1954 aviation accident in Wyoming
Western Air Lines Flight 34 was a scheduled flight between Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles and Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport in Minneapolis with intermediate stops in Las Vegas, Cedar City, Utah, Salt Lake City, Casper, Wyoming, and Rapid City, South Dakota. On February 26, 1954, the Convair CV-240 performing the flight crashed while flying through storms over Wyoming, killing all nine occupants of the plane. The region was experiencing severe blizzards and winds, and it took searchers three days to find the crash site. The aircraft crashed into the ground at a high rate of speed, leaving a five-foot deep impact crater in the frozen ground. The wreckage was left scattered and broken into tiny pieces. Crash investigators conducted an investigation of the events that led up to the crash, but were unable to find a clear cause. The final accident report identified the probable cause as "a sudden emergency of undetermined origin under adverse weather conditions resulting in rapid descent and impact with the ground at high speed".
Background.
Flight 34 was a regularly-scheduled flight between Los Angeles International Airport in Los Angeles and Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport in Minneapolis with intermediate stops at McCarran Field in Las Vegas, Cedar City Regional Airport in Cedar City, Utah, Salt Lake City Municipal Airport in Salt Lake City, Natrona County Municipal Airport in Casper, Wyoming, and Rapid City Regional Airport in Rapid City, South Dakota. It was operated by Western Air Lines using one of the company's 40-passenger Convair CV-240 twin radial engine aircraft. 
On the morning of February 26, 1954, the flights between Los Angeles and Salt Lake City were uneventful. The flight had a scheduled departure time from Salt Lake City of 7:15 A.M. Mountain Standard Time; the aircraft was refueled with of fuel, and the crew was replaced by a relief crew consisting of two pilots and one flight attendant. No passengers boarded or left the aircraft in Salt Lake City. After leaving the terminal, the aircraft returned a few minutes later and the crew reported that it had a broken nose wheel steering cable, the repair of which caused a 90 minute delay. The flight eventually left at 8:50 A.M., with six passengers and of cargo. The cargo was strapped to the six front seats using the seat belts, then it was covered with blankets and secured with ropes to the seat bases. 
Before leaving, the crew of the flight received a weather briefing on the conditions between Salt Lake City and Minneapolis, which included surface weather observations, forecasts, and upper air reports. The forecasts for central and eastern Wyoming showed mostly overcast conditions, with cloud bases between MSL, rain showers changing to snow, and ceilings dropping to above ground level. Visibility was expected to drop to in the snow, and atmospheric icing was expected in the snow areas and clouds, with the freezing level at and dropping to near the surface after passing the weather front. The forecast was for heavy turbulence and strong downbursts along the east slope of the mountains south of the front.
Flight.
The flight plan filed with air traffic control called for instrument flight rules at via the Green 3 and Blue 76 airways. The flight, originally scheduled to arrive in Casper at 8:58 A.M., had a revised arrival time of 10:00 A.M. after the maintenance delay in Salt Lake City. As the aircraft flew over Sinclair, Wyoming at en route to Casper, the pilot of Western Airlines Flight 31 contacted the crew of Flight 34. Flight 31 was flying the return leg of the flight from Minneapolis to Los Angeles with the same intermediate stops. Flight 31's pilot advised the crew of Flight 34 that the weather in Casper had deteriorated below the minimum visibility rules, and that it would be bypassing Casper. As Flight 31 was holding east of Casper awaiting clearance to proceed to Salt Lake City, it encountered moderate to heavy turbulence and light to moderate icing, which the pilot relayed to Flight 34. Another Western Airlines flight, a Douglas DC-3 operating Flight 53 from Billings, Montana to Denver, landed at Casper at 9:18 A.M. and did not attempt to take off again until 10:05 P.M. due to unsafe weather conditions. At 9:00 A.M., a third Western Airlines flight, a DC-3 operating Flight 53 from Cheyenne, Wyoming to Great Falls, Montana, encountered moderate to severe air turbulence and moderate wing icing while approaching Douglas, Wyoming in the vicinity of Casper, and turned around to land back in Cheyenne.
As Flight 34 approached Casper, the crew elected to overfly the scheduled stop and proceed to Rapid City due to the conditions. The air route traffic control center issued a new clearance to descend to and proceed to Rapid City via the Blue 37 and Red 2 airways. After receiving the clearance, the flight requested an altitude of , which was approved. At 10:10 A.M., Flight 34 reported its position over Casper at 17,000 feet, estimating its arrival at the Wright Junction intersection at 10:27 A.M. The Wright Junction location is west of Rapid City, south of Gillette, Wyoming, and northeast of Casper, where the route calls for a 45-degree turn to the east toward Rapid City. The area between Wright Junction and Rapid City is extremely rugged and sparsely occupied. 
At 10:25 A.M., the flight reported its position over the Wright Junction intersection at 17,000 feet and estimated its arrival at Rapid City at 10:50 A.M. The airline company radio operator gave the 9:30 en route weather update and the 10:10 Rapid City terminal weather update, which was acknowledged by the crew at 10:27. At 10:41 the Rapid City radio operator attempted to contact the aircraft to deliver a clearance for an instrument approach for Rapid City. After receiving no response, the radio operator continued to attempt to reach the aircraft until 10:53, when he contacted the Denver company dispatcher to advise that contact with the aircraft had been lost. At 11:06, with still no word from the aircraft, emergency procedures were initiated.
