2020 fantasy novel by Susanna Clarke
Piranesi is a novel by English author Susanna Clarke, published by Bloomsbury Publishing in 2020. It is Clarke's second novel, following her debut "Jonathan Strange &amp; Mr Norrell" (2004), published sixteen years earlier. The novel is set in a parallel universe made up of hundreds of halls and vestibules, which triggers a gradual loss of memory and identity in newcomers. The story is told through the research notes of the eponymous narrator, who reconstructs the story of his own arrival as he explores this world. "Piranesi" won the 2021 Women's Prize for Fiction.
Plot.
Piranesi lives in a place called the House, a world composed of infinite halls and vestibules lined with statues, no two of which are alike. The upper level of the House is filled with clouds, and the lower level with an ocean, which occasionally surges into the middle level following tidal patterns that Piranesi meticulously tracks. He believes he has always lived in the House, and that there are only fifteen people in the world, all but two of whom are long-dead skeletons. Piranesi records every day in his journals, the text of which makes up the novel.
Twice a week, Piranesi meets with the Other, a well-dressed man who enlists his help to search for a "Great and Secret Knowledge" hidden somewhere in the House. The Other occasionally brings Piranesi supplies that seem to originate from outside the House, such as shoes, electric torches, and multivitamins. When Piranesi suggests that they abandon the quest for the Great and Secret Knowledge, the Other says they have had this conversation before, and warns Piranesi that the House slowly erodes one's memories and personality.
The Other warns Piranesi that a sixteenth person, whom both call "16", may enter the House to do him harm, and that he must not approach 16 under any circumstances or he will lose his sanity. Piranesi meets an elderly stranger he calls the Prophet, who identifies the Other as Ketterley, a rival who stole his ideas about the Knowledge. The Prophet claims that the House is a "distributary world", formed by ideas flowing out of another world. He declares he will lead 16 to the House in order to hurt Ketterley.
While indexing his journals, Piranesi discovers references to entries he doesn't remember writing which include terms mentioned by the Prophet. The entries tell the story of an occultist from the modern world named Laurence Arne-Sayles who posited that other worlds existed and could be accessed; Ketterley was one of his students. Arne-Sayles fostered a cult-like mentality among his followers and was eventually imprisoned for kidnapping a man named James Ritter. Ritter later described being held captive in a place resembling the House.
Piranesi discovers that 16 has entered the House, and leaves a message. Piranesi avoids reading 16's reply, but interactions with the Other reveal that she is a woman named Raphael. After learning that a rare confluence of tides will soon flood the middle level of the House, Piranesi leaves a warning for 16, and discovers a message from her asking "Are you Matthew Rose Sorensen?" Reading the name gives Piranesi a vision of standing in a modern city.
Further research in Piranesi's journals reveals that someone has destroyed all entries relating to Ketterley. Piranesi pieces the destroyed pages back together from scraps he finds in gull nests, and learns the true story of how he came to the House: he was Matthew Rose Sorensen, a journalist writing a book about Arne-Sayles. When Sorensen went to interview Ketterley, Ketterley used a ritual to imprison him in the House, where he slowly lost his memory and constructed a new identity which Ketterley mockingly named Piranesi.
On the day of the flood, Piranesi confronts Ketterley with his reclaimed memories just as Raphael returns to find him. Ketterley tries to kill them both, but drowns in the floodwaters. After the water recedes, Raphael explains that she is a British police detective investigating disappearances related to the Arne-Sayles cult. She asks Piranesi to return to his home world, where his family have, for six years since he disappeared from London, wondered what happened to him. After long deliberation, he elects to leave the House. 
In an epilogue, the narrator has adjusted to living in his home world, but often returns to the House. The narrator brings James Ritter back to visit the House, tends to Ketterley's body, and joins Raphael when she visits the House. He reflects that he is no longer quite Sorensen or Piranesi, but must construct a third identity from the remnants of the other two.
Background and publication.
