Matrix of binary truth values
A logical matrix, binary matrix, relation matrix, Boolean matrix, or (0, 1)-matrix is a matrix with entries from the Boolean domain B = {0, 1}. Such a matrix can be used to represent a binary relation between a pair of finite sets. It is an important tool in combinatorial mathematics and theoretical computer science.
Matrix representation of a relation.
If "R" is a binary relation between the finite indexed sets "X" and "Y" (so "R" ⊆ "X" ×"Y"), then "R" can be represented by the logical matrix "M" whose row and column indices index the elements of "X" and "Y", respectively, such that the entries of "M" are defined by
formula_1
In order to designate the row and column numbers of the matrix, the sets "X" and "Y" are indexed with positive integers: "i" ranges from 1 to the cardinality (size) of "X", and "j" ranges from 1 to the cardinality of "Y". See the article on indexed sets for more detail.
Example.
The binary relation "R" on the set {1, 2, 3, 4} is defined so that "aRb" holds if and only if "a" divides "b" evenly, with no remainder. For example, 2"R"4 holds because 2 divides 4 without leaving a remainder, but 3"R"4 does not hold because when 3 divides 4, there is a remainder of 1. The following set is the set of pairs for which the relation "R" holds. 
{(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 2), (2, 4), (3, 3), (4, 4)}.
The corresponding representation as a logical matrix is
formula_2
which includes a diagonal of ones, since each number divides itself.
Some properties.
The matrix representation of the equality relation on a finite set is the identity matrix "I", that is, the matrix whose entries on the diagonal are all 1, while the others are all 0. More generally, if relation "R" satisfies I ⊆ "R", then "R" is a reflexive relation.
If the Boolean domain is viewed as a semiring, where addition corresponds to logical OR and multiplication to logical AND, the matrix representation of the composition of two relations is equal to the matrix product of the matrix representations of these relations.
This product can be computed in expected time O("n"2).
Frequently, operations on binary matrices are defined in terms of modular arithmetic mod 2—that is, the elements are treated as elements of the Galois field formula_3. They arise in a variety of representations and have a number of more restricted special forms. They are applied e.g. in XOR-satisfiability.
The number of distinct "m"-by-"n" binary matrices is equal to 2"mn", and is thus finite.
Lattice.
Let "n" and "m" be given and let "U" denote the set of all logical "m" × "n" matrices. Then "U" has a partial order given by
formula_4
In fact, "U" forms a Boolean algebra with the operations and &amp; or between two matrices applied component-wise. The complement of a logical matrix is obtained by swapping all zeros and ones for their opposite.
Every logical matrix "A" = ("A""ij") has a transpose "A"T = ("A""ji"). Suppose "A" is a logical matrix with no columns or rows identically zero. Then the matrix product, using Boolean arithmetic, formula_5 contains the "m" × "m" identity matrix, and the product formula_6 contains the "n" × "n" identity.
As a mathematical structure, the Boolean algebra "U" forms a lattice ordered by inclusion; additionally it is a multiplicative lattice due to matrix multiplication.
Every logical matrix in "U" corresponds to a binary relation. These listed operations on "U", and ordering, correspond to a calculus of relations, where the matrix multiplication represents composition of relations.
Logical vectors.
If "m" or "n" equals one, then the "m" × "n" logical matrix ("m""ij") is a logical vector or bit string. If "m" = 1, the vector is a row vector, and if "n" = 1, it is a column vector. In either case the index equaling 1 is dropped from denotation of the vector.
Suppose formula_7 and formula_8 are two logical vectors. The outer product of "P" and "Q" results in an "m" × "n" rectangular relation
formula_9
A reordering of the rows and columns of such a matrix can assemble all the ones into a rectangular part of the matrix.
Let "h" be the vector of all ones. Then if "v" is an arbitrary logical vector, the relation "R" = "v h"T has constant rows determined by "v". In the calculus of relations such an "R" is called a vector. A particular instance is the universal relation formula_10.
For a given relation "R", a maximal rectangular relation contained in "R" is called a concept in "R". Relations may be studied by decomposing into concepts, and then noting the induced concept lattice.
Consider the table of group-like structures, where "unneeded" can be denoted 0, and "required" denoted by 1, forming a logical matrix formula_11 To calculate elements of formula_12, it is necessary to use the logical inner product of pairs of logical vectors in rows of this matrix. If this inner product is 0, then the rows are orthogonal. In fact, small category is orthogonal to quasigroup, and groupoid is orthogonal to magma. Consequently there are zeros in formula_12, and it fails to be a universal relation.
Row and column sums.
Adding up all the ones in a logical matrix may be accomplished in two ways: first summing the rows or first summing the columns. When the row sums are added, the sum is the same as when the column sums are added. In incidence geometry, the matrix is interpreted as an incidence matrix with the rows corresponding to "points" and the columns as "blocks" (generalizing lines made of points). A row sum is called its "point degree", and a column sum is the "block degree". The sum of point degrees equals the sum of block degrees.
An early problem in the area was "to find necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an incidence structure with given point degrees and block degrees; or in matrix language, for the existence of a (0, 1)-matrix of type "v" × "b" with given row and column sums". This problem is solved by the Gale–Ryser theorem.
Notes.
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References.
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