International song competition
The Eurovision Song Contest 1988 was the 33rd edition of the Eurovision Song Contest, held on 30 April 1988 in the RDS Simmonscourt Pavilion in Dublin, Ireland and presented by Pat Kenny and Michelle Rocca. Organised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) and host broadcaster (RTÉ), the contest was held in Ireland following the country's victory at the 1987 contest with the song "Hold Me Now" by Johnny Logan.
Twenty-two countries submitted entries to participate, however Cyprus ultimately rescinded its entry after its selected song was determined to have been performed several years' prior to the contest, breaking the contest rules. The winner was Switzerland with the song "", composed by Atilla Şereftuğ, written by Nella Martinetti and performed by Céline Dion. It was Switzerland's second contest win, and remains as of 2024[ [update]] the last winning song to be performed in French. The United Kingdom, Denmark, Luxembourg and Norway rounded out the top five positions, with the UK achieving its eleventh runner-up placing, while Austria placed last for the sixth time, receiving "nul points" for the second time.
Location.
The 1988 contest took place in Dublin, Ireland, following the country's victory at the 1987 edition with the song "Hold Me Now", performed by Johnny Logan. It was the third time that Ireland had hosted the contest, following the 1971 and 1981 events also held in Dublin.
The selected venue was the Simmonscourt Pavilion of the Royal Dublin Society, a multi-purpose venue situated in the Ballsbridge area of the city, which had previously hosted the 1981 contest. Space for approximately 1,500 people in the audience was expected following construction of the stage and other technical aspects.
Participating countries.
The same twenty-two countries which had participated the previous year submitted entries for the 1988 contest, with the draw to determine the running order of the 1988 contest held on 11 December 1987. However, a number of weeks before the event, it was discovered that the song selected to represent Cyprus, ", written by John Vickers and Aristos Moschovakis and sung by Yiannis Dimitrou, had previously competed in the 1984 Cypriot national selection under the title ", and was therefore ineligible to compete at Eurovision. The Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation (CyBC) subsequently announced on 12 March 1988 that it had nullified the selection of "" as the Cypriot entry; as the rules of the 1988 Cypriot selection did not provide for a second-placed song to be declared, and as there was not enough time to stage a second selection process to determine a replacement entry, CyBC was ultimately unable to participate in the contest.
Several of the artists which competed in this year's contest had performed in previous editions of the event. Sweden's Tommy Körberg had competed in the 1969 contest; the duo Hot Eyes, also known as Kirsten and Søren, represented Denmark for a third time, following appearances at the 1984 and 1985 contests; the group MFÖ returned for Turkey after also competing in 1985; Portugal's Dora competed again two years after her previous entry; and Israel's Yardena Arazi returned to compete as a solo artist, after previously representing her country as part of the group Chocolate Menta Mastik in 1976, and co-hosting the 1979 contest held in Jerusalem. Additionally, Finland's Boulevard had previously performed as the backing group for the previous year's Finnish entrant Vicky Rosti, and among Yardena Arazi's backing vocalists was Yehuda Tamir and Reuven Gvirtz, members of the Israeli group Milk and Honey which had won the 1979 contest.
A separate musical director could be nominated by each country to lead the orchestra during their performance, with the host musical director also available to conduct for those countries which did not nominate their own conductor. All entries were accompanied by the orchestra, except for Iceland and Italy, who were accompanied solely by backing track. In the case of the Italian entry, their backing track featured the contest's first, and as of 2024[ [update]] only, fade-out ending.
Production.
The Eurovision Song Contest 1988 was produced by the Irish public broadcaster (RTÉ). Liam Miller served as executive producer, Declan Lowney served as director, Paula Farrell and Michael Grogan served as designers, and Noel Kelehan served as musical director, leading the RTÉ Concert Orchestra. On behalf of the contest organisers, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), the event was overseen by Frank Naef as executive supervisor. The presenters of the contest were broadcaster Pat Kenny and television announcer and Miss Ireland 1980 Michelle Rocca; the duo were announced by RTÉ in February 1988 following auditions held in the previous weeks. It was the first time since 1979 that more than one person had presented the contest.
Several technical innovations and improvements were introduced to the contest for the first time, spearheaded by executive producer Liam Miller and director Declan Lowney, who were eager to make the contest more to a younger audience. The traditional physical scoreboard was replaced by a computer-generated version, displayed on two video walls constructed on either side of the stage. These video walls also displayed the performances and footage of the artists in the green room during the voting sequence, allowing the audience in the arena to see the televised footage within the venue for the first time. A modern feel was also implemented within the stage design by Paula Farrell and Michael Grogan, and the graphic design by Maria Quigley, aspects which had already been modernised for the previous year's edition. The stage, at over 40 metres in length, was the largest ever built for the contest at that point, and took up almost a third of the 18,000m2 space within the Simmonscourt Pavilion. The stage design, which created an illusion of depth, alongside tight camera shots of the audience and creative lighting use, resulted in an overall impression that the contest was being held in a vast and packed arena, rather than the modest space of the Simmonscourt Pavilion.
