposite side of the spectrum, functionalists would answer that such a perfect replication is overkill: even a suitably programmed digital computer can experience emotion, particularly if one equips it with higher-order and self-referential states.  </p>
  
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Answers.Text: It is definitely a philosophical question in regard to simulation of emotions, but removing anthropomorphism, and focusing on fundamental, philosophical principles, it can shown to be mathematical: http://ai.stackexchange.com/a/2877/1671 .  To be truly felt, the emotion would have to arise out of something machines consider important, such as optimization, computing resources, calculability/intractability, and equilibria. However, it surely becomes philosophical again in terms of consciousness, or lack thereof, of the system. *[Excellent answer, btw!]*
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Answers.UserDisplayName: Alex S King
Answers.Body: <p>Well, it depends of the level of the AI.</p>
  
  <p>You can create an AI super autonomous with deep learning capabilities and so on, but in the robotic type only. </p>
  
  <p>If you'd create an AI like EVA in the Ex-Machina movie, humanoid form, deep neural transmissions and with cognitive dissonance, then it could feel. </p>
  
  <p>The 'AI' problem its not the chemical and neural transmissions, its the consciousness.</p>
  
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Answers.UserDisplayName: Ivan Cantarino
Answers.Body: <p>Yes and no. If you fully simulate a human brain and all of its functions, it would probably be able to feel emotions very similar to the way we do.</p>
  
  <p>But we don't have enough capabilities and knowledge to do that, and maybe we could find a "shortcut" - a process that is intelligent without simulating a whole brain. In this case, emotions would probably represented by data values which say "this is good (make it happen again!)", or "this is bad (avoid it!)". This is just a very basic example (there are obviously many more emotions), but it would have a similar function and the AI would have similar solutions to the ones we have. But we don't know - and probably no one ever will know - if this data value 'bad' "feels" the same way for the AI the according emotion would feel to us. </p>
  
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Answers.UserDisplayName: Namnodorel
Answers.Body: <p>IMHO</p>
  <p><strong>Definitely, yes!</strong>
  Everything that person feels (physically or mentally) can be discovered by chemical signals processing in his body or brain. If we understand the policy and nature of such signals, we can program it.</p>
  <p>There are a lot of pseudo-psychology and psychology works on this sphere, if you interested, I can suggest you:</p>
  <blockquote>
  <ol>
  <li><strong>Cognitive Psychology (Robert L. Solso)</strong></li>
  </ol>
  </blockquote>
  <p>describes cognitive apparat of human's mind in a simple words;</p>
  <blockquote>
  <ol start="2">
  <li><strong>The Psychology of Emotions (Carroll E. Izard)</strong></li>
  </ol>
  </blockquote>
  <p>thorougly describes every kind of emotion by its looking on the human (both child and adult) face, low-level cognitive mechanism, related or adjacent emotions;</p>
  <blockquote>
  <ol start="3">
  <li>Books by <strong>Paul Ekman (&quot;Telling Lies&quot;, &quot;Emotions Revealed&quot;,
  &quot;Unmasking the Face&quot;)</strong></li>
  </ol>
  </blockquote>
  <p>practical detecting of human emotions by microexpressions language on face and body.</p>
  <p>Upd 2023-01-05, to give more details</p>
  <p>A person forms their own emotions through their own experience, social norms and other factors. Every emotion has its own strength and can vary from person to person. People behave in a different ways on the similar problems. You can learn to control your emotions and not allow some of them to progress (like anger - as society teaches us to do).</p>
  <p>Need to mention that there are a lot of psychological problems that people could have like learned helplessness - that shows us that our experience can make us feel strange emotions as reaction to some triggers. And this is example that emotions like everyting else could be learned. More of that - you can control the emotions your AI will have.</p>
  <p>Of course it could be the question if AI needs emotions and what benefits it can have from them.</p>
  
