Types of financial accounts
Nostro and vostro (from Italian, "nostro" and "vostro"; English, 'ours' and 'yours') are accounting terms used to distinguish an account held for another entity from an account another entity holds. The entities in question are usually banks.
The terms "nostro" and "vostro" are used, mainly by banks, when one bank keeps money at another bank (in a correspondent account often called a nostro or vostro account). Both banks need to keep records of how much money is being kept by one bank on behalf of the other. In order to distinguish between the two sets of records of the same balance and set of transactions, banks refer to the accounts as "nostro" and "vostro". Speaking from the point of view of the bank whose money is being held at another bank:
A "vostro" account is a record of money held by a bank or owed to a bank by a third party (an individual, company or bank).
The "nostro" account is a way of keeping track of how much of the bank’s money is being held by the other bank. This is similar to an individual keeping a detailed record of every payment in and out of his or her bank account so that she/he knows the balance at any point in time.
Understanding terminology.
Base description.
In normal usage:
For these accounts, the domestic bank is acting like a custodian or managing the accounts of a foreign counterpart. These accounts are utilized for facilitating the settlements of forex and foreign trades.
A "client" bank elects to open an account with another "facilitator" bank. The "facilitator" bank will assist the "client" bank in making payments in its country's currency, usually using its own access to primary clearing arrangements (generally with the central bank in the country where the currency is considered a local currency). In some cases, the "facilitator" bank may not be a primary clearing member but they will have the ability to make payments in local currency, possibly through another bank in the same country.
Loro accounts.
There is also the notion of a "loro" account ("theirs"), which is a record of an account held by a second bank on behalf of a third party; that is, my record of "their" account with you. In practice this is rarely used, the main exception being complex syndicated financing.
In the same style as above:
Accounting.
Conventions.
A bank counts a "nostro" account with a debit balance as a cash asset in its balance sheet. Conversely, a "vostro" account with a credit balance (i.e. a deposit) is a liability, and a "vostro" with a debit balance (a loan) is an asset. Thus in many banks a credit entry on an account ("CR") is regarded as negative movement, and a debit ("DR") is positive - the reverse of usual commercial accounting conventions.
With the advent of computerized accounting, nostros and vostros just need to have opposite signs within any one bank's accounting system; that is, if a nostro in credit has a positive sign, then a vostro in credit must have a negative sign. This allows for a reconciliation by summing all accounts to zero (a trial balance) – the basic premise of double-entry bookkeeping.
Typical usage.
Nostro accounts are mostly commonly used for currency settlement, where a bank or other financial institution needs to hold balances in a currency other than its home accounting unit.
For example: First National Bank of "A" does some transactions (loans, foreign exchange, etc.) in USD, but banks in "A" will only handle payments in AUD. So FNB of "A" opens a USD account at foreign bank Credit Mutuel de "B", and instructs all counter-parties to settle transactions in USD at "account no. 123456 in name of "FNBA", at "CMB", "X" Branch". FNBA maintains its own records of that account, for reconciliation; this is its "nostro" account. CMB's record of the same account is the "vostro" account.
Now, FNBA sells AUD1,000,000 to "C" (a counterparty who has an AUD account with FNBA, and a USD account with CMB) for a net consideration of USD2,000,000. FNBA will make the following entries in its own accounting system:
Over at CMB, they record the following transaction:
If C does not have an account directly with FNBA's corresponding bank, the funds may be transferred within the banking system of country B by cheque or some form of electronic funds transfer (EFT). In this case CMB will make entries on several other accounts, such as a teller's receiving account, or a clearing account with the third bank holding C's account.
References.
 ;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ;