Minor naval engagement during the French Revolutionary Wars
The action of 13 September 1810 was an inconclusive frigate engagement during the Napoleonic Wars between British Royal Navy and French Navy frigates during which a British frigate was defeated by two French vessels near Isle de France (now Mauritius), but British reinforcements were able to recapture the ship before the French could secure her. The British frigate was HMS "Africaine", a new arrival to the Indian Ocean. She was under the command of Captain Robert Corbet, who had served there the previous year. Corbet was a notoriously unpopular officer and his death in the battle provoked a storm of controversy in Britain over claims that Corbet had either committed suicide at the shame of losing his ship, been murdered by his disaffected crew, or been abandoned by his men, who were said to have refused to load their guns while he remained in command. Whether any of these rumours were accurate has never been satisfactorily determined, but the issue has been discussed in several prominent naval histories and was the subject of at least one lawsuit.
The action came about as a direct consequence of the Battle of Grand Port three weeks earlier, in which a British squadron had been destroyed in a failed attack on Grand Port harbour on Isle de France. This gave the French forces on the island a significant regional advantage, outnumbering the British frigate on the recently captured Île Bourbon, commanded by Commodore Josias Rowley, by six to one. British reinforcements were hastily despatched to the area but the French were blockading Île Bourbon in force and the arriving reinforcements were in constant danger of attack by more powerful French units. "Africaine" was the first ship to reinforce Rowley's squadron, but within three days of her arrival in the region was engaged by two French ships while attempting to drive them away from Saint Denis on Île Bourbon. Corbet was severely wounded in the opening exchanges and subsequently died. Although his crew fought hard, they were overwhelmed by the French frigates and forced to surrender, only for Rowley to arrive in HMS "Boadicea" and drive off the French warships, recapturing "Africaine".
Background.
In 1808, both the British Royal Navy and the French Navy despatched frigate squadrons to the Indian Ocean. The French, led by Commodore Jacques Hamelin, were ordered to disrupt British trade in the region, particularly targeting the large East Indiamen that carried millions of pounds worth of goods between Britain and her Empire. The British force under Commodore Josias Rowley was tasked with the blockade and eventual capture of the two well defended island bases of the French, Île Bonaparte and Isle de France. At the action of 31 May 1809, a French frigate named "Caroline" captured two East Indiamen, sheltering with her prizes at Saint Paul on Île Bonaparte. In his first major operation against the islands, Rowley landed soldiers behind the defences of the harbour and sent his ships into the bay, seizing the town and the shipping in the harbour, including "Caroline". One of Rowley's captains who had performed well in this engagement was Robert Corbet of HMS "Nereide". Refitting the "Caroline" as a British warship and renaming her HMS "Bourbonaise", Rowley placed Corbet in command and sent him to Britain with despatches.
Over the following year, the French continued to attack British trade convoys, achieving important victories at the action of 18 November 1809 and the action of 3 July 1810, where they captured another five East Indiamen as well as numerous smaller merchant ships and a large Portuguese frigate. Rowley too was active, commanding the successful Invasion of Île Bonaparte in July and renaming the island Île Bourbon, basing his squadron at Saint Paul on the island's eastern shore. From this base, Rowley's ships were ideally positioned to begin a close blockade of Isle de France, led initially by Captain Samuel Pym in HMS "Sirius". Pym sought to reduce French movement by seizing a number of fortified offshore islands, starting with Île de la Passe off Grand Port. The island was captured, but when a French squadron broke through the British blockade and took shelter in Grand Port, Pym resolved to attack them. The ensuing Battle of Grand Port was a disaster for Rowley's squadron, as Pym led four of Rowley's five frigates into the bay without adequately assessing the channel through the coral reefs that sheltered the harbour. As a result, two frigates grounded out of range of the enemy and the remaining two were outnumbered in confined waters. In a complicated battle lasting several days, two of Pym's frigates were captured and two more had to be scuttled, with their entire crews made prisoner. Rowley's reinforcements arrived too late, and the British commodore was chased back to Saint Denis by Hamelin's flagship.
While Rowley and Hamelin had sparred in the Indian Ocean, Corbet had made the lengthy journey back to Britain. During his time in command of "Nereide", Corbet had already developed a reputation as a strict disciplinarian, regularly beating his men for the slightest infractions, to the extent that he had provoked a brief mutiny on "Nereide" in 1808. His reputation spread before him, and when he switched commands with Captain Richard Raggett of HMS "Africaine", he was met with a storm of protest from "Africaine"'s crew. Although none of the men aboard "Africaine" had served with Corbet before, his preference for brutal punishment was well known in the Navy and the crew sent a letter to the Admiralty insisting that they would not serve under him. Concerned at what they considered to be mutiny, the Admiralty sent three popular officers to "Africaine" with the message that if the protest was quietly dropped there would be no courts-martial for mutiny but if not, the entire crew would be liable to attack. To emphasise the threat, the frigate HMS "Menelaus" was brought alongside, with her gunports open and her cannon ready to fire. Chastened, the crew of "Africaine" allowed Corbet aboard and the frigate sailed for the Indian Ocean a few days later, carrying instructions for the authorities at Madras to prepare an expeditionary force to invade Isle de France.
"Africaine" off Isle de France.