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Answers.UserDisplayName: barbariania
Answers.Body: <p>I have considered much of the responses here, and I would suggest that most people here have missed the point when answering the question about emotions.</p>
  <p>The problem is, scientists keep looking for a single solution as to what emotions are. This is akin to looking for a single shape that will fit all different-shaped slots.</p>
  <p>Also, what is ignored is that animals are just as capable of emotions and emotional states as we are:</p>
  <p>When looking on Youtube for insects fighting each other, or competing or courting, it should be clear that simple creatures experience them too!</p>
  <p>When I challenge people about emotions, I suggest to them to go to Corinthians 13 - which describes the attributes of love. If you consider all those attributes, one should notice that an actual &quot;feeling&quot; is not required for fulfilling any of them.</p>
  <p>Therefore, the suggestion that a psychopath lacks emotions, and so he commits crimes or other pursuits outside of &quot;normal&quot; boundaries is far from true, especially when one considers the various records left to us from court cases and perhaps psychological evaluation - which show us that they do act out of &quot;strong&quot; emotions.</p>
  <p>It should be considered that a psychopath's behaviour is motivated out of negative emotions and emotional states with a distinct lack of or disregard of morality and a disregard of conscience. Psychopaths &quot;enjoy&quot; what they do.</p>
  <p>I am strongly suggesting to all that we are blinded by our reasoning, and by the reasoning of others.</p>
  <p>Though I do agree with the following quote mentioned before: -</p>
  <p>Dave H. wrote:</p>
  <blockquote>
  <p>From a computational standpoint, emotions represent a global state that influences a lot of other processing. Hormones etc. are basically
  just implementation. A sentient or sapient computer certainly could
  experience emotions, if it was structured in such a way as to have
  such global states affecting its thinking.</p>
  </blockquote>
  <p>However, his reasoning below it (that quote) is also seriously flawed.</p>
  <p>Emotions are both active and passive: They are triggered by thoughts and they trigger our thoughts; Emotions are a mental state and a behaviourial quality; Emotions react to stimuli or measure our responses to them; Emotions are independant regulators and moderators; Yet they provoke our focus and attention to specific criteria; and they help us when intuition and emotion agree or they hinder us when conscience or will clash.</p>
  <p>A computer has the same potential as us to feel emotions, but the skill of implementing emotions is much more sophisticated than the one solution fits all answer people are seeking here.</p>
  <p>Also, if anyone argues that emotions are simply &quot;states&quot; where a response or responses can be designed around it, really does not understand the complexity of emotions; the &quot;freedom&quot; emotions and thoughts have independently of each other; or what constitutes true thought!</p>
  <p>Programmers and scientists are notorious for &quot;simulating&quot; the real experiences of emotions or intelligence, without understanding the intimate complexities; Thinking that in finding the perfect simulation they have &quot;discovered&quot; the real experience.</p>
  <p>The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psi-theory" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Psi-theory</a> seems to adequately give a proper understanding of the matter.</p>
  <p>So I would say that the simulation of emotional states &quot;is&quot; equivalent to experiencing emotions, but those emotional states are far more complex than what most realize.</p>
  
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Body: <p>Assuming humans had finally developed the first humanoid AI based on the human brain, would It feel emotions? If not, would it still have ethics and/or morals?</p>
  
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Comments.Text: It depends on what you mean by "feeling emotions". I asked a similar question [Is the simulation of emotional states equivalent to actually experiencing emotions?](http://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/34779/is-the-simulation-of-emotional-states-equivalent-to-actually-experiencing-emotio) on Philosophy SE, and the answer does appears to hinge on the definition of "feeling" (especially when dealing with the concept of "qualia").
Comments.UserDisplayName: Left SE On 10_6_19
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Comments.Text: On the last part of your question, if it couldn't feel emotion, then it probably couldn't relate to other beings that have them. An inability (or unwillingness?) to consider other people's feelings is the #1 telltale sign of a sociopath. Whether or not a sociopath lacks morals or just has a corrupted moral code is a deep question unto itself, but suffice to say that either way, they end up dealing with others in a selfish manner. In the AI's case it would probably be the former problem, lacking a moral sense (in the case of humans it's probably the latter) but the result's the same
Comments.UserDisplayName: SQLServerSteve
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Comments.Text: Machines can't take decisions based on human judgement. http://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/1354/are-there-any-textual-captcha-challenges-which-can-fool-ai-but-not-human/2143#2143
Comments.UserDisplayName: kvfi
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Comments.CreationDate: 2019-03-31T12:56:18.230Z
Comments.Text: Have a look at the very related questions: [Can an artificial intelligence suffer?](https://ai.stackexchange.com/q/11523/2444) and [Can an AI learn to suffer?](https://ai.stackexchange.com/q/2872/2444).
Comments.UserDisplayName: nbro
Tags: <philosophy><human-like><ethics><emotional-intelligence><emotion-recognition>
Title: Could an AI feel emotions?
UserDisplayName: MountainSide Studios
ThreadText: # Could an AI feel emotions?
  
