Answers.Body: <p>There are many elements to be considered. To argue the answer, we can use mathematical logic reasoning.</p>
  <p>Let us assume a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_calculus" rel="nofollow noreferrer">propositional logic (PL)</a> context without loss of generality.</p>
  <p>First, we rephrase the automatic theorem proving (ATM) in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_satisfiability_problem" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Boolean Satisfiability (SAT)</a> problem: is there an interpretation (or, more broadly, a model) <span class="math-container">$M$</span> for a PL formula <span class="math-container">$\varphi$</span> such that <span class="math-container">$M$</span> <em>satisfies</em> <span class="math-container">$\varphi$</span>, namely, <span class="math-container">$M \models \varphi$</span>? The answer to such a question can be yes or no. Intuitively, <span class="math-container">$\varphi$</span> represents the statement, and <span class="math-container">$M$</span> is its proof. Observe that it is a top-down approach. The Turing award Stephen Cook <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%E2%80%93Levin_theorem" rel="nofollow noreferrer">proved</a> it to be <span class="math-container">$\mathbf{NP}$</span>-complete, a remarkable result in theoretical computer science. Therefore, ATM is a hard problem, and this is its mathematical beauty.</p>
  <p>Second, machine learning (ML) approaches approximate complex problems, but they are not exact, which, in turn, is what an ML expert would want. Why? From a philosophical and practical point of view, having a 100% accurate ML model for a specific problem implies that it overfitted the original data, eventually leading to catastrophic scenarios in production (e.g., data distribution shift issues). Note that it is a bottom-up approach. We can use a similar argument to the previous one as follows. Let <span class="math-container">$\mathcal{M}$</span> represent the data, that is, a set of instances.<sup>1</sup> Then, ML tries to statistically infer a PL theory <span class="math-container">$\Phi$</span> from <span class="math-container">$\mathcal{M}$</span>, which is a set of PL formulas.<sup>2</sup> The quintessential representative of such a problem is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree_learning" rel="nofollow noreferrer">decision tree learning</a>. To have a duality with the first argument, we can say <span class="math-container">$\mathcal{M} \models_\theta \Phi$</span>, where <span class="math-container">$\theta$</span> is a set of parameters (e.g., how to assess the truth of multiple models against multiple formulas statistically).</p>
  <p>All in one, it is plausible to believe that an ML model will perform some form of mathematical reasoning, but, at the time of writing, not in terms of ATM because the proof (of a theorem) lasts forever. We should embrace technologies like ChatGPT with caution because it produces different answers to the same input. However, a theorem can have multiple proofs, an argument for accepting the &quot;randomness&quot; in ChatGPT's answers. Nevertheless, IMHO, we are still far from having an ML-based ATM.</p>
  <hr />
  <p><sup>1<sub> Note the different notation, <span class="math-container">$\mathcal{M}$</span>, with respect to the previous one, <span class="math-container">$M$</span>.</sub></sup><br />
  <sup>2<sub> Similarly, note the different notation, <span class="math-container">$\Phi$</span>, with respect to the previous one, <span class="math-container">$\varphi$</span>.</sub></sup></p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2023-02-02T18:20:06.713Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2023-02-02T18:20:06.713Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: Eduard
Body: <p>As a student of numerical analysis, I can see how mathematical analysis involved in making a language program specifically in the convergence analysis of an approximation method. But, while chatting with ChatGPT, a lot of repeating mistakes have been committed by it in an analytical proof for convergence of a real sequence, and claims</p>
  <blockquote>
  <p>However, I am trained on a large corpus of text, which enables me to provide accurate and helpful information.</p>
  </blockquote>
  <p>(Chat GPT: I apologize for the mistake. You are correct, an increasing sequence starting from 5 cannot converge to 3.)</p>
  <p>But I feel there is a risk factor shielded in coding any analytical proof (instantaneous) in mathematics.</p>
  <p>Of course, I know the importance of mathematical analysis in coding, My concern is 'What exactly is the future of <strong>mathematical analysis that can be dealt with AI</strong>' especially in the 'automated theorem proving'?</p>
  
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2023-02-03T11:13:54.733Z
Comments.Text: Can you please put your specific question in the title too? "The extend of machine learning in mathematical analysis" is not a question but the title of a blog post.
Comments.UserDisplayName: nbro
Tags: <math><chatgpt><automated-theorem-proving><philosophy-of-math>
Title: What exactly is the future of mathematical analysis that can be dealt with AI (especially in the automated theorem proving)?
UserDisplayName: Messi Lio
ThreadText: # What exactly is the future of mathematical analysis that can be dealt with AI (especially in the automated theorem proving)?
  
