Sudanese writer (born 1964)
Leila Fuad Aboulela (Arabic:ليلى فؤاد ابوالعلا; born 1964) is a fiction writer, essayist, and playwright of Sudanese origin based in Aberdeen, Scotland. She grew up in Khartoum, Sudan, and moved to Scotland in 1990 where she began her literary career. Until 2023, Aboulela has published six novels and several short stories, which have been translated into fifteen languages. Her most popular novels, "Minaret" (2005) and "The Translator" (1999) both feature the stories of Muslim women in the UK and were longlisted for the International Dublin Literary Award and Orange Prize. Aboulela's works have been included in publications such as "Harper's Magazine", "Granta", "The Washington Post" and "The Guardian". "BBC Radio" has adapted her work extensively and broadcast a number of her plays, including "The Insider", "The Mystic Life" and the historical drama "The Lion of Chechnya". The five-part radio serialization of her 1999 novel "The Translator" was short-listed for the Race In the Media Award (RIMA).
Aboulela's work is critically acclaimed for its depiction of Muslim migrants in the West the and the challenges they face. Her work is heavily influenced by her own experiences as an immigrant to the United Kingdom and the hardships she experienced during the transition. Her work centers around political issues and themes such as identity, multi-cultural relationships, the East-West divide, migration, and Islamic spirituality. Her prose has been celebrated by J. M. Coetzee, Ben Okri and Ali Smith. Her 2023 novel "River Spirit" was praised by Abdulrazak Gurnah for its "extraordinary sympathy and insight".
Early life and education.
Born in 1964 in Cairo, Egypt, to an Egyptian mother and a Sudanese father, Aboulela moved at the age of six weeks to Khartoum, Sudan, where she lived continuously until 1987.  Aboulela’s father comes from a prominent Sudanese family, with his cousin being poet, Hassan Awad Aboulela. He studied at Victoria College in Egypt and Trinity College, Dublin. Her mother was a statistics professor at the University of Khartoum and the first demographer in Sudan after earning a PhD in the subject from a university in London. Her multicultural upbringing was marked by summer vacations in Cairo where she was able to form a connection with her mother’s family and absorb Egyptian culture through food, popular media, and film. As a child she attended the Khartoum American School and the Sisters' School, a private Catholic high school. She described her education at the American School as one with “very few Sudanese pupils and no Sudanese teachers”. Aboulela grew up speaking both English and Arabic; however, she recalls being the victim of bullying at school due to her use of colloquial Egyptian Arabic, which she learned from her mother. Aboulela later attended the University of Khartoum, graduating in 1985 with a degree in Economics. In 1991, Aboulela was awarded a Master of Science (M.Sc) degree and a Master of Philosophy (MPhil) degree in Statistics from the London School of Economics. Her thesis is titled "Stock and flow models for the Sudanese educational system".
Personal life.
As of 2012, Aboulela lives in Aberdeen, Scotland. Her husband, Nadir Mahjoub, an oil engineer, is half Sudanese, half British, a younger brother of the novelist Jamal Mahjoub, and she counts among the influences on her writing his English mother, the late Judith Mahjoub. They have three children together. In 1990 Aboulela moved to Aberdeen with her husband and children, a move she cites as the inspiration for her first novel, "The Translator". Aboulela began writing in 1992 while working as a lecturer at Aberdeen College and later as a research assistant at the University of Aberdeen. In 2006, she moved back to Khartoum to care for her ailing father who died in 2008. Between 2000 and 2012, Aboulela lived in Jakarta, Dubai, Abu Dhabi, and Doha. Aboulela is a devout Muslim, and her faith informs much of her written work.
Literary career.
Aboulela began writing at the age of 28, following a move to Aberdeen, Scotland, with her two young children spurred by her husband’s work in the oil rigs. Aboulela began writing after enrolling in a creative writing course at the Aberdeen Central Library where she was encouraged and supported by the writer-in-residence, Todd McEwen, who passed along Aboulela’s work to his editor. Aboulela writes in English, a decision she dates back to her childhood, and notes that she chose to express herself in English because it was “a third language, refreshingly free from the disloyalty of having to choose between my father and my mother’s tongues” in reference to Egyptian and Sudanese colloquial Arabic.
She is a contributor to the 2019 anthology "New Daughters of Africa", edited by Margaret Busby which compiles the work of 200 women writers of African descent. The anthology includes several genres such as autobiography, memoir, letters, short stories, novels, poetry, drama, humour, journalism, essays and speeches.
