Medical condition
Medical condition
Tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency (THD) is a disorder caused by disfunction of tyrosine hydroxylase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of dopamine. This condition is one of the causes of dopa-responsive dystonia.
Symptoms and signs.
Patients present with symptoms reflecting the decreased production of dopamine: hypokinetic-rigid syndrome, dystonia, complex encephalopathy. Symptom severity and age at onset are highly variable. A review published on GeneReviews and last updated in 2017 suggests the approximate subdivision of patients into three groups based on differences in severity of symptoms, nature of symptoms, and age at onset. A review published more recently, in 2021, suggests that the disease may have a more gradual and overlapping spectrum, and categorization may be imprecise.
According to the classification on GeneReviews, three approximate phenotypes could be discerned:
Diagnosis.
In order to diagnose tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency, a sample of the patient's cerebrospinal fluid may be obtained to assess neurotransmitter metabolites that may be affected, as illustrated by the metabolic links in Figure 1. Patients typically have normal levels of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5HIAA), low levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene glycol (MHPG), and a low HVA:5-HIAA ratio. Upon finding a pattern of CSF abrormalities suggestive of the disease, the diagnosis may be confirmed by analysing the TH gene encoding the enzyme.
According to a review of dopa-responsive dystonias published in 2021, tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency may be hard to diagnose, with a median diagnostic delay of 4 years, and misdiagnosis happens in a significant proportion of patients, with cerebral palsy being the most common erroneous diagnosis.
Treatment.
Patients with tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency are treated with L-dopa in conjunction with decarboxylase inhibitors. A significant percentage of patients do not achieve a complete response on this regimen.
History.
The first case reports of "Segawa syndrome" and parkinsonism caused by mutations in the tyrosine hydroxylase gene were published in 1995 and 1996.
References.
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