"Piranesi" is Clarke's second novel, following her debut "Jonathan Strange &amp; Mr Norrell" (2004), which sold 4 million copies worldwide and was adapted into a BBC miniseries of the same name in 2015. Shortly after its publication, Clarke became ill with what was later diagnosed as chronic fatigue syndrome. Her writing became a "torturous" process. She worked on several projects, including a sequel to "Jonathan Strange &amp; Mr Norrell", but found herself "incapable of making decisions": "I found it impossible to decide between one version of a sentence and another version, but also between having the plot go in this direction and having it go in that direction. Everything became like uncontained bushes, shooting out in all directions." Clarke credits a visit to the set of the "Jonathan Strange &amp; Mr Norrell" miniseries with reinvigorating her confidence as an author. She had felt weighed down by the "consciousness" of her time spent inactive and unable to complete projects, and decided to "simplify" what she was asking of herself. "Piranesi" was a longtime unfinished project of Clarke's which "probably predates "Jonathan Strange &amp; Mr Norrell"". She decided to return to it as she deemed it "more manageable": "I thought, it doesn't have hundreds of characters and it won't require a huge amount of research because I don't know what research I could do for it."
"Piranesi" was published in hardback, e-book and audio format on 15 September 2020 by Bloomsbury Publishing. The audiobook version was narrated by actor Chiwetel Ejiofor.
Reception.
"Piranesi" received reviews of unanimous admiration. According to Book Marks, the book received "rave" reviews based on 32 critic reviews with 26 being "rave" and six being "positive". In Books in the Media, a site that aggregates critic reviews of books, the book received an average rating of 4.24 out of 5 from the site which was based on nine critic reviews. The book, globally, based on assessments of press reviews from Complete Review, ranged from ratings from reviews by publications such as "A-".
Sarah Ditum of "The Times" gave the novel a rave review, writing, "After all that time, she has produced a second novel that is close to perfect."
Ron Charles of "The Washington Post" called it "infinitely clever" and praised Piranesi's acceptance of his imprisonment for unintentionally making the novel "resonate with a planet in quarantine" due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
"Publishers Weekly" called it an "inventive" novel, praising Clarke's subtlety in progressing the novel's storyline.
Allusions.
The title of the novel alludes to the 18th-century Italian artist Giovanni Battista Piranesi, who produced a series of sixteen prints entitled "Imaginary Prisons" which depict enormous subterranean vaults with stairs and mighty machines.
"Piranesi" contains several references or allusions to C. S. Lewis's series "The Chronicles of Narnia". In the "Statues" entry of Part I, the narrator of "Piranesi" notes that he dreamt of a faun "standing in a snowy forest and speaking to a female child", likely a reference to Lucy Pevensie meeting the faun Mr. Tumnus in "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe". When describing the character Dr. Valentine Andrew Ketterley, the text notes that he is the son of a "Ranulph Andrew Ketterley" and that "the Ketterleys are an old Dorsetshire family." Both the names and the description of the family are evocative of Andrew Ketterley, a key figure in "The Magician's Nephew" who describes his family as "a very old family. An old Dorsetshire family." This connection is further strengthened by the quotation from "The Magician's Nephew" given at the front of the novel, which was also spoken in that book by Andrew Ketterley. In addition, there are several similarities between the House of "Piranesi" and the so-called "Wood between the Worlds" of "The Magician's Nephew". Both are alternative worlds (distinct from our own) that must be reached through supernatural means, both contain life but of a less variegated nature than that in the characters' original worlds, and both induce a state of forgetfulness in newcomers, making them believe that they have always been in the new, supernatural, world.
The story of "Piranesi" has also been compared to Plato's allegory of the cave. In the story of "Piranesi", Piranesi is confined to a world filled with nothing but statues, which represent a greater reality which he is simultaneously ignorant of. In Plato's allegory of the cave, a character, possessing no knowledge of the outside world, is imprisoned within a dark cave with nothing but shadows, reflections of the actual world, projected on the cave wall.
"Piranesi" also contains allusions to the work of Jorge Luis Borges, in particular his short stories "The Library of Babel" and "The House of Asterion", which Clarke has discussed in an interview.
Adaptations.
Radio.
"Piranesi" was adapted and abridged for BBC Radio 4, read by Samuel Anderson, and broadcast as ten 15-minute episodes in February 2022.
Film.
In June 2024, it was announced that the American stop-motion studio Laika had acquired the rights to adapt the novel into an animated feature film, to be directed by Travis Knight.
References.
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