Rehearsals for the participating artists began on 25 April 1988. Two technical rehearsals were conducted for each participating delegation in the week approaching the contest, with countries rehearsing in the order in which they would perform. The first rehearsals, comprising a 15-minute stage call and 35-minute performance, were held on 25 and 26 April, followed by a press conference for each delegation and the accredited press. Each country's second rehearsals were held on 27 and 28 April, with a 10-minute stage call and 25 minutes for performances. On 28 April, the contest venue received a visit from the Taoiseach Charles Haughey.
 Three dress rehearsals were held with all artists, held in the afternoon and evening of 29 April and in the afternoon of 30 April; the second of these rehearsals was filmed as a production stand-by in case the live event was disrupted, with a live audience present. During the contest week, Sweden's Tommy Körberg had been suffering from a throat infection; although he was able to perform during the event-proper, for the 29 April evening dress rehearsal the songwriter of the Swedish entry Py Bäckman performed the entry in his stead.
Format.
Each participating broadcaster submitted one song, which was required to be no longer than three minutes in duration and performed in the language, or one of the languages, of the country which it represented. A maximum of six performers were allowed on stage during each country's performance. Each entry could utilise all or part of the live orchestra and could use instrumental-only backing tracks, however any backing tracks used could only include the sound of instruments featured on stage being mimed by the performers.
The results of the 1988 contest were determined through the same scoring system as had first been introduced in 1975: each country awarded twelve points to its favourite entry, followed by ten points to its second favourite, and then awarded points in decreasing value from eight to one for the remaining songs which featured in the country's top ten, with countries unable to vote for their own entry. The points awarded by each country were determined by an assembled jury of sixteen individuals, who were all required to be members of the public with no connection to the music industry, split evenly between men and women and across four age groups: 15–25; 26–35; 36–45; and 46–60. Each jury member voted in secret and awarded between one and ten votes to each participating song, excluding that from their own country and with no abstentions permitted. The votes of each member were collected following the country's performance and then tallied by the non-voting jury chairperson to determine the points to be awarded. In any cases where two or more songs in the top ten received the same number of votes, a show of hands by all jury members was used to determine the final placing. The jury composition and voting process was modified slightly compared to the 1987 contest, due to the increase in the number of participating countries in recent years, expanding from eleven members who awarded between one and five votes for each song.
As established at the 1970 contest, in the event that two or more countries finished in first place with the same number of points, the artists representing these countries would perform their entries again, and the juries in all countries not involved in the tie-break would determine the winner, with each country's jury selecting their favourite of the entries by a show of hands of all jurors. If after all countries had determined their favourites and there was still a tie for first place, the countries involved in this tie would be declared joint winners.
Contest overview.
The contest took place on 30 April 1988 at 20:00 (IST) with a duration of 2 hours and 50 minutes. Had Cyprus participated as planned, the country had been drawn to perform in position number two.
The contest was opened by a video montage highlighting ancient Celtic structures, items and mythology pertaining to prehistoric Ireland, transitioning to footage of modern-day Ireland and Dublin. This was followed by a performance of the previous year's winning entry, "Hold Me Now", by Johnny Logan. The interval act was the Irish rock group Hothouse Flowers, with a music video of their song "Don't Go"; the group's lead singer Liam Ó Maonlaí also appeared on stage before the music video played to explain the meaning behind the song – first in Irish, then in English – while playing the piano. The music video, featuring performances of the song by the band in eleven European countries, received funding from the European Economic Community as part of the organisation's goal of advancing European integration. The trophy awarded to the winners was presented at the end of the broadcast by Johnny Logan.
The winner was Switzerland represented by the song "", composed by Atilla Şereftuğ, written by Nella Martinetti and performed by Céline Dion. It was Switzerland's second Eurovision win, following their victory at the inaugural edition in 1956. It also remains as of 2024[ [update]] the last time that a song in the French language has won. The United Kingdom finished in second place for the eleventh time, while Austria finished in last place for the sixth time, and achieved its second "nul points" result.
Spokespersons.
Each country nominated a spokesperson, connected to the contest venue via telephone lines and responsible for announcing, in English or French, the votes for their respective country. Known spokespersons at the 1988 contest are listed below.
Detailed voting results.
Jury voting was used to determine the points awarded by all countries. The announcement of the results from each country was conducted in the order in which they performed, with the spokespersons announcing their country's points in English or French in ascending order. The detailed breakdown of the points awarded by each country is listed in the tables below.
The 1988 contest has become notable for its tense voting sequence right until the final jury announced its points. With three countries left to vote the United Kingdom had a fifteen-point lead over Switzerland, however this gap was closed to only five points going into the final jury. When the Yugoslav jury awarded Switzerland 6 points, it appeared that victory was within reach for the UK as the camera cut to a crestfallen Céline Dion in the green room; however the British entry would ultimately receive no points from Yugoslavia, leading Switzerland to win the contest by one point. It remains one of the closest