Classes of men in the Holy Roman Empire
Ausburger and Pfahlburger (sometimes "Ausbürger" and "Pfahlbürger") were two classes of men in the Holy Roman Empire during the Middle Ages.
An "Ausburger" (external citizen or "outburgher") was a citizen of an imperial free city who resided on a rural estate outside of the city's jurisdiction. A "Pfahlburger" (pale citizen) was a citizen of a free city who lived in the faubourg (suburbs) outside of the city's jurisdiction. Both claimed citizenship and its rights while being vassals of and living under the jurisdiction of territorial lords. The distinction between them was their distance from the city of which they claimed citizenship. According to M. I. Schmidt, the "Pfahlburger"s claimed to be exempt from the taxation of their lords, while the "Ausburger"s did not claim an exemption. According to F.-J. Fuchs, "Ausburger" may have been a general term that included the more specific "Pfahlburger".
The term "Pfahlburger" refers to the "Pfahl" (picket or palisade) that enclosed the suburbs but lay beyond the city walls. The "burgesses of the palisades" were men who had moved into the suburbs to escape the authority of their lords and obtain the protection of the city. Cities were generally willing to grant full or partial citizenship to such persons, but the lords strongly objected to this practice, since the area between the palisades and the walls lay "outside the more closely defined legal boundaries of the municipality".
In 1205, King Philip exempted from taxes the lands owned by the citizens of Strasbourg in Alsace. This caused a rush of Alsatian landowners seeking citizenship in Strasbourg. The Emperor Frederick II (1220–50) tried in vain to ban the practice of cities granting citizenship to non-residents. According to the "Annales Wormatienses", on 10 November 1255, King William "eliminated the rights of citizens who are called Pfahlbürger so that among other restrictions, none of the cities were permitted to have them or receive them". A later scribe added a gloss to the "Annales" to clarify that the "Pfahlburger"s "were citizens who were not resident in the city".
At a "Hoftag" (diet) in Metz in 1356, Jean de Lichtenberg, the bishop of Strasbourg and lord of Lichtenberg, complained about the practice to the Emperor Charles IV, who forbade it in the Golden Bull of 1356, a foundational constitutional document of the later empire. The distinction between "Ausburger" and "Pfahlburger" may post-date 1365, since only the "Pfahlburger" is mentioned in the Golden Bull. The term "Ausburger", which had until then referred only to land-owning noblemen who also held citizenship, may have been extended after 1356 to cover peasant "Pfahlburger" so as to evade Charles' prohibition. In 1430, King Sigismund banned the city of Constance from having "Ausburger"s, but he lifted the ban in 1436.
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