Male actors who impersonate women in Japanese kabuki theatre
, also , are male actors who play female roles in kabuki theatre. It originated in 1629 after women were banned from performing in kabuki performances. There are many specific techniques that actors must learn to master the role of "onnagata".
History.
Edo Period.
In the early 17th century, shortly after the emergence of the genre, many kabuki theaters had an all-female cast (, or "kabukimono"), with women playing men's roles as necessary. ('adolescent-boy kabuki'), with a cast composed entirely of young men playing both male and female roles, and frequently dealing in erotic themes, originated circa 1612.90
The role of the "onnagata" was shaped during the Edo period as an expression of femininity that was meant to align with the femininity of real women in Edo society. Both and (or ), actors specializing in adolescent female roles (and usually adolescents themselves), were the subject of much appreciation by both male and female patrons, and were often prostitutes. All-male casts became the norm after 1629, when women were banned from appearing in kabuki due to the prevalent prostitution of actresses and violent quarrels among patrons for the actresses' favors. This ban failed to stop the problems, since the young male () actors were also fervently pursued by patrons. This more modern, all-male kabuki was originally known as "yarō kabuki" ('male kabuki') to distinguish it from earlier theatrical forms.
In 1642, roles were forbidden, resulting in plays that featured only male characters. These plays continued to have erotic content and generally featured many roles, often dealing in themes of (male homosexuality); officials responded by banning roles as well.92 The ban on was lifted in 1644, and on in 1652, on the condition that all actors, regardless of role, adopted the adult male hairstyle with shaved pate. and actors soon began wearing a small purple headscarf () to cover the shaved portion, which became iconic signifiers of their roles and eventually became invested with erotic significance as a result.132 After authorities rescinded a ban on wig-wearing by and actors, the was replaced by a wig and now survives in a few older plays and as a ceremonial accessory.
Meiji era and beyond.
During the Meiji era, the ban on women performing was lifted, and women began performing in "kabuki" performances where they played "onnagata" roles. This was more uncommon as it was standard for "onnagata" to be an artistically feminine performance played by a male actor who underwent training to learn the role. In contemporary kabuki performance, "onnagata" is a separate theatrical role with different training that is separate from actual women in society.
After film was introduced in Japan at the end of the 19th century, the continued to portray females in movies until the early 1920s. At that time, however, using real female actresses was coming into fashion with the introduction of realist films. The staged a protest at Nikkatsu in 1922 in backlash against the lack of work because of this.
"Onnagata" performance techniques.
Every kabuki actor is expected to have facility with techniques. These include learning makeup, which is vastly different from that of a male character's, and adopting traditional feminine mannerisms specific to the role of the "onnagata." Some of the techniques that actors have to master with years of training and research include being able to move gracefully across the stage when wearing geta, adopting a more feminine posture and physical mannerisms like slouched shoulders and bending knees, and speaking at a higher pitch (falsetto) throughout the entire performance. The falsetto used by the "onnagata" performers is not meant to be an exact imitation of the female voice. Instead, "onnagata" imitate typical vocal intonations associated with femininity. The type of falsetto varies depending on the specific role that the "onnagata" is performing. Many actors specialise in roles, such as Bandō Tamasaburō V.
Significance in visual kei.
The influence of on Japanese culture has also played an important part in the visual kei subculture. The subculture emphasizes gender-nonconforming expression, and self-identified male performers who adopt female clothing within the genre are referred to as . Japanese music website Barks credits the increase in band members to the band Malice Mizer, due to the influence of its guitarist and co-founder Mana. Mana himself has said that he wanted to be the ultimate . 
References.
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