Non-traditional medical treatment facility established in a public health crisis
An alternate care site (ACS) is a medical treatment facility established in a non-traditional setting during a public-health crisis (or other event causing strain on local medical resources) as a means of providing additional capacity to deliver medical care within a given area. The term encompasses both civilian-operated medical facilities established in non-traditional places such as hotels, gymnasiums, and convention centers, or other "structure[s] of opportunity," as well as military field medical units being used for public-health purposes. Usually, the option of establishing an ACS becomes relevant once the scale of an emergency extends beyond a single metropolitan area. Though commonly established (or, at a minimum, overseen) by public-health authorities, ACSes can also be established by private entities, such as large employers. ACSes have been widely used as part of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and in other recent crises such as the Western African Ebola virus epidemic.
History.
Likely the first use of non-traditional facilities to provide large-scale medical care took place during the Coalition Wars towards the end of the eighteenth century. French surgeon-major Dominique Jean Larrey sought to improve on contemporary practice whereby wounded soldiers remained on the battlefield until they could be evacuated to distant centralized medical facilities. Under Larrey, medical care was brought to the wounded soldiers (rather than vice versa) for the first time during a battle at Metz in 1793.
An early civilian use of ACSes occurred during the Spanish flu pandemic, which began in 1918. For example, in Philadelphia, an abandoned building owned by the University of Pennsylvania was converted to this use. Similarly, ACSes were set up in unused school buildings and hotels to treat influenza patients throughout Canada. The experience with the Spanish flu pandemic highlighted the importance of planning for ACS setup before a crisis strikes: while buildings were easy to find, equipment and staff were in short supply, complicating the establishment of functioning ACSes.
In the decades following the Spanish flu pandemic, the primary response to hospital overcrowding arising from a disaster was to activate "surge capacity" within a hospital, rather than establishing other care facilities such as an ACS. More recently, ACSes have been established in response to large-scale disasters, such as Hurricane Katrina, when the Dallas Convention Center was used for this purpose for its first time. Following the 2010 Haiti earthquake, an ACS operated there for several months.
Characteristics.
Layout.
Because an ACS might be established in a variety of different building types, different models exist for the layout of ACSes. There are two basic layout types, which are based on the type of building in which the ACS is established: an open layout for buildings with large open spaces (e.g., convention center or arena) and a non-open layout for buildings with numerous rooms (e.g., hotel or dormitory). To be effective, the layout of an ACS must include analogues of several features of traditional healthcare facilities, including patient rooms, triage area(s), staff rest area(s), storage space, and the like. The conversion of space within an existing medical facility from non-clinical use to clinical use does not qualify as the creation of an ACS because the building itself is already used for purposes of medical care.
Services.
In addition to physical space, an ACS requires the other elements necessary for a medical facility; these include medical staff and equipment, as well as relationships with the broader healthcare system in the area. An ACS might provide a variety of medical care based on the available resources and needs of the local community. Generally, as the level of care provided by an ACS increases, the number of patients it is able to serve decreases (and vice versa). ACSes are commonly characterized as adhering to one of the following three models:
Regardless of the care model, each ACS needs to be staffed by the requisite medical professionals. There are a variety of models for retaining the necessary staffing. One model (which the Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services recommends as the easiest way for local governments in the United States to be reimbursed for the care provided at an ACS) is for a public-health authority to contract with a local hospital to run the ACS as if it were part of the hospital.
In addition to the provision of medical care to its patients, an ACS of any level must be able to provide ancillary services, including food service, proper disposal of medical and non-medical waste, and laundry facilities. Accordingly, a well-staffed ACS generally includes personnel from a variety of non-medical disciplines, including supply chain, administration, and other support roles.
An ACS that is no longer actively providing care, but remains outfitted to resume doing so on short notice is said to be in "warm status".
COVID-19 pandemic.
Uses.
In March 2020, as public-health authorities began to recognize the potential scope of the COVID-19 pandemic, an initial question was whether to use ACSes for those patients with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, or without it. While the intuitive answer initially appeared to be that ACSes should be for virus-free patients, several factors ultimately led to a consensus forming around using these facilities exclusively for patients with the virus; these factors included the unreliability of testing, the ability to conserve personal protective equipment and the ability for the facility to specialize in the care of COVID-19. Commingling patients with and without the virus could lead to additional complications regarding infection control. Initial studies found that ACSes were particularly valuable for treating those with less-severe illnesses, to allow traditional hospitals to focus on the care of patients requiring the full scope of care available in those facilities.
COVID-19 ACSes.
While many facilities were considered as potential ACS locations during the COVID-19 pandemic, the following are notable for having been operationalized and taken on significant numbers of patients: