1994 animated film directed by Isao Takahata
 is a 1994 Japanese animated fantasy film written and directed by Isao Takahata, animated by Studio Ghibli for Tokuma Shoten, Nippon Television Network and Hakuhodo, and distributed by Toho.
The film centers around a colony of Japanese raccoon dogs living in the outskirts of Tokyo as they work to combat the growing deforestation of their home. Takahata's third film for Ghibli, "Pom Poko" was released on July 16, 1994, to critical and commercial success. The film was Japan's submission to the 67th Academy Awards for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, but was not accepted as a nominee.
Background.
The story features "tanuki", or Japanese raccoon dogs (incorrectly referred to as "raccoons" in the English dialog). In Japanese folklore, "tanuki" are considered to be bake-danuki (化け狸), magical creatures capable of shape-shifting into people or other objects. They are a highly sociable, mischievous species, too fun-loving and fond of tasty treats to be a real threat — unlike "kitsune" (fox spirits) and other "bake-danuki" shape-shifters.
The phrase "Pom Poko" in the title refers to the sound of "tanuki" drumming their bellies, from a 1919 poem by Ujō Noguchi which became a popular children's song when it was set to music in 1925.
Shigeru Sugiura and Hisashi Inoue and Shigeru Mizuki were credited as additional crews, as designs of tanuki and various yokai and parts of the plot were based on their works. A character based on Mizuki also appeared as the commentator in the film.
Plot.
The story begins in late 1960s Japan. A group of "tanuki" are threatened by a gigantic suburban development project called New Tama, in the Tama Hills on the outskirts of Tokyo. The development is cutting into their forest habitat and dividing their land. The story resumes in early 1990s Japan, during the early years of the Heisei era. With limited living space and food decreasing every year, the "tanuki" begin fighting among themselves for the diminishing resources, but at the urging of the matriarch Oroku, they decide to unify to stop the development.
Several "tanuki" lead the resistance, including the aggressive chief Gonta, the old guru Seizaemon, the wise-woman Oroku, and the young and resourceful Shoukichi. Using their illusion skills (which they must re-learn after having forgotten them), they stage a number of diversions including industrial sabotage. These attacks injure and even kill people, frightening construction workers into quitting, but more workers immediately replace them. In desperation, the "tanuki" send out messengers to seek help from various legendary elders from other regions.
After several years, one of the messengers returns bringing a trio of elders from the distant island of Shikoku, where development is not a problem and the "tanuki" are still worshipped. In an effort at re-establishing respect for the supernatural, the group stages a massive ghost parade to make the humans think the town is haunted. The strain of the massive illusion kills one of the elders and his spirit is lifted up in a "raigō", and the effort seems wasted when the owner of a nearby theme park takes credit for the parade, claiming it was a publicity stunt.
With this setback, the unity of the "tanuki" finally fails and they break up into smaller groups, each following a different strategy. One group led by Gonta takes the route of eco-terrorism, holding off workers until they are wiped out in a pitched battle with the police, and finally, fused into the form of a "tsurube-otoshi", killed blocking the path of an oncoming dekotora. Another group desperately attempts to gain media attention through television appearances to plead their case against the habitat's destruction. One of the elders becomes senile and starts a Buddhist dancing cult among the "tanuki" who are unable to transform, eventually sailing away with them in a ship that takes them to their deaths, while the other elder investigates joining the human world as the last of the transforming "kitsune" (foxes) have already done.
When all else fails, in a last act of defiance, the remaining "tanuki" stage a grand illusion, temporarily transforming the urbanized land back into its pristine state to remind everyone of what has been lost. Finally, with their strength exhausted, the "tanuki" most trained in illusion follow the example of the "kitsune": they blend into human society one by one, abandoning those who cannot transform. While the media appeal comes too late to stop the construction, the public responds sympathetically to the "tanuki", pushing the developers to set aside some areas as parks. However, the parks are too small to accommodate all the non-transforming "tanuki". Some try to survive there, dodging traffic to rummage through human scraps for food, while others disperse farther out to the countryside to compete with the "tanuki" who are already there.
One day, Shoukichi, who also joined the human world, is coming home from work when he sees a non-transformed "tanuki" leaping into a gap in a wall. Shoukichi crawls into the gap and follows the path, which leads to a grassy clearing where some of his former companions are gathering. He joyfully transforms back into a "tanuki" to join them. Shoukichi's friend, Ponkichi, addresses the viewer, asking humans to be more considerate of "tanuki" and other animals less endowed with transformation skills, and not to destroy their living space; as the view pulls out and away, their surroundings are revealed as a golf course within a suburban sprawl.
Voice cast.
Additional voices in the English dub include Newell Alexander, Jeff Bennett, Mitch Carter, Holly Dorff, Zac Gardner, Sherry Hursey, Jordan Orr, Philece Sampler, Alyson Stoner, Erica Beck, Reeve Carney, David Cowgill, Ike Eisenmann, Richard Steven Horvitz, Hope Levy, Mary Mouser, Peter Renaday, Audrey Wasilewski, and Adam Wylie.
Release.
The film was released in Japan on July 16, 1994. It was released on DVD on August 16, 2005, in North America by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment along with "My Neighbors the Yamadas". Optimum Releasing released the film on DVD in the United Kingdom, a year later. Disney released a Blu-ray disc on February 3, 2015. GKIDS re-issued the film on Blu-ray and DVD on February 6, 2018, under a new deal with Studio Ghibli.
Reception.
Box office.
"Pom Poko" was the number one Japanese film on the domestic market in 1994, earning ¥ in distribution income, and grossing ¥ in total box office revenue. It became the 2nd highest-grossing animated film after "The Lion King".
Critical response.
"Pom Poko" has an approval rating of 86% on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 14 reviews, and an average rating of 6/10. Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 77 out of 100, based on 8 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
Awards and nominations.
It was chosen as the Japanese submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film for that year. It won Best Animation Film at the 49th Mainichi Film Awards.
References.
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