  (Asked by: username_0 on 2016-11-06)
  
  Assuming humans had finally developed the first humanoid AI based on the human brain, would It feel emotions? If not, would it still have ethics and/or morals?
  
  **Tags:** philosophy, human-like, ethics, emotional-intelligence, emotion-recognition
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_1**: It depends on what you mean by "feeling emotions". I asked a similar question [Is the simulation of emotional states equivalent to actually experiencing emotions?](http://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/34779/is-the-simulation-of-emotional-states-equivalent-to-actually-experiencing-emotio) on Philosophy SE, and the answer does appears to hinge on the definition of "feeling" (especially when dealing with the concept of "qualia").  
  > **username_2**: On the last part of your question, if it couldn't feel emotion, then it probably couldn't relate to other beings that have them. An inability (or unwillingness?) to consider other people's feelings is the #1 telltale sign of a sociopath. Whether or not a sociopath lacks morals or just has a corrupted moral code is a deep question unto itself, but suffice to say that either way, they end up dealing with others in a selfish manner. In the AI's case it would probably be the former problem, lacking a moral sense (in the case of humans it's probably the latter) but the result's the same  
  > **username_3**: Machines can't take decisions based on human judgement. http://ai.stackexchange.com/questions/1354/are-there-any-textual-captcha-challenges-which-can-fool-ai-but-not-human/2143#2143  
  > **username_4**: Have a look at the very related questions: [Can an artificial intelligence suffer?](https://ai.stackexchange.com/q/11523/2444) and [Can an AI learn to suffer?](https://ai.stackexchange.com/q/2872/2444).  
  
  ---
  
  ## 9 answers
  
  ### Answer by username_16 on 2016-11-23. Score: 4 | Accepted answer
  
  I have considered much of the responses here, and I would suggest that most people here have missed the point when answering the question about emotions.
  
  The problem is, scientists keep looking for a single solution as to what emotions are. This is akin to looking for a single shape that will fit all different-shaped slots.
  
  Also, what is ignored is that animals are just as capable of emotions and emotional states as we are:
  
  When looking on Youtube for insects fighting each other, or competing or courting, it should be clear that simple creatures experience them too!
  
  When I challenge people about emotions, I suggest to them to go to Corinthians 13 - which describes the attributes of love. If you consider all those attributes, one should notice that an actual "feeling" is not required for fulfilling any of them.
  
  Therefore, the suggestion that a psychopath lacks emotions, and so he commits crimes or other pursuits outside of "normal" boundaries is far from true, especially when one considers the various records username_1 to us from court cases and perhaps psychological evaluation - which show us that they do act out of "strong" emotions.
  
  It should be considered that a psychopath's behaviour is motivated out of negative emotions and emotional states with a distinct lack of or disregard of morality and a disregard of conscience. Psychopaths "enjoy" what they do.
  
  I am strongly suggesting to all that we are blinded by our reasoning, and by the reasoning of others.
  
  Though I do agree with the following quote mentioned before: -
  
  Dave H. wrote:
  
  > From a computational standpoint, emotions represent a global state that influences a lot of other processing. Hormones etc. are basically
  > just implementation. A sentient or sapient computer certainly could
  > experience emotions, if it was structured in such a way as to have
  > such global states affecting its thinking.
  
  However, his reasoning below it (that quote) is also seriously flawed.
  
