Wallonian musician, mathematician and astrologer
Jean Taisnier (or Taisner) (Latin: "Johannes Taisnierius"; 1508, Ath, Habsburg Netherlands – 1562, Cologne), surnamed Hannonius (i.e., of the County of Hainaut), was a Wallonian musician, mathematician and astrologer who published a number of works and taught in various European cities and universities. In some sources he is mis-named Jean Fuisnier. He was for some time schoolmaster of the boys of the Chapel ("Sacellanus") in the court of Emperor Charles V. By 1559 he styled himself "Poet Laureate" (a laureation of the Holy Roman Empire), and "Doctor of both Laws", but upon what authority is unknown. While he propounded a general theory of Mathematics in four "Quantities" of Astronomy, Geometry, Arithmetic and Music, and aimed to publish a general exposition of them, he became preoccupied with astrology and cheiromancy, and neglected to publish his advertized Treatise on Music which (given his experience) might have been the most interesting of all his works. His unacknowledged use of the work of other authors has incurred the accusation of plagiarism. He was the great-uncle of David Teniers the Elder.
Life.
Origins and education.
John, or Jehan, Taisnier was one of the children of Thomas Taisnière, a successful Wallonian merchant who owned various properties near the market-place of the city of Ath, and his wife, "demoiselle" Cathérine de l'Issue. The families were long-established in that place. He had a sister Françoise and brothers Joachim (Taynière) and Pierchon. These relationships are illustrated in a series of deeds in the archives of Ath: they show that father Thomas died before 4 October 1522, when Joachim, the eldest son, succeeded him as "matricularius" or parochial clerk for registrations, of the church of Saint-Julien (an office held by contract). Joachim was the grandfather of the painter David Teniers the Elder.
Jean went to college in Ath, and studied Law at the University of Louvain, from which he acquired the title "Maître" (Master) by which he was known from 1531. It was not until 1558 that he referred to himself as "Doctor of both laws", so he probably did not obtain his doctorate at Louvain. Much of the available information about Taisner's life and career depends upon his own statements made at various places in his published works, and especially in his cheiromantic readings, which are full of biographical details. His examples given in the "Opus Mathematicum" of 1562 might almost have been selected to provide a narrative of his own life. The older authorities, and many of the more recent ones, seem to derive their information about him from his own writings.
This chorographic ode to the town of Ath gives a sample of his poetic fancy: ;templatestyles src="Verse translation/styles.css" / ;
The Imperial Chapel.
In 1542, Taisnier was Master of the school for the children of the Imperial Chapel of Emperor Charles V: he was given charge of five children whose voices were no longer suitable, whom he took back to Louvain to pursue their higher studies. In the same capacity he addressed himself in a letter to Mary of Hungary (governor of the Netherlands), requesting possession of the prebend of Leuze-en-Hainaut, which had been granted to him by the Emperor. Although the prebendary was an ecclesiastical officer, it is supposed that this was granted to Taisnier as a layman, as a customary means of paying him for his service: there is no certain evidence that he was in holy orders. At that time the Maître de Chapelle to Charles V was Nicolas Gombert, and it is important to distinguish Taisnier's role as instructor in languages and literary education, from the musical instruction, though as musician Taisnier was apparently a singer in the Chapel choir. In the 1558 form of his publication on the "Use of the Spherical Rings" (an instrument for geometrical observation), Taisnier in the title-page describes himself as "Caesareae majestatis Caroli V, invictissimi, quondam sacellanus et cantor domesticus, puerorumque sacelli pedagogus" ("sometime household chapel instructor and singer of his most puissant imperial majesty Charles V, and teacher of the boys of the chapel"). 
