<p>Yes.  Hell, Preta (hungry ghost), and Animal (non-human) often referred to as Dukkhathi Bhumi (realms of pain and suffering) by Buddha.</p>

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2020-06-19T06:12:02.633Z
2020-06-19T06:12:02.633Z
Simplicity
<p>Yes.</p>
<p>Haven't you seen animals suffering from pain, hunger, fear, anger, anxiety, jealousy and other negative states of mind, which are based on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_poisons" rel="nofollow noreferrer">three poisons</a> of greed/ lust, aversion and delusion?</p>
<p>All sentient beings with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha" rel="nofollow noreferrer">five aggregates</a> (form, feeling, perception, mental formations and consciousness), who are unenlightened, are subject to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" rel="nofollow noreferrer">suffering</a>.</p>
<p>All suffering is caused by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" rel="nofollow noreferrer">craving</a>, which is rooted in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" rel="nofollow noreferrer">ignorance</a>.</p>
<p>Plants are not sentient, as they do not have mental formations and consciousness, and so do not experience <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" rel="nofollow noreferrer">suffering (dukkha)</a>.</p>

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2020-06-20T09:17:51.950Z
Ruben guruji, scripturally you are in all likelihood correct, however recent science seems to indicate the opposite, per the internet
iruvar
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-20T09:19:09.777Z
Just to clarify, I meant my comment in the context of plants not feeling pain
iruvar
CC BY-SA 4.0
2020-06-20T15:45:46.577Z
@iruvar Plants experience feeling and perception. So, it can respond to physical stimuli, including the plant equivalent of physical pain. Studies show that plants can detect insect bites and respond with chemical signals. Plants like *mimosa pudica* and the pitcher plant can move in response to tactile stimuli. However, plants don't have mental formations and consciousness, so they don't experience mental suffering. What the Buddha taught as *dukkha* (suffering), is mainly of the mind. The Buddha himself experienced physical pain when he suffered from dysentery, but he did not suffer from it.
ruben2020
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2020-06-19T07:19:16.363Z
2020-06-19T07:25:32.460Z
2020-06-19T07:25:32.460Z
ruben2020
<p>Life is inherently full of suffering. I wonder if the concept of dukkha applies to non-human animals.</p>

<dukkha><animals>
Does duḥkha apply to animals too?
# Does duḥkha apply to animals too?

(Asked by: username_0 on 2020-06-19)

Life is inherently full of suffering. I wonder if the concept of dukkha applies to non-human animals.

**Tags:** dukkha, animals


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## 2 answers

### Answer by username_1 on 2020-06-19. Score: 1

Yes. Hell, Preta (hungry ghost), and Animal (non-human) often referred to as Dukkhathi Bhumi (realms of pain and suffering) by Buddha.


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### Answer by username_2 on 2020-06-19. Score: 1

Yes.

Haven't you seen animals suffering from pain, hunger, fear, anger, anxiety, jealousy and other negative states of mind, which are based on the [three poisons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_poisons) of greed/ lust, aversion and delusion?

All sentient beings with [five aggregates](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandha) (form, feeling, perception, mental formations and consciousness), who are unenlightened, are subject to [suffering](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha).

All suffering is caused by [craving](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81), which is rooted in [ignorance](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)).

Plants are not sentient, as they do not have mental formations and consciousness, and so do not experience [suffering (dukkha)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha).

> **Comments:**
> **username_3**: Ruben guruji, scripturally you are in all likelihood correct, however recent science seems to indicate the opposite, per the internet  
> **username_3**: Just to clarify, I meant my comment in the context of plants not feeling pain  
> **username_2**: @username_3 Plants experience feeling and perception. So, it can respond to physical stimuli, including the plant equivalent of physical pain. Studies show that plants can detect insect bites and respond with chemical signals. Plants like *mimosa pudica* and the pitcher plant can move in response to tactile stimuli. However, plants don't have mental formations and consciousness, so they don't experience mental suffering. What the Buddha taught as *dukkha* (suffering), is mainly of the mind. The Buddha himself experienced physical pain when he suffered from dysentery, but he did not suffer from it.  

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