Within Christianity, there are a variety of views on the issues of gender identity and transgender people. Christian denominations vary in their official position: some explicitly support gender transition, some oppose it, and others are divided or have not taken an official stance. Within any given denomination, individual members may or may not endorse the official views of their church on the topic.
Denominations including the Catholic Church, the Jehovah's Witnesses, and the Southern Baptist Convention have expressed official opposition to gender transition, sometimes citing Biblical references to God creating humans as "male and female." Other denominations, including the Church of England, Church of Sweden, Episcopal Church, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, and Presbyterian Church (USA), have permitted ordained transgender clergy to serve in congregations.
History.
The history of Christianity and homosexuality has traditionally intertwined with the history of Christianity and transgender people, and has been subject to intense debate. The Hebrew Bible and its traditional interpretations in Judaism and Christianity have historically affirmed and endorsed a patriarchal and heteronormative approach towards human sexuality. They favour exclusively penetrative vaginal intercourse between men and women within the boundaries of marriage over all other forms of human sexual activity. This includes autoeroticism, masturbation, oral sex, non-penetrative and non-heterosexual sexual intercourse (all of which have been labeled as "sodomy" by some at various times). They believe and teach that such behaviors are forbidden because they're considered sinful, and further compared to or derived from the behavior of the alleged residents of Sodom and Gomorrah. However, the status of LGBT people in early Christianity is debated.
Some commentators, both Catholic and those of other denominations maintain that the early Christian churches deplored transgender people and same-sex relationships. However, others maintain that they accepted them on the level of their heterosexual counterparts. These disagreements concern the translations of certain terms, or the meaning and context of some biblical passages, including Sodom and Gomorrah, Levitical laws, and other passages.
Biblical sources.
Surgery and other alterations of the body.
With respect to transition-related surgery, and other alterations of the physical body, the Old Testament has specific rules about men's genitalia being intact: men with damaged testicles or severed genitals are forbidden from being admitted to religious assemblies.
The New Testament is more ambiguous about gender-variant and otherwise altered bodies than the Old Testament. Eunuchs (Greek "eunochos", similar to Hebrew "saris") are indicated as acceptable candidates for evangelism and baptism, as demonstrated in a story about the conversion of an Ethiopian eunuch. While answering questions about marriage and divorce, Jesus says that "there are eunuchs who have been so from birth, and there are eunuchs who have been made eunuchs by others, and there are eunuchs who have made themselves eunuchs for the sake of the kingdom of heaven." This has sparked discussion about the significance of the selection of the Ethiopian eunuch as being the first Gentile convert to Christianity. Some argue that the inclusion of a eunuch represents a sexual minority similar to some of those who are included under today's category of transgender, in the context of the time.
Gender-specific clothing.
The Old Testament contains prohibitions against men wearing women's clothing and vice versa, which is cited as an abomination within the context of pagan idol worship practices in Deuteronomy 22:5. As a result, it was once considered taboo in Western society for women to wear clothing traditionally associated with men, except in certain circumstances such as cases of necessity (as per St. Thomas Aquinas's guidelines in the "Summa Theologica"). In the Middle Ages, this rule's applicability was occasionally disputed. The Quinisext Council in the 7th century ordered students at the University of Constantinople to stop engaging in transvestism.
However, 19th century biblical scholar Adam Clarke noted that "it is very probable that "armour" is here intended" referring to Deuteronomy 22:5.
There is debate about whether Jesus abolished the Torah law about clothing. The Bible states that Jesus said, "Do not worry about clothes" in , , and Luke 12:22. Pauline Christianity teaches that the old covenant legal system was abolished altogether, so it cannot be counted a sin any longer now in the Christian faith. Traditionally Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox Christianity have no commonly known general injunctions against the practice.
Christian denominational positions.
Catholic Church.
Documents and declarations.
The "Catechism of the Catholic Church" does not have any text explicitly regarding transgender people. However, it does clearly state that gender is exclusively binary and every person should "acknowledge and accept his sexual identity." It strongly implies that birth anatomy and gender expression are equal and further emphasizes binary heterosexual marriage and family roles.
