Species of birch
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Betula occidentalis, the water birch or red birch, is a species of birch native to western North America, in Canada from Yukon east to Northwestern Ontario and southwards, and in the United States from eastern Washington east to western North Dakota, and south to eastern California, northern Arizona and northern New Mexico, and southwestern Alaska. It typically occurs along streams in mountainous regions, sometimes at elevations of and in drier areas than paper birch.
It is a deciduous shrub or small tree growing to high, up to thick. It tends toward epicormic growth, with many small limbs sprouting from the trunk and causing the wood to be full of small knots. The bark is dark red-brown to blackish, and smooth but not exfoliating. The twigs are glabrous or thinly hairy, and odorless when scraped. The leaves are alternate, ovate to rhombic, long and broad, with a serrated margin and two to six pairs of veins, and a short petiole up to long. The flowers are wind-pollinated catkins long, the male catkins pendulous, the female catkins erect. The fruit is long and broad, composed of numerous tiny winged seeds packed between the catkin bracts.
The identity of similar birches in Alaska is disputed; some include them in "B. occidentalis", while others regard them as hybrids between "Betula neoalaskana" and "Betula glandulosa". A 2023 study sequenced chloroplast genomes of species from the genus "Betula" for phylogenetic analysis. Of the "Betula" species, "B. occidentalis" was most closely related to "B. pendula" purple rain and "B. platyphylla."
The foliage is browsed by sheep, goats, and birds; some small birds also consume the seeds.
Some Plateau Indian tribes used water birch to treat pimples and sores.
It is also a riverside tree found in western USA that reacts to water stress by becoming isohydric.
References.
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