"Africaine"'s journey to Madras took several months and Corbet made a number of stops on his passage, the final one being at the small British island base of Rodriguez in early September 1810. There Corbet was informed of the disaster at Grand Port and on his own initiative immediately sailed south to augment Rowley's weakened squadron. Arriving off Isle de France at 06:15 on 11 September, Corbet spotted a French schooner near Île Ronde and gave chase, the schooner sheltering behind the reefs at Grand Bay on the eastern side of the island. At 07:30, Corbet ordered the frigate's boats to enter the creek into which the schooner had fled, the small craft entering the waterway in the hope of storming and capturing the vessel. As the boats approached, French soldiers and militia appeared along the banks and began firing on the British sailors. Fire was returned by Royal Marines in the boats, but "Africaine"'s barge grounded soon after the ambush was sprung and became trapped, French gunfire killing two men and wounding ten. The other boat reached the grounded and abandoned schooner, but the six men aboard were unable to move the vessel unaided and were forced to depart, coming under fire which wounded five men, before they could escape the French trap.
Retrieving his boats, Corbet determined to sail to Île Bourbon directly. By 04:00 on 12 September he had arrived at Saint-Denis and there landed his wounded and came ashore for news, learning that two French frigates were just offshore, blockading the port. The French ships had spotted "Africaine" in the harbour and despatched the small brig "Entreprenant" to Isle de France with information of her whereabouts, although Corbet had raised flags that successfully deceived the French into believing that his frigate was Rowley's flagship HMS "Boadicea". The French ships were "Astrée", commanded by Pierre Bouvet, and "Iphigénie", formerly one of the British frigates captured at Grand Port, under René Lemarant de Kerdaniel.
Battle.
Rowley, stationed at Saint-Paul to the west of Saint-Denis, received word that "Africaine" had arrived at Saint Denis and immediately sought to drive off the French blockade. Sailing eastwards, "Boadicea" came within sight of Bouvet's squadron at 15:00 and the British flagship followed by the small brigs HMS "Otter" and HMS "Staunch". Corbet recognised Rowley's intention and joined the attack, embarking 25 soldiers from the 86th Regiment of Foot to replace his losses at Grand Bay. The French, still believing "Africaine" to be "Boadicea", assumed that "Boadicea" was an East Indiaman named "Windham" in disguise, and fell back towards Isle de France before the British force.
"Otter" and "Staunch" both fell rapidly behind "Boadicea", while "Africaine" pulled far ahead. By 18:20, lookouts on "Africaine" could no longer see the other British ships, and by 18:30, "Boadicea" was similarly alone. Bouvet realised the lack of cohesion in the British squadron, and also recognised that "Africaine" was faster than either of his ships and would soon catch them. As a result, he slowed and prepared to meet the British frigate as night fell. Corbet now found himself outnumbered and began to launch rockets and flares in the hope of attracting Rowley's attention and as the French closed with "Africaine", he readied his ship for action. behind, Rowley could see the flares and flashes but was powerless to intercede in the darkness. At 01:50 on 13 September, the gap had closed between "Africaine" and the French ships, and at 02:20 Corbet opened fire on "Astrée", with Bouvet returning the fire immediately.
A cannonball from the second French broadside struck Corbet within minutes of the first broadside, the ball tearing off his foot above the ankle just as a large wooden splinter thrown from the gunwale struck the thigh of the same leg, shattering the bone. Corbet was brought below to the ship's surgeon where the remnant of his leg was hastily amputated and bound, and command devolved on Lieutenant John Crew Tullidge. At 02:30, "Astrée" pulled away from "Africaine" to perform hasty repairs, but Bouvet's guns had wrecked "Africaine"'s rigging, leaving the British frigate uncontrollable and largely immobile. Slowly moving ahead, "Africaine" engaged "Iphigénie" at close range but was counter attacked by "Astrée" and found herself assailed on both sides, "Astrée" angled in such a position that she was able to rake the British ship, inflicting significant damage and casualties.
By 03:30, "Africaine" was in ruins. Tullidge was wounded in four places, but refused to leave the deck as the ship's master had been decapitated and the other lieutenant shot in the chest. All three topmasts had collapsed and as guns were dismounted and casualties increased the return fire of "Africaine" became more and more ragged, until it stopped entirely at 04:45, when only two guns were still capable of firing. French fire stopped at 05:15, first light showing "Boadicea" away and unable to affect the surrender of "Africaine", which had hauled down its flags at 05:00. Within minutes, a French prize crew boarded the battered frigate and seized the magazine of shot and gunpowder, which was shipped to "Iphigénie" whose ammunition was almost exhausted.
"Boadicea" arrives.
At 06:00, a breeze pushed "Boadicea" forward and she began to close with her former consort, Rowley watching as all three of "Africaine"'s masts gave way and collapsed over the side one by one. By 08:00, "Africaine" was a dismasted hull and Corbet was dead in the bowels of the ship, although the exact manner of his death was to cause lasting controversy. By 10:00, "Boadicea" had been joined by "Otter" and "Staunch" and bore down on the French ships and their prize, so that by 15:30 Bouvet was persuaded to abandon "Africaine" and tow the damaged "Iphigénie" back to Port Napoleon. By 17:00, "Boadicea" pulled alongside "Africaine" and the French prize crew surrendered. Rowley later reported that a number of British sailors leaped into the sea at his approach and swam to "Boadicea", requesting that they be allowed to pursue the French ships in the hope of capturing one.
Rowley dismissed this idea given the shattered state of "Africaine" and instead towed the frigate back to Île Bourbon, shadowed by "Astrée" and "Iphigénie" on the