Genus of fishes
Hyphessobrycon is a genus of freshwater fish in the family Characidae. These species are among the fishes known as tetras. The genus is distributed in the Neotropical realm from southern Mexico to Río de la Plata in Argentina. Many of these species are native to South America; about six species are from Central America and a single species, "H. compressus" is from southern Mexico.
All small fishes, the "Hyphessobrycon" tetras reach maximum overall lengths of about . Great anatomical diversity exists in this genus. They are generally of typical characin shape, but vary greatly in coloration and body form, many species having distinctive black, red, or yellow markings on their bodies and fins. These species are generally omnivorous, feeding predominantly on small crustaceans, insects, annelid worms, and zooplankton. When spawning, they scatter their eggs and guard neither eggs nor young.
Taxonomy.
This large genus of characins includes over 150 species. The systematics of "Hyphessobrycon" are still largely unresolved. Six groups within this genus have been recognized based on color patterns alone. With no phylogenetic analysis of this genus, species are placed into this genus as anatomically defined by Carl H. Eigenmann in 1917. By this definition, "Hyphessobrycon" is identified by the presence of an adipose fin, incomplete lateral line, two tooth series in the premaxilla, with the teeth of the external series continuous in a single series, teeth not strictly conical, preventral scales arranged in more than one row and lack of scales in the caudal fin. The characteristic of extension of scales onto the caudal fin that differentiates this genus from "Hemigrammus" is not satisfactory, as it occurs in intermediate conditions.
This genus is not monophyletic. A monophyletic group within "Hyphessobrycon" has been hypothesized, termed the rosy tetra clade; this group is based upon coloration pattern and the shape of dorsal and anal fins of males. Recognition of monophyletic groups among "Hyphessobrycon" species is complicated by the difficulty in finding characters useful for hypothesis of relationships among the species. Traditional characters used to identify "Hyphessobrycon" are phylogenetically unreliable.
Etymology.
The generic name, "Hyphessobrycon", is of slightly uncertain origin. The second part derives from the Greek βρύκω (to bite); the first, derives from an ostensible Greek "hyphesson", which may be an error for υπελάσσων (slightly smaller).
Relationship to humans.
Most of the 144 species in the genus have not been rated by the IUCN Red List as a threatened, but many species have small distributions and at least three, "H. flammeus", "H. coelestinus" and "H. duragenys" are classified as endangered. One, "H. taurocephalus", is categorised as possibly extinct. This species only occurs in a few rivers and streams in Santa Catarina and Paraná states of Brazil.
Many "Hyphessobrycon" species are popular aquarium fish, and some, including "H. flammeus", are bred in large numbers in captivity.
Species.
The 156 currently recognized species in this genus are:
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References.
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