Serbian revolutionary organization in the Ottoman Empire
Military unit
The Serbian Revolutionary Organization () or Serbian Chetnik Organization (Српска четничка организација / Srpska četnička organizacija) was a paramilitary revolutionary organization with the aim of liberation of Old Serbia (Kosovo and Macedonia) from the Ottoman Empire (in the vilayets of Kosovo, Manastir and Salonika). Its Central Committee (Централни одбор / Centralni odbor) was established in 1902, while the Serbian Committee (Српски комитет / Srpski komitet) was established in September 1903 in Belgrade, by the combined Central Boards of Belgrade, Vranje, Skopje and Bitola. Its armed wing was activated in 1904. Among the architects were members of the Saint Sava society, Army Staff and Ministry of Foreign Affairs. It operated during the Struggle for Macedonia (Борба за Македонију / Borba za Makedoniju), a series of social, political, cultural and military conflicts in the region of Macedonia; its operations are known as Serb Action in Macedonia (Српска акција у Македонији / Srpska akcija u Makedoniji).
Coincidentally, the Circle of Serbian Sisters or "Kolo Srpskih Sestara", was also being formed in Belgrade in 1903. Although known for its charitable work, the Circle also helped the Chetnik Organization in the Ottoman-held territories of Old Serbia and Macedonia by sending food and medical supplies, doctors and nurses to aid the wounded and stricken as the Kosovo Maiden did in Medieval Serbia. 
The Chetnik central committee had initially funded individual, and small groups of "hajduks" (brigands), who were either self-organized or part of the Bulgarian revolutionary organizations in Macedonia (Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee or Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization). These sought to protect the Slavic Christian population from "zulum" (atrocities, persecution). With the failed negotiations of a joint Serbian-Bulgarian action, and growing nationalism within the Bulgarian committees, the Serbian committee decided to fully organize their own armed groups. The Central Committee sent the first two bands into Macedonia in 1904, which were exposed early and completely destroyed. The second wave proved more successful; however, hostility between the Bulgarian Committee and the Serbian Committee began. Serb Chetniks thus fought the Ottomans, and Bulgarian and Albanian bands. Prominent guerrilla fighters include Jovan Babunski, Gligor Sokolović, Ilija Trifunović-Birčanin, Mihailo Ristić-Džervinac, Jovan Grković-Gapon, Vasilije Trbić, Garda Spasa, Borivoje Jovanović-Brana, Ilija Jovanović-Pčinjski, Jovan Stanojković-Dovezenski, Micko Krstić, Lazar Kujundžić, Cene Marković, Miša Aleksić-Marinko, Doksim Mihailović, Kosta Milovanović-Pećanac, Vojin Popović-Vuk, Savatije Milošević and Petko Ilić. After the proclamation of the Young Turk revolution in 1908 and the proclamation of the constitution, all of the brigands in Macedonia, including the Serbian Chetniks, put down their weapons; however, guerilla fighting soon continued, later merging into the Balkan Wars.
Background.
The Serbian–Ottoman War (1876–1878) and Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) against the Ottomans motivated liberation movements among the people in Kosovo and Metohija and Macedonia (known at the time as "Old Serbia" or "southern Serbia"). Serbia sought to liberate the Kosovo Vilayet (sanjaks of Niš, Prizren, Skopje and Novi Pazar). The Serbian Army was joined by southern Serbs who made up special volunteer detachments, a large number being from Macedonia, who wanted to liberate their home regions and unify them with Serbia. These volunteers were infiltrated into the Kumanovo and Kriva Palanka districts. When peace was signed between the Serbs and Ottomans, these groups conducted independent guerrilla fighting under the Serbian flag, which they carried and flew far south of the demarcation line. The Serbian advance in Old Serbia (1877–78) was followed with uprisings for the Serbian cause in the region, including a notable one that broke out in the counties of Kumanovo, Kriva Palanka, and Kratovo. On 20 January, the Kumanovo Uprising broke out, spanning four months and ending with Ottoman suppression. The Ottomans retaliated against the Serb population in the Ottoman Empire. Because of the terror against the unprotected rayah (lower class, Christians), many left for the mountains, fled across the border into Serbia, from where they raided their home regions in order to revenge the atrocities carried out by the Ottomans.
After the war, the Serbian military government sent armament and aid to rebels in Kosovo and Macedonia. Christian rebel bands were formed all over the region. Many of those bands, privately funded and aided by the government, were established in Serbia and crossed into Ottoman territory. In that way, Micko Krstić formed a rebel band in 1879 in Niš, with the help of Nikola Rašić and the military government in Vranje. On 14 October 1880, an uprising broke out in the Kičevo-Poreče region, known as the "Brsjak Revolt". Serbia secretly and very carefully aided the Christians in the Ottoman areas, such as in the Brsjak Revolt, however, by 1881, the aid was stopped by the intervention of the government. The Ottoman army succeeded in suppressing the rebellion in the winter of 1880–81, and many of the leaders were exiled. 
In 1886, the Association of Serbo-Macedonians was established.
Prelude.
The anti-Serb organization Society Against Serbs, established by Dame Gruev in 1897, had up until 1902 murdered at least 43 persons, and wounded 52 persons, who were owners of Serbian schools, teachers, Serbian Orthodox clergy, and other notable Serbs in the Ottoman Empire.
In May 1899, Golub Janić sent a detachment of 10 to 15 men to Macedonia.
Organization.
The Central Committee (of Belgrade) was established in 1902 by Milorad Gođevac, Luka Ćelović, Vasa Jovanović, Žika Rafajlović, Nikola Spasić and Ljuba Kovačević. Captain Rafajlović had up until then independently organized armed bands in Old Serbia. The seat of the board was in the house of Ćelović. The organization was initially funded by Ćelović who donated 50,000 dinars yearly, which at that time was a very large sum. The Committee chose Dr. Gođevac as President. It had initially funded individual, and small groups of "hajduks" (brigands), who were either self-organized or part of the Bulgarian revolutionary organizations in Macedonia (Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee or Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization).
The Serbian Committee (Српски комитет)[a] was established in September 1903 in Belgrade, by the combined Central Boards of Belgrade, Vranje, Skopje and Bitola. The fighters sought to protect the Slavic Christian population from "zulum" (atrocities, persecution), and carried out assassinations of known persecutors. With the failed negotiations of a joint Serbian-Bulgarian action, and growing nationalism within the Bulgarian committees, the Serbian committee decided to fully organize their own armed groups. It's armed wing was thus officially activated in 1904. Among the architects were members of the Society of Saint Sava, Army Staff and Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
In the beginning, and also at times at the end, the Serbian Chetniks had strict orders of defence and protection, and not any offensive; The Ottoman government and the Great Powers agreed that the Chetniks did not carry out crimes and massacres, though the great armed conflicts could not be without violence.
Macedonia and Old Serbia.
Inside Macedonia and Old Serbia the Chief of the Mountainous Headquarters held the highest position followed by regional voivodes and village voivodes. In every village the organization was composed so that every resident was a member of the organization and had to, without exception, follow all orders that the organization gave him. All disputes were to be solved within the village and the Turkish court was not to be involved under any circumstances. Smaller disputes were to be solved between the villagers themselves, sometimes with the help of the village voivode or chief, bigger disputes were to be solved by the regional voivode and some really large ones were to be solved by the chief of the mountainous headquarters. Every village had a chief with two helpers, a village voivode under whose command were all armed villagers and a treasurer who would collect a small monthly membership fee as well as all the fines charged by all of the mentioned institutions.
History.
1902.
The Central Committee (of Belgrade) was established in 1902 by Milorad Gođevac, Luka Ćelović, Vasa Jovanović, Žika Rafajlović, Nikola Spasić and Ljuba Kovačević. Captain Rafajlović had up until then independently organized armed bands in Old Serbia. The seat of the board was in the house of Ćelović. The organization was initially funded by Ćelović who donated 50,000 dinars yearly, which at that time was a very large sum. The Committee chose Dr. Gođevac as President. It had initially funded individual, and small groups of "hajduks" (brigands), who were either self-organized or part of the Bulgarian revolutionary organizations in Macedonia (Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee or Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization).
