Naval battle of World War I
The Battle of the Falkland Islands was a First World War naval action between the British Royal Navy and Imperial German Navy on 8 December 1914 in the South Atlantic. The British, after their defeat at the Battle of Coronel on 1 November, sent a large force to track down and destroy the German cruiser squadron. The battle is commemorated every year on 8 December in the Falkland Islands as a public holiday.
Admiral Graf Maximilian von Spee commanding the German squadron of two armoured cruisers, and , the light cruisers , and , and the colliers SS "Baden", SS "Santa Isabel", and SS "Seydlitz" attempted to raid the British supply base at Stanley in the Falkland Islands. The British squadron consisting of the battlecruisers and , the armoured cruisers , and , the armed merchant cruiser HMS "Macedonia" and the light cruisers and had arrived in the port the day before.
Visibility was at its maximum, the sea was placid with a gentle breeze, and the day was bright and sunny. The vanguard cruisers of the German squadron were detected early. By nine o'clock that morning, the British battlecruisers and cruisers were in pursuit of the German vessels. All except "Dresden" and "Seydlitz" were tracked down and sunk.
Background.
The British battlecruisers each mounted eight guns, whereas Spee's best ships ("Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau") were equipped with eight pieces. Additionally, the battlecruisers could make against Spee's ; thus, the British battlecruisers not only significantly outgunned their opponents, but could outrun them too. The obsolete pre-dreadnought battleship had been grounded at Stanley to act as a makeshift defence battery for the area.
Spee's squadron.
At the outbreak of hostilities, the German East Asia Squadron commanded by Spee was outclassed and outgunned by the Royal Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy. Spee and the High Command did not believe Germany's Asian possessions could be defended and doubted the squadron could even survive in that theatre. Spee wanted to get his ships home and began by heading southeast across the Pacific, although he was pessimistic about their chances.
Spee's fleet won the Battle of Coronel off the coast of Coronel, Chile, on 1 November 1914, where his ships sank the cruisers (Admiral Cradock's flagship) and . After the battle, on 3 November, "Scharnhorst", "Gneisenau" and "Nürnberg" entered Valparaíso harbour and were welcomed as heroes by the German population. Von Spee declined to join in the celebrations; when presented with a bouquet of flowers, he refused them, commenting that "these will do nicely for my grave". As required under international law for belligerent ships in neutral countries, the ships left within 24 hours, moving to Mas Afuera, off the Chilean coast. There they received news of the loss of the cruiser , which had previously detached from the squadron and had been raiding in the Indian Ocean. They also learnt of the fall of the German colony at Qingdao in China, which had been their home port. On 15 November, the squadron moved to Bahia San Quintin on the Chilean coast, where a ceremony was held to award 300 Iron Crosses, second class, to crew members, and an Iron Cross first class to Admiral Spee, after news of the battle reached Kaiser Wilhelm II in Berlin.
Spee's officers counseled a return to Germany. The squadron had used half its ammunition at Coronel; the supply could not be replenished, and it was difficult even to obtain coal. Intelligence reports suggested that the British ships , "Cornwall" and "Carnarvon" were stationed in the River Plate, and that there had been no British warships at Stanley when recently visited by a steamer. Spee had been concerned about reports of a British battleship, "Canopus", but its location was unknown. On 26 November, the squadron set sail for Cape Horn, which they reached on 1 December, then anchored at Picton Island, where they stayed for three days distributing coal from a captured British collier, the "Drummuir", and hunting. On 6 December, the British vessel was scuttled and its crew transferred to the auxiliary "Seydlitz". The same day Spee proposed to raid the Falkland Islands in order to destroy the British wireless transmitter located there before setting course for Germany. The raid was unnecessary because the squadron now had as much coal as it could carry. Most of Spee's captains opposed the raid, but he nevertheless decided to proceed.
British preparations.
On 30 October, retired Admiral of the Fleet Sir John Fisher was reappointed First Sea Lord to replace Admiral Prince Louis of Battenberg, who had been forced to resign because of public outcry against a perceived German prince running the British navy, though Louis had been British and in the Royal Navy since the age of 14. On 3 November, Fisher was advised that Spee had been sighted off Valparaíso and acted to reinforce Cradock by ordering "Defence", already sent to patrol the eastern coast of South America, to reinforce his squadron. On 4 November, news of the defeat at Coronel arrived. The blow to British naval prestige was palpable, and the British public was rather shocked. As a result, the battlecruisers "Invincible" and "Inflexible" were ordered to leave the Grand Fleet and sail to Plymouth for overhaul and preparation for service abroad. The Chief of Staff at the Admiralty was Vice-Admiral Doveton Sturdee. Fisher had a long-standing disagreement with Sturdee, who had been one of those calling for his earlier dismissal as First Sea Lord in 1911, so he took the opportunity to appoint Sturdee Commander-in-Chief, South Atlantic and Pacific, to command the new squadron from "Invincible".
On 11 November, "Invincible" and "Inflexible" left HMNB Devonport, although repairs to "Invincible" were incomplete and she sailed with workmen still aboard. Despite the urgency of the situation and their maximum speed of around , the ships were forced to cruise at to conserve coal in order to complete the long journey south across the Atlantic. The two ships were also heavily loaded with supplies. Although secrecy of the mission was considered important so as to surprise Spee, Lieutenant Hirst from "Glasgow" heard locals discussing the forthcoming arrival of the ships while ashore at Cape Verde on 17 November; however the news did not reach Spee. Sturdee arrived at the Abrolhos Rocks on 26 November, where Rear-Admiral Archibald Peile Stoddart awaited him with the remainder of the squadron.
