Animals in mammal order Primates
Primates is a diverse order of placental mammals which includes monkeys, lemurs, galagos, lorisids, tarsiers, and apes (including humans). Members of this order are called primates. The order currently comprises 505 extant species, which are grouped into 81 genera. The majority of primates live in South and Central America, Africa, and southern and Southeast Asia, in a variety of habitats, particularly forests but also including grasslands, savannas, shrublands, wetlands, deserts, and rocky areas. The exception is humans, which have spread worldwide to every biome. Primates come in a variety of body plans but typically feature large brains, a shoulder girdle allowing a large degree of movement in the shoulder joint, dexterous hands, and tails, sometimes prehensile. They range in size from Margot Marsh's mouse lemur, at plus a tail, to the eastern gorilla, at , not including limbs. Primates are also the most intelligent animals and non-human primates are recorded to use tools, communicate with gestures and vocalizations, and have complex social systems.
Primates is divided into two suborders: Haplorrhini and Strepsirrhini. The suborders are further subdivided into clades and families. Haplorrhini contains nine families in four major clades: Cercopithecoidea, containing the Old World monkeys of the family Cercopithecidae; Hominoidea, containing the great apes of the family Hominidae and the gibbons of the family Hylobatidae; Platyrrhines, or New World monkeys, divided into the families Aotidae, Atelidae, Callitrichidae, Cebidae, and Pitheciidae and containing night, howler, spider, woolly, capuchin, squirrel, and saki monkeys, marmosets, and tamarins; and Tarsiiformes, containing the tarsier family Tarsiidae. Strepsirrhini is split between two clades: Lemuroidea, divided into the families Cheirogaleidae (dwarf and mouse lemurs), Daubentoniidae (the aye-aye), Indriidae (wooly lemurs, sifakas, and indri), Lemuridae (lemurs), and Lepilemuridae (sportive lemurs); and Lorisoidea, split between the galago family Galagidae and the loris family Lorisidae. The exact organization of the species is not fixed, with many recent proposals made based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. No species have been recorded as going extinct since 1500 CE, but over 200 species, or more than 40 percent of all primates, are considered endangered or critically endangered.
Conventions.
Range maps are provided wherever possible; if a range map is not available, a description of the collective range of species in that genera is provided. Ranges are based on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species unless otherwise noted.
Classification.
The order Primates consists of 505 extant species belonging to 81 genera. This does not include hybrid species or extinct prehistoric species. Modern molecular studies indicate that the 81 genera can be grouped into 16 families; these families are divided between two named suborders and are grouped in those suborders into named clades, and some of these families are subdivided into named subfamilies.
Suborder Haplorrhini
Suborder Strepsirrhini
Primates.
The following classification is based on the taxonomy described by "Mammal Species of the World" (2005), with augmentation by generally accepted proposals made since using molecular phylogenetic analysis, as supported by both the IUCN and the American Society of Mammalogists.
Suborder Haplorrhini.
Superfamily Cercopithecoidea.
Family Cercopithecidae.
Members of the Cercopithecidae family are called cercopithecids, or colloquially Old World monkeys, and include baboons, colobuses, guenons, lutungs, macaques, and other types of monkeys. Cercopithecidae comprises 158 extant species, divided into 23 genera. These genera are grouped into two subfamilies: Cercopithecinae, or cercopithecine monkeys, containing baboon, guenon, macaque, and other monkey species; and Colobinae, or leaf-eating monkeys, containing colobus, lutung, and other monkey species.
