Pacific typhoon 
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Typhoon Kong-rey, known in the Philippines as Super Typhoon Leon, was a powerful and large tropical cyclone that impacted Taiwan and the Philippines before later affecting East China, South Korea, and Japan in late October and early November 2024. Kong-rey was the first typhoon in Taiwan's history to make landfall after mid-October and the largest storm to strike since Typhoon Herb in 1996. Additionally, it was the second tropical cyclone in a series to impact the Philippines, following Tropical Storm Trami a few days earlier, and preceding Typhoons Yinxing, Toraji, Usagi, and Man-yi which would impact a few days later.
The twenty-first named storm and the third super typhoon of the annual typhoon season, Kong-rey developed from a weak exposed low-level circulation located west-northwest of Guam. On October 25, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) upgraded the system to a tropical storm named "Kong-rey", and on October 28, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) classified it as a minimal typhoon before the JMA followed suit. On October 30, the JTWC reported that the system had peaked as a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon, with 1-minute sustained winds of . The JMA noted that Kong-rey reached its maximum strength with 10-minute sustained winds of and a central pressure of . After reaching its peak intensity, Kong-rey began an eyewall replacement cycle, and satellite imagery showed a large eye and rapidly rotating features along the inner edge of the eyewall. The following day, Kong-rey completed the eyewall replacement cycle as it approached Taiwan from the southeast, and passed close to Batanes and the Orchid Island before making landfall in Chenggong, Taitung. It was later reemerged over the Taiwan Strait with a weakened convective structure, and its rapid movement across Taiwan may be attributed to a lee-side jump. It moved along the eastern coast of China as it interacted with a strong frontal system while beginning its extratropical transition. By November 1, the JMA reported that Kong-rey had transitioned into an extratropical low as it moved north-northeastward along the northwestern periphery of a mid-level subtropical high, quickly developing frontal characteristics with a weak cold front extending south from the center and a warm front extending east-northeastward. The extratropical storm crossed into Japan the next day and then emerged into the Pacific Ocean. Its remnants were last noted by the JMA on November 4 near the International Dateline; however, the Ocean Prediction Center reported that these remnants crossed the Central North Pacific Ocean, and were gradually moving toward the Alaskan coast. On November 7, Kong-rey's remnants were absorbed into another extratropical cyclone just south of Southwest Alaska.
Authorities advised evacuations in Batangas, which was devastated by Tropical Storm Trami the previous week. In Taiwan, classes were suspended in Taitung County, and multiple flights and trips were also canceled. Heavy rain advisories were issued by the Central Weather Administration, with torrential rain warnings in Yilan County and Hualien County. In East China, Kong-rey brought strong winds and heavy rains to the provinces of Zhejiang and Fujian, while on Jeju Island, South Korea, Hallasan recorded up to of rain, resulting in flooding that damaged buildings across the island. The JMA reported that warm, moist air from the storm was bringing heavy rainfall and thunderstorms to western Japan. Overall, Kong-rey was responsible for three deaths and 690 injuries, causing approximately $167 million (2024 USD) in damages.
Meteorological history.
The origins of Typhoon Kong-rey can be traced back to October 22, when the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) started monitoring a weak exposed low-level circulation at , about west-northwest of Guam. Satellite imagery revealed limited deep convection primarily in the eastern and northern quadrants, while two disturbances near "97W" and "98W" interacted within a complex steering environment, with "98W" moving poleward and being absorbed by "97W". The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) designated the disturbance as a low-pressure area the following day, and on October 24, it was upgraded to a tropical depression. At 03:00 UTC on the same day, the JTWC issued a tropical cyclone formation alert, indicating that the environment was generally favorable for tropical cyclogenesis, with warm sea surface temperatures of , low vertical wind shear, and good radial outflow.At 00:00 UTC on October 25, the JMA upgraded the system to a tropical storm named "Kong-rey", which the JTWC later designated as "23W", featuring a partially obscured circulation center and a deep band of convection on its eastern and northern sides. Kong-rey exhibited a pronounced asymmetrical circulation with fragmented and disorganized convection as it moved northwestward along the southwestern edge of a mid-level subtropical high, while microwave imaging revealed curved convective bands concentrated in the western semicircle, with shallow bands tightly wrapping around a ragged circulation center. At 19:30 PHT (11:30 UTC) on October 26, Kong-rey entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility and was given the name "Leon" by PAGASA. Kong-rey exhibited a fully exposed circulation center surrounded by persistent convection in the southwestern quadrant, supported by moderate westward outflow, while spiral bands of deep convection were located to the north; satellite imagery revealed two separate low-level circulation centers rotating around a central point at , which eventually merged into a single, better-organized low-level circulation center characterized by broad banding over the western semicircle. As it moved west-southwestward along the southeastern periphery, the system displayed strong equatorward flow and improving poleward outflow, prompting the JMA to upgrade it to a severe tropical storm at 00:00 UTC on October 27. Early the next day, the JTWC upgraded the storm to a minimal typhoon before the JMA followed suit, which noted an improved structure with convective banding fully wrapping around the circulation and achieving a more symmetric shape; the typhoon also developed a large, ragged eye, characterized by a cloud-filled structure measuring in diameter.
