Answers.Body: <p>I think your question fits nowadays more in the field of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93robot_interaction" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Human-Robot Interaction</a>, which relies largely on <a href="http://nordicapis.com/20-emotion-recognition-apis-that-will-leave-you-impressed-and-concerned/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">vision</a> for recognition of gestures and follow movements, as well as <em>soft, natural</em> movements as a response. Note that the movements of the face and hands belong to the most complex tasks, involving <em>many</em> muscles at a time.</p>
  <p>I strongly recommend the film <a href="http://www.plugandpray-film.de/en/trailer.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Plug &amp; Pray</a> to have an idea of what people are researching in this area.</p>
  <p>You may also find Eliza (which you can try <a href="https://web.njit.edu/%7Eronkowit/eliza.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">here</a>) interesting. It is classical in the history of AI and pretends to mimic an analyst (psychology). (I am thinking of Eliza not because of its emotional intelligence, but because it was <a href="http://www.alicebot.org/articles/wallace/eliza.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">apparently taken seriously</a> by a couple of humans. Could this be taken as a sort of (approved) Turing test? What does it say about the humans it met?)</p>
  <p>On the <em>purely human</em> end of the scale, I sometimes wonder about our (my) emotional intelligence myself. Would I want to implement such an intelligence in an artificial agent at all?</p>
  
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Answers.Body: <p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Emotions</a> aren't something that you can implement - they're very complex. However, you can attempt to mimic them. Human emotions are closely related to conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity, which is based on interpretation of events.</p>
  
  <p>Recent brain studies (including research in cognitive psychology and neurophysiology) suggests that human emotional assessment of every action or event plays an important role in human mental processes.</p>
  
  <p>The recent <a href="http://bica2016.bicasociety.org/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">2016 Annual Meeting of the BICA Society</a> brought together scientists from around the world to approach principles and mechanisms of human thought to create biologically inspired AI.</p>
  
  <p>For example, in Samsonovich's (a professor in the Cybernetics Department at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Nuclear_University_MEPhI" rel="nofollow noreferrer">MEPhI</a>) proposal, the idea is to test AI in computer games which involves actions with emotional content, where AI may engage with players in different types of social relationships (such as trust, subordination or leadership).</p>
  
  <p>Jonathan Gratch of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Creative_Technologies" rel="nofollow noreferrer">ICT</a>, invented virtual characters capable of identifying and expressing emotions by communicating with humans in their natural language based on the situations where for example AI can deceive a human to achieve the desired result. The effect is obviously not achieved by re-creating human consciousness, but by achieving statistically adjusting parameters.</p>
  
  <p>Researchers from the Institute of Cyber Intelligence Systems in MEPhI are hoping to be able to create in the near future virtual beings which are capable of planning, setting goals and establishing social relationships with humans, also by possessing both emotional and narrative intelligence which can interpret the context of events.</p>
  
  <p><sup>Source: <a href="http://phys.org/news/2016-07-social-emotions-artificial-intelligence.html" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Researcher proposes social emotions test for artificial intelligence</a></sup></p>
  
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Answers.Text: @Fatalize "_and there is no element that shows that it is true_" [citation needed]. Emotions are really complex and not fully understood. There's no evidence you can fully implement them on a Turing machine. Maybe you can simulate them _to some degree_, but that's a different story.
Answers.UserDisplayName: nbro
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Answers.Text: *Emotions aren't something that you can implement* [Citation needed]. This suggests that emotions are somehow on a different level than what Turing machines can run, and there is no element that shows that it is true (excluding religious arguments, which are irrelevant).
Answers.UserDisplayName: Fatalize
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Answers.Body: <p>So you may be familiar with Word2Vec, (W2V) which as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word2vec" rel="nofollow">Wikipedia describes</a><sup>1</sup> "captures the linguistic contexts of words" using vector arithmetic. For example, subtract 'Paris' from 'France' and add 'Italy' and you get 'Rome'.</p>
  
  <p>What you need is something like a Sentiment2Vec (S2V) that captures the similarities between emotional transitions. Something like: subtract 'fear' from 'sadness', add 'joy' and you get 'hope'. Or: subtract 'sting' from 'papercut', add 'smashed' and you get 'throbbing'.</p>
  
  <p>The catch is that you don't have an easily accessible corpus of emotional contexts to train with, like you have with words. If you had a million hours of fMRI - mapping the transitions between emotions in hundreds of subjects - then you could use that data to build an S2V. You probably don't have that data though.</p>
  
  <p>In the mean time, you could just build a W2V that specializes in sentiment. You could even try to use a current sentiment analysis engine to bootstrap it. Perhaps if you read enough text that says "I got a papercut and it stings" and "I smashed my finger and it's throbbing" then you could eventually produce an S2V. Children's books often use explicit language regarding emotional context ("this made the boy feel sad").</p>
  
  <p>But words are still a far cry from the experiential context that a connectome map would provide. To test whether you have something useful or not, you might want to implement your S2V in a mouse foraging simulation - see whether it produces typical behavior and if any cooperative or competitive dynamics can organically grow out of your S2V.</p>
  