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!scope="row"|"Allenopithecus "
"text-align:left;"|"Size": long, plus tail"Habitats": Forest"Diet": Fruit, leaves, and small invertebrates
!scope="row"|"Allochrocebus "(terrestrial guenon)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (L'Hoest's monkey)"Habitats": Grassland and forest"Diets": Fruit, seeds, shoots, leaves, buds, flowers, mushrooms, and invertebrates
!scope="row"|"Cercocebus "(white-eyelid mangabey)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (Golden-bellied mangabey)"Habitats": Inland wetlands, forest, shrubland, and savanna"Diets": Invertebrates, fruit, leaves, nuts, seeds, nectar, stems, roots, insects, fungi, grass, and small vertebrates
!scope="row"|"Cercopithecus "(guenon)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (Lesser spot-nosed monkey) to long, plus tail (Blue monkey)"Habitats": Inland wetlands, forest, shrubland, and savanna"Diets": Fruit, leaves, seeds, shoots, herbs, invertebrates, flowers, buds, tree gum, birds, bird eggs, and small reptiles
!scope="row"|"Chlorocebus "(vervet monkey)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (Malbrouck) to long, plus tail (Tantalus monkey)"Habitats": Forest, shrubland, and savanna"Diets": Fruit, leaves, flowers, small vertebrates, shoots, stems, roots, insects, bark, gum, eggs, invertebrates, pith, seeds, and mushrooms
!scope="row"|"Erythrocebus "(patas monkey)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (Blue Nile patas monkey) to long, plus tail (Common patas monkey)"Habitats": Grassland, forest, shrubland, and savanna"Diets": Fruit, insects, gum, and arthropods, as well as flowers, fruit, seeds, leaves, stems, roots, small vertebrates, and bird eggs
!scope="row"|"Lophocebus "(crested mangabey)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (Grey-cheeked mangabey)"Habitats": Forest"Diets": Fruit and seeds
!scope="row"|"Macaca "(macaque)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (Toque macaque) to long, plus tail (Arunachal macaque)"Habitats": Inland wetlands, rocky areas, shrubland, savanna, grassland, forest, intertidal marine, and caves"Diets": Fish, crabs, shellfish, bird eggs, honeycombs, invertebrates, gums, pith, seeds, leaves, flowers, dirt, fungi, and birds
!scope="row"|"Mandrillus "(mandrill)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (Mandrill)"Habitats": Rocky areas, forest, and savanna"Diets": Omnivorous, primarily fruit and seeds
!scope="row"|"Miopithecus "(talapoin)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (Gabon talapoin) to long, plus tail (Angolan talapoin)"Habitats": Inland wetlands and forest"Diets": Insects, leaves, seeds, fruit, water plants, grubs, eggs, and small vertebrates
!scope="row"|"Papio "(baboon)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (Chacma baboon)"Habitats": Inland wetlands, rocky areas, shrubland, savanna, desert, grassland, and forest"Diets": Fruit, leaves, roots, insects, eggs, small vertebrates, flowers, buds, grass, and seeds
!scope="row"|"Rungwecebus "
"text-align:left;"|"Size": long, plus about tail"Habitats": Forest"Diet": Omnivorous, including bulbs, roots, shoots, seeds, and fruit
!scope="row"|"Theropithecus "
"text-align:left;"|"Size": long, plus tail"Habitats": Grassland and rocky areas"Diet": Leaves and forbs, as well as roots, corms, tubers and rhizomes
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!scope="row"|"Colobus "(black-and-white colobus)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (King colobus)"Habitats": Forest and savanna"Diets": Leaves, nuts, and seeds, as well as fruit, flowers, buds, stems, bark, shoots, insects, and clay
!scope="row"|"Nasalis "
"text-align:left;"|"Size": long, plus tail"Habitats": Forest"Diet": Fruit, seeds, leaves, and shoots, as well as caterpillars and larvae
!scope="row"|"Piliocolobus "(red colobus)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (multiple)"Habitats": Inland wetlands, forest, shrubland, and savanna"Diets": Leaves, fruit, shoots, buds, flowers, and seeds, as well as flowers
!scope="row"|"Presbytis "(surili)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (Black Sumatran langur) to long, plus tail (Thomas's langur)"Habitats": Inland wetlands, forest, and shrubland"Diets": Fruit, leaves, seeds and flowers, as well as bark, twigs, stalks, birds, bird eggs, algae, and insects
!scope="row"|"Procolobus "
"text-align:left;"|"Size": long, plus tail"Habitats": Forest"Diet": Leaves and flowers
!scope="row"|"Pygathrix "(douc)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (Black-shanked douc) to long, plus tail (Red-shanked douc)"Habitats": Forest"Diets": Leaves, as well as fruit, seeds, buds, and flowers
!scope="row"|"Rhinopithecus "(snub-nosed monkey)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (Tonkin snub-nosed monkey) to long, plus tail (Black-and-white snub-nosed monkey)"Habitats": Forest"Diets": Leaves, fruit, buds, flowers, buds, bark, seeds, and lichen, as well as insect larvae
!scope="row"|"Semnopithecus "(gray langur)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus (multiple)"Habitats": Rocky areas, forest, shrubland, and savanna"Diets": Leaves, fruit, and flowers, seeds, roots, bark, twigs, coniferous cones, moss, lichens, ferns, shoots, rhizomes, grass, and invertebrates
!scope="row"|"Simias "
"text-align:left;"|"Size": long, plus tail"Habitats": Forest"Diet": Leaves, fruit, and berries
!scope="row"|"Trachypithecus "(lutung)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (multiple)"Habitats": Inland wetlands, rocky areas, forests, forest, and caves"Diets": Leaves, flowers, fruit, shoots, seeds, and twigs, as well as bark and insects
Superfamily Hominoidea.