  Emotions are both active and passive: They are triggered by thoughts and they trigger our thoughts; Emotions are a mental state and a behaviourial quality; Emotions react to stimuli or measure our responses to them; Emotions are independant regulators and moderators; Yet they provoke our focus and attention to specific criteria; and they help us when intuition and emotion agree or they hinder us when conscience or will clash.
  
  A computer has the same potential as us to feel emotions, but the skill of implementing emotions is much more sophisticated than the one solution fits all answer people are seeking here.
  
  Also, if anyone argues that emotions are simply "states" where a response or responses can be designed around it, really does not understand the complexity of emotions; the "freedom" emotions and thoughts have independently of each other; or what constitutes true thought!
  
  Programmers and scientists are notorious for "simulating" the real experiences of emotions or intelligence, without understanding the intimate complexities; Thinking that in finding the perfect simulation they have "discovered" the real experience.
  
  The [Psi-theory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psi-theory) seems to adequately give a proper understanding of the matter.
  
  So I would say that the simulation of emotional states "is" equivalent to experiencing emotions, but those emotional states are far more complex than what most realize.
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_5 on 2016-11-08. Score: 9
  
  There is much discussion in philosophy about inner language and the ability to perceive pain (see [Pain in philosophy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)) article). Your question is in the area of philosophy and not science. If you define emotion as some state then you can construct simple automata with two states (emotion vs no-emotion). It can be a very complicated state with degrees of truth (percentage of emotion).
  
  Basically, to mimic human emotion you need to make a living human-like organism, and still with todays understanding and technology you will not be able to recognize emotion in it. The only thing you can do is trust when it says "I'm sad". Now we are in the area of the Turing test, which is again philosophy, and not science.
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_6 on 2016-11-20. Score: 6
  
  > It is certainly possible for AI to theoretically feel emotion.
  
  There are, according to Murray Shanahan's book **The Technological Singularity**, two primary forms of AI:
  
  > 1) Human based AI - achieved through processes such as ***whole brain emulation***, the functioning of human based AI would likely be indistinguishable from that of the human brain, and, as a consequence, human based AI would likely experience emotion in the same manner as humans.
  
  -
  
  > 2) AI from scratch - with this form of AI, based on machine learning algorithms and complex processes to drive goals, we enter into uncharted territory as the development of this form of AI is inherently unpredictable and unlike anything we observe in the biological sample space of intelligence we have access to.
  >
  > With this form of AI, there is no telling if and how it could experience emotion.
  
  As the question references the former, it is very likely that human-based AI would indeed experience emotion and other human-like characteristics.
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_7 on 2016-11-06. Score: 5
  
  Assuming an AI was built out of a mechanical husk, mirroring the human brain exactly; complete with chemical signals and all. An AI should theoretically be capable of feeling/processing emotions.
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_8**: Are you the Apple's username_7?  
  > **username_9**: Dualists would argue that even then, an AI wouldn't be able to feel emotions, see [the philosophical zombie argument](http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/zombies/) and the problem of [Qualia](http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qualia/).  
  > **username_3**: You should differentiate the ability to process emotions and mimics. Emotions are a much bigger deal than just chemical signals. It's also a matter of perception.  
  > **username_10**: Although I agree with @username_3 that it is also a matter of perception(which depends on lot of factors), I believe with the current pace of advancements in the field of AI, as @username_7 said, an `AI should be able to feel emotions` by taking into account and processing every piece of data related to it.  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_11 on 2016-11-20. Score: 3
  
  Emotions are a factor in humans having ethics/morals only because they are a factor in all human learning and decision-making.
  
  Unless you are duplicating a human being exactly, there is no reason to think that an AI will learn the way a human learns, or make decisions in the same way a human makes decisions.
  
  Therefore, whether it "feels emotion" just like we do, or whether it simply responds to outcomes "cost is greater = don't go there", the outcome of ethical BEHAVIOUR could be achieved. An AI could behave perfectly ethically without any need for feeling empathy, shame, etc.
  