  <p>Some further info on the subject: </p>
  
  <p>In 2014, <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-26019586" rel="nofollow">Glasgow University claimed</a><sup>2</sup> that there are four primary emotions: happiness, sadness, fear and anger. </p>
  
  <p><a href="http://changingminds.org/explanations/emotions/basic%20emotions.htm" rel="nofollow">This website</a><sup>3</sup> provides nice (if somewhat short) hierarchical breakdown of secondary and tertiary emotions under primary emotions.</p>
  
  <hr>
  
  <p><strong>References</strong></p>
  
  <p><sub><sup>1</sup>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word2vec" rel="nofollow">en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word2vec</a></sub></p>
  
  <p><sub><sup>2</sup>: <a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-26019586" rel="nofollow">www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-26019586</a></sub></p>
  
  <p><sub><sup>3</sup>: <a href="http://changingminds.org/explanations/emotions/basic%20emotions.htm" rel="nofollow">changingminds.org/explanations/emotions/basic%20emotions.htm</a></sub></p>
  
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Answers.Body: <p>Architectures for recognizing and generating emotion are typically somewhat complex and don't generally have short descriptions, so it's probably better to reference the literature rather than give a misleading soundbite:</p>
  <p>Some of the early work in <em>affective computing</em> was done by <a href="https://web.media.mit.edu/%7Epicard/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Rosalind W. Picard</a>. There is a <a href="http://affect.media.mit.edu/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">research group at MIT</a> specializing in this area.</p>
  <p>Some of the more developed architectural ideas are due to Marvin Minsky.
  A pre-publication draft of his book, <em>The Emotion Machine</em>, is available via <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emotion_Machine" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Wikipedia</a>.</p>
  <p>Emotional intelligence would certainly seem to be a necessary component of passing the Turing test - indeed, in the original Turing test essay in <a href="https://academic.oup.com/mind/article/LIX/236/433/986238" rel="nofollow noreferrer">Computing Machinery and Intelligence</a> implied some degree of &quot;Theory of Mind&quot; about Mr. Pickwick's preferences:</p>
  <blockquote>
  <p>Yet Christmas is a Winter’s day, and I do not think Mr. Pickwick would mind the comparison.</p>
  </blockquote>
  
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Body: <p>I've seen emotional intelligence defined as the capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and empathetically.  </p>
  
  <ol>
  <li><p>What are some strategies for artificial intelligence to begin to tackle this problem and develop emotional intelligence for computers?  </p></li>
  <li><p>Are there examples where this is already happening to a degree today?  </p></li>
  <li><p>Wouldn't a computer that passes a Turing test necessarily express emotional intelligence or it would be seen as an obvious computer?  </p>
  
  <p>Perhaps that is why early programs that pass the test represented young people, who presumably have lower emotional intelligence.</p></li>
  </ol>
  
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Comments.Text: An artificial equivalent of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_mind is likely to be necessary, though it's hard to say how it could/should be implemented.
Comments.UserDisplayName: Peteris
Tags: <emotional-intelligence><turing-test><affective-computing>
Title: How could emotional intelligence be implemented?
UserDisplayName: WilliamKF
ThreadText: # How could emotional intelligence be implemented?
  
  (Asked by: username_0 on 2016-08-02)
  
  I've seen emotional intelligence defined as the capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciously and empathetically.
  
  1. What are some strategies for artificial intelligence to begin to tackle this problem and develop emotional intelligence for computers?
  2. Are there examples where this is already happening to a degree today?
  3. Wouldn't a computer that passes a Turing test necessarily express emotional intelligence or it would be seen as an obvious computer?
  
     Perhaps that is why early programs that pass the test represented young people, who presumably have lower emotional intelligence.
  
  **Tags:** emotional-intelligence, turing-test, affective-computing
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_1**: An artificial equivalent of https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_mind is likely to be necessary, though it's hard to say how it could/should be implemented.  
  
  ---
  
  ## 4 answers
  
  ### Answer by username_7 on 2016-08-03. Score: 21 | Accepted answer
  
  Architectures for recognizing and generating emotion are typically somewhat complex and don't generally have short descriptions, so it's probably better to reference the literature rather than give a misleading soundbite:
  
  Some of the early work in *affective computing* was done by [Rosalind W. Picard](https://web.media.mit.edu/%7Epicard/). There is a [research group at MIT](http://affect.media.mit.edu/) specializing in this area.
  
  Some of the more developed architectural ideas are due to Marvin Minsky.
  A pre-publication draft of his book, *The Emotion Machine*, is available via [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Emotion_Machine).
  
  Emotional intelligence would certainly seem to be a necessary component of passing the Turing test - indeed, in the original Turing test essay in [Computing Machinery and Intelligence](https://academic.oup.com/mind/article/LIX/236/433/986238) implied some degree of "Theory of Mind" about Mr. Pickwick's preferences:
  
  > Yet Christmas is a Winter’s day, and I do not think Mr. Pickwick would mind the comparison.
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_2 on 2016-08-03. Score: 6
  
  I think your question fits nowadays more in the field of [Human-Robot Interaction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%E2%80%93robot_interaction), which relies largely on [vision](http://nordicapis.com/20-emotion-recognition-apis-that-will-leave-you-impressed-and-concerned/) for recognition of gestures and follow movements, as well as *soft, natural* movements as a response. Note that the movements of the face and hands belong to the most complex tasks, involving *many* muscles at a time.
  
