Names that speakers of Old Norse assigned to foreign places and peoples
The Norse people traveled abroad as Vikings and Varangians.
As such, they often named the locations and peoples they visited with Old Norse words unrelated to the local endonyms.
Some of these names have been acquired from sagas, runestones or Byzantine chronicles.
Aberdeen. 
A Varangian fort near .
Staraya Ladoga in Russia. The hypothetical original Finnic name is ("lowland river").
"water nymph island", "Erik's island". Eriska, Scotland.
 "River home". A capital of the Goths, according to the Hervarar saga.
"East skerry". Auskerry, Orkney
"East way". The Baltic lands.
Verona.
Brittany. Mentioned in the Þiðreks saga.
The southern shores of the White Sea and the basin of the Northern Dvina. Many historians assume the terms and to derive from the Uralic word "perm", which refers to "travelling merchants" and represents the Old Permic culture.
"Bear islands". Possibly Disko Island off Greenland.
Romanians (Vlachs) or Cumans. Blokumannaland may be the lands south of the Lower Danube.
Isle of Bute, Scotland.
Vyshhorod
Welsh people
A river near Árheimar, according to the Hervarar saga. Identified by some as the Dnieper river.
"Giant-lifted". Proposed etymology for Dollywaggon Pike, England.
Cape Kolka in Latvia
 The plains of the Danube.
"Eric's Isle". Eriskay, Scotland.
"River flowing through boggy meadows". Elbląg river in Northwest Poland.
Betanzos Estuary
Sami people
Related to ("spear"). The Franks and the Frankish kingdom.
"Wonderstrands". An uncertain stretch of coastline in North America.
A dangerous sea, the Baltic Sea, the Gulf of Bothnia or the White Sea.
"the kingdom of cities". Kievan Rus
"greut-" may mean "gravel, grit, earth". The Ostrogoths, according to the Hervarar saga.
The trading post of the merchants from Visby (in Gotland) in Veliky Novgorod.
Related to Old Icelandic "haddr" meaning "woman's hair". The Hasdingi Vandals.
The Carpathians.
"Heath-settlement". Hedeby, a Danish trading settlement in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.
"Land of Flat Rocks" or "Land of Flat Stones". The first of the three lands the Greenland Norse found in North America. According to a footnote in Arthur Middleton Reeves's "The Norse Discovery of America" (1906), "the whole of the northern coast of America, west of Greenland, was called by the ancient Icelandic geographers Helluland it Mikla, or "Great Helluland"; and the island of Newfoundland simply Helluland, or Litla Helluland." Most scholars agree that Helluland corresponds to Baffin Island in the present-day Canadian territory of Nunavut.
Isle of Arran.
"hilt land". Shetland
Limerick
"Island enclosure", the fortress of Rurikovo Gorodische near Veliky Novgorod.
A location in Vinland.
 An uncertain sea mentioned in the Rök runestone. Since it is liked to Theodoric the Great, it should be the Mediterranean Sea.
A legendary location, inspired by the Frankish kingdom ("Hugones" in Latin) and the Huns.
"Son of a dog". The Longobards.
"White Men's Land". A land near Vinland. Also called Great Ireland.
"Strait by Anglesey", Menai Strait
"Great Ireland". A land near Vinland. Also called Hvítramannaland.
"Land of James". The land around Santiago de Compostela.
Fortress of the Jomsvikings in an uncertain location in Pomerania.
"sea of Jerusalem". The Mediterranean. It is given as the location of ("Narbonne").
Jerusalem. It exhibits a re-interpretation of the second element as "-", denoting a hall or temple, common in Old Norse toponyms.
York
Cádiz
"Purchase". A hill near Mokhovoye, Kaliningrad Oblast in Russia.
"islands of the merchants". Copeland Islands, Northern Ireland.
"Boatyard". Kyiv.
"Keel point". A location in Vinland.
A territory in Northern Finland or Northern Sweden.
"King's castle". Cunningsburgh, Shetland.
"Cross farm or cross roads, market place". Crosby, Isle of Man.
"Cumbrian people", the Strathclyde Britons.
A people of uncertain origin active in Northern Europe.
A Byzantine province in Southern Italy, formerly ruled by the Longobards. The Varangian troops deployed there were remembered in the Italy runestones.
"Leif's temporary shelters". A settlement in Vinland.
"song house"? Isle of Lewis in the United Kingdom.
 "Sea of worms". Sea near Vinland.
"Forest Land". A land south of Helluland in North America.
Mainz
Milan
"Big stronghold". Constantinople.
Smolensk
"Dark wood" or "black forest". The name of several European forests.
Nantes
Related to mist. The land of the Nibelungs, the kingdom of the Burgundians.
 -"narrow straight"; The Strait of Gibraltar
"Northern islands", Orkney and Shetland.
"New enclosure", a proposed etymology for Veliky Novgorod.
"Seal islands". Orkney.
"Oxen's ford". Oxford
Irish monks found by the Norsemen in Iceland and Faroe.
After the Polota river. Polotsk in Belarus.
Poitiers.
Rostov
"Hreiðr" can mean "bird's nest", but "hreið-" is also a name-prefix meaning "beautiful", "eager", "great", "famous", "noble". Another possibility is that it was originally "reið" "ride, journey". The same tribal name was used for the Gutes of Gotland. The identification of the territory varies between the sources: the island of Gotland, Götaland, the land of the Goths, i.e. Gothiscandza, Denmark and Sweden, Jutland. The Hreidgoths ("hraiðgutum") may also be the Ostrogoths in south-eastern Europe.
Rothomagum, Rouen in the Haakon Haakonssøns saga.
"Roth's island", "Rother's Isle" or a corruption of the Gaelic meaning "fort". Isle of Bute, Scotland.
Rouen
Iona
Related to Proto-Germanic *"sahsą" ("knife, dagger"). The Saxons.
"Saxon Elbe". The river Elbe.
"Land of the Saxons". Germany.
"Fortified place of Thorgils Skarthi" or "gap hill". Scarborough, North Yorkshire.
Grobiņa in Latvia.
A Guarda
"Land of the Saracens". The Middle East, sometimes Georgia. Mentioned in the Serkland Runestones.
Seine
"Misty isle", "cloud isle". Skye, Scotland.
 From skrækja, meaning "bawl, shout, or yell" or from , meaning "dried skin", in reference to the animal pelts worn by the Inuit. The name the Norse Greenlanders gave the previous inhabitants of North America and Greenland.
Hudson Strait
"Current-fjord", "Stream-fjord" or "Tide-fjord". A fjord in Vinland. Straumsey ("Current-isle") lies at the mouth of Straumfjörð.
"Southern islands". Hebrides.
"South way", Germany.
Soest, Germany
Suzdal
Probably a corruption of "Karlungaland", i.e., the land of the Carolingians.
Liubech
Touraine
The Thervingi Goths.
Tiree
Chernihiv
"Land of the **Walhaz". Land of the Celtic- and Romance-speaking peoples.
"Land of the Wends". Slavic areas East from Lübeck.
Worms, Germany.
"Westmen", the Gaels of Ireland and Britain.
Wicklow
Ventspils in Latvia. Named after the Venta River.
A mythical city in the Baltic of disputed location.
"Wine land", "pasture land". The area of coastal North America explored by Norse Vikings.
"demarcation islet", Vytachiv