Answers.Body: <p>I would just add to the excellent <a href="https://chess.stackexchange.com/a/40745">answer</a> of @David that what it means to learn an opening depends to some extent on the opening.</p>
  <p>The London system used to known in the UK as the Businessman's opening because a busy business man need not devote much time to it. Just put your pieces on sensible squares where they cooperate and then start playing. This is of course not quite as true as it used to be, neither is it as true as it used to be of the Giuoco Piano, but there are still plenty of lines where common sense will see you through at all levels except for the very highest.</p>
  <p>On the other hand, both players may elect to steer into a line that is the topic of current GM debate. Then you must stay abreast and even get ahead if you think you can.</p>
  
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Answers.CreationDate: 2022-10-06T19:22:09.383Z
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Answers.UserDisplayName: Philip Roe
Answers.Body: <p>What &quot;learning an opening&quot; means varies a lot depending on your skill level.</p>
  <p>A total beginner may think they've &quot;learned&quot; the Spanish if they know how to get to <strong>1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5</strong></p>
  <p>A weak-ish amateur will learn a couple of lines against the main responses and be happy with that.</p>
  <p>An average club player probably knows the typical middlegame plans that arise from the different liens.</p>
  <p>An enthusiastic amateur has probably read several books and memorized many lines or even full games from them. They're fully familiar with the plans/ideas of the middlegame and will know some of them in great detail with lots of examples in mind.</p>
  <p>Finally, a professional player will probably not consider they &quot;know&quot; an opening if they haven't prepared some novelty of their own.</p>
  <p>In conclusion, learning is a gradual process, so it doesn't make sense to categorize into &quot;I know this opening&quot; and &quot;I don't know this opening&quot;. Play, analyze, study and increase the scope of your knowledge bit by bit. There is no a &quot;formal definition&quot; for what learning an opening is because there can't be any useful universal definitions for that.</p>
  
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Answers.UserDisplayName: David
Body: <p>My question is not exactly about what advice you have for me so that I can learn openings better, although that is indeed a goal of mine.</p>
  <p>My question is more about wanting to have either an abstract description of the process of learning openings (with various degrees of complexity) or empirical studies of ways in which players actually study openings.</p>
  <p>If you know of any sources, especially academic sources, please include citations and/or links.</p>
  
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Comments.Text: I don't think academic studies would help you much. When it comes to a competitive sport like chess, I'd definitely trust an experienced coach far more than the research some Ph. D. student who can't tell apart a bishop from a knight. We don't need a formal definition for "learning an opening" anyway. If the work you're doing helps you get better results, then you're learning. If it's not, you're wasting your time.
Comments.UserDisplayName: David
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Comments.Text: @David Nonetheless I would be surprised if there is no academic research at all into this topic. It may reveal something worthwhile, even if mostly about psychology etc. and not something that can be translated into practical advice.
Comments.UserDisplayName: Chris Sanders
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Comments.Text: Indeed, can a description be given of the way in which Alpha Zero decides on openings? Recall that Alpha Zero doesn't have an opening book to start with.
Comments.UserDisplayName: Chris Sanders
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Comments.CreationDate: 2022-10-06T07:07:45.823Z
Comments.Text: AlphaZero learns openings like it learns anything else: by adjusting parameters in a model. Very far removed from how humans think or learn
Comments.UserDisplayName: David
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Comments.CreationDate: 2022-10-06T07:09:05.913Z
Comments.Text: Thanks, by the way if anyone here wants to learn about AlphaZero's openings, the graphs on page 6 of this paper are worth a look https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.01815.pdf
Comments.UserDisplayName: Chris Sanders
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Comments.CreationDate: 2022-10-06T13:59:17.740Z
Comments.Text: @David "I'd definitely trust an experienced coach far more than the research some Ph. D. student who can't tell apart a bishop from a knight." Total strawman. Somebody who has no interest in playing chess isn't going to do a PhD related to playing chess.
Comments.UserDisplayName: David Richerby
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Comments.CreationDate: 2022-10-06T15:13:05.087Z
Comments.Text: @DavidRicherby A researcher is someone who makes a living publishing articles and (perhaps) having chess as an interest. A caoch is someone who makes a living by turning chess players into stronger ones.
Comments.UserDisplayName: David
Tags: <opening><learning><reference-request>
Title: References: description of what it is to learn an opening
ThreadText: # References: description of what it is to learn an opening
  
  (Asked by: username_0 on 2022-10-05)
  
  My question is not exactly about what advice you have for me so that I can learn openings better, although that is indeed a goal of mine.
  