  I strongly recommend the film [Plug & Pray](http://www.plugandpray-film.de/en/trailer.html) to have an idea of what people are researching in this area.
  
  You may also find Eliza (which you can try [here](https://web.njit.edu/%7Eronkowit/eliza.html)) interesting. It is classical in the history of AI and pretends to mimic an analyst (psychology). (I am thinking of Eliza not because of its emotional intelligence, but because it was [apparently taken seriously](http://www.alicebot.org/articles/wallace/eliza.html) by a couple of humans. Could this be taken as a sort of (approved) Turing test? What does it say about the humans it met?)
  
  On the *purely human* end of the scale, I sometimes wonder about our (my) emotional intelligence myself. Would I want to implement such an intelligence in an artificial agent at all?
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_3 on 2016-08-14. Score: 3
  
  [Emotions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion) aren't something that you can implement - they're very complex. However, you can attempt to mimic them. Human emotions are closely related to conscious experience characterized by intense mental activity, which is based on interpretation of events.
  
  Recent brain studies (including research in cognitive psychology and neurophysiology) suggests that human emotional assessment of every action or event plays an important role in human mental processes.
  
  The recent [2016 Annual Meeting of the BICA Society](http://bica2016.bicasociety.org/) brought together scientists from around the world to approach principles and mechanisms of human thought to create biologically inspired AI.
  
  For example, in Samsonovich's (a professor in the Cybernetics Department at the [MEPhI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Research_Nuclear_University_MEPhI)) proposal, the idea is to test AI in computer games which involves actions with emotional content, where AI may engage with players in different types of social relationships (such as trust, subordination or leadership).
  
  Jonathan Gratch of the [ICT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_Creative_Technologies), invented virtual characters capable of identifying and expressing emotions by communicating with humans in their natural language based on the situations where for example AI can deceive a human to achieve the desired result. The effect is obviously not achieved by re-creating human consciousness, but by achieving statistically adjusting parameters.
  
  Researchers from the Institute of Cyber Intelligence Systems in MEPhI are hoping to be able to create in the near future virtual beings which are capable of planning, setting goals and establishing social relationships with humans, also by possessing both emotional and narrative intelligence which can interpret the context of events.
  
  Source: [Researcher proposes social emotions test for artificial intelligence](http://phys.org/news/2016-07-social-emotions-artificial-intelligence.html)
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_5**: *Emotions aren't something that you can implement* [Citation needed]. This suggests that emotions are somehow on a different level than what Turing machines can run, and there is no element that shows that it is true (excluding religious arguments, which are irrelevant).  
  > **username_4**: @username_5 "_and there is no element that shows that it is true_" [citation needed]. Emotions are really complex and not fully understood. There's no evidence you can fully implement them on a Turing machine. Maybe you can simulate them _to some degree_, but that's a different story.  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_6 on 2016-08-25. Score: 1
  
  So you may be familiar with Word2Vec, (W2V) which as [Wikipedia describes](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word2vec)1 "captures the linguistic contexts of words" using vector arithmetic. For example, subtract 'Paris' from 'France' and add 'Italy' and you get 'Rome'.
  
  What you need is something like a Sentiment2Vec (S2V) that captures the similarities between emotional transitions. Something like: subtract 'fear' from 'sadness', add 'joy' and you get 'hope'. Or: subtract 'sting' from 'papercut', add 'smashed' and you get 'throbbing'.
  
  The catch is that you don't have an easily accessible corpus of emotional contexts to train with, like you have with words. If you had a million hours of fMRI - mapping the transitions between emotions in hundreds of subjects - then you could use that data to build an S2V. You probably don't have that data though.
  
  In the mean time, you could just build a W2V that specializes in sentiment. You could even try to use a current sentiment analysis engine to bootstrap it. Perhaps if you read enough text that says "I got a papercut and it stings" and "I smashed my finger and it's throbbing" then you could eventually produce an S2V. Children's books often use explicit language regarding emotional context ("this made the boy feel sad").
  
  But words are still a far cry from the experiential context that a connectome map would provide. To test whether you have something useful or not, you might want to implement your S2V in a mouse foraging simulation - see whether it produces typical behavior and if any cooperative or competitive dynamics can organically grow out of your S2V.
  
  Some further info on the subject:
  
  In 2014, [Glasgow University claimed](http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-26019586)2 that there are four primary emotions: happiness, sadness, fear and anger.
  
  [This website](http://changingminds.org/explanations/emotions/basic%20emotions.htm)3 provides nice (if somewhat short) hierarchical breakdown of secondary and tertiary emotions under primary emotions.
  
  ---
  
  **References**
  
  1: [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word2vec](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word2vec)
  
  2: [www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-26019586](http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-26019586)
  
  3: [changingminds.org/explanations/emotions/basic%20emotions.htm](http://changingminds.org/explanations/emotions/basic%20emotions.htm)
  
  
  ---
  
  