Arabic phrase which contains the salutation upon the Prophet of Islam
' (; sg. ) or ' () is an Islamic complimentary Arabic phrase which contains veneration for Muhammad. This phrase is usually expressed by Muslims as part of their five daily prayers (usually during the ) and also when Muhammad's name is mentioned. is a plural form of () and from the triliteral root of "ṣ-l-w" (the letters , ) which literally means 'prayer' or 'send blessings upon'. Some Arabic philologists suggest that the meaning of the word varies depending on who uses the word and to whom it is used for.
The suffix , meaning "May God's peace be upon him and his household", is a respectful Arabic term used in Arabic and Persian Islamic texts to respect the prophet of Islam, Muhammad when his name mentioned. Of course, this term can be used for the Fourteen Infallibles or any great person. This phrase is most often used after the name Muhammad, the Prophet of Islam. This Arabic phrase may also come after the names of special and holy people. All of these phrases mean "asking for divine favor for a special and holy person." On the other hand, in Islamic sources, may also be seen in other forms, including ("translation: May God grant him and his family mercy and peace"), ("translation: May God send his mercy and blessings upon him"), ("translation: May God's blessings be upon him and his household"), ("translation: May God's blessings be upon him"), ("translation: May the peace of Allah be upon him") or ("translation: May the peace and blessings of Allah be upon him"). According to some researchers, is expressed in more than 210 different Arabic phrases in Islamic sources.
 with the text , meaning "O Allah, send blessings upon Muhammad and his family", or with the text , meaning "O Allah, send blessings upon Muhammad and his family and hasten their attainment", is an Islamic invocation used to honor the Islam Prophet Muhammad and his family. The most famous form of throughout history and according to the sources, has been to say it in the form of , meaning "O Allah, send blessings upon Muhammad and his household". In Islamic circles, especially in the Twelver Shia school of thought, when the name of the Prophet Muhammad is mentioned, it is customary to send blessings upon him to respect his high position. Also, the recitation of is used in worship because of its virtue and reward, and sometimes people even vow to recite a specific number of it ("for example, 100, 200, or 1000") in order to have their heartfelt desires ("called "Haajat" in Islamic thoughts"), so that through this, they may receive God's grace and their problems may be resolved.
Significance.
In Islam, when a Muslim or angel () recites , it means they are sending it to the prophet and are showing Allah their respect for Muhammad, while when the same is sending upon prophet by Allah himself, it means he is blessed by Allah ("name of God in Islam"). "When Muhammad sends upon the believers, it indicates his prayer for their welfare, blessing and salvation."
Muhammad was also reported to have said: "The meanest person is he who does not invoke upon me when my name is mentioned in his presence."
Ibn Asakri transmitted from al-Hasan bin Ali that Muhammad said: "Invoke more upon me, for your invocation is conducive to your sins being forgiven. And pray for me a high status and intercession, for surely my intercession will plead in your favour before Allah."
According to Ja'far al-Sadiq, Muhammad said: "All supplications to Allah will remain in a veil from the sky until a is sent to Mohammad PBUH and his Household." In another tradition, Ja'far al-Sadiq was quoted that: "Whoever sends on the Prophet PBH and his Household means 'I am standing on the promise that I gave when Allah asked me, 'Am I not your lord? And I answered yes you are.'"
The concept of "Al" in.
When the companions and friends of the Prophet of Islam asked him: "How should we send blessings, peace, and greetings upon you?" the Prophet of Islam included the word «», "Al" ("meaning family, household or progeny") in his and asked for all the mercy and blessings that were requested from God for his family too, this meaning, the Prophet Muhammad wants all the mercy and blessings that were requested from God in for his "family" or his "household" or his "progeny" ("including the twelve Imams with the Prophet's daughter, Fatima, or the so-called the fourteen infallibles in Twelver Shia doctrine").
The Prophet of Islam, Muhammad, believed that the blessings and peace of God and the angels, included in , extended to his family, so in the most types of the , both the name of Prophet himself and one of the phrases of "his family" or "his household" or "his progeny" () are mentioned for the mercy and blessings receiving from God. This shows that in the view of the Prophet Muhammad, the twelve Imams and his daughter Fatima, as the saying goes, the fourteen infallibles, had a position that was aligned with his own position, and their divine mission was similar to the mission of the Prophet of Islam himself in some ways. Otherwise, all these beneficence which considered for them, would seem unreasonable if only it is because of kinship with the Prophet.
How to cite.
In the many Islamic orison writings, explained how to greet the Prophet of Islam according to the traditions. In the book "Sahih al-Bukhari" written by Muhammad al-Bukhari, it is narrated from "Abu Saeed al-Khudri" that: "We said, O Messenger of God! Peace be upon you is known; how should we send blessings upon you?", the Prophet said:
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Meaning:
 ;templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" / ;"Say, O Allah! Send peace upon Muhammad, Your servant and Your Messenger, as You sent peace upon Ibrahim and upon the family of Ibrahim, and send blessings upon Muhammad and upon the family of Muhammad, as You sent blessings upon Ibrahim."
In the same book and on the same page, this Hadith is narrated in more detail from "Ka’b ibn Ujrah" ("one of the famous companions of the Prophet") who said to the Prophet Muhammad: “We have learned how to greet you, but how should we send blessings upon you?” The Prophet said "you should say":
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Meaning:
 ;templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" / ;"O Allah, send peace upon Muhammad and the family of Muhammad, as You sent peace upon Ibrahim and the family of Ibrahim, for You are Praiseworthy and Glorious, and bless Muhammad and the family of Muhammad, as You bestowed blessings upon Ibrahim and the family of Ibrahim, for You are Praiseworthy and Glorious."
Note that Al-Bukhari mentions these Hadiths under the verse 56 of Surah Al-Ahzab: , meaning, “Indeed, Allah confers blessing upon the Prophet, and His angels [ask Him to do so]. O you who have believed, ask [Allah to confer] blessing upon him and ask [Allah to grant him] peace”.
In the book “Sahih Muslim” written by Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj, which is the second most famous Hadith reference book for Sunni Muslims, it is narrated from “Abi Mas’ud al-Ansari” that: The Prophet came to us while we were in the assembly of "Sa’d ibn Ibadah", then "Bashir", the son of "Sa’d", said: "O Messenger of God! God has commanded us to send blessings upon you, how should we send blessings upon you?". The Prophet was silent at first, then he said "you should say":
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Meaning:
 ;templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" / ;"O Allah, send peace upon Muhammad and the family of Muhammad as You sent peace upon the family of Ibrahim. Send blessings upon Muhammad and the family of Muhammad as You sent blessings upon the family of Ibrahim to the worlds. You are the Praiseworthy and the Glorious."
In one of the Sunni interpretation books called "Al-Dur al-Manthur" by Jalaluddin al-Suyuti, which is the most famous book of narration interpretation among Sunnis, the author cites the same narration of "Abu Saeed al-Khudri" from "Sahih al-Bukhari", "Ahmad ibn Shu'ayb al-Nasa'i", "Ibn Majah", and "Ibn Mardavieh" on behalf of the Prophet of Islam. In the same book, the same statement of “Abi Mas’ud al-Ansari” has been narrated by Muhammad al-Tirmidhi, "Ahmad ibn Shu'ayb al-Nasa'i", and "Ibn Mardavieh". Again, in the same book, the same content is narrated, with slight differences, by "Malik ibn Anas", "Sahih al-Bukhari", "Abu Dawud al-Sijistani", "Ahmad ibn Shu'ayb al-Nasa'i", "Ibn Majah", "Ibn Mardavieh", and several others, on behalf of "Abu Ahmad Sa'idi".
"Ahmad ibn Husayn ibn Ali Bayhaqi Neishaburi" known as "al-Bayhaqi" also narrated numerous narrations in this regard in his famous book "Sunan al-Kubra", some of which clarify the duties of Muslims during prayer and during the Tashahhud ("one of the parts of prayer"). For example, in a Hadith narrated by "Uqbah ibn Amr": A man came and sat in the presence of the Prophet, while we were also with the Prophet. He said: "O Messenger of God! We know the quality of greetings upon you, but how should we send blessings upon you when we pray?" The Prophet remained silent [for a while], until we thought, "I wish this man had not asked such a question." Then the Prophet said:
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Meaning:
 ;templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" / ;"If you pray for me, say: O Allah, send peace upon Muhammad, the illiterate prophet, and his family, as You sent peace upon Ibrahim and the family of Ibrahim, and bless Muhammad, the illiterate prophet, and his family, as You blessed Ibrahim and the family of Ibrahim. Indeed, You are the Praiseworthy, the Glorious.
Then the author "al-Bayhaqi" quotes Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi'i as saying:
 ;templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" / ;"This is an authentic Hadith that talks about reciting upon the Prophet of Islam during prayers."
"Al-Bayhaqi" has also cited numerous other Hadiths regarding how to recite upon the Prophet of Islam, both during the prayer and outside of the prayer; In particular, in a Hadith narrated by "Ka'b ibn Ujrah" on behalf of the Prophet of Islam, he states:
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Meaning:
 ;templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" / ;The Prophet of Islam used to say in his prayer: "O Allah, send peace upon Muhammad and the family of Muhammad as You sent peace upon Ibrahim and the family of Ibrahim, and send blessings upon Muhammad and the family of Muhammad as You sent blessings upon Ibrahim. Indeed, You are Praiseworthy, Glorious."
It is clear from this Hadith that even the Prophet of Islam himself used to send these blessings in his prayers.
"Al-Bayhaqi" says in one of the narrations in which there is no mention of prayer:
 ;templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" / ;"These narrations are also related to reciting upon the Prophet of Islam during Salah ("the prayer in Islam"); Because the sentence , meaning, “We know how to send peace upon you”, refers to the sending peace in the Tashahhud ("one of the parts of prayer") and in the "Salaam" ("the last part of prayer"): , meaning, “Peace be unto you O’ prophet and the mercy and all blessings of God”. Therefore, one of the meanings of the "sending blessings to the Prophet", refers to reciting during the Tashahhud ("one of the parts of prayer")."
Therefore, all Muslims, regardless of their sects, are obligated to say the greetings of peace upon the Prophet of Islam in the form of , meaning, “Peace be unto you O’ prophet and the mercy of God” during the Tashahhud in the prayer, as the Prophet himself used to say.
Although there is a slight difference of opinion among the four major Sunni schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam on this matter; In the Shafi'i school and in the Hanbali school, they said: It is obligatory to reciting upon the Prophet of Islam during the second Tashahhud in Salah, while in the Maliki school and in the Hanafi school, consider it as an arbitrary tradition or so-called Sunnah.
This is despite the fact that according to most narrations, including the above narrations, the in the prayer is obligatory upon all Muslims.
Recommended.
One recommended by Muhammad is:
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Muhammad was also reported to have said: "Do not invoke incomplete upon me". His asked him: "What is incomplete ?" He replied them: "When you say: 'O God, send blessing to Muhammad' and then stop on that. Rather