Family Hominidae.
Members of the Hominidae family are hominids, or colloquially great apes, and include gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, and humans. Hominoidae comprises eight extant species, divided into four genera. These genera are grouped into two subfamilies: Homininae, or African hominids, containing gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans; and Ponginae, or Asian hominids, containing orangutans.
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!scope="row"|"Gorilla "(gorilla)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long (Western gorilla) to long (Eastern gorilla)"Habitats": Forest"Diets": Leaves, berries, ferns, bark, roots, stems, and pith, as well as wood, flowers, fruit, fungi, galls, invertebrates, and gorilla dung
!scope="row"|"Homo "
"text-align:left;"|"Size": long, including legs"Habitats": Varied"Diet": Omnivorous
!scope="row"|"Pan "(chimpanzee)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long (Chimpanzee)"Habitats": Forest and savanna"Diets": Fruit, leaves, stems, buds, bark, pith, seeds, and resins, as well as leaves, insects, shoots, small vertebrates, truffles, fungus, honey, and eggs
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!scope="row"|"Pongo "
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long (Bornean orangutan)"Habitats": Forest"Diets": Fruit, leaves, shoots, flowers, and bark, as well as insects, sap, vines, spider webs, bird eggs, fungi, flowers, bark, and soil
Family Hylobatidae.
Members of the Hylobatidae family are hylobatids, or colloquially gibbons. Hylobatidae comprises 19 extant species, divided into four genera.
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!scope="row"|"Hoolock "(hoolock gibbon)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long (Western hoolock gibbon) to long (Skywalker hoolock gibbon)"Habitats": Forest"Diets": Fruit and leaves, as well as shoots, invertebrates, bird chicks, and flowers
!scope="row"|"Hylobates "(dwarf gibbon)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long (Silvery gibbon) to long (Agile gibbon)"Habitats": Forest"Diets": Fruit, flowers, leaves, and insects, as well as eggs and small vertebrates
!scope="row"|"Nomascus "(crested gibbon)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long (Eastern black crested gibbon) to long (Southern white-cheeked gibbon)"Habitats": Forest"Diets": Fruit, leaves, buds, shoots, and flowers, as well as insects, eggs, and small vertebrates
!scope="row"|"Symphalangus "
"text-align:left;"|"Size": long"Habitats": Forest"Diet": Fruit and leaves, as well as flowers and insects
Parvorder Platyrrhines.
Family Aotidae.
Members of the Aotidae family are aotids, or colloquially night monkeys. Aotidae comprises eleven extant species in a single genus.
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!scope="row"|"Aotus "(night monkey)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (Azara's night monkey) to long plus tail (Three-striped night monkey)"Habitats": Forest and savanna"Diets": Fruit, nectar, leaves, flowers, buds, and insects, as well as small vertebrates and eggs
Family Atelidae.
Members of the Atelidae family are atelids, or colloquially night monkeys, and include howler, spider, woolly, and woolly spider monkeys. Aotidae comprises 24 extant species in 4 genera. It is divided into the subfamilies Alouattinae, or howler monkeys, and Atelinae, or spider and woolly monkeys.
