Office skyscraper in Manhattan, New York
Times Square Tower, also known as 7 Times Square, is a 48-story office skyscraper at the southern end of Times Square in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. Located on the city block bounded by Broadway, 42nd Street, Seventh Avenue, and 41st Street, the building measures tall. The building was designed by David Childs of Skidmore, Owings &amp; Merrill and developed by Boston Properties. The site is owned by the New York City Department of Citywide Administrative Services, though Boston Properties and Norges Bank have a long-term leasehold on the building.
Childs planned the facade as a glass curtain wall, with large billboards on lower stories as part of the 42nd Street Development Project. The foundation consists of shallow footings under most of the site, though parts of the plot abut New York City Subway tunnels and are supported by caissons. The steel superstructure includes a wind-resisting lattice of diagonal beams across the exterior of the tower, as well as a mechanical core. The building contains of floor space, much of which is devoted to offices. The lowest three stories contain retail space and an entrance to the Times Square subway station.
During the 1980s and early 1990s, Park Tower Realty and the Prudential Insurance Company of America had planned to develop a tower for the site as part of a wide-ranging redevelopment of West 42nd Street. After the successful development of the nearby 3 and 4 Times Square, Boston Properties developed both 5 Times Square and Times Square Tower. Work started in 2001 after accounting firm Arthur Andersen was signed as the anchor tenant. Arthur Andersen's lease was canceled following the Enron scandal, and the building was completed in 2004 as a speculative development. In 2013, Norges Bank bought a partial stake in the leasehold.
Site.
Times Square Tower, also known as 7 Times Square, is at the southern end of Times Square in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It occupies an entire city block bounded by Seventh Avenue to the west, 41st Street to the south, Broadway to the east, and 42nd Street to the north. The land lot is trapezoidal and covers , with a frontage of on Broadway. The 42nd Street side measures long and is parallel to the 41st Street side, which is long. Nearby buildings include 5 Times Square, the New Amsterdam Theatre, and the Candler Building to the west; the New Victory Theater and 3 Times Square to the northwest; One Times Square to the north; 4 Times Square and the Bank of America Tower to the northeast; and the Knickerbocker Hotel and Bush Tower to the east.
The site is directly bounded on all sides by New York City Subway tunnels. An entrance to the subway's Times Square–42nd Street station, served by the 1 , ​ 2 , ​ 3 ​, 7 , ;7 ;​​, N , ​ Q , ​ R , ​ W , and S trains, is within the base of the building on 42nd Street. The entrance was developed by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) as the main entrance for the Times Square station complex. The entrance predates Times Square Tower, having opened in July 1997. It features a bright neon and colored glass flashing sign with train route symbols and the word "Subway", as well as escalators. There is also an elevator within this entrance.
3, 4, and 5 Times Square, along with Times Square Tower, comprise a grouping of office buildings that were developed at Times Square's southern end in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The surrounding area is part of Manhattan's Theater District and contains many Broadway theatres. 
Previous buildings.
The site of Times Square Tower had been occupied by hotels since 1885. The site was previously occupied by the 7- and 11-story Heidelberg Building, built in 1909. That building was mostly abandoned for much of its history, without even advertising signage, before being demolished in 1984 for the 42nd Street Redevelopment (see ). The foundation of the building was partially retained in the present tower. In 1996, the site became the Hansens Times Square Brewery, a 240-seat brewpub above the subway entrance, with large windows overlooking 42nd Street. Its rooftop sign had a British Airways-branded Concorde aircraft, measuring long and weighing .
Architecture.
Times Square Tower was designed by David Childs of Skidmore, Owings &amp; Merrill (SOM) and was developed by Boston Properties. "The New York Times" cites Gordon Smith Corporation as the curtain wall consultant, though the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat states Permasteelisa worked on the curtain wall. Thornton Tomasetti was the structural engineer, Jaros, Baum &amp; Bolles was the mechanical, electrical, and plumbing engineer, Mueser Rutledge Consulting Engineers was the geotechnical engineer, and Vollmer Associates was the site civil engineer. In addition, Grace Construction Products was the fireproofing supplier and Jordahl was the facade supplier. Officially, the New York City Department of Citywide Administrative Services owns the structure.
Times Square Tower has 48 usable floors above ground and measures to its architectural tip. The roof is above ground. There are also two basement stories measuring up to deep.
Form and facade.
The building is part of the 42nd Street Development Project and, thus, could bypass many city zoning rules such as those relating to floor area ratio (FAR). The tower follows the 42nd Street Development's zoning rules, which do not require setbacks or sky exposure planes at higher stories, and which also allow a much higher FAR for usable space. Consequently, Times Square Tower occupies its entire site, with a FAR of 42. On average, the building is wide from west to east. As a result of the small site, the 42nd Street facade has an aspect ratio of 9, and the 41st Street facade has an aspect ratio of 4.5. The 42nd Street Development Project also mandated a minimum floor area and a minimum number of stories. Since mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems did not count toward these minimums, they were placed on the roof.
