What is macular degeneration?
What is macular degeneration?
user
Well, macular degeneration is a common condition where the cells in the center of the retina (called the macula) lose their ability to receive light.  This loss of visual function, usually due to damage to the blood vessels that supply the retina, leads to blindness in the affected eye(s).  The condition is very common in people over the age of 60.  It’s not treatable and cannot be reversed.
assistant
Do you know what damages the blood vessels that supply the retina?
user
Yes, it’s caused by the build up of toxic deposits (called drusen) in the eye, similar to the build up of calcium deposits in your arteries that can lead to hardening of the arteries.  The leading causes of this build up of deposits are smoking, high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, and diabetes.
assistant
Can an ophthalmologist see the drusen?
user
Yes, it’s possible for an ophthalmologist to see them with an ophthalmoscope, or a slit lamp.  They also can use a test called fluorescein angiography to look at the blood flow through the retina.
assistant
And can the drusen be removed?
user
Not at the current time.  Even the fluorescein angiography can’t reliably show where the drusen are located.  The way this disease usually progresses is that first the blood flow slows down in the center of the retina.  In the early stages of the disease, a very low dose of a drug called a vasodilator (like Diamox) can improve the blood flow, but later this can’t be done.  The macular degeneration progresses and eventually the retina becomes disconnected from the central area of the brain that controls vision.
assistant
Is testing being done to find a cure for macular degeneration?
user
Yes, there’s a very large effort to find better methods of treating macular degeneration and to develop a cure, such as via gene therapy.  There’s also research to find the causes and improve treatments for the conditions that lead to the build up of drusen.  One major focus of this research is to understand how to prevent damage to the blood vessels that supply the retina in the first place.  This involves studying factors like oxidative stress, inflammation, and vascular damage.
assistant
Can a healthy person develop macular degeneration?
user
Yes, most people with macular degeneration have never smoked or had high cholesterol.  However, these conditions do increase your risk for macular degeneration.  And you can have macular degeneration without any of these risk factors.
assistant
What are early warning signs of macular degeneration?
user