  My question is more about wanting to have either an abstract description of the process of learning openings (with various degrees of complexity) or empirical studies of ways in which players actually study openings.
  
  If you know of any sources, especially academic sources, please include citations and/or links.
  
  **Tags:** opening, learning, reference-request
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_1**: I don't think academic studies would help you much. When it comes to a competitive sport like chess, I'd definitely trust an experienced coach far more than the research some Ph. D. student who can't tell apart a bishop from a knight. We don't need a formal definition for "learning an opening" anyway. If the work you're doing helps you get better results, then you're learning. If it's not, you're wasting your time.  
  > **username_0**: @username_1 Nonetheless I would be surprised if there is no academic research at all into this topic. It may reveal something worthwhile, even if mostly about psychology etc. and not something that can be translated into practical advice.  
  > **username_0**: Indeed, can a description be given of the way in which Alpha Zero decides on openings? Recall that Alpha Zero doesn't have an opening book to start with.  
  > **username_1**: AlphaZero learns openings like it learns anything else: by adjusting parameters in a model. Very far removed from how humans think or learn  
  > **username_0**: Thanks, by the way if anyone here wants to learn about AlphaZero's openings, the graphs on page 6 of this paper are worth a look https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.01815.pdf  
  > **username_2**: @username_1 "I'd definitely trust an experienced coach far more than the research some Ph. D. student who can't tell apart a bishop from a knight." Total strawman. Somebody who has no interest in playing chess isn't going to do a PhD related to playing chess.  
  > **username_1**: @username_1Richerby A researcher is someone who makes a living publishing articles and (perhaps) having chess as an interest. A caoch is someone who makes a living by turning chess players into stronger ones.  
  
  ---
  
  ## 2 answers
  
  ### Answer by username_1 on 2022-10-05. Score: 12 | Accepted answer
  
  What "learning an opening" means varies a lot depending on your skill level.
  
  A total beginner may think they've "learned" the Spanish if they know how to get to **1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5**
  
  A weak-ish amateur will learn a couple of lines against the main responses and be happy with that.
  
  An average club player probably knows the typical middlegame plans that arise from the different liens.
  
  An enthusiastic amateur has probably read several books and memorized many lines or even full games from them. They're fully familiar with the plans/ideas of the middlegame and will know some of them in great detail with lots of examples in mind.
  
  Finally, a professional player will probably not consider they "know" an opening if they haven't prepared some novelty of their own.
  
  In conclusion, learning is a gradual process, so it doesn't make sense to categorize into "I know this opening" and "I don't know this opening". Play, analyze, study and increase the scope of your knowledge bit by bit. There is no a "formal definition" for what learning an opening is because there can't be any useful universal definitions for that.
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_3 on 2022-10-06. Score: 1
  
  I would just add to the excellent [answer](https://chess.stackexchange.com/a/40745) of @username_1 that what it means to learn an opening depends to some extent on the opening.
  
  The London system used to known in the UK as the Businessman's opening because a busy business man need not devote much time to it. Just put your pieces on sensible squares where they cooperate and then start playing. This is of course not quite as true as it used to be, neither is it as true as it used to be of the Giuoco Piano, but there are still plenty of lines where common sense will see you through at all levels except for the very highest.
  
  On the other hand, both players may elect to steer into a line that is the topic of current GM debate. Then you must stay abreast and even get ahead if you think you can.
  
  
  ---
  
  