Catholic News Service reported that in 2000, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued a confidential document stating that sex reassignment surgery does not change a person's gender in the eyes of the Church. "The key point," said the reported document, "is that the transsexual surgical operation is so superficial and external that it does not change the personality. If the person was a male, he remains male. If she was female, she remains female." The document also concluded that a "sex-change" operation could be morally acceptable in certain extreme cases, but that in all cases transgender people cannot validly marry.
On 28 September 2002, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith addressed a letter to the presidents of all episcopal conferences, stating that the gender of a faithful cannot be changed in the baptismal record following gender reassignment, as this does not change the condition of the person concerned under canon law. The letter orders that an annotation should be added to the record, mentioning the decision taken by civil authorities.
In September 2015, the Dicastery upheld the refusal of Rafael Zornoza, Bishop of Cádiz and Ceuta, to permit an openly transgender man to be a godfather to his nephew at a baptism.
In June 2019, the Congregation for Catholic Education published a document titled "Male and Female He Created Them", instructing Catholic schools on topics regarding gender identity. The document rejected the terms transgender and intersex, and criticized the idea that people could choose or change their gender. They labeled it as a "confused concept of freedom" and "momentary desires". It asserted male and female genitalia were designed for procreation. Transgender advocates responded that people may discover a gender different than their external appearance, as determined by "genetics, hormones, and brain chemistry". They criticized the document as not reflecting the life experiences of transgender people and worried it would encourage discrimination and self-harm.
On 31 October 2023, a document from the Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, responding to questions from José Negri, Bishop of Santo Amaro, said that transgender people could be baptised, be godparents at a baptism, and be witnesses at weddings, so long as such situations would not cause scandal.
Statements by popes.
Pope Benedict XVI denounced concepts of gender transition, warning that these ideas blur the distinction between male and female and could thus lead to the "self-destruction" of the human species. Benedict also warned against alteration of the term "gender": "What is often expressed and understood by the term 'gender,' is definitively resolved in the self-emancipation of the human being from creation and the Creator," he warned. "Man wants to create himself, and to decide always and exclusively on his own about what concerns him." He said that this is humanity living "against truth, against the creating Spirit."
In December 2012, during his Christmas address to the Roman Curia, Pope Benedict XVI described the view that one can choose their gender identity, as a "profound falsehood."
While repeatedly denouncing gender theory and gender-affirming surgery, in several public statements, Pope Francis, head of the Catholic Church since 2013, has emphasised the need to accompany transgender people. On 24 January 2015, he met a Spanish civil servant who stopped attending Mass after his sex change led his parish priest and others to reject him. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Vatican forged close relations with a group of trans women in Torvaianica, many of whom were from Latin America and working as prostitutes. In August 2020, Francis sent his prayers to Mónica Astorga Cremona, an Argentine Carmelite nun, and the transgender women for which she opened a building complex in Neuquén. Writing in the "Toronto Star", columnist Michael Coren described Francis' support as "monumental" and "far more significant than it may seem because the Roman Catholic Church has often been loud and active in opposing the very notion of the trans reality".
In "Pope Francis: This Economy Kills" (2015), a book edited by Andrea Tornielli and Giacomo Galeazzi reporting extensive interviews with Francis, Francis compared "genetic manipulation" and gender theory to nuclear weapons, calling them "a new sin, that against God the Creator" that "does not recognise the order of creation", whose design "is written in nature". At a meeting of young people in Naples on 21 March 2015, Francis called gender theory "the mistake of the human mind ... creating so much confusion". At a general audience the following month, he said: ;templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" / ;I ask myself, if the so-called gender theory is not, at the same time, an expression of frustration and resignation, which seeks to cancel out sexual difference because it no longer knows how to confront it. Yes, we risk taking a step backwards. The removal of difference in fact creates a problem, not a solution. In order to resolve the problems in their relationships, men and women need to speak to one another more, listen to each other more, get to know one another better, love one another more.
— In an address to Polish bishops in Kraków Cathedral on 27 July 2016, later published by the Vatican, Francis denounced the "ideological colonisