German U-boat commander (1913–2018)
"Korvettenkapitän" Reinhard Hardegen (18 March 1913 – 9 June 2018) was a German U-boat commander during World War II. He was credited with the sinking of 25 ships (2 were later refloated), at a total of 136,661 tons. After the war, he spent a year and a half as a British prisoner-of-war before starting a successful oil trading business and serving as a member of Bremen's city council (the "Bürgerschaft") for over 32 years.
World War II.
Hardegen served as "1.WO" (First Watch Officer) under "Kapitänleutnant" Georg-Wilhelm Schulz aboard and, after two war patrols, was given his own command, the Type IID U-boat , operating out of Kiel, on 11 December 1940. The boat was ready for its first patrol shortly before the new year and, after visiting the U-boat base in Bergen, "U-147" was ordered to patrol the convoy routes north of the Hebrides.
On the second day of the patrol, Hardegen fired a torpedo which failed to detonate against a large merchant ship, before being forced to submerge after mistaking a destroyer for a merchant ship. During the dive, the tower hatch was damaged, forcing "U-147" to resurface after a short while to make feverish repairs only a few hundred meters from the destroyer. The gathering darkness, however, saved the boat from being detected. The water leaks had damaged the diesel engines aboard the boat, forcing Hardegen to use his electric motors when, later in the night, he saw another merchant passing by. Although slowed, the U-boat had enough speed to close the distance and launch a torpedo which sank the freighter. After interrogating the crew, Hardegen learned it was the Norwegian steamer "Augvald"  GRT. A few days later, Hardegen again attacked two freighters, only to find his torpedoes missing or failing to detonate. Shortly thereafter, he was ordered back to Kiel.
After completing the patrol, Hardegen was given command of , a Type IXB U-boat operating out of Lorient. Hardegen's first patrol with "U-123" started on 16 June 1941, with a course for West African waters to attack British shipping around Freetown.
On 20 June, Hardegen sank the neutral Portuguese vessel "Ganda", mistaking her for a British freighter. Dönitz later ordered all references to this sinking deleted from the journals of "U-123" and the matter received little attention. This was one of two known alterations of the "Kriegstagebuch" ordered by Dönitz, the other being in regard to the sinking of the liner SS "Athenia".
His next patrol, in October 1941, took him to the North Atlantic. On 20 October he intercepted a convoy and attacked the British auxiliary cruiser (13,984 tons). Although badly damaged, the cruiser was towed to harbour for repairs. Some of the crew abandoned the cruiser, however, and Hardegen picked up a survivor who was brought back to France as a prisoner of war. This led Hardegen to claim the sinking.
First Drumbeat patrol.
On 23 December 1941, "U-123" left for the first phase of Operation Drumbeat. Five boats, which was all Dönitz could muster, were sent towards the American coast, to take advantage of the confusion in the Eastern Seaboard defense networks shortly after the declaration of war. Hardegen was ordered to penetrate the inshore areas around New York City, however due to the need for strict operational secrecy for this task, no mapping of the area was issued from stores in Lorient, and Hardegen had only large nautical charts as well as a Knaurs pocket atlas (of his own), for navigation.
After sinking the "Cyclops" and "Norness", Hardegen decided to bottom (place the boat on the ocean bottom) the boat and wait for nightfall before proceeding into the harbour itself. During the night of 15 January, Hardegen entered the harbour, nearly beaching the boat when he mistook shorelight for a light ship. The crew of "U-123" were elated when they came within the sight of the city itself, all lights burning brightly, but Hardegen did not linger long, due to the lack of merchant traffic. He did sink the British tanker "Coimbra" ( GRT) on his way out.
Hardegen then proceeded south along the coast, submerging during the day and surfacing at night. Apart from one air attack on 16 January, Hardegen did not experience any resistance from the United States Navy or United States Army Air Forces. During the night of 19 January, Hardegen sank three freighters off Cape Hatteras in shallow waters close to shore. A couple of hours later, he happened upon five more merchants traveling in a group and attacked them with his last two torpedoes and his 105 mm deck gun, sinking a freighter and claiming the tanker "Malay" ( GRT) as well. Although badly damaged, "Malay", traveling empty, had enough buoyancy to stay afloat and managed to make its way to New York under her own power five days later.
With all torpedoes expended, and the port diesel engine not functioning optimally, Hardegen decided to set course for home. Just before dawn, the Norwegian whaling factory "Kosmos II" ( GRT) was spotted only away. The skipper of "Kosmos", Einar Gleditsch, decided to ram "U-123", ordering full speed ahead. Hardegen, realizing that the whaler was too close for him to submerge, turned hard to port and ordered full ahead. With its port engine unable to deliver top RPMs, "U-123" only just managed to keep ahead of the tanker, and it took over an hour for Hardegen to gain enough of a lead to have room to maneuver.
During the return journey, he spotted and sank the British freighter "Culebra" ( GRT) on 25 January using the deck gun, but return fire from the freighter damaged the boat. Hardegen approached the lifeboats and gave the survivors food, fresh water and a course to the Bermudas before departing. The following night, the Norwegian tanker "Pan Norway" ( GRT) was attacked and sunk. After the attack, Hardegen ordered a nearby neutral freighter to pick up the survivors, although he had to repeat his order after the Greek captain decided to steam off without picking up all of the crew. This sinking brought the tally for the first patrol to nine ships sunk for a total of  GRT over a two-week period, although Hardegen also claimed "Malay" for a total of  GRT.
On 23 January, Hardegen received another signal, confirming he had been awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for sinking over  GRT of Allied shipping. He returned home to Lorient on 9 February and received a hero's welcome.