Sturdee announced his intention to depart for the Falkland Islands on 29 November. From there, the fast light cruisers "Glasgow" and "Bristol" would patrol seeking Spee, summoning reinforcements if they found him. Captain John Luce of "Glasgow", who had been at the Battle of Coronel, objected that there was no need to wait so long and persuaded Sturdee to depart a day early. The squadron was delayed during the journey for 12 hours when a cable towing targets for practice-firing became wrapped around one of "Invincible"'s propellers, but the ships arrived on the morning of 7 December. The two light cruisers moored in the inner part of Stanley Harbour, while the larger ships remained in the deeper outer harbour of Port William. Divers set about removing the offending cable from "Invincible"; "Cornwall"'s boiler fires were extinguished to make repairs, and "Bristol" had one of her engines dismantled. The famous ship —reduced to a coal bunker—supplied coal to "Invincible" and "Inflexible". The armed merchant cruiser "Macedonia" was ordered to patrol the harbour, while "Kent" maintained steam in her boilers, ready to replace "Macedonia" the next day, 8 December; Spee's fleet arrived in the morning of the same day.
An unlikely source of intelligence on the movement of the German ships was from Mrs Muriel Felton, wife of the manager of a sheep station at Fitzroy, and her maids Christina Goss and Marian Macleod. They were alone when Felton received a telephone call from Port Stanley advising that German ships were approaching the islands. The maids took turns riding to the top of a nearby hill to record the movements of the ships, which Felton relayed to Port Stanley by telephone. Her reports allowed "Bristol" and "Macedonia" to take up the best positions to intercept. The Admiralty later presented the women with silver plates and Felton received an OBE for her actions.
Battle.
Opening moves.
Spee's cruisers—"Gneisenau" and "Nürnberg"—approached Stanley first. At the time, most of British fleet was coaling, but under short notice to steam. Some believe that had Spee pressed the attack, Sturdee's ships would have been easy targets, although this is a subject of conjecture as two ships were under steam acting as guardships and the battleship "Canopus" was also present. The Germans were surprised by gunfire from an unexpected source - the "Canopus", which had been grounded as a guardship and was behind a hill. This was enough to check the Germans' advance. The sight of the distinctive tripod masts of the British battlecruisers confirmed that they were facing a better-equipped enemy. HMS "Kent" was already making her way out of the harbor and had been ordered to pursue Spee's ships.
Made aware of the German ships, Sturdee had ordered the crews to breakfast, knowing that "Canopus" had bought them time while steam was raised.
To Spee, with his crew battle-weary and his ships outgunned, the outcome seemed inevitable. Realizing his danger too late, and having lost any chance to attack the British ships while they were at anchor, Spee and his squadron dashed for the open sea. The British left port around 10:00. Spee was ahead by , with the German ships in line abreast heading southeast, but there was plenty of daylight left for the faster battlecruisers to catch up.
Contact.
It was 13:00 when the British battlecruisers opened fire, but it took them half an hour to get the range of SMS "Leipzig". Realising that he could not outrun the British ships, Spee decided to engage them with his armoured cruisers alone, to give the light cruisers a chance to escape. He turned to fight just after 13:20. The German armoured cruisers had the advantage of a freshening north-west breeze, which caused the funnel smoke of the British ships to obscure their target practically throughout the action. "Gneisenau's" second-in-command Hans Pochhammer indicated that there was a long respite for the Germans during the early stages of the battle, as the British attempted unsuccessfully to force Admiral Spee away from his advantageous position.
Despite initial success by "Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau" in striking "Invincible", the British capital ships suffered little damage. Spee then turned to escape, but the battlecruisers came within extreme firing range 40 minutes later.
HMS "Invincible" and HMS "Inflexible" engaged "Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau", while Sturdee detached his cruisers to chase SMS "Leipzig" and SMS "Nürnberg".
HMS "Invincible" and HMS "Inflexible" turned to fire broadsides at the armoured cruisers and Spee responded by trying to close the range. His flagship SMS "Scharnhorst" took extensive damage with funnels flattened, fires and a list. The list became worse at 16:04, and she sank by 16:17, taking von Spee and the entire crew with her. SMS "Gneisenau" continued to fire and evade until 17:15, by which time her ammunition had been exhausted, and she sank at 18:02. During her death throes, Admiral Sturdee continued to engage SMS "Gneisenau" with his two battlecruisers and the cruiser HMS "Carnarvon", rather than detaching one of the battlecruisers to hunt down the escaping "Dresden". One hundred and ninety of SMS "Gneisenau"'s crew were rescued from the water. Both of the British battlecruisers had received about 40 hits between them from the German ships, with one crewman killed and four injured.
Meanwhile, SMS "Nürnberg" and SMS "Leipzig" had run from the British cruisers. SMS "Nürnberg" was running at full speed but in need of maintenance, while the crew of the pursuing HMS "Kent" were pushing her boilers and engines to the limit. SMS "Nürnberg" finally turned for battle at 17:30. HMS "Kent" had the advantage in shell weight and armour. SMS "Nürnberg" suffered two boiler explosions around 18:30, giving the advantage in speed and manoeuvrability to HMS "Kent". The German ship then rolled over and sank at 19:27 after a long chase. The cruisers HMS "Glasgow" and HMS "Cornwall" had chased down SMS "Leipzig"; HMS "Glasgow" closed to finish SMS "Leipzig," which had run out of ammunition but was still flying her battle ensign. SMS "Leipzig" fired two flares, so HMS "Glasgow" ceased fire. At 21:23, more than southeast of the Falklands, she