Riot in Miami in 1982
The 1982 Overtown riot was a period of civil unrest in Miami, Florida, United States, from December 28 to 30, 1982. The riot was caused by the shooting death of an African American man in the city's Overtown neighborhood by a Latino police officer on December 28, leading to three days of disorder that resulted in one additional death, numerous injuries and arrests, and widespread property damage.
In the early 1980s, many black neighborhoods in Miami were experiencing issues such as high unemployment rates, poor living conditions, and widespread illicit drug usage. Additionally, tensions were high between the black community and the Miami Police Department (MPD) over several incidents of police brutality, culminating in the highly destructive 1980 Miami riots following the death of an African American man by several police officers. Also during this time, Miami was undergoing a change in demographics due to increased immigration from Latin America, with some black civic leaders viewing the changes as hurting the established African American community. By 1982, Hispanic American officers outnumbered African Americans in the MPD, and a majority of the Miami City Commission, which included Miami Mayor Maurice Ferré.
On December 28, 1982, Cuban-born MPD officer Luis Alvarez entered an amusement arcade with his partner in Overtown. Inside, the officer confronted Nevell Johnson Jr., an African American man, over a gun Johnson had on him. According to police reports, after Johnson made a sudden move, Alvarez shot him in the face at point-blank range, putting him in critical condition. He later died at the hospital the following day. Following the shooting, a large crowd gathered around the arcade and began throwing projectiles at police vehicles and setting trash fires. Police cordoned off several blocks surrounding the arcade and confronted the crowd, leading to several injuries and an additional death after police shot and killed a man who was attempting to break into a building. Rioting continued the following day, prompting city officials to declare a restricted area covering several hundred blocks around the arcade. Police were involved in numerous shootouts as they patrolled the area, and police helicopters dropped tear gas in an attempt to disperse the crowds. Sporadic rioting continued into the next night, but began to subside, with the restricted area opened on December 31. Over three nights of rioting, 1 person died, 26 were injured, and 43 were arrested. Alvarez, who was suspended with pay following the shooting, was charged by the state of Florida with manslaughter, though he was acquitted by an all-white jury in 1984. A later report issued by the MPD in 1985 stated that his use of deadly force had been justified, but that he may have violated other police procedures during the shooting.
The riot was one in a wave to hit not only Miami, but many large metropolitan areas in the United States during the 1980s. Following this one, Miami experienced another period of civil unrest after Alvarez's acquittal in 1984 and a riot in 1989 over another shooting death of an African American man by a Hispanic police officer. Discussing the causes of these riots, some historians have noted the rapid demographic changes occurring in many urban areas during the time period and fears of increased economic competition from other ethnic groups as factors. Additionally, some have pointed to cuts in financing for government social programs that were designed to help underprivileged areas such as Overtown. The riots hurt Miami's reputation, as many shows and movies depicting the city during the 1980s showed it as a crime- and drug-ridden locale. By the early 2000s, the neighborhood still had widespread drug usage and an unemployment rate of about 50 percent.
Background.
Overtown.
Overtown is a historically black neighborhood in Miami, located north of downtown. In 1982, the neighborhood was home to about 18,000 people, almost all African American, an ethnic group that constituted about 17 percent of the Miami metropolitan area's 1.6 million residents. Living conditions in the neighborhood around this time were generally considered poor compared to other parts of the city, with the United Press International calling the neighborhood "4 square miles of slum". In the 1960s, the construction of Interstates 95 and 395 through the central part of Overtown severely hurt the community, which experienced a severe economic decline through the second half of the 20th century, and by 1982, the neighborhood had an unemployment rate of about 50 percent. In 1980, the Urban League of Miami reported that the median income in Overtown and two other black neighborhoods (Coconut Grove and Liberty City) was $5,500 per year, which was equal to the poverty threshold established by the federal government. Overtown was also subject to a high crime rate and widespread use of illicit drugs, due in part to Miami's growth during this time as a center for the illegal drug trade of cocaine and marijuana. Concerning the African American community in Miami in the early 1980s, British journalist Andrew Neil of "The Economist" wrote, "Miami is not a good city in which to be black. Blacks, of course, have not fared well in any major American city. But their plight is particularly acute in Miami".
Demographics of Miami.
The second half of the 20th century saw a change in Miami's demographics due to a surge in immigration of Latin Americans, with many coming from the Caribbean. By the early 1980s, city politics were primarily dominated by non-Hispanic whites and white Latinos. In 1982, the five-member Miami City Commission was composed of three Hispanic Americans, including Mayor Maurice Ferré, and only one African American. Additionally, of the 1,039 police officers of the Miami Police Department (MPD), only about 170 were black, while about 400 were Hispanic Americans. These changes in demographics led to increased tensions between the African American and Latino communities in the city, with some black civic leaders expressing concerns over losing economic resources to the Hispanic community and charged Hispanic police officers with being more likely to commit acts of police brutality against African Americans.
1980 riots in Liberty City.
