Large military formation of the Priamurye Provisional Government
The White Rebel Army was a large military formation of the Priamurye Provisional Government of the White Movement during the Civil War in Russia, created in 1921 from the remnants of the White Armies of the Eastern Front – Semyonov–Kappel troops and operating in the Far East, in the Amur Region and Primorye from 1921 to 1922 year.
Background and history of formation.
On May 26, 1921, with the overthrow of the government of the Primorskaya Zemsky Administration headed by the Bolshevik Vasily Antonov in Vladivostok by the white rebels, the Priamurye State Formation was established. Power was soon transferred to the Congress of Non–Socialist Organizations of the Far East, which elected a Provisional Amur Government. In a matter of days, the Provisional Amur government established its own armed forces, which were based on units of the Far Eastern Army, which were previously part of the armies of General Vladimir Kappel and Ataman Grigory Semyonov. The United States of America and Japan provided comprehensive support to the new state formation, while the latter also provided military assistance at the expense of the Japanese troops stationed in Primorye during the intervention. General Grigory Verzhbitsky was appointed commander–in–chief of the armed forces on May 31, 1921. At that moment, for the first time in Russian historiography, the name White Rebel Army appeared, parts of which became the basis of the formed armed forces. Major General Viktorin Molchanov became the head of the army, partially assembled from the units of the Grodekov group of forces (later – the 2nd Corps of General Innokenty Smolin). Officially, the existence of the army was recognized only in November 1921.
Composition.
As of November 1921, the White Rebel Army of Viktorin Molchanov included:
In the last Battle near Volochaevka on February 5–12, 1922, the White Rebel Army had in its composition:
Combat path of the army: Khabarovsk Campaign.
In 1921, the White Rebel Army waged active hostilities in the southern Primorye and Amur Regions. In November 1921, the White Guards began to clean up the territories controlled by the Amur State Formation from partisan detachments. In historiography, this operation is usually called the Khabarovsk Campaign of the White Rebel Army. In the period from November to December, Amginsk and Khabarovsk were captured by the White Guards. The successes achieved by the detachments of Generals Smolin and Sakharov alarmed the leadership of the Far Eastern Republic, and by the beginning of 1922 a large group of Reds was concentrated in the Khabarovsk Region under the command of Blucher, which already in January launched an offensive and threw off the Whites. General Molchanov makes a difficult decision to leave Khabarovsk and withdraw troops to Vladivostok. Thus, having taken Khabarovsk, but failed to rouse the masses to revolt, the general, under the onslaught of the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic, withdrew most of the troops to Primorye. However, after the crushing defeat of the White Rebel Army near Volochaevka (the irrecoverable losses of the White Rebels exceeded 1,000 people), inflicted by the Eastern Front of the Red Army under the command of Blucher, by February 1922 it will be completely occupied by the Red Army. The most difficult battles, in which the White Rebel Army participated, took place near Olgokhta and In in December 1921: the Volzhsky and Kamsky Regiments lost up to 85% of their personnel, from 60 to 80 people remained in the ranks of 470 fighters.
Reformation and further destiny.
By the beginning of spring 1922, the position of the White Guards and Japanese interventionists in the Far East became critical. The Whites were on the verge of total defeat, and only the continued support from the Japanese side delayed their final destruction. After a series of defeats of the White Rebel Army and a sharp aggravation of the political situation in Primorye, as well as ideological disagreements between the former "Kappelists" and "Semyonovites", the former demanded the convocation of the "People's Assembly". To avoid bloodshed and armed clashes, the political and military elite of the occupation troops of the interventionists decided to convene the "Zemsky Sobor" in Vladivostok on July 7, 1922, the result of which was the creation of the "Priamurskiy Zemsky Government" headed by General Dieterichs, who was simultaneously appointed Commander–in–Chief of Primorsky People's Militia, named – "Zemsky Army" in the rank of "Zemsky Voevoda". Already at the beginning of July, units of the White Rebel Army, led by General Molchanov, were regrouped into the so–called "Volga Group" and, becoming part of the "Zemskaya Army", continued armed resistance to the troops of the Far Eastern Republic and parts of the Workers' and Peasants' Red Army. On September 3, 1922, Japanese troops left the evacuation zone and the "Zemskaya Rat" was left without foreign support. Shocked by the actions of the Japanese, Dieterichs set for September 4 the beginning of his last campaign against the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic. By the end of October 1922, after the failed battles on the Ussuri River and at Chalcedon, Mikhail Konstantinovich Dieterikhs said that further resistance was considered impossible. On October 17, the voivode gave an order to retreat and prepare for the evacuation. On October 25, the Amur Zemsky Territory, and with it the "Zemsky Troops" ceased to exist.
References.
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