Times Square Tower contains several electronic billboards on its facade, which obscure much of the second through fourth floors. These billboards are included as part of the 42nd Street Development Project and were intended to evoke Times Square's historical signage. Most of the large signs are found near the base, but one 4-story sign is found above the middle of the building. In late 2011, an electronic billboard replaced the static billboard toward the top of the tower. Times Square Tower's facade itself is composed of eleven separate designs. The building contains diagonal patterns on its exterior, which form part of the steel superstructure (see ). The Gordon H. Smith Corporation provided Building Envelope Consulting services for the project.
Structural features.
Substructure.
Underneath the site is durable Hartland bedrock, which is covered in some places by soil or weathered rock. Before the tower was constructed, the contractors made nine borings. They found that the Hartland bedrock had been covered by of manmade fill, with the thickest fill underneath the north end of the site. The southern lot line is adjacent to the IRT Flushing Line subway tunnel (used by the 7 and ;7 ;​trains) under 41st Street, which runs about beneath the lowest basement level and below the street level. The site also abuts the BMT Broadway Line ( N , ​ Q , ​ R , and ​ W trains), which is about under Broadway, and the IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line ( 1 , ​ 2 , and ​ 3 trains), which is about under Seventh Avenue.
The foundation had to be excavated in phases because of the small site, and the north end of the foundation could not be excavated mechanically. Some of the foundation footings are reused from the former Heidelberg Building at the north end of the site, where the existing subway entrance could not be closed. Rust buildup was sandblasted from some of the preexisting foundations, which were incorporated into Times Square Tower's foundations. Most of the building is constructed on shallow foundations. Because the underlying rock is weathered, the footing subgrade has a bearing capacity of , less than the surrounding area. Near the Flushing Line tunnel, the south wall is supported by mini-caissons that are about in diameter, while the southeast and southwest corners are supported by caissons measuring across. The corner caissons are made of three smaller caissons with steel cores, which are grouted together. The New York City Department of Buildings granted the builders a waiver to use higher-strength material for the caissons.
Superstructure.
The building's steel weighs on average. The building contains an exterior-braced structural system on its perimeter. The engineers had initially contemplated using a framed tube structural system, but they dropped this plan since it would have required extremely-closely-spaced columns at the base, which would have prevented the inclusion of storefronts there. The building instead uses an exterior super-bracing system, which consists of diagonal beams apart, spanning multiple stories.
A belt truss wraps around the building from the second floor to just below the fifth floor; it transfers wind loads from the upper stories to the base. The columns around the base are spaced apart, twice as wide as the upper stories. The northeast-corner column is omitted at the base, so loads from the northeast corner of the upper stories are transferred to the northern and eastern facades. On upper stories, the diagonal beams on the north and south facades intersect the corner columns at different stories than the diagonal beams on the west and east. This was done because the developers wanted each corner office to have unobstructed views on at least one side. By contrast, in typical buildings, the diagonal beams intersect the corner columns at the same story on each side, strengthening the tube but blocking views where the diagonal beams intersect. For additional structural safety, the structural beams are welded at the joints.
Because of the small floor area, the structural engineers minimized the size of the mechanical core to increase the usable space. The core measures . The structural engineers could not stabilize the superstructure with outrigger walls, connecting the core and the exterior, because of the lack of mechanical spaces on intermediate stories. The engineers determined that it would not be efficient to build outrigger walls at the base and top. Since the core is not braced, it carries only gravity loads. The floor slabs consist of composite metal decks measuring deep. The slabs consist of composite steel beams between the core and exterior, measuring long. The steel beams can support a live load of , though some framing connections can support greater loads. The floor-to-ceiling height of each story is , while the distance between floor slabs is .
Interior.
Times Square Tower has a total floor area of about , though its gross floor area is . The retail space covers about . The base has three levels of retail space: the first basement, ground story, and second story. The office space takes up the approximately remainder of the building. Due to the small area of the site, each story only has about . The building is served by 27 elevators. Elevators from the ground story lead to a "sky lobby" on the fifth floor, where the building's main elevator banks are located. The elevators contain a destination dispatch system, wherein passengers request their desired floor before entering the cab. The elevators are grouped into three banks, which serve the lower, middle, and upper office stories.
The office spaces contain air conditioning that can be controlled by tenants. Some of the office space has been customized. For example, Gensler designed two stories for law firm Brown Rudnick with materials such as marble floors, wooden ceilings, and metal-and-glass partitions. Law firm Manatt, Phelps &amp; Phillips, which occupied three stories, designed its space with a conference center and glass walls. Clothing retailer Ann Taylor's twelve stories were designed by HOK, which arranged private offices at the center of each floor, surrounded by workstations. Most of Ann Taylor's private offices were designed in two sizes, while Ann Taylor's workstations were arranged in groups of four and came in 15 layouts. Ann Taylor's offices also had a bar and cafeteria, as well as storage space for clothing.
History.
Development.
Early plans.
The Empire State Development Corporation (ESDC), an agency of the New York state government, had proposed redeveloping the area