On December 17, 1979, Arthur McDuffie, a 33-year-old African American attorney, was involved in a high-speed chase with Miami police after running a red light and displaying an obscene gesture while on his motorcycle. McDuffie died during the encounter, with the police stating that his death was the result of a motorcycle crash. However, a later investigation revealed that McDuffie had been beaten to death by the police. In March of the following year, four white police officers were charged with McDuffie's death and with attempting to falsify police reports, but on May 17, 1980, an all-white jury in Tampa, Florida, found them not guilty. Following the verdict, rioting broke out in Liberty City, just south of Overtown. Due to the size of the civil disturbance, 3,600 members of the Florida Army National Guard were called in, and from May 17 to May 19, three white people were beaten to death, while law enforcement officers killed 11 African Americans. In total, the riots resulted in 18 deaths, 1,100 arrests, and $804 million in property damage. According to historian Sharon Wright Austin, the riots were "one of the most destructive" in Miami's history and the first of several to occur during the 1980s as a result of "some form of police abuse against an African American man". The death of McDuffie and the accompanying riots were one of a handful of violent incidents involving police and black Miamians in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
Death of Nevell Johnson Jr..
On December 28, 1982, at a little after 6:00 p.m. EST, two Latino police officers, Luis Alvarez and Louis Cruz, entered an amusement arcade in Overtown as part of what Police Chief Kenneth I. Harms stated was a routine inspection for narcotics violations. Alvarez, a Cuban immigrant, was 23 years old and had been an officer with the MPD for about 18 months. The two officers had initially been on a patrol in a nearby Latino part of the city, but had decided to go into Overtown, with a later report stating that Alvarez wanted to show Cruz, a trainee, how to conduct a routine check. The arcade, located less than a mile from Miami's central business district, was well-known among police as a place where drug trafficking occurred. Inside the arcade, the officers saw Nevell Johnson Jr., an African American courier in his early 20s who was playing an arcade video game. According to the officers, they saw a bulge in Johnson's clothes that they believed was a gun. The officers stated that, after Johnson confirmed it was a gun, Alvarez put his left hand on it while he drew his own .38 caliber police revolver with his right hand. According to the officer, after Johnson made a sudden move, Alvarez shot him, believing that he was trying to reach for his gun. However, several eyewitnesses to the event stated that the shooting by Alvarez was unprovoked. The bullet struck Johnson at point-blank range, hitting him just above his left eye. Johnson, in critical condition, was quickly rushed to Jackson Memorial Hospital, where he laid in a coma for about 24 hours. He died the next day, December 29, at 6:45 p.m.
Following the shooting, there were conflicting reports on whether or not Johnson was armed. Though a revolver was found on the ground next to Johnson's body, an article in "The Washington Post" published shortly after his death states that his family and friends said Johnson was unarmed, and an article on the shooting in "The Crisis" states that some reports said that the weapon had been planted by police. However, a cousin of Johnson's who was at the arcade at the time of the incident stated that Johnson had been armed during the police encounter.
Course of the riot.
After Johnson's shooting, a crowd of about 150 to 200 people gathered around the building, prompting the police to call in reinforcements to the scene. When homicide investigators arrived, the crowd grew agitated, and several trash fires were set off in the area. As the police cordoned 100 city blocks surrounding the scene of the shooting, violence escalated, with dozens of individuals throwing projectiles such as rocks and bottles at police vehicles, even setting one police car on fire. In the evening, police shot and killed one individual, stating that he was attempting to break and enter a business. Rioting lasted for a few hours until 9 p.m., when authorities summoned local black civic leaders to address the crowd and attempt to restore order. At a press conference held later that night from the MPD headquarters, City Manager Howard D. Gary, a black man, stated that the police had "acted professionally", while City Commissioner Miller Dawkins, who was also black, stated that the shooting would be given a "thorough, complete and unbiased investigation". In total, 8 people were injured in the first night of rioting, with 7, including 1 police officer, treated at Jackson Memorial Hospital.
The following day, December 29, rioting resumed, primarily taking place in a 105 block area surrounding the arcade. City Manager Gary declared a "restricted zone" of 135 blocks, later expanded to 250 blocks, or roughly . Only residents of the area were allowed to enter or exit this zone with proper identification, and all liquor stores and gas stations were ordered to close. According to an eyewitness to the second night of rioting, there were about 200 to 300 people who were involved in the civil unrest. Five cars, including three police cars, were torched on the second night of rioting in addition to several more damaged, and at one point, a group of several dozen African American men became involved in a shootout with police on an elevated highway in the neighborhood, prompting the temporary closure of a portion of I-95. Over a dozen stores were damaged amidst widespread looting, with one building being damaged by a car driven through its front. Police helicopters patrolled the neighborhood and dropped canisters of tear gas in an effort to disperse the crowds. Officers worked 12-hour shifts performing patrols of the area, and while there were reports of crowds gathering in Liberty City, there was no evidence of them by the time law enforcement officials arrived. In total, 13 people were treated for minor injuries suffered during the second