Second Drumbeat patrol.
On 2 March 1942, Hardegen left for his final patrol, his second to American waters. The first successes were achieved when Hardegen sank the American tanker "Muskogee" ( GRT) on 22 March and the British tanker "Empire Steel" ( GRT) on 24 March. The latter attack expended four torpedoes, however, as one malfunctioned and one was fired without having been aimed. The tanker, carrying gasoline, burned fiercely for five hours before sinking and no survivors could be spotted. The somber crew of "U-123" nicknamed the night the "Tanker Torch night".
On 26 March, Hardegen attacked the American Q-ship ( GRT), mistaking it for a merchant freighter. After torpedoing the ship, Hardegen surfaced to sink her with the deck guns, only to find the "Atik" trying to ram him and opening fire on him with guns that had been concealed behind false bulwarks. Making a getaway on the surface, "U-123" received eight hits and one of the crew members was fatally wounded. Approaching the "Atik" submerged, Hardegen sank her with another torpedo.
Hardegen's second patrol was along the Florida coast. He reached the target area in late March, attacking the American tanker "Liebre" ( GRT) on 1 April with his deck gun. Although the tanker was badly damaged, an approaching patrol craft forced Hardegen to submerge and leave the area. "Liebre" was towed to port and was ready to sail again by mid-July. On the night of 8 April, "U-123" was positioned off the shore of St. Simons Island, Georgia and torpedoed and sank two tankers: the SS "Oklahoma" ( GRT) and the "Esso Baton Rouge" ( GRT). The two tankers were sunk in such shallow water, however, that they were re-floated and put back into service. During the night of 9 April, "U-123" sank the cold storage motor ship SS "Esparta" ( GRT).
On the night of 11 April, "U-123" torpedoed and sank the ( GRT) about two miles off the coast of Jacksonville, Florida. The "Gulfamerica" was on its maiden voyage from Philadelphia to Port Arthur, Texas with 90,000 barrels of fuel oil. After hitting her with a torpedo, Hardegen closed in for the kill with his deck gun. Noting the already large crowds gathering on the beach to watch the spectacle, as well as all the beach houses just beyond the "Gulfamerica", Hardegen decided to manoeuver around the tanker and attack from the land side. The move was quite hazardous, as the U-boat was clearly illuminated to any onshore weapons, and the shallow waters forced it to take up station only from the tanker, which risked return fire from the tanker as well as getting caught in a blaze if the oil spilling out caught fire. The highways leading from Jacksonville were soon thronged with curious people trying to get to the beach to look at the spectacle. After firing for some time with the deck gun, the tanker was ablaze and Hardegen decided to leave. Already planes were overhead trying to locate the submarine with parachute flares, while a destroyer and several smaller patrol boats were closing in.
Forced by an aircraft to crash dive, "U-123" found itself on the bottom, only under the surface, when the destroyer, dropped six depth charges. Taking heavy damage and believing the destroyer would move in for another attack, Hardegen ordered the secret codes and machinery destroyed and the boat abandoned. As the commander, he was to open the tower hatch to allow the crew to escape using the escape gear; however, he was gripped by a paralyzing fear and was unable to proceed with the evacuation. Luckily for him, the "Dahlgren", for reasons unknown, failed to drop any more depth charges and, after a short time, moved away, allowing the "U-123" to complete emergency repairs and limp towards deeper waters. Hardegen would later tell Michael Gannon, "Only because I was too scared was I not captured."
On the night of 13 April, "U-123" attacked the US freighter SS "Leslie" ( GRT) with its last torpedo and Hardegen's fiftieth torpedo launch. It sank quickly just off Cape Canaveral. About two hours after this attack, Hardegen shelled the Swedish motor ship "Korsholm" ( GRT) under British charter, and sank her within twenty minutes. He did, however, mistake the freighter for a tanker.
At this point in his second patrol, Hardegen claimed ten ships for a total of  GRT, whereas in reality he had sunk nine, if counting the two tankers later refloated, for a total of a still respectable  GRT. To sum up his patrol, Hardegen chose the lyrical approach, sending the following signal to BdU:
"Sieben Tankern schlug die letzte Stund,""Die U-Falle sank träger.""Zwei Frachter liegen mit auf Grund,""Versenkt vom Paukenschläger."(For seven tankers the last hour has passed,the U-boat trap sank slower.Two freighters lie on the bottom, too,sunk by the drum-beater.)
Setting course for home, Hardegen sighted the freighter SS "Alcoa Guide" ( GRT) on 16 April and sank her with fire from the 105mm deck gun, as well as the 37mm and 20mm flak guns. On 23 April, Hardegen received a signal confirming his award of the Oak Leaves to his Knights Cross. On 2 May, "U-123" docked at Lorient, ending Hardegen's career as an active U-boat commander, although he commanded the boat for a final journey, bringing her back to Kiel for some necessary repairs in May 1942.
Throughout his career, Hardegen, as U-boat historian Michael Gannon documents meticulously with accounts from survivors, furnished food and navigational directions to the lifeboats of torpedoed merchantmen when possible and, when he sank the tanker "Pan Norway", forcibly halted a neutral ship to have it pick up survivors of a vessel he had sunk nearby. He was also credited with saving Norwegian war sailors and others from death at sea.
National Socialism.
Hardegen said that when he met Adolf Hitler and was awarded the Knight's Cross by him, he thought "then that he was a nice fellow. That was a big mistake". One time, he and fellow Oak Leaves winner Erich Topp were invited to a dinner