Authorities trace the assertion by De La Serna (1809) that, in a musical capacity, Taisnier accompanied the Emperor's expedition to the conquest of Tunis (1535): this derives from Giacomo Filippo Tomasini (1630), from the Abbate Ghilini (1633), or from Isaac Bullart (1682), and not (as implied) from Lodovico Guicciardini (1567). Taisnier noted, in one of his "Chyromantiae" published in 1562, that in 1538, at Toledo, Spain, he was with singers of the Imperial Chapel to celebrate the Low German festival of the Three Kings (i.e. Epiphany 1538/39), though he did not say whether his connection with the court was then formal. There also he claimed to have witnessed the demonstration, before the Emperor and many others, of a submersible vessel in which a lighted candle was carried under the waves of the river Tagus and returned to the surface still burning. In 1541 Taisnier was with the Imperial Chapel at Valladolid, where in another demonstration of palmistry he recorded the death of his pupil Ysbrande Bus, who had the voice of a nightingale and was at the head of 60 singers in the Imperial Chapel, but devoted himself to drink and gluttony. Having got into a fight in which he bit off the ear of an imperial messenger, Bus disdained to travel with the other singers, succumbed to a fever, and was cast into the sea ("piscibus in escam proiectus est"). This incident occurred as the Emperor's fleet was making his ill-fated expedition to Algiers, late in 1541, in which Taisnier with the singers of the Imperial Chapel accompanied him. 
Teaching in Italy and Sicily.
Having obtained the prebend of Leuze in 1542, he spent the next years in Italy and Sicily. In 1546-47 he was teaching Mathematics in the public academies in Rome, and in 1548 was teaching at Ferrara. He mentioned also teaching in Bologna and Pavia, and in 1559 claimed to have been travelling in Europe, Asia and Africa continually for twenty years. In Ferrara he published his first books, beginning with a Latin Oration made in November 1547, with a work on the Construction and Use of Spheres, prefaced by some (Latin) epigrams: he describes himself as "Poeta" in the title. He followed with the Italian-language Manual on the Spherical Rings (astronomical rings), a surveying instrument comprising three intersecting rings by which trigonometric measurements could be calculated. (This coincided with the Latin manual by Gemma Frisius on the use of the astronomical rings, containing some similar illustrations, published at Antwerp in 1548 but with dedication dated 1534). 
He returned to Rome in 1549, then proceeded to Palermo and entered the service of Pietro Tagliavia d'Aragonia, from 1544 Archbishop of Palermo. The archbishop had met him at Trent, and instructed him to bring 10 chanters and two sopranists from Flanders. For two years Taisnier served as "phonascus", or vocal mentor, at the cathedral of Palermo, giving lessons in mathematics. At Palermo in 1550 he published his work on the Spherical Rings, "De Usu Annuli Sphaerici", in Latin, with dedications to the Barone Antonino Oddo and Prospero Minarbett, and to the censor, the dominican Salvatore Mangiavacca: and here, it appears, he manufactured astronomical instruments, including a Planisphere of the material sphere, Astronomic compasses, and spherical rings, for which the Spanish physician-turned-Jesuit attending Jerome Prince failed to pay him.
With Mendoza to Flanders.
In 1551 he was at Trapani in Sicily, and took part in a military expedition against the Turks in Reggio Calabria, afterwards returning to Naples via Seminara. Taisnier resolved to devote himself no longer to musical disciplines: but despite this, he now became Director of Musicians to Cardinal Francisco Mendoza de Bobadilla, Bishop of Burgos, in Rome. (In those years Orlando di Lassus and Pierluigi da Palestrina were both active in Rome.) The Cardinal planned to visit the Emperor in Flanders, and asked Taisnier to undertake the work. In this way he accompanied the Cardinal to Venice and Florence, where they remained for some months, then to Trent, where they celebrated the Carnevale. From there they went to Mechlin (Malines), where a very excellent young singer of their company, Fabius Gazella, died of dysentery. Having returned to his homeland, it is assumed that Taisnier remained in the employment of the Imperial Chapel at least until 1555, when the Emperor surrendered his power in the Netherlands: an undated comment refers to his having directed the sopranists of the Imperial Chapel at Brussels.
