Species of bird
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The sepia-capped flycatcher (Leptopogon amaurocephalus) is a species of bird in the family Tyrannidae, the tyrant flycatchers. It is found in Mexico, every Central American country except El Salvador, and every mainland South American country except Chile; it is known in Uruguay as a vagrant.
Taxonomy and systematics.
The sepia-capped flycatcher has these six subspecies:
Description.
The sepia-capped flycatcher is long and weighs an average of about . The sexes have the same plumage. Adults of the nominate subspecies "L. a. amaurocephalus" have a sepia brown crown and a paler nape. Their lores are dull yellowish olive with some dusky mixed in and their ear coverts have a dusky patch at the rear. Their face is otherwise light olive. Their back and rump are olive green and their uppertail coverts russet brown. Their wings are dusky with pale yellowish olive edges on the flight feathers. Their wing coverts are dusky with buff to ochraceous buff tips that show as two wing bars. Their tail feathers are dull brown with paler brown edges. Their chin and throat are grayish olive with faint dull white streaks. Their breast and flanks are light olive and their belly yellowish white to yellow.
The other subspecies of the sepia-capped flycatcher differ from the nominate and each other thus:
Both sexes of all subspecies have an iris whose color can be from light brownish yellow to dark brown, a black or dark brown bill with sometimes a pale base to the mandible, and legs and feet of various shades of gray.
Distribution and habitat.
The sepia-capped flycatcher has a disjunct distribution. The subspecies are found thus:
The sepia-capped flycatcher primarily inhabits lowland evergreen forest, mature secondary forest, and plantations in the tropical and lower subtropical zones. In northern Central America it also inhabits semideciduous forest, and gallery forest in the llanos of Venezuela. In elevation it ranges from sea level to in Mexico and Central America, to in Colombia, and to in Brazil. It is found between north of the Orinoco River in Venezuela and up to south of it. It reaches in Ecuador, in Peru, and in Bolivia.
Behavior.
Movement.
The sepia-capped flycatcher is a year-round resident.
Feeding.
The sepia-capped flycatcher's diet has not been detailed but is known to include insects and fruits. It forages from the forest understory to its middle level, usually within about of the ground. It mostly hover-gleans or snatches fruit and insects in short sallies from a perch, and occasionally captures prey on the wing. It typically forages singly or in pairs and often joins mixed-species feeding flocks.
Breeding.
The sepia-capped flycatcher's breeding season has not been defined but includes at least April and May in Mexico. Its nest is a globe with a side entrance, made from moss, leaf stems, and grasses and lined with seed down. It is typically hung from a vine or an exposed root beneath an overhanging log, rock, or stream bank. The clutch size is two or three eggs. The incubation period, time to fledging, and details of parental care are not known.
Vocalization.
Various authors have described the sepia-capped flycatcher's song as "a harsh, almost explosive "SKET'a'a'j'j'j" or "SKET'd'd'r'r'r"', last part chattery and vibrating"
, "a fast, sputtering chatter that trails off toward end, e.g., "dre- d'd'd'd'd'd'd'dew", sometimes introduced by a sharper, more emphasized note", and "an abrupt, loud, slightly falling, semimusical chatter: "ski'i'i'i'i'i'i'i'eew"". It also makes a "softer, descending rattle" and "a quiet "tuk"".
Status.
The IUCN has assessed the sepia-capped flycatcher as being of Least Concern. It has an extremely large range; its estimated population of at least 500,000 mature individuals is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. It occurs in many protected areas. "Little is known about the effects of human activities on populations of Sepia-capped Flycatcher. In Mexico, it is dependent on threatened tropical evergreen forest habitats. The primary threats to this species there are logging of mature forest, habitat conversion for agriculture, and livestock production, and it is likely that these threats are similar elsewhere in its range."
References.
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