1903.
Milorad Gođevac, Luka Ćelović and Vasilije Jovanović formed the first armed band in Belgrade on May 29, 1903. The band, which had 8 soldiers, was commanded by Ilija Slave, a Serb from Macedonia who was a "kaldrmdžija" (cobblestone paver).
The "Serbian Committee" was established in September 1903 in Belgrade, by the combined Central Boards of Belgrade, Vranje, Skopje and Bitola. The fighters sought to protect the Slavic Christian population from "zulum" (atrocities, persecution), and carried out assassinations of known persecutors. With the failed negotiations of a joint Serbian–Bulgarian action, and growing nationalism within the Bulgarian committees, the Serbian committee decided to fully organize their own armed groups. It's armed wing was thus officially activated in 1904. Among the architects were members of the Society of Saint Sava, Army Staff and Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
April–May 1904.
On Đurđevdan (23 April) 1904, Bulgarian students travelled to Belgrade to hold a congress. This was after negotiations between the Bulgarian and Serbian committees about a joint Serb-Bulgarian uprising had failed after more than 50 meetings in a period of 4–5 months. The Bulgarian students and the Serbian side constantly stressed the need for Serb–Bulgarian brotherhood. After the students had left, it was unearthed that most of these were in fact members of the Bulgarian committee, who sought to find their companions and lead them back to Bulgaria. Three of them were wholly assigned to persuade Gligor Sokolović to return to Bulgaria, but he refused. They also met with Stojan Donski.
On 25 April, two bands ("četa") of some 20 fighters under voivodes Anđelko Aleksić and Đorđe Cvetković swore oath in a ceremony of the Serbian Chetnik Committee (Dr. Milorad Gođevac, Vasa Jovanović, Žika Rafailović, Luka Ćelović and General Jovan Atanacković), with "prota" Nikola Stefanović holding the prayers. The Committee had prepared the formation of the first bands for a number of months. The Chetniks were sent for Poreče, and on 8 May they headed out from Vranje, to Buštranje, which was divided between Serbia and Turkey. Vasilije Trbić, who guided them, told them that the best way was to go through the Kozjak and then down to the Vardar. The two voivodes however, wanted the fastest route, through the Kumanovo plains and then to Četirac. They managed to enter Turkish territory but were subsequently exposed in the plain Albanian and Turkish villages, and the Ottomans closed in on them from all sides, and they decided to stay on the Šuplji Kamen, which gave them little defence instead of meeting the army on the plains; in broad daylight, the Ottoman military easily poured bombs over the hill and killed all 24 of the Chetniks. According to Serbian state documents, the death toll was 24 Chetniks, a "zaptı" (Ottoman gendarmerie), and three Ottoman soldiers. Serbian deputy Ristić, according to the document, named Žika Rafajlović as the organizer of the band, and that "such adventures and thoughtless treacherous actions should be stopped".
July–August 1904.
After receiving the news in Belgrade, the Chetnik activity did not stop; four new bands were prepared for crossing the border. Veljko Mandarčević, from the Skopje field (Macedonian-Andrianopolitan Volunteer Corps), became the voivode of a band that moved into Skopska Crna Gora. The more experienced and bold Gligor Sokolović became the voivode of a band that would fight in the Prilep region (Prilepska četa). Rista Cvetković-Sušički, a former friend and voivode of Zafirov, was sent for Poreče where Micko Krstić impatiently waited for him with the band. Poreče was a source for the rebels; every villager was a martyr and hero, and although Poreče was small, it beat off all attacks, and from it, troops entered all sides, as an effectuation for the struggle. The fourth band was firstly sent to Drimkol, Ohrid, its voivodes being Đorđe Cvetković and Vasilije Trbić.
On the night of 19 July, the four bands crossed the border. They went a secure route which had been put forward by Trbić and Anđelko. They did not rush, and spent days in Kozjak and villages of the Pčinja. They went fast and lightly in the night, and carefully descended towards the Vardar transition.