Lessines.
Perhaps in consequence of this change, in 1555 Taisnier moved to Lessines in Hainaut, where for two years he taught as head of a higher school with five junior masters. The pupils, many of whom were children of noblemen, numbered more than four hundred, and were instructed in Greek and Latin, Spanish and French, and in music. In 1556 at Lessines another of his pupil singers died. James de Sableau had been brought by Taisnier from Hainaut as a boy, had been with him for two years at Palermo, and had followed with him from Naples to Rome, through Italy and back to the homeland. In October 1556 Jean Taisnier and his sister Françoise sold an annual rent on their shared property, the hostelry at the sign of the Golden Eagle at the market-place in Ath, to Guillaume de Corgnet, "lieutenant du bailly de la ville de Lessines".
Cologne, 1558-1562.
Taisnier's final move, by 1558, was to Cologne, where he undertook teaching in the schools and university, he served as Kapellmeister to Jan Gebhardus, Archbishop-Elector of Cologne (died 1562), and from where, in the space of five years, most of his published works came through the press. Although these were not musical works, two of his main publishers were from families (Bathen and Birckmann) closely associated with music publishing. It was (only) at the end of the 'Epistola Dedicatoria' of the "Opusculum... De Natura Magnetis", dedicated to Gebhard, that Taisnier referred to himself as "presbyter": "Suae Celsitudinis Humillimus Orator et mancipium, Ioannes Taisnier Hannonius Presbyter". This title may have been accorded to him even as a layman in his role as Kapellmeister. It is similarly observed that his costume in the woodcut portrait is clerical. Most sources consider that Taisnier died in or soon after 1562, after which nothing more is heard of him living, though much later dates (1589, 1595) have also been proposed.
Publications, 1558-1562.
The "Material Sphere", 1558, 1559.
The first of these, "De Sphaerae Materialis Fabrica et Usu 128 Canonum Tituli" ("128 Precept Titles on the Construction and Use of the Material Sphere"), produced by Iohannes Bathenius at Cologne in 1558, styles the author as Doctor of both laws ("utriusque Iuris D."), Poeta laureatus, and Mathematicus. It is a 24-page list of the chapter-headings of a projected work in eight books or sections, and is dedicated to his three students Jerome de Corde of Tournai, Gaspar Spoetz of Antwerp, and Henry Middelburgh of Brussels, making acknowledgement of the work of several contemporaries including Gemma Frisius.
It is followed by "De Usu Spherae Materialis", by the same publisher in 1559, illustrating on the title page a mounted planisphere formed by astronomical rings enclosing other internal circuits around a central body (similar to that depicted in his author-portrait of 1562). This, then, is the "Material Sphere". In his dedication to Hufkens of Groningen, which opens with a detailed account of his travels, he cites as his principal authority the work of Johannes de Sacrobosco, in particular the "Tractatus de Sphaera Mundi" (written about A.D. 1230 and describing a Ptolemaic cosmography). Taisnier's work, of 46 folios, restricts itself to the astronomical uses of the instrument, though introducing an astrological theme in the dedication, and closing with the promise of an expanded work on the uses, yet to come. The intention is to describe the improvement of the armillary sphere by certain corrections, and by the addition of rings to make the instrument more useful in its application to astronomy, physiognomy and cheiromancy.
Judicial Astrology, 1559.
A more substantial astrological work, of nearly 200 folios, Taisnier's "Astrologiae Iudiciariae Ysagogica, et Totius Divinatricis Artis Encomia" ("Introductory Contextual Study of Judicial Astrology, and the Encomia of the Whole Divinatory Art"), appeared also in 1559, produced at Cologne by Arnold Birckmann. This book bore an august dedication, to William, Duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg, Count de la Marck, Count of Ravensberg and Lord of Ravenstein (1516-1592), whose servant Taisnier declares himself to be. The