Answers.Body: <p>Devon's answer gives a good, concise definition. But it's also helpful to consider why seed-and-extend is used and what benefits it provides.</p>
  
  <p>Finding approximate string matches requires operations that are expensive computationally. On the other hand, finding exact string matches can be performed using much less expensive operations—that is, it can be done more quickly with less memory. So quickly finding the location of all seed matches and then applying the approximate matching ONLY AT THOSE LOCATIONS (the seed-and-extend strategy) makes sure that less time is wasted on chasing spurious similarities.</p>
  
  <p>So how long should a seed be? Riffing off <a href="https://bioinformatics.stackexchange.com/questions/7265/seed-for-various-sequence-aligners#comment10746_7267">your comment</a>, a seed 3bp in length would be entirely ineffective since that same 3bp sequence is going to occur ALL OVER THE GENOME IN RANDOM PLACES: genes, pseudogenes, transposable elements, regulatory sequences, you name it. On the other hand, a seed 51bp in length would also be ineffective since almost every seed would contain at least one sequencing error or variant/polymorphism, thus preventing a perfect match.</p>
  
  <p>In practice, mappers designed for aligning 100-300bp Illumina reads typically use seeds in the high teens or low 20s.</p>
  
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Answers.CreationDate: 2019-03-18T17:57:34.177Z
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Answers.UserDisplayName: Daniel Standage
Answers.Body: <p>The seed is the subset of a read used in the first step of an alignment. Many aligners work by a seed-and-extend model, wherein they first find all regions matching the "seed" and then extend the alignment around that allowing mistmatches and indels until it either gives up (and therefore uses a different seed) or finds a sufficiently good alignment.</p>
  
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2019-03-17T21:12:09.157Z
Answers.Text: Thanks devon for the explanation. I have a slightly similar question as to why finding a seed for a very short exons is difficult? Considering a 3 nt exon, is it because seed  such small has a probability of mapping every 4^3=64 bases and virtually impossible to look for in the genome? Your views on this
Answers.UserDisplayName: user3138373
Answers.ContentLicense: CC BY-SA 4.0
Answers.CreationDate: 2019-03-17T22:04:21.253Z
Answers.Text: Usually seeds are a few times that length, since you want few enough hits to limit your search space quickly.
Answers.UserDisplayName: Devon Ryan
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Answers.CreationDate: 2019-03-16T12:52:40.310Z
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Answers.UserDisplayName: Devon Ryan
Body: <p>I would like to know what is meant by "seed" for various sequence aligners. How is it important?</p>
  
Tags: <phylogenetics><read-mapping>
Title: Definition of "seed" in sequence alignment
ThreadText: # Definition of "seed" in sequence alignment
  
  (Asked by: username_0 on 2019-03-16)
  
  I would like to know what is meant by "seed" for various sequence aligners. How is it important?
  
  **Tags:** phylogenetics, read-mapping
  
  
  ---
  
  ## 2 answers
  
  ### Answer by username_2 on 2019-03-16. Score: 12 | Accepted answer
  
  The seed is the subset of a read used in the first step of an alignment. Many aligners work by a seed-and-extend model, wherein they first find all regions matching the "seed" and then extend the alignment around that allowing mistmatches and indels until it either gives up (and therefore uses a different seed) or finds a sufficiently good alignment.
  
  > **Comments:**
  > **username_0**: Thanks username_2 for the explanation. I have a slightly similar question as to why finding a seed for a very short exons is difficult? Considering a 3 nt exon, is it because seed  such small has a probability of mapping every 4^3=64 bases and virtually impossible to look for in the genome? Your views on this  
  > **username_2**: Usually seeds are a few times that length, since you want few enough hits to limit your search space quickly.  
  
  ---
  
  ### Answer by username_1 on 2019-03-18. Score: 6
  
  username_2's answer gives a good, concise definition. But it's also helpful to consider why seed-and-extend is used and what benefits it provides.
  
  Finding approximate string matches requires operations that are expensive computationally. On the other hand, finding exact string matches can be performed using much less expensive operations—that is, it can be done more quickly with less memory. So quickly finding the location of all seed matches and then applying the approximate matching ONLY AT THOSE LOCATIONS (the seed-and-extend strategy) makes sure that less time is wasted on chasing spurious similarities.
  
  So how long should a seed be? Riffing off [your comment](https://bioinformatics.stackexchange.com/questions/7265/seed-for-various-sequence-aligners#comment10746_7267), a seed 3bp in length would be entirely ineffective since that same 3bp sequence is going to occur ALL OVER THE GENOME IN RANDOM PLACES: genes, pseudogenes, transposable elements, regulatory sequences, you name it. On the other hand, a seed 51bp in length would also be ineffective since almost every seed would contain at least one sequencing error or variant/polymorphism, thus preventing a perfect match.
  
  In practice, mappers designed for aligning 100-300bp Illumina reads typically use seeds in the high teens or low 20s.
  
  
  ---
  
  