  (Asked by: username_0 on 2023-02-01)
  
  As a student of numerical analysis, I can see how mathematical analysis involved in making a language program specifically in the convergence analysis of an approximation method. But, while chatting with ChatGPT, a lot of repeating mistakes have been committed by it in an analytical proof for convergence of a real sequence, and claims
  
  > However, I am trained on a large corpus of text, which enables me to provide accurate and helpful information.
  
  (Chat GPT: I apologize for the mistake. You are correct, an increasing sequence starting from 5 cannot converge to 3.)
  
  But I feel there is a risk factor shielded in coding any analytical proof (instantaneous) in mathematics.
  
  Of course, I know the importance of mathematical analysis in coding, My concern is 'What exactly is the future of **mathematical analysis that can be dealt with AI**' especially in the 'automated theorem proving'?
  
  **Tags:** math, chatgpt, automated-theorem-proving, philosophy-of-math
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_1**: Can you please put your specific question in the title too? "The extend of machine learning in mathematical analysis" is not a question but the title of a blog post.  
  
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  ## 1 answers
  
  ### Answer by username_2 on 2023-02-02. Score: 2 | Accepted answer
  
  There are many elements to be considered. To argue the answer, we can use mathematical logic reasoning.
  
  Let us assume a [propositional logic (PL)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propositional_calculus) context without loss of generality.
  
  First, we rephrase the automatic theorem proving (ATM) in the [Boolean Satisfiability (SAT)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_satisfiability_problem) problem: is there an interpretation (or, more broadly, a model) $M$ for a PL formula $\varphi$ such that $M$ *satisfies* $\varphi$, namely, $M \models \varphi$? The answer to such a question can be yes or no. Intuitively, $\varphi$ represents the statement, and $M$ is its proof. Observe that it is a top-down approach. The Turing award Stephen Cook [proved](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook%E2%80%93Levin_theorem) it to be $\mathbf{NP}$-complete, a remarkable result in theoretical computer science. Therefore, ATM is a hard problem, and this is its mathematical beauty.
  
  Second, machine learning (ML) approaches approximate complex problems, but they are not exact, which, in turn, is what an ML expert would want. Why? From a philosophical and practical point of view, having a 100% accurate ML model for a specific problem implies that it overfitted the original data, eventually leading to catastrophic scenarios in production (e.g., data distribution shift issues). Note that it is a bottom-up approach. We can use a similar argument to the previous one as follows. Let $\mathcal{M}$ represent the data, that is, a set of instances.1 Then, ML tries to statistically infer a PL theory $\Phi$ from $\mathcal{M}$, which is a set of PL formulas.2 The quintessential representative of such a problem is [decision tree learning](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_tree_learning). To have a duality with the first argument, we can say $\mathcal{M} \models\_\theta \Phi$, where $\theta$ is a set of parameters (e.g., how to assess the truth of multiple models against multiple formulas statistically).
  
  All in one, it is plausible to believe that an ML model will perform some form of mathematical reasoning, but, at the time of writing, not in terms of ATM because the proof (of a theorem) lasts forever. We should embrace technologies like ChatGPT with caution because it produces different answers to the same input. However, a theorem can have multiple proofs, an argument for accepting the "randomness" in ChatGPT's answers. Nevertheless, IMHO, we are still far from having an ML-based ATM.
  
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  1 Note the different notation, $\mathcal{M}$, with respect to the previous one, $M$.  
  2 Similarly, note the different notation, $\Phi$, with respect to the previous one, $\varphi$.
  
  
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