1914 naval battle of the First World War
The Battle of Penang (; ; ) was a surprise naval engagement by the Imperial German Navy's East Asia Squadron during the First World War that took place on 28 October 1914. The battle involved the German cruiser in the Penang Strait, which sank two Allied warships as part of its commerce raiding operations throughout the Indian Ocean. During the battle, a total of 135 French and Russian sailors were killed and 157 others were wounded, while the Germans sustained no casualties. It was the only battle of the war fought in British Malaya.
Background.
At the time, Penang was part of the Straits Settlements, a British Crown colony. Penang is an island off the west coast of Malaya, now the present day Malaysia. It is only a short distance from the mainland. The main town of Penang, George Town, is on a harbour. In the early months of the war, it was heavily used by Allied naval and merchant vessels.
Shortly after the outbreak of the war, the German East Asia Squadron left its base in Tsingtao, China. The squadron headed east for Germany, but one ship, the light cruiser under Lt. Commander Karl von Müller was sent on a solitary raiding mission.
Battle.
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At about 04:30 on 28 October, the "Emden" appeared off the George Town roads to attack the harbour defences and any enemy vessels she might find there. Captain von Müller had disguised his ship by rigging a false smoke stack, which made the "Emden" resemble the British light cruiser . Once he had entered the harbour, however, he ran up the Imperial German naval ensign and revealed his identity to one and all. He then launched a torpedo at the Imperial Russian protected cruiser , following it up with a salvo of shells which riddled the ship. As the "Zhemchug" struggled to return fire, von Müller launched a second torpedo. It penetrated the "Zhemchug"'s forward magazine, causing an explosion that sank the Russian warship. Casualties among the "Zhemchug"'s crew of 250 amounted to 88 dead and 121 wounded.
The old French cruiser and the French destroyer "Fronde" by now had opened fire on the "Emden", but both were wildly inaccurate and von Müller simply ignored them as he turned to leave the harbour unharmed. While stopping to try to pick up a harbour pilot, he met the French destroyer , returning from a patrol. Caught by surprise, the French ship was quickly sunk by the German cruiser's guns.
Aftermath.
The "Zhemchug" had been tied up in a state of non-readiness while her captain, Cmdr. Baron I. A. Cherkassov, went ashore that night to visit his wife (some accounts say his mistress). The keys for the ship's magazine had been taken ashore and no lookouts had been posted. Cherkassov watched in helpless horror from the Eastern &amp; Oriental Hotel as his ship sank to the bottom of the Straits. He was court-martialled for negligence and was sentenced to 3½ years in prison, reduction in rank, and expulsion from the navy. His deputy, Lt. Kulibin, was sentenced to 1½ years in prison. However, Tsar Nicholas II reduced the sentences, and the two former officers were ordered to serve as ordinary seamen. Both would later distinguish themselves in combat and they were decorated with the Cross of St. George.
Lt. Félix Théroinne, who commanded the "Mousquet", was among those killed in the action. Thirty-six survivors out of the destroyer's crew of 80 were rescued by the "Emden". Three of the French sailors died from their injuries and were buried at sea with military honours. Two days after the battle, the "Emden" stopped the British steamer "Newburn" and transferred the remaining French prisoners to her. She was then released and conveyed the prisoners to Sabang, Sumatra, then part of the neutral Dutch East Indies.
The "Emden" continued her successful raiding mission for another 10 days, before she was encountered by the more powerful Royal Australian Navy light cruiser "Sydney". The "Sydney"'s heavier and longer range guns enabled her to severely damage the "Emden", which had to be run aground and surrendered at the Battle of Cocos.
Legacy.
A total of 12 Russian sailors are buried at two sites in George Town – the Western Road Cemetery and on Jerejak Island. The monument honoring the sailors of "Zhemchug" was twice renovated by Soviet sailors in 1972 and 1987 respectively. The battle was mentioned numerous times by Vladimir Putin on his 2003 presidential visit to Malaysia. The Russian embassy in Malaysia holds memorial services twice annually in honor of the fallen sailors. In October 2024, corvettes "Aldar Tsydenzhapov", "Gromkiy" and "Rezkiy", along with replenishment oiler "Pechanga", arrived in George Town where the crews attended a ceremony to commemorate the 110th anniversary of the Battle of Penang.