In a 2023 interview, Aboulela expressed her views on African historical novels and her motivation for using sources written in African languages:
 ;templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" / ;"Mainstream history has been written by the coloniser. This is their truth. It is time for us to tell ours. When Africans write history, we are not necessarily saying something about the world today. Much of the motivation comes from wanting to tell our side of the story. I am more excited by African historical novels than by any other genre."
Plays.
Aboulela has written several radio plays, with many of them not published in print form. Her plays "The Insider, The Mystic Life, The Lion of Chechnya," and "The Sea Warrior" were broadcast on BBC radio programmes. "The Mystic Life" is an adaptation of a story from her short-story collection, "Coloured Lights", while "The Lion of Chechnya" recounts the story of Imam Shamil (1797–1871), a Muslim political leader and the subject of her novel, "The Kindness of Enemies". Her novel "The Translator" and her short-story "The Museum" were also adapted into radio plays, while her stage-play "Friends and Neighbours" was performed in Aberdeen in 1998.
Literary influences.
Much of Aboulela’s writing is directly inspired by her own life. She credits her move from Sudan to Scotland in 1990 as being the catalyst for her literary career and cites her desire to write about Sudan and Islam—topics which she had seen scarcely represented—for being her preliminary motivators. Aboulela has stated her interest in countering stereotypical portrayals of Muslims, Sudan, and immigrants through her writing and has made an effort to reflect people she has met and places she has lived within her stories. Her novel "Lyrics Alley" is based on the true story of the life of her uncle, poet Hassan Awad Aboulela, and his tragic accident in the early 1940s which left him paraplegic. She collaborated with her father to write the novel and learn more about the life of his cousin, who served as an inspiration behind the main character, Nur.
Aboulela cites Egyptian Nobel Prize laureate Naguib Mahfouz and acclaimed Sudanese writer Tayeb Salih as literary influences from her childhood and time in Sudan. Her move to Scotland introduced her to Jean Rhys and Anita Desai, authors whom she notes as having a “haunting influence on her works”. Aboulela has indicated her attraction to authors such as Abdulrazak Gurnah, Doris Lessing, Buchi Emecheta, and Ahdaf Soueif who migrated to Britain at a young age and thus possess similar experiences to her own. She also acknowledges the influence of Scottish writers, such as Alan Spence and Robin Jenkins.
Critical reception.
Aboulela’s works have received overwhelmingly positive critical reception, and she was celebrated by the likes of Ben Okri, Nobel Prize winner J.M Coetzee, and Ali Smith for her mastery of both the novel and short-story formats, as well as for her unique prose. She was referred to as “one of the best short story writers alive” by editor and author John Freeman. Her prose impressed Kim Hedges of the "San Francisco Chronicle" who wrote,“Aboulela’s prose is amazing. She handles intense emotions in a contained yet powerful way, lending their expressions directness and originality, and skillfully capturing the discrete sensory impressions that compound to form a mood.”
She is recognized for her nuanced depictions of Muslim immigrants, the intricacies of inter-cultural relationships, Islam, and female characters who subvert social expectations. She was complimented by journalist Boyd Tonkin for being “One of the few Muslim women writers in Britain to present their faith as a living force rather than discarded history”.
Among her works, her second novel "Minaret" (2005) has drawn the most critical attention. This work signaled Aboulela's arrival as an influential member of a new wave of British Muslim writers. "Minaret" was lauded as a “brilliant success” and a “beautiful, daring, challenging novel” by Mike Phillips writing for "The Guardian".
She is considered an African, Arab, Scottish, and diasporic female author by her audience of critics, literary prize boards, and researchers. Author James Robinson described Aboulela as “a unique and refreshing voice in contemporary Scottish fiction”. John A. Stotesbury and Brendan Smyth argue that Aboulela has asserted her role  in the literary sphere as an author who challenges Orientalist and Islamic perceptions of masculinity as well as the popular conception of Muslim women. Aboulela’s work has also become a popular topic for PhD theses and scholarly articles surrounding Muslim and contemporary women’s writing.
In December 2023, her novel "River Spirit" was named by the New York Times one of the 10 best historical fiction books of 2023. Further, this novel was selected by "Brittle Paper" literary magazine as one of the 100 Notable African Books of 2023.
References.
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