Answers.Body: <p>All humans have some differences in their DNA, but there's far more that is shared. On average the difference between humans is only about <a href="http://book.bionumbers.org/how-genetically-similar-are-two-random-people/" rel="nofollow noreferrer">one thousandth</a> of their full DNA, which means we're about 99.9% the same. These differences aren't distributed fully randomly, but are often because of specific gene alternatives. (Random mutations do occur, but they are also often fatal, so the random mutations we see of living adults are much more restrictive than all the random mutations that occur.)</p>
  
  <p>To identify the human genome is to study many people's DNA and to label the parts that are shared between everyone, the parts with two or three variations, and the parts with even more variations. Even though every person has different DNA, we can still say they fit the pattern, just like every T-shirt may be unique but they all fit the T-shirt pattern and not the trousers pattern.</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2020-03-25T03:36:32.873Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2020-03-27T00:33:22.437Z
Answers.LastEditDate: 2020-03-27T00:33:22.437Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: curiousdannii
Answers.Body: <p>DNA is only the substance that makes up the genome.</p>
  
  <p>DNA can come with many forms. For example, the fragments you get by PCR in the lab are DNA. A bacterium also has DNA molecules in it. You may also find DNA fragments in many other places, like in our blood, or at a crime scene.</p>
  
  <p>Genome, however, is a very specific term. It means all the heritable substances in an individual or an organism. Most times, when we talk about the genome in eukaryotes, we refer to the nucleus genome, that is, the DNA in the nucleus.</p>
  
  <p>Note that genomes do not have to be made of DNA. RNA viruses, for example, only have RNA as their genomes. Yet we still refer to that as a genome, because that is the heritable substances for those viruses.</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2020-03-24T17:04:51.857Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2020-03-24T17:04:51.857Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: Phoenix Mu
Answers.Body: <p>Might have misunderstood you - but "we" have sampled and "decoded" the DNA of a few humans (often volunteers who surrendered their body to science after their death) - but this gives of course only the genetic code of those few individuals. </p>
  
  <p>When scientists say we decoded the genome they mean they deciphered which parts of the DNA "do" specific things - the actual "genes" or gene-sequences - usually done when looking at the DNA molecule packed up into the chromosomes to give easier "orientation".</p>
  
  <p>And by my understanding the first task was accomplished - supported by use of supercomputers, but the deciphering of the gene-sequences still has a long way to go for scientists to state "complete." But there is growing success - And as usual scientists will not stop until complete.</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2020-03-27T00:00:30.970Z
Answers.Text: Why do you think we have only/mostly sampled the DNA of the deceased? You can take a swab of your DNA (non-harmful, not even painful) and send it to various labs for identification of inherited diseases, genealogy (ancestry), etc.
Answers.UserDisplayName: CJ Dennis
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2020-03-27T09:00:05.050Z
Answers.Text: I wrote about those as I wanted kinda honor those who donated their bodies - but you are right .. of course the DNA samples can come from living humans too since literally a tiny drop of blood would be enough @CJDennis
Answers.UserDisplayName: eagle275
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2020-03-27T12:45:20.060Z
Answers.Text: That makes you a good human being, but it's not good to have emotion in answers. Answers are best when they stick to the facts.
Answers.UserDisplayName: CJ Dennis
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2020-03-25T16:27:13.573Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2020-03-25T16:27:13.573Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: eagle275
Answers.Body: <p>Yes you are right.  99.9% of our genome remains same, it is only the 0.1% which makes each individual unique from the rest of us. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) contributes to the 0.1% variation in our genome. SNPs explain the variation in eye color, susceptibility towards disease conditions etc</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2020-03-27T11:16:05.757Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2020-03-27T11:16:05.757Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: Priyadarshini Thirunavukkarasu
Answers.Body: <p>"To have the genome done" means that we have sequenced all the DNA in particular reference individuals. You are correct that every human has different DNA, so there is no such thing as a single "human genome", as (almost) everyone's is unique. But the vast majority of everyone's DNA is identical - that's what makes us human. Having the full sequence of a few "normal" individuals who don't have glaring genetic defects is extremely useful for learning about the genome of <em>all</em> individuals, since so much of it is the same from person to person.</p>
  
  <p>I've used the term "reference" a few times, since we use a few individuals' genomes as an expectation of what a human genome looks like. The process of sequencing DNA involves breaking it into many bits, and then recombining them using a computer. You can put the pieces together without the reference, but it is much more difficult and time consuming. Even if there are differences from the reference, having an expectation of what >99% of the genome should be makes the problem much simpler. In a way, it's like the difference between doing a jigsaw puzzle without knowing what it's supposed to look like, and using the picture on the box as a reference. Even if your exact jigsaw puzzle has a few different pieces, the box reference is  mostly the same and immensely useful.</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2020-03-25T19:19:09.663Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2020-03-25T19:19:09.663Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: Nuclear Hoagie
Answers.Body: <p>Think of it as a special book. Everyone's book is different, but they all have the same number of chapters and each chapter covers the same topic in each individual book (sorta). The problem is we can only read a few words at a time. </p>
  
  <p>When the genome is "done", it means that someone has read a bunch of these sentence fragments from one person's book and then assembled all the words in the correct order to make a complete book. Then we can get a good idea of how many chapters it has and what those chapters are about.</p>
  
  <p>However, the human genome wouldn't be a novel, it would be more like a set of encyclopedias.</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2020-03-26T16:54:29.793Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2020-03-26T16:54:29.793Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: Patrick Gavin
Answers.Body: <p>When people say "the genome" for a species, they mean a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_genome" rel="nofollow noreferrer">reference genome</a>. To quote wikipedia,</p>
  
  <blockquote>
    <p>A reference genome (also known as a reference assembly) is a digital nucleic acid sequence database, assembled by scientists as a representative example of a species' set of genes. As they are often assembled from the sequencing of DNA from a number of donors, reference genomes do not accurately represent the set of genes of any single person.</p>
  </blockquote>
  
  <p>The genome is updated over time as more is learned, the most recent human reference is hg38.</p>
  
  <p>For individualized results, the patient is sequenced and the data is compared to the reference genome. Then, the differences are presented as a list of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism" rel="nofollow noreferrer">genetic variants</a>. This is more efficient than looking at the entire genome for each patient, because on average greater than 99.9% of sites match the reference.</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2020-03-26T19:07:30.850Z
Answers.LastActivityDate: 2020-03-26T19:07:30.850Z
Answers.UserDisplayName: Brady Gilg
Body: <p>I'm confused about the difference between genome and DNA. Is it correct to say that the same type of bacteria has the same DNA? But my understanding is that it is not correct to say that the same type of human has the same DNA, since every human has a different DNA. What am I missing here?</p>
  
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2020-03-24T16:38:28.470Z
Comments.Text: I'm voting to close this question as off-topic because it is a basic biology question and is not really bioinformatics. Biology SE would be a better place to ask this.
Comments.UserDisplayName: Ram RS
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2020-03-24T17:33:20.323Z
Comments.Text: Closing is never a good idea, unless it is something outrageously wrong or off-topic. Not the case here.
Comments.UserDisplayName: CCCCoder2
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2020-03-24T18:16:37.537Z
Comments.Text: As the OP, you'd surely have a bias against closing your own question.
Comments.UserDisplayName: Ram RS
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2020-03-25T02:11:48.120Z
Comments.Text: @RamRS, It's clear to me that the OP is asking what people mean when they say "the honey bee genome," "the horse genome," or "the human genome," given that most individual honey bees, horses, and humans differ genetically. Although I'm neither a biologist or a bioinformaticist, I have the impression that genome projects were deeply intertwined with the rise of bioinformatics as a field, so this looks like a bioinformatics question to me. It may be a basic one, but to me it feels basic in the sense of being fundamental.
Comments.UserDisplayName: Vectornaut
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2020-03-25T23:20:41.550Z
Comments.Text: @user253751 The current [top rated answer](https://bioinformatics.stackexchange.com/a/11728/7474) reaches a different conclusion.
Comments.UserDisplayName: JBentley
Comments.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Comments.CreationDate: 2020-03-26T15:33:15.140Z
Comments.Text: I work in genomics but am not a geneticist, so I also had this question for many years. The answers below are correct -- the human genome is a reference point from which we discover variation in others -- but it underlies how confusing genomics jargon can be. Another example is "variant calling". Why "calling"? I was told it was the meaning of "to call" as in "to call a race" and even then it took me a while to understand! Jargon is coined by metaphor, so in my opinion, genomicists must have quite an "interesting" view of the world!
Comments.UserDisplayName: Xophmeister
Tags: <genome><phylogenetics>
Title: Since every human has a different DNA (different combinations of C, G, A, T) what does it mean to have the genome done?
ThreadText: # Since every human has a different DNA (different combinations of C, G, A, T) what does it mean to have the genome done?
  
  (Asked by: username_0 on 2020-03-24)
  
  I'm confused about the difference between genome and DNA. Is it correct to say that the same type of bacteria has the same DNA? But my understanding is that it is not correct to say that the same type of human has the same DNA, since every human has a different DNA. What am I missing here?
  
  **Tags:** genome, phylogenetics
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_1**: I'm voting to close this question as off-topic because it is a basic biology question and is not really bioinformatics. Biology SE would be a better place to ask this.  
  > **username_0**: Closing is never a good idea, unless it is something outrageously wrong or off-topic. Not the case here.  
  > **username_1**: As the OP, you'd surely have a bias against closing your own question.  
  > **username_2**: @username_1, It's clear to me that the OP is asking what people mean when they say "the honey bee genome," "the horse genome," or "the human genome," given that most individual honey bees, horses, and humans differ genetically. Although I'm neither a biologist or a bioinformaticist, I have the impression that genome projects were deeply intertwined with the rise of bioinformatics as a field, so this looks like a bioinformatics question to me. It may be a basic one, but to me it feels basic in the sense of being fundamental.  
  > **username_3**: @user253751 The current [top rated answer](https://bioinformatics.stackexchange.com/a/11728/7474) reaches a different conclusion.  
  > **username_4**: I work in genomics but am not a geneticist, so I also had this question for many years. The answers below are correct -- the human genome is a reference point from which we discover variation in others -- but it underlies how confusing genomics jargon can be. Another example is "variant calling". Why "calling"? I was told it was the meaning of "to call" as in "to call a race" and even then it took me a while to understand! Jargon is coined by metaphor, so in my opinion, genomicists must have quite an "interesting" view of the world!  
  
  ---
  
  ## 7 answers
  
  ### Answer by username_5 on 2020-03-25. Score: 21
  
  All humans have some differences in their DNA, but there's far more that is shared. On average the difference between humans is only about [one thousandth](http://book.bionumbers.org/how-genetically-similar-are-two-random-people/) of their full DNA, which means we're about 99.9% the same. These differences aren't distributed fully randomly, but are often because of specific gene alternatives. (Random mutations do occur, but they are also often fatal, so the random mutations we see of living adults are much more restrictive than all the random mutations that occur.)
  
  To identify the human genome is to study many people's DNA and to label the parts that are shared between everyone, the parts with two or three variations, and the parts with even more variations. Even though every person has different DNA, we can still say they fit the pattern, just like every T-shirt may be unique but they all fit the T-shirt pattern and not the trousers pattern.
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_6 on 2020-03-24. Score: 8
  
  DNA is only the substance that makes up the genome.
  
  DNA can come with many forms. For example, the fragments you get by PCR in the lab are DNA. A bacterium also has DNA molecules in it. You may also find DNA fragments in many other places, like in our blood, or at a crime scene.
  
  Genome, however, is a very specific term. It means all the heritable substances in an individual or an organism. Most times, when we talk about the genome in eukaryotes, we refer to the nucleus genome, that is, the DNA in the nucleus.
  
  Note that genomes do not have to be made of DNA. RNA viruses, for example, only have RNA as their genomes. Yet we still refer to that as a genome, because that is the heritable substances for those viruses.
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_7 on 2020-03-25. Score: 1
  
  Might have misunderstood you - but "we" have sampled and "decoded" the DNA of a few humans (often volunteers who surrendered their body to science after their death) - but this gives of course only the genetic code of those few individuals.
  
  When scientists say we decoded the genome they mean they deciphered which parts of the DNA "do" specific things - the actual "genes" or gene-sequences - usually done when looking at the DNA molecule packed up into the chromosomes to give easier "orientation".
  
  And by my understanding the first task was accomplished - supported by use of supercomputers, but the deciphering of the gene-sequences still has a long way to go for scientists to state "complete." But there is growing success - And as usual scientists will not stop until complete.
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_8**: Why do you think we have only/mostly sampled the DNA of the deceased? You can take a swab of your DNA (non-harmful, not even painful) and send it to various labs for identification of inherited diseases, genealogy (ancestry), etc.  
  > **username_7**: I wrote about those as I wanted kinda honor those who donated their bodies - but you are right .. of course the DNA samples can come from living humans too since literally a tiny drop of blood would be enough @username_8  
  > **username_8**: That makes you a good human being, but it's not good to have emotion in answers. Answers are best when they stick to the facts.  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_9 on 2020-03-27. Score: 0
  
  Yes you are right. 99.9% of our genome remains same, it is only the 0.1% which makes each individual unique from the rest of us. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) contributes to the 0.1% variation in our genome. SNPs explain the variation in eye color, susceptibility towards disease conditions etc
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_10 on 2020-03-25. Score: 0
  
  "To have the genome done" means that we have sequenced all the DNA in particular reference individuals. You are correct that every human has different DNA, so there is no such thing as a single "human genome", as (almost) everyone's is unique. But the vast majority of everyone's DNA is identical - that's what makes us human. Having the full sequence of a few "normal" individuals who don't have glaring genetic defects is extremely useful for learning about the genome of *all* individuals, since so much of it is the same from person to person.
  
  I've used the term "reference" a few times, since we use a few individuals' genomes as an expectation of what a human genome looks like. The process of sequencing DNA involves breaking it into many bits, and then recombining them using a computer. You can put the pieces together without the reference, but it is much more difficult and time consuming. Even if there are differences from the reference, having an expectation of what >99% of the genome should be makes the problem much simpler. In a way, it's like the difference between doing a jigsaw puzzle without knowing what it's supposed to look like, and using the picture on the box as a reference. Even if your exact jigsaw puzzle has a few different pieces, the box reference is mostly the same and immensely useful.
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_11 on 2020-03-26. Score: 0
  
  Think of it as a special book. Everyone's book is different, but they all have the same number of chapters and each chapter covers the same topic in each individual book (sorta). The problem is we can only read a few words at a time.
  
  When the genome is "done", it means that someone has read a bunch of these sentence fragments from one person's book and then assembled all the words in the correct order to make a complete book. Then we can get a good idea of how many chapters it has and what those chapters are about.
  
  However, the human genome wouldn't be a novel, it would be more like a set of encyclopedias.
  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_12 on 2020-03-26. Score: 0
  
  When people say "the genome" for a species, they mean a [reference genome](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_genome). To quote wikipedia,
  
  > A reference genome (also known as a reference assembly) is a digital nucleic acid sequence database, assembled by scientists as a representative example of a species' set of genes. As they are often assembled from the sequencing of DNA from a number of donors, reference genomes do not accurately represent the set of genes of any single person.
  
  The genome is updated over time as more is learned, the most recent human reference is hg38.
  
  For individualized results, the patient is sequenced and the data is compared to the reference genome. Then, the differences are presented as a list of [genetic variants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism). This is more efficient than looking at the entire genome for each patient, because on average greater than 99.9% of sites match the reference.
  
  
  ---
  
  