  You could also argue that a lot of UNETHICAL behaviour in human beings is driven by emotions, too, and that an unemotional but ethical AI may well do a better overall job than a human being.
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_9 on 2016-11-26. Score: 2
  
  This question is more the province of philosophy of mind than of AI, here are some detailed answers to your question from the philosophy SE: [Is simulating emotions the same as experiencing emotions?](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/a/35824/13808), and [What is the problem with physicalism?](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/a/34244/13808).
  
  For the record, the accepted answer (by username_7) to the question is not entirely correct (The position in that answer corresponds roughly to [John Searle's view](https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/a/34682/13808) on the question, and his is a minority view): Dualists would argue that even with a perfect replication down to the chemical level of brain interactions, an AI still wouldn't experience emotions, as it lacks the purely mental substance/properties that make a mind and not a machine.
  
  On the completely opposite side of the spectrum, functionalists would answer that such a perfect replication is overkill: even a suitably programmed digital computer can experience emotion, particularly if one equips it with higher-order and self-referential states.
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_12**: It is definitely a philosophical question in regard to simulation of emotions, but removing anthropomorphism, and focusing on fundamental, philosophical principles, it can shown to be mathematical: http://ai.stackexchange.com/a/2877/1671 .  To be truly felt, the emotion would have to arise out of something machines consider important, such as optimization, computing resources, calculability/intractability, and equilibria. However, it surely becomes philosophical again in terms of consciousness, or lack thereof, of the system. *[Excellent answer, btw!]*  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_13 on 2016-11-06. Score: 1
  
  Well, it depends of the level of the AI.
  
  You can create an AI super autonomous with deep learning capabilities and so on, but in the robotic type only.
  
  If you'd create an AI like EVA in the Ex-Machina movie, humanoid form, deep neural transmissions and with cognitive dissonance, then it could feel.
  
  The 'AI' problem its not the chemical and neural transmissions, its the consciousness.
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_14 on 2016-11-09. Score: 1
  
  Yes and no. If you fully simulate a human brain and all of its functions, it would probably be able to feel emotions very similar to the way we do.
  
  But we don't have enough capabilities and knowledge to do that, and maybe we could find a "shortcut" - a process that is intelligent without simulating a whole brain. In this case, emotions would probably represented by data values which say "this is good (make it happen again!)", or "this is bad (avoid it!)". This is just a very basic example (there are obviously many more emotions), but it would have a similar function and the AI would have similar solutions to the ones we have. But we don't know - and probably no one ever will know - if this data value 'bad' "feels" the same way for the AI the according emotion would feel to us.
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_15 on 2016-11-27. Score: 1
  
  IMHO
  
  **Definitely, yes!**
  Everything that person feels (physically or mentally) can be discovered by chemical signals processing in his body or brain. If we understand the policy and nature of such signals, we can program it.
  
  There are a lot of pseudo-psychology and psychology works on this sphere, if you interested, I can suggest you:
  
  > 1. **Cognitive Psychology (Robert L. Solso)**
  
  describes cognitive apparat of human's mind in a simple words;
  
  > 2. **The Psychology of Emotions (Carroll E. Izard)**
  
  thorougly describes every kind of emotion by its looking on the human (both child and adult) face, low-level cognitive mechanism, related or adjacent emotions;
  
  > 3. Books by **Paul Ekman ("Telling Lies", "Emotions Revealed",
  >    "Unmasking the Face")**
  
  practical detecting of human emotions by microexpressions language on face and body.
  
  Upd 2023-01-05, to give more details
  
  A person forms their own emotions through their own experience, social norms and other factors. Every emotion has its own strength and can vary from person to person. People behave in a different ways on the similar problems. You can learn to control your emotions and not allow some of them to progress (like anger - as society teaches us to do).
  
  Need to mention that there are a lot of psychological problems that people could have like learned helplessness - that shows us that our experience can make us feel strange emotions as reaction to some triggers. And this is example that emotions like everyting else could be learned. More of that - you can control the emotions your AI will have.
  
  Of course it could be the question if AI needs emotions and what benefits it can have from them.
  
  
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