French flautist (1878 - 1926)
Louis Fleury (24 May 1878 – 10 June 1926) was a French flautist, a student and colleague of Paul Taffanel, a writer who advocated for the revival of Baroque music, and a musician who promoted contemporary composers by commissioning and performing their work.
Less well-known today than some of his fellow flute players, such as Philippe Gaubert and Marcel Moyse, perhaps because he died at a relatively young age, did not establish a teaching studio and left no known recordings, Fleury may be best remembered for his association with one of the most important works in the repertoire for solo flute, "Syrinx" by Claude Debussy. The piece, originally titled "La Flûte de Pan", was dedicated to Fleury, who performed its premiere in 1913.
Early life and education.
Louis François Fleury was born on 24 May 1878 in Lyon to Alphonse François Fleury and Antoinette Donadille Fleury. The family often visited Paris, taking Louis to the theater and the opera.
Writing about his early exposure to music, Fleury recalled, "My first lesson in music was given me by a schoolmaster in the little country village where I passed my youth. The poor fellow knew nothing of music [...] but he thought it best not to refuse the chance of making a little extra money, so he taught me to sing the "Marseillaise", the only tune he knew." When he was twelve, Fleury was given a piccolo; displaying an aptitude for the instrument, he was later given a Boehm flute. His instructor on the piccolo was a barber, and on the flute, a pharmacist who was also an amateur flutist.
In 1893 the family moved to Paris to allow Louis to continue his musical training. Fleury made his professional debut in September 1894, playing a duet for two flutes with Georges Barrère. He was accepted into the studio of Paul Taffanel, the professor of flute at the Paris Conservatory, in 1895, after his second audition. He studied with Taffanel for five years, receiving a "premier prix" in 1900, performing that year's "morceau de concours", "Sixième solo de concours", op. 85, by Jules Demersseman.
Taffanel kept notes on the progress of his students. In 1897 he wrote "Very impressionable by nature. Good feeling for music." In 1900 he observed that Fleury had made "Very marked progress. Refined and musical by nature. Has virtually conquered his nervousness. Excellent student."
Performance career.
While still studying at the conservatory, Fleury played in the orchestras of the Folies-Bergere and the Folies Dramatique. Later he played with the Association des Grands Concerts, led by Reynaldo Hahn, Concerts Berlioz, conducted by Pierre Monteaux, and the Concerts Cortot. But his interest shifted from orchestra participation to solo and small ensemble performances.
In 1902 Fleury joined Barrère's chamber ensemble, Société moderne d'instruments à vent (SMIV), as second flute. By 1903 Fleury was touring as a soloist throughout Europe. He was particularly popular in England, where he appeared in over forty concerts between 1905 and 1925, the first on 16 October 1905 with Dame Nellie Melba. He made his first visit to the United States with soprano Emma Calvé on her 45-city tour in 1905–06. He provided obbligato accompaniment for Calvé's solos (as he had for Melba) and performed works by Handel and Mozart with other members of the touring company.
In 1905 Fleury assumed leadership of the SMIV when Barrère left to take a position with the New York Symphony Orchestra. The following year he founded the Société de Concerts d'autrefois, an ensemble dedicated to performing music of the 17th and 18th centuries on period instruments. (Although Fleury continued to play his Boehm instrument rather than a baroque flute.) 
Fleury's most well-known performance occurred on 1 December 1913. Claude Debussy had composed a piece for unaccompanied flute as incidental music for the third act of Gabriel Mourey's play, "Psyché". At the premiere of the play, held in the music salon of arts patron Louis Mors, Fleury played, from offstage, "La Flûte de Pan". Reviews of the music were positive. Critic Georges Casella wrote in "Comœdia": ;templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" / ;Au troisième acte, l'air adorable de la flûte de Pan, que signa Claude Debussy fut écouté avec ravissement.(In the third act, the charming melody of the flute of Pan, by Claude Debussy, was listened to with delight.) Another critic wrote: ;templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" / ;Au troisième acte, pour évoquer la puissance rustique du dieu Pan, nous avons entendu un joli morceau de flûte qui est dû à Debussy. Il fut interprété avec maîtrise par M. Louis Fleury.(In the third act, to evoke the rustic power of the god Pan, we heard a pretty piece for flute by Debussy. It was performed with mastery by M. Louis Fleury.) Fleury kept the manuscript to himself; no one else performed the piece during his lifetime. Re-titled "Syrinx", it was published in 1927, after Fleury's death, and became recognized as the seminal flute solo of the twentieth century.
Fleury's concert career was interrupted by World War I. After entering the army, he became part of Fernand Halphen's first military orchestra (August 1914 – December 1915), which performed for the troops and for the local populace. Halphen, who had also studied at the Paris Conservatory, added selections of classical music to the standard repertoire of marches, dances and patriotic songs, which gave Fleury opportunities for solos. The orchestra disbanded when the soldier-musicians were reassigned to other units.
After the war, Fleury returned to touring and writing, promoting Baroque music along with contemporary French music. By 1924, the SMIV had premiered "no less than "one hundred and twenty-five works" [...] and revived all the classical or modern works of any importance." Danielle Gaudry, writing about the history of early chamber wind ensembles, notes: "At this point, it seemed that virtually every major French composer in succeeding generations would be interested in contributing something to the growing repertoire of chamber wind music."23 
Writing and editing.
Fleury credited Taffanel with rekindling interest in early music, which was then seldom programmed in France. Fleury contributed to this revival by editing new editions of Baroque works for flute by Michel Blavet, Händel, Loeillet, Vinci, Naudot and others. He did not always strive for historic accuracy. Graham Sadler, in his preface to the 1992 Boosey &amp; Hawkes edition of the Blavet sonatas, states: ;templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" / ;The editor took a number of liberties with Blavet's notation; he omitted the composer's breathing marks and continuo fingering, altered some of the articulation (and even certain notes and rhythms) and added dynamics. He also changed Blavet's principal ornament sign from '+' to the modern 'tr' , though without essentially changing the meaning. In some respects this edition, with its “more pianistic” accompaniment, may be better suited to the “modern” flutist than a facsimile or Urtext edition.
Fleury contributed articles to a number of journals, primarily on the flute and French music. Edward Blakeman writes: ;templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" / ;[T]wo particularly stand out: "The Flute and Flutists in the French Art of the 17th and 18th Centuries," which elegantly explores the Baroque antecedents of Taffanel's style, and "The Flute and Its Powers of Expression," which is a closely argued statement of the new French flute aesthetic.
Taffanel had spent many years gathering material for a comprehensive survey of the flute, its history, performers and repertoire, but he died before he could finish writing it. His widow, Geneviève Taffanel, and editor, Albert Lavignac, entrusted Fleury, who had been collaborating with Taffanel, to complete the article, which was published in the "Encyclopédie de la musique et dictionnaire du Conservatoire".
Personal life.
On 24 December 1907 Fleury married Jeanne Marie Gabrielle Monchablon, the daughter of painter Alphonse Monchablon. Gabrielle was already a well-known pianist and harpsichordist. She and her husband often performed together; she was usually billed as Mme. Fleury-Monchablon. They had one daughter, Antoinette, whose godmother was Gabrielle's good friend, the composer Mel Bonis.
Fleury died suddenly in Paris on 10 June 1926, of blood poisoning. A memorial concert was held on 6 November 1926 at Kent House, the London home of Mr. and Mrs. Saxton Noble, to benefit the education of Fleury's sixteen-year-old daughter, who was studying piano in Paris.
References.
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