The Magnificat, in Latin also "canticum Beat(issim)ae Virginis Mariae" (the song of the (most) Blessed Virgin Mary), is a common part of Christian worship, for instance traditionally included in vespers, evensong or matins. As such it is often sung and was set to music by various composers.
History.
In Gregorian chant the Magnificat is sung according to the eight traditional psalm tones:
Composers, or collections of compositions, referring to or using all eight of the traditional Gregorian psalm tone settings of the Magnificat include the (various composers), the by Palestrina, the "" by Georg Rhau, and Johann Pachelbel's "Magnificat fugues".
Also the newer psalm tones were used for Magnificat settings:
Apart from the Magnificat sung to the psalm tones, in Gregorian chant there are also the "Magnificat antiphons" or "O Antiphons" inspiring composers like Arvo Pärt.
In seventeenth century polyphony no other religious text, apart from the Mass Ordinary, was set more often than the Magnificat. Often only six out of twelve verses of the Magnificat were set in polyphony, performance alternating verses sung in polyphony and verses sung in monody according to the church tone. In such alternatim settings the even verses were chosen more often for setting in polyphony, because they contained the last verse of the doxology, so that the singing of the Magnificat ended with a piece in polyphony.
Examples of such settings include the by Cristóbal de Morales: half of these include only the odd verses ("anima mea" settings), the others only the even verses ("Et exultavit" settings) – both series of eight settings by Morales have one setting per traditional church tone.
From around 1600 such Magnificats are also composed for the organ, e.g. Jean Titelouze's 1626 "" (odd versets).
In the Baroque era the "cantata form" for religious compositions originated in Italy: like masses in the Neapolitan style, Magnificats could be set as a succession of self-contained sections in a variety of styles, choruses alternating with arias for solo singers. Francesco Durante's 1752 is an example of a composition in this style.
In Anglicanism a Magnificat is usually combined with a Nunc dimittis in an (Evening) Service, in which case the English translation of the text ("My soul doth magnify the Lord") is used. For example, Orlando Gibbons composed such Services. In Orthodox Christianity the Magnificat, or "Song of the Theotokos", is sung in the Orthros (matins) as part of the Canon. All-night vigils include the Orthros, and a setting of such vigil thus usually includes the setting of a Magnificat, e.g. the "Canticle of the Theotokos" («Величитъ душа моя Господа», Velichit dusha moya Gospoda, "My soul doth magnify the Lord"), No. 13 in Tchaikovsky's "All-Night Vigil".
References.
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