Number whose divisor sum is less than itself
In number theory, a deficient number or defective number is a positive integer n for which the sum of divisors of n is less than 2"n". Equivalently, it is a number for which the sum of proper divisors (or aliquot sum) is less than n. For example, the proper divisors of 8 are 1, 2, and 4, and their sum is less than 8, so 8 is deficient.
Denoting by "σ"("n") the sum of divisors, the value 2"n" – "σ"("n") is called the number's deficiency. In terms of the aliquot sum "s"("n"), the deficiency is "n" – "s"("n").
Examples.
The first few deficient numbers are
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 49, 50, ... (sequence in the OEIS)
As an example, consider the number 21. Its divisors are 1, 3, 7 and 21, and their sum is 32. Because 32 is less than 42, the number 21 is deficient. Its deficiency is 2 × 21 − 32 = 10.
Properties.
Since the aliquot sums of prime numbers equal 1, all prime numbers are deficient. More generally, all odd numbers with one or two distinct prime factors are deficient. It follows that there are infinitely many odd deficient numbers. There are also an infinite number of even deficient numbers as all powers of two have the sum (1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + ... + 2"x"-1 
 2"x" - 1).
More generally, all prime powers formula_1 are deficient, because their only proper divisors are formula_2 which sum to formula_3, which is at most formula_4.
All proper divisors of deficient numbers are deficient. Moreover, all proper divisors of perfect numbers are deficient.
There exists at least one deficient number in the interval formula_5 for all sufficiently large "n".
Related concepts.
Closely related to deficient numbers are perfect numbers with "σ"("n") = 2"n", and abundant numbers with "σ"("n")  ; 2"n". 
Nicomachus was the first to subdivide numbers into deficient, perfect, or abundant, in his "Introduction to Arithmetic" (circa 100 CE). However, he applied this classification only to the even numbers.
Notes.
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