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The Tagalog language has developed a unique vocabulary since its inception from its direct Austronesian roots, incorporating words from Malay, Hokkien, Spanish, Nahuatl, English, Sanskrit, Tamil, Japanese, Arabic, Persian, and Quechua.
Spanish.
The Filipino language incorporated Spanish loanwords as a result of 333 years of contact with the Spanish language. In their analysis of José Villa Panganiban's "Talahuluganang Pilipino-Ingles" (Pilipino-English dictionary), Llamzon and Thorpe (1972) pointed out that 33% of word root entries are of Spanish origin. As the aforementioned analysis didn't reveal the frequency of the usage of these words by native speakers, a study was conducted by Antonio Quilis in order to understand the percentage of Spanish-derived words used by Filipinos in their daily conversations. Through his studies, the results of which were published in 1973 in the case of Tagalog and in 1976 in the case of Cebuano, it was found out that 20.4% of the lexicon used by Tagalog speakers were of Spanish origin, while it was 20.5% in the case of Cebuano. According to Patrick O. Steinkrüger, depending on the text type, around 20% of the vocabulary in a Tagalog text are of Spanish origin. In an analysis of a Tagalog-language corpus consisting of random news, fiction and non-fiction articles published between 2005 and 2015, Ekaterina Baklanova found out that Spanish-derived words constitute 20% of the lexicon used. An example is the sentence below in which Spanish–derived words are in italics (original in parentheses):
Tagalog: ""Puwede" ("Puede") ba akóng umupô sa "silya" ("silla") sa tabí ng "bintanà" ("ventana") hábang nása "biyahe" ("viaje") táyo sa "eroplano" ("aeroplano")?"
Translation in English: (""May" I sit on the "chair" near the "window" during our "voyage" in the "aeroplane"?")
The adoption of the Abakada alphabet in 1940 changed the spelling of the Spanish loanwords present in the Filipino language. The spellings of Spanish loanwords were reformed according to the new orthographic rules. Examples include:
"agila" (from Sp. "águila"), "alkalde" (from Sp. "alcalde"), "bakuna" (from Sp. "vacuna"), "banyo" (from Sp. "baño"), "baso" (from Sp. "vaso"), "biktima" (from Sp. "víctima"), "bintanà" (from Sp. "ventana"), "bisita" (from Sp. "visita"), "biyahe" (from Sp. "viaje"), "braso" (from Sp. "brazo"), "demokrasya" (from Sp. "democracia"), "diyaryo" (from Sp. "diario"), "estudyante" (from Sp. "estudiante"), "henerál" (from Sp. "general"), "hustisya" (from Sp. "justicia"), "kama" (from Sp. "cama"), "kambiyo" (from Sp. "cambio de marcha"), "keso" (from Sp. "queso"), "kutsara" (from Sp. "cuchara"), "kuwarto" (from Sp. "cuarto"), "kuwento" (from Sp. "cuento"), "lababo" (from Sp. "lavabo"), "mensahe" (from Sp. "mensaje"), "meryenda" (from Sp. "merienda"), "mikrobyo" (from Sp. "microbio"), "niyebe" (from Sp. "nieve"), "panyô" (from Sp. "paño"), "pila" (from Sp. "fila"), "plema" (from Sp. "flema"), "presyo" (from Sp. "precio"), "prinsesa" (from Sp. "princesa"), "reseta" (from Sp. "receta médica"), "reyna" (from Sp. "reina"), "serbisyo" (from Sp. "servicio"), "sinturón" (from Sp. "cinturón"), "teklado" (from Sp. "teclado"), "telebisyón" (from Sp. "televisión"), "tinidór" (from Sp. "tenedor"), "trabaho" (from Sp. "trabajo"), "tuwalya" (from Sp. "toalla") and "yelo" (from Sp. "hielo").
Other loanwords underwent phonological changes. Vowel changes can be observed to some of the Spanish words upon adoption into the Filipino language, such as an /i/ to /a/ vowel shift observed in the Filipino word "pamintá", which came from the Spanish word "pimienta," and a pre-nasal /e/ to /u/ vowel shift observed in several words such as "unanò" (from Sp. "enano") and "umpisá" (from Sp. "empezar"). Prothetic /a/ is added in the loanwords "alisto" (from Sp. "listo") and "aplaya" (from Sp. "playa"). Other words underwent vowel deletion, e.g., "pustá" (from Sp. "apostar"), "tarantado" (from Sp. "atarantado"), "kursonada" (from Sp. "corazonada"), "Paskó" (from Sp. "Pascua") and "labì" (from Sp. "labio").