On October 30, the JTWC reported that the system had peaked as a Category 4-equivalent super typhoon after Kong-rey attained 1-minute sustained winds of , while the JMA indicated that Kong-rey reached its peak intensity with 10-minute sustained winds of and a central pressure of . After reaching its peak intensity, Kong-rey began an eyewall replacement cycle, with satellite imagery revealing a large eye and rapidly rotating features along the inner edge of the eyewall while it moved northwestward along its southwestern edge. The typhoon had a distinct and highly symmetrical eye measuring in diameter, while microwave imaging reveals a double concentric eyewall structure. Kong-rey completed the eyewall replacement cycle shortly afterward, resulting in a ragged but relatively symmetrical eye feature as the typhoon approached Taiwan from the southeast and passed close to Batanes and the Orchid Island. The following day at 1:40 p.m. local time, Kong-rey made landfall in Chenggong, Taitung in eastern Taiwan. This made Kong-rey the first typhoon in Taiwan's history to make landfall after mid-October, and it was the largest storm to hit since Typhoon Herb in 1996. After making landfall, the eye quickly became cloud-filled, exhibiting deteriorating convective bands and eyewall structure, while surface observations from Taitung recorded sustained winds of . It was later reemerged over the Taiwan Strait with a weakened convective structure, and its rapid movement across Taiwan may be attributed to a lee-side jump. It moved along the eastern coast of China as it interacted with a strong frontal system while beginning its extratropical transition. By 12:00 UTC on November 1, the JMA reported that Kong-rey had transitioned into an extratropical low as it moved north-northeastward along the northwestern periphery of a mid-level subtropical high, quickly developing frontal characteristics with a weak cold front extending south from the center and a warm front extending east-northeastward. At 21:00 UTC on the same day, the JTWC discontinued warnings for the system as it had completed its extratropical transition. The extratropical storm crossed into Japan the next day and emerged into the Pacific Ocean. Its remnants were last noted by the JMA on November 4 near the International Dateline; however, the Ocean Prediction Center reported that these remnants crossed the Central North Pacific Ocean, and were gradually moving toward the Alaskan coast. On November 7, Kong-rey's remnants were absorbed into another extratropical cyclone just south of Southwest Alaska.
Preparations.
Philippines.
PAGASA indicated that residents in the northern and northeastern parts of Luzon can expect rain on October 31 and November 1 due to the storm. Early on October 27, PAGASA issued Tropical Cyclone Wind Signal No. 1 to portions of Cagayan, Isabela, and Catanduanes. The next day, PAGASA included the entirety of Batanes, Ilocos Norte, Abra, Apayao, and Kalinga. PAGASA also included the entirety of Cagayan (including Babuyan Islands); Camarines Norte; Ifugao; Isabela; La Union; Mountain Province; Nueva Vizcaya, with portions of Quirino; Aurora; Benguet; Albay; Camarines Sur; Sorsogon; Northern Samar; and Eastern Samar. Later that evening, PAGASA included the entirety of Quirino and Aurora. On October 29, the entirety of Benguet was included. On the same day, PAGASA issued Signal No. 2 to Batanes; Babuyan Islands; and portions of Cagayan and Isabela. PAGASA later included the entirety of Cagayan; Apayao; Ilocos Norte; portions of Kalinga; and Abra, though Eastern and Northern Samar was removed from Signal No. 1, ending signals initiated in Visayas. Signal No. 2 was also granted to Mountain Province. After Kong-rey was upgraded into a super typhoon, Signal No. 3 was raised over Batanes and parts of the Babuyan Islands the next day, and a portion of mainland Cagayan six hours later. 
Three hours later, Batanes was placed in Signal No. 4, with more provinces getting placed in Signal No. 1. A few hours later, the northern and eastern parts of Batanes were upgraded to Signal No. 5, the highest warning level. The next day, Batanes was later downgraded to Signal No. 4, wtih the Babuyan Islands being downgraded from Signal No. 4 to 3. Three hours later, Batanes was downgraded to Signal No. 3, with Babuyan Islands also being downgraded to Signal No. 2. Multiple provinces were removed from Signal No. 1 and 2. Gale warnings were issued for the coasts of northern and central Luzon. Authorities ordered evacuations in Batangas, which was devastated by Tropical Storm Trami (Kristine) the previous week. In Cagayan, more than 8,000 people were evacuated. Several airline and shipping companies cancelled services. The Magat Dam left one of its spillways open as a precaution. The government of Albay also prepared for the possible impacts of Kong-rey. The Office of Civil Defense estimated that between 2.5 million and 5 million people could be impacted by Kong-rey in the Ilocos Region, Cagayan Valley, Cordillera Administrative Region, Central Luzon, Mimaropa, Calabarzon, and the Bicol Region. Some local government units have announced that classes will be canceled on October 31 because of the storm. Telecommunications company Smart prepared emergency supplies and personnel in areas where the storm was expected to approach. According to the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines, more than 500 travelers were affected by the canceled flights.
Taiwan.
The defence ministry placed 36,000 soldiers on standby for rescue efforts. Some train services were cancelled. Concerts by Mayday and Andy Lau were postponed. More than 400 flights were cancelled while the entire ferry system was suspended. On October 29, the Central Weather Administration (CWA) released its first sea warning for the storm covering southeastern Taiwan and the Bashi Channel, adding that Kong-rey could generate waves with a height ranging from and rain measuring . Classes were suspended in Taitung County, with multiple flights and trips also cancelled. Local residents stocked up on vegetables, while fishermen gathered their boats. The National Fire Agency predicted trees to topple. Two eastern islands, Orchid Island and Green Island, were closed by the local government. The Soil and Water Conservation Bureau warned against potential threat of landslides, urging residents to be alert. Fishing communities added extra precaution measures. Agencies were prepared against damaged buildings, power lines, and flood rescues. Rescue personnel were also stationed across the country. At least 11,588 people were evacuated. 
The CWA later released its first land warning for the storm on October 30, covering Taitung County and the Hengchun Peninsula. The warnings were later expanded that day to cover the entirety of Taiwan. Heavy rain advisories were also issued by the CWA, with extremely torrential rain warnings in Yilan County, Hualien County, Hsinchu County, and Taichung. Torrential rain warnings in Keelung, Taipei, New Taipei City, and Nantou County. Extremely heavy rain warnings in