Type of university in Germany
A Technische Hochschule (, plural: "Technische Hochschulen", abbreviated "TH") is a type of university focusing on engineering sciences in Germany. Previously, it also existed in Austria, Switzerland, the Netherlands (), and Finland (, ). In the 1970s (in Germany) and the 1980s (in the Netherlands), the "Technische Hochschule" emerged into the (German) or (Dutch). Since 2009, several German universities of applied sciences were renamed as .
Terminology.
In German-language countries, the term "Hochschule" is more general than "Universität" (plural: "Universitäten") and also encompasses universities which do not have the right to confer doctorates and habilitations, in contrast to "Universitäten". Today, "Universitäten" as well as other "Hochschulen" call themselves "Technische Hochschule" for historical reasons. However, a "Technische Hochschule" with the status of a "Universität" is regarded as a "Technische Universität" despite the name.
History.
Since the Middle Ages, higher education institutions in Europe were called a university only if a certain classical of subjects encompassing philosophy, medicine, law and theology was taught. When engineering sciences became more important in academica due to the Industrial Revolution, institutions of tertiary education devoted to these were denied the prestigious denomination "university", and had to use the more general term "Hochschule" instead.
It was a major breakthrough, then, when in the first half of the 20th century, some "Technische Hochschulen" in Germany and "Technische Hogescholen" in the Netherlands were given the right to award the doctoral degrees, and again later when they were allowed to call themselves universities. This change of status was accompanied by a broader spectrum of academic disciplines and more fundamental research.
While most former "Technische Hochschulen" opted to change their name to "Technische Universität" to reflect their new status, some of them preferred to maintain their traditional and established names, most notably the RWTH Aachen in Germany as well as ETH Zurich and EPF Lausanne in Switzerland.
Starting in 2009, several German universities of applied sciences ("Fachhochschulen") with a technical focus have changed their names to "Technische Hochschule".
In Austria.
List of Austrian "Technische Universitäten" by location:
In Finland.
The concept of a TH exists also in Finland as "teknillinen korkeakoulu", which is equivalent to a TH. Examples include Teknillinen korkeakoulu in Espoo, Tampereen teknillinen korkeakoulu and Lappeenrannan teknillinen korkeakoulu. Similarly to German speaking countries, most of them later changed their name to "teknillinen yliopisto", which is equivalent to a TU. However, Teknillinen korkeakoulu retained its old name until it merged with two other universities to form the current Aalto University.
In Germany.
List of German "Technische Universitäten" by location:
List of "Technische Hochschulen" (institutions with the status of "Technische Universität" not included) by location:
In Switzerland.
List of "Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology" by location:
In The Netherlands.
List of Universities of Technology (Technische Universiteiten) in the Netherlands:
4TU is the federation of the four Dutch universities of technology with the following institutions as members:
Delft University of Technology (TU Delft),
Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e),
University of Twente (UT), and
Wageningen University and Research Centre (WUR).
References.
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