Consonant shifts can also be observed to some of the Spanish words upon their adoption into the Filipino language. The [r] to [l] consonant shift can be observed in the following words:
"albularyo" (folk healer, from Sp. "herbolario"), "alma" (from Sp. "armar"), "almusál" (from Sp. "almorzar"), "asukal" (from Sp. "azúcar"), "balbás" (from Sp. "barba"), "bandilà" (from. Sp. "bandera"), "dasál" (from Sp. "rezar"), "hiblá" (thread or strand, from Sp. "hebra"), "hilo" (dizzy, from Sp. "giro"), "hulmá" (to mould, from Sp. "ahormar"), "kasál" (from Sp. "casar"), "kumpisál" (from Sp. "confesar"), "lagadera" (from Sp. "regadera"), "litratista" (photographer, from Sp. "retratista"), "litrato" (photograph, portrait or picture; from Sp. "retrato"), "multo" (from Sp. "muerto"), "nunál" (from Sp. "lunar"), "pastól" (from Sp. "pastor") and "pasyál" (from Sp. "pasear").
The loss of the /l/ phoneme can be observed in the Filipino word "kutsón" derived from the Spanish "colchón". The loss of the /t/ phoneme can be observed in the Filipino words "talino" (intelligence or wisdom, from Sp. "talento") and tina (dye, from Sp. "tinta"). Some Spanish-derived words have also undergone consonant or syllable deletion upon introduction to Tagalog like in the case of "limós" (from Sp. "limosna"), "masyado" (from Sp. "demasiado"), "posas" (from Sp. "esposas"), "restawran" (from Sp. "restaurante"), "riles" (rail, railway or railroad; from Sp. "carriles"), "sigurado" (from "asegurado"), "sindí" (from Sp. "encender") and "sintunado" (from Sp. "desentonado").
The Spanish digraph [ll] is pronounced by the Spaniards as /j/ during the Renaissance era and this reflected on the pronunciation and the spelling of Spanish-derived loanwords in Tagalog introduced before the 19th century, where the digraph [ll] becomes [y] in Tagalog. Such is the case of the words "baryá" (from Sp. "barrilla"), "kabayò" (from Sp. "caballo"), "kutamaya" (from. Sp. "cota de malla"), "lauya" (a stew of meat and vegetables, from Sp. "la olla"), "sibuyas" (from Sp. "cebollas") and "tabliya" or "tablea" (from Sp. "tablilla de chocolate"). Spanish loanwords in which the digraph [ll] is pronounced as /lj/ in Tagalog might have been introduced (or reintroduced) during the 19th century. Examples include "apelyido" (from Sp. "apellido"), "balyena" (from Sp. "ballena"), "kalye" (from Sp. "calle"), "kutsilyo" (from Sp. "cuchillo"), "makinilya" (from Sp. "maquinilla de escribir"), "sepilyo" (from Sp. "cepillo de dientes"), "silya" (from Sp. "silla") and "sigarilyo" (from Sp. "cigarrillo"). There are also rare cases of Tagalog doublets coming from the same Spanish etymological root which exhibit both the influences of the Renaissance /j/ and the latter /λ/ sounds, like in the case of the Tagalog word pair "laryo" and "ladrilyo", both from Sp. "ladrillo". There are also instances of the Spanish digraph [ll] being transformed into [l] upon adoption by Tagalog. Such is the case in "kulani" (lymph node, from Sp. "collarín").
Vestigial influences of Middle Spanish voiceless palato-alveolar fricative /ʃ/ are evident in some of the Spanish-derived loanwords in Tagalog, where the /ʃ/ sound is transformed into the Tagalog /s/. Examples include "relos" (clock or wristwatch, from Sp. "reloj", pronounced as /reˈloʃ/ in Middle Spanish), "sabón" (soap, from Sp. "jabón", pronounced as /ʃaˈbon/ in Middle Spanish), "saro" (pitcher or jug, from Sp. "jarro", pronounced as /ˈʃaro/ in Middle Spanish), "sugál" (to gamble, from Sp. "jugar", pronounced as /ʃuˈgar/ in Middle Spanish) and "tasá" (to sharpen, from Sp. "tajar", pronounced as /taˈʃar/ in Middle Spanish). Loanwords which have the pronunciation that reflects the transition from Middle Spanish /ʃ/ to Modern Spanish /x/ are also present in Tagalog. The Modern Spanish /x/ sound is rendered in Tagalog as [h], which is the standard pronunciation in other Spanish dialects. Example cases include "ahedres" (from Sp. "ajedrez"), "anghél" (from Sp. "ángel"), "halayá" (from Sp. "jalea"), "hardín" (from Sp. "jardín"), "hepe" (police chief, from Sp. "jefe"), "kahera" and "kahero" (cashier, from Sp. "cajera" and "cajero" respectively) and "kahón" (from Sp. "cajón"). There are also rare cases of doublets that exhibit influences of both the Middle Spanish /ʃ/ and Modern Spanish /x/ like for example in the cases of Tagalog "muson" and "mohon" (both from Sp. "mojón") and "relos" and "relo" (both from Sp. "reloj").