Search.
The initial hope was that the aircraft had developed radio problems, had passed over Rapid City, and continued on to Minneapolis or to the eastern part of South Dakota where weather conditions were better. When the aircraft never arrived, the Cheyenne office of Western Airlines sent an aircraft to Denver to pick up company officials to coordinate a search of the area around Rapid City. A Western Airlines DC-3 was sent out from Casper to follow the missing plane's route, but it had to turn back because of the storm. Bad weather in the area kept most aircraft grounded and unable to begin a search.
Air Force officials at Lowry Air Force Base in Denver estimated that the flight had gone down somewhere between Casper and Rapid City and concentrated the first search efforts on that stretch. It dispatched Grumman HU-16 Albatross search planes equipped with paramedics and parachutists at intervals to fly search along the route to Rapid City, then return along the same route. The planes searched Friday afternoon and through the night, flying along the route dropping high intensity flares to illuminate the area. About of snow fell on the search area, with snow at higher elevations reaching over deep. Temperatures in the area fell to freezing that night, which led searchers to doubt whether any survivors of a crash would have been able to survive the nighttime temperatures.
The next morning, the weather cleared enough to allow the Wyoming National Guard, the Wyoming Wing Civil Air Patrol, and private planes to join the search. More than 50 planes participated, searching over eastern Wyoming and the mountains of southwestern South Dakota. Light snow squalls prevented small aircraft from searching the Black Hills area of South Dakota, but the weather cleared up by the afternoon. Ground search efforts began throughout the area involving volunteers and officers from the Wyoming Highway Patrol and the South Dakota Highway Patrol. Ground search efforts initially focused on an area about west of the South Dakota border, about southeast of Gillette, because a rancher had reported hearing a low-flying plane in the area just minutes after the missing aircraft had reported its position at Wright Junction. In Deadwood, South Dakota, the Sheriff's office directed a ground search involving 50 men after a resident reported seeing a flare in the area on the night of the crash. A ham radio operator from Hot Springs, South Dakota reporting hearing faint SOS signals from the Elk Mountain region in southern Wyoming. Officials looked into the report, but were skeptical of it because any survivors would have been able to build a fire that was visible from the air much easier than it would have been for them to improvise radio equipment to send distress signals.
The search continued the following day, with the number of aircraft involved increasing to 100. Late that afternoon, a Western Air Lines DC-3 search plane flying low over eastern Campbell County, Wyoming, less than from the Weston County line, spotted the wreckage of Flight 34 on the ground near Bacon Creek. The pilots had spotted colored fragments of debris on the ground, the largest of which was only in diameter. It was an area they had flown over the previous day, but snow that may have been covering the crash site may have melted enough to reveal the wreckage. The pilots called in the location of the crash site to Rapid City at 4:05 P.M., after most of the private search planes had already returned to their bases. Ground rescue teams were sent to the area, but the search crew had incorrectly reported their position as over a ridge north of Bacon Creek, and searchers unsuccessfully combed the area until midnight when they gave up due to darkness and blizzard conditions. 
The next morning, aerial searchers returned to the area and relocated the wreckage about southwest of Bacon Creek. The crash site was about northeast of Wright, Wyoming, at the southern end of the Rochelle Hills. It was found in a hilly, rocky, sagebrush-covered area at about above sea level. Western Air Lines officials said that the location of the wreckage showed that the aircraft was flying on course along the scheduled route when it crashed. Initial investigations suggested that the plane was intact when it hit the ground, plowing a hole deep and scattering debris over an area long by wide. There were no signs that any of the occupants had initially survived the crash, and the victims were for the most part unidentifiable. The plane carried about of fuel at the time of the crash, and there were signs that there was a ground fire that occurred after the impact.
Aircraft.
The aircraft was a Convair CV-240-1 radial engine aircraft, serial number 37, registered as tail number N8407H. It had been manufactured in 1948 and at the time of the crash it had been operated for 12,145 hours. It was powered by two Pratt &amp; Whitney R-2800 Double Wasp 18-cylinder engines. The airline had operated this type of aircraft since taking its first delivery in mid-1948, and purchased it with the intent of replacing all of its older Douglas aircraft on its short-haul routes.
Passengers and Crew.
The flight carried six passengers and three crew members, all residents of the United States. The captain was 39-year-old M.R. Cawley, a resident of Bountiful, Utah. He was married with four children at the time of the crash; his fifth child was born on the same day the wreckage of the crash was found. He had been employed at Western Air Lines for 12 years and had 9,803 hours of logged flight experience. During the investigation of the crash, his coworkers described him as being an experienced pilot with a high level of poise in stressful situations. The first officer was Robert E. Crowther, a resident of Salt Lake City. He was 35 years old and a native of Emmett, Idaho. He served eight years in the United States Army Air Forces and was discharged at the rank of captain in 1948.
Investigation.
After the discovery of the crash site, the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) sent a team of investigators to the area. That team arrived on March 1, but it was limited by the weather conditions, which included freezing temperatures, high winds, and