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!scope="row"|"Alouatta "(howler monkey)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (Mantled howler) to long plus tail (Brown howler)"Habitats": Forest and savanna"Diets": Leaves, flowers, fruit, bark, and twigs as well as buds, seeds, moss, stems, termite nests, and decaying wood
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!scope="row"|"Ateles "(spider monkey)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (Geoffroy's spider monkey)"Habitats": Forest"Diets": Fruit, leaves, flowers, nuts, seeds, and insects, as well as bark, honey, decaying wood, roots, fungi, arachnids, and eggs
!scope="row"|"Brachyteles "(muriqui)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (both species)"Habitats": Forest"Diets": Leaves, fruit, vines, flowers, bark, nectar, and seeds
!scope="row"|"Lagothrix "(woolly monkey)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (Yellow-tailed woolly monkey) to long plus tail (Common woolly monkey)"Habitats": Forest and savanna"Diets": Fruit, leaves, insects, seeds, moss, buds, and flowers
Family Callitrichidae.
Members of the Callitrichidae family are callitrichids, and include marmosets, tamarins, and lion tamarins. Callitrichidae comprises 43 extant species in 7 genera.
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!scope="row"|"Callimico "
"text-align:left;"|"Size": long, plus tail"Habitats": Forest"Diet": Fruit, insects, and fungi, as well as lizards, frogs, and other small vertebrates
!scope="row"|"Callithrix "(Atlantic Forest marmoset)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (Common marmoset) to long plus tail (Buffy-headed marmoset)"Habitats": Forest and savanna"Diets": Plant gum, sap, fruit, flowers, nectar, seeds, insects, and spiders, as well as molluscs, small vertebrates, and bird eggs
!scope="row"|"Cebuella "(pygmy marmoset)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (Western pygmy marmoset) to long plus tail (Eastern pygmy marmoset)"Habitats": Forest"Diets": Tree gum, sap, and resin, as well as insects, small lizards, fruit, flowers, and spiders
!scope="row"|"Leontocebus "(saddle-back tamarin)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (multiple)"Habitats": Forest"Diets": Fruit, sap, nectar, vegetation, invertebrates, small vertebrates, and eggs
!scope="row"|"Leontopithecus "(lion tamarin)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (Black lion tamarin) to long plus tail (Golden lion tamarin)"Habitats": Forest"Diets": Spiders, snails, insects, small lizards, eggs, small birds, fruit, flowers, gum, nectar, and vegetables, as well as snakes and other small vertebrates
!scope="row"|"Mico "(marmoset)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (multiple)"Habitats": Forest, shrubland, and savanna"Diets": Sap, gum, fruit, seeds, nuts, insects, snails, spiders, leaves and small vertebrates
!scope="row"|"Saguinus "(tamarin)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (multiple)"Habitats": Forest and savanna"Diets": Fruit, sap, nectar, gum, seeds, flowers, invertebrates, small vertebrates, eggs, and soil
Family Cebidae.
Members of the Cebidae family are cebids, and include capuchin and squirrel monkeys. Cebidae comprises eighteen extant species in three genera, and is divided into the subfamilies Cebinae, or capuchin monkeys, and Saimiriinae, or squirrel monkeys.
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!scope="row"|"Cebus "(gracile capuchin monkey)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (Kaapori capuchin)"Habitats": Forest and savanna"Diets": Fruit, seeds, berries, nuts, figs, nectar, invertebrates, and small vertebrates
!scope="row"|"Sapajus "(robust capuchin monkey)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (multiple)"Habitats": Forest, shrubland, and savanna"Diets": Fruit, seeds, nectar, pith, stems, nuts, berries, flowers, leaves, bird eggs, insects, frogs, small reptiles, birds, bats, other small mammals, oysters, and crabs
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!scope="row"|"Saimiri "(squirrel monkey)
"text-align:left;"|"Size range": long, plus tail (Central American squirrel monkey) to long plus tail (Bare-eared squirrel monkey)"Habitats": Forest"Diets": Fruit, berries, seeds, nuts, gum, nectar, leaves, buds, flowers, insects, arachnids, bird eggs, and small vertebrates
Family Pitheciidae.
Members of the Pitheciidae family are pitheciids, and include titis, saki monkeys and uakaris. Pitheciidae comprises 55 extant species in 5 genera, and is divided into