The compound word "batya't palo–palo", a phrase in the laundry business where many Spanish words proliferate. The words were taken from the Spanish "batea" for "washing tub" and "palo" for "stick", something a typical Filipino might think had no Spanish provenance at all because of the Tagalog verb "palò" which means "strike".
Some loanwords have been associated to new meanings, such as "kursonada" ("corazonada", originally meaning '"hunch"), which means "object of desire"; "sospetsoso" ("sospechoso") is the "suspicious person" and not the "suspect" as in the original; "insekto" ("insecto"), which still means "insect" but also refers to a "pesty clownish person"; or even sige ("sigue"), a Spanish word for "continue" or "follow", which is popularly understood to mean "all right" or "go ahead".
Some Spanish affixes are combined with Tagalog words to make new words. For example, "pakialamero" (from Tag. "pakialam", "to meddle" and the Sp. suffix "–ero", masculine subject); "majongero" ("mahjong", ultimately from Chinese, and the Sp. suffix "–ero"); "basketbolista", "boksingero". "Daisysiete" is a word play and portmanteau of the English "daisy" and the Spanish "diecisiete" ("seventeen"), now meaning a sweet and sexually desirable underaged (17 year-old) female. "Bastusing katawán" (Sp.: "basto" - ; "bastós" &amp; Tag.: "katawán") is an example of a two-word term for a bombshell body.
Tagalog still uses Spanish language influence in coining new words, e.g., "alaskadór" ("Alaska" + Sp. suffix '–ador'); "bérde" ("verde"="green", nuanced to "toilet humour" or "blue joke", a literal Tagalog translation of Philippine English term "green(-minded)".); which are not readily understood in Spain or any Latin American country.
Spanish influences on Tagalog morphosyntax.
Although the overall influence of Spanish on the morphosyntax of the Tagalog language was minimal, there are fully functional Spanish-derived words that have produced syntactic innovations on Tagalog. Clear influences of Spanish can be seen in the morphosyntax of comparison and the existence of Spanish-derived modals and conjunctions, as will be discussed in more detail below.
"Kumustá" as an interrogative word in Tagalog.
All of the interrogative words used in Tagalog are not related to Spanish, with the exception of "kumustá". The word "kumustá" is derived from the Spanish "¿cómo está?" and it functions as a Tagalog interrogative word used as a substitute for an adjective of quality or condition equivalent to the English "how". "Kumustá" can also be used as a greeting (similar to English "Hello!") or as a verb with the meaning of "to greet" or "to say hello". The native term can be used as Ohoy and Taupo, however these were lost in translations.
Spanish-derived comparative markers.
Tagalog has several comparative markers that are etymologically derived from Spanish. The particle "mas" (meaning "more", from Sp. "más"), in conjunction with the various Tagalog counterparts of the English "than" ("kaysa" + "sa"-marker, "sa", "kay"), is used as a comparative marker of non-equality. Another comparative marker of non-equality is "kumpará" (from Sp. "comparado"), usually followed with the appropriate "sa"-marker and used as the Tagalog equivalent of the English "compared to". Lastly, the word "pareho" (from Sp. "parejo"), commonly employed with the Tagalog linker "-ng", is used as a comparative marker of equality.
Spanish-derived Tagalog modals.
There are several Spanish-derived words that have acquired function as modals upon adoption in Tagalog. Tagalog modals, including those that are etymologically derived from Spanish, can be classified into two main groups: words realizing "deontic modality" ("i.e." modals concerned with expressing inclination, obligation and ability) and words realizing "epistemic modality" ("i.e." modals concerned with degrees of reality).
Deontic modality in Tagalog is realized through words which are grammaticized by Paul Schachter and Fe T. Otanes as "pseudo-verbs". An example of a Spanish-derived Tagalog deontic modal is "gusto" (from Sp. "gusto"), which is used to denote preference or desire. "Gusto" is considered to be more commonly used than its other counterparts newly adapted to this usage such as "nais" or "ibig", since these two words are usually perceived as more formal than "gustó" and are more commonly used in literature than in colloquial speech; in native Tagalog synonyms, "nais" is more commonly used in colloquial speech than "ibig" as an alternate of "gustó" and also commonly used as a noun for "desire", "want", or "wish". Another example is "puwede" (from Sp. "puede"), which can be translated in English as "can" and is thus used to express permission or ability. The word "puwede" co-exists with its equivalent "maaárì" and the two pseudo-verbs are deemed to have little semantic difference, with "puwede" only being considered usually as more colloquial and less formal than "maaarì".
Epistemic modality in Tagalog is realized through words functioning as adverbials. These words, when used as modals, are typically linked to the clause that they modalize through the Tagalog linker "-ng" or "na". An example of a Spanish-derived epistemic modal used for expressing high degree of probability is "sigurado + -ng" (from Sp. "seguro" + "-ado"), with the meaning of "surely" or "certainly", and is considered as a