Geometry software
GNU Dr. Geo is an interactive geometry software that allows its users to design &amp; manipulate interactive geometric sketches, including dynamic models of Physics. It is free software (source code, translations, icons and installer are released under GNU GPL license), created by Hilaire Fernandes, it is part of the GNU project.
It runs over a Morphic graphic system (which means that it runs on Linux, Mac OS, Windows, Android). Dr. Geo was initially developed in C++ with Scheme scripting, then in various versions of Smalltalk with Squeak, Etoys_(programming_language) for One Laptop per Child Pharo then Cuis-Smalltalk.
Objects.
Dr. Geo manipulates different kinds of objects such as points, lines, circles, vector, values, geometric transformations, scripts.
Points.
Dr. Geo has several kinds of points: a free point, which can be moved with the mouse (but may be attached to a curve) and a point given by its coordinates.
Points can also be created as the intersection of 2 curves or as the midpoint of a segment.
Lines.
Dr. Geo is equipped with the classic line, ray, segment and vector.
Other curvilinear objects include circles (defined by 2 points, a center and segment or a radius), arcs (defined by three points or center and angle), polygons (regular or not, defined by end points), and loci.
Transformations.
Besides the parallel and perpendicular line through a point.
Dr. Geo can apply to a point or a line one of these transformations:
Macro-construction.
Dr. Geo comes with macro-construction: a way to teach Dr. Geo new constructions. It allows to add new objects to Dr. Geo: new transformations like circle inversion, tedious constructions involving a lot of intermediate objects or constructions involving script (also named macro-script).
When some objects, called "final" depend on other objects, called "initial", it is possible to create a complex construction deducing the final objects from the user-given initial objects. This is a macro-construction, a graph of interdependent objects.
Programming.
Access to user programming is at the essence of Dr. Geo: from the software, the user can directly read, study, modify and redistribute modified version of Dr. Geo. Additionally, scripting embedded in sketch is proposed.
Dr. Geo source code is Smalltalk. It is also the language used for user programming: to extend Dr. Geo with arbitrary computing operations (Smalltalk script) and to define a geometric sketch entirely with programming instructions (Smalltalk sketch).
Dr. Geo is shipped with its source code and the developer tools. Therefore its code can be edited and recompiled from Dr. Geo while it is functioning. This design, inherited from Smalltalk, makes easy to test new ideas and new designs.
Smalltalk script.
A script is a first class object defined along Dr. Geo code. It comes with zero, one or several arguments, from types selected when defining the script. When an instance of a script is plugged in a canvas, the user first selects its arguments in the canvas with mouse clicks, then the position in the canvas of the script output. The script is updated at each canvas computation. Scripts can be used in cascade, with one as the argument of another one.
Script are designed to be used in two different ways:
From the script, the arguments model are reached with the messages #arg1, #arg2, etc. The arguments view are reached with the messages #costume1, #costume2, etc.
The computation of the script is done in its #compute method. For example, to calculate the square of a number, la méthode
compute
"returns the square of a number"
^ self arg1 valueItem squared
creates a numeric object, whose value is the square of its first and unique argument of type number object. Whenever the first number is changed, the script returned value changes too.
Smalltalk sketch.
Dr. Geo Smalltalk sketches are sketches entirely defined in the Smalltalk language. This is not about constructing a sketch with the Dr. Geo graphical interface, but about describing a sketch with the Smalltalk language. A programming interface with an easy and light syntax is provided.
Smalltalk itself is a high level language, carefully crafted iteratively for about 10 years at Palo Alto Research Center. When a sketch is described with Smalltalk code, all the features of the language are used: object oriented programming, variable, collection, iterator, randomness to get a slightly different sketch at each execution.
A Smalltalk sketch is edited and tested with the "Smalltalk sketch editor". Such sketch can be debugged and executed step-by-step. Its code is saved, as any source code, to an external text file encoded with UTF-8, to support native language.
Sierpinski triangle.
Here is how to program a Sierpinski triangle recursively. Its red external summit is mobile.
c := DrGeoSketch new.
triangle := [:s1 :s2 :s3 :n |
 c segment: s1 to: s2; segment: s2 to: s3; segment: s3 to: s1.
 n ; 0 ifTrue: [
 triangle
 value: s1
 value: (c middleOf: s1 and: s2) hide
 value: (c middleOf: s1 and: s3) hide
 value: n-1.
 triangle
 value: (c middleOf: s1 and: s2) hide
 value: s2
 value: (c middleOf: s2 and: s3) hide
 value: n-1.
 triangle
 value: (c middleOf: s1 and: s3) hide
 value: (c middleOf: s2 and: s3) hide
 value: s3
 value: n-1]].
triangle value: [Email] value: 4@ -3 value: -4@ -3 value: 3.
(c point: [Email] show
Fibonacci spiral.
A Fibonacci spiral programmed with geometric transformations (rotation, translation and homothety). The points "a" and "b" of the resulting interactive sketch are mobile.
canvas := DrGeoSketch new.
alfa := (canvas freeValue: -90 degreesToRadians) hide.
shape := [:c :o :f| | e p |
 e := (canvas rotate: o center: c angle: alfa) hide.
 (canvas arcCenter: c from: o to: e) large.
 p := canvas translate: e vector: (canvas vector: c to: o) hide.
 (canvas polygon: { c. o. p hide. e }) name: f.
 e].
fibo := [ ].
fibo := [ :f :o :c :k | | e f1 f2 f3 c2|
"f1: term Fn-1, f2: term Fn, o &amp; c: origin and center of spiral arm
e: extremity of the spiral arm"
 f1 := f first.
 f2 := f second.
 f3 := f1 + f2.
 e := shape value: c value: o value: f3. 
 c2 := (canvas scale: c center: e factor: f3 / f2) hide.
 k ; 0 ifTrue: [ fibo value: {f2. f3} value: e value: c2 value: k - 1 ]].
a := canvas point: [Email]
b := canvas point: -1 [Tag].
m := (canvas middleOf: a and: b) hide.
s := shape value: m value: a value: 1.
shape value: m value: s value: 1.
fibo value: {1. 2} value: b value: a value: 10
Newton-Raphson algorithm.
Smalltalk sktech can be used to design interactive sketch illustrating a numerical analysis method. Here the Newton-Raphson algorithm in a 5 steps iteration.
sketch := DrGeoSketch new axesOn.
xn := 2.
f := [ :x | x cos + x ].
"Derivate number"
df := [ :x | (f value: x + 1e-8) - (f value: x) * 1e8].
sketch plot: f from: -20 to: 20.
ptA := (sketch point: [Email] large; name: 'Drag me'.
5 timesRepeat: [ 
 ptB := sketch 
 point: [ :pt | pt point x @ (f value: pt point x)] 
 parent: ptA.
 ptB hide.
 (sketch segment: ptA to: ptB) dotted forwardArrow .
 ptA := sketch point: [:pt | 
 | x |
 x := pt point x.
 x - ( (f value: x) / (df value: x) ) @ 0 ] parent: ptB.
 ptA hide.
 (sketch segment: ptB to: ptA) dotted forwardArrow].
Locale languages.
Smalltalk sketch can be coded in native languages, currently in French and Spanish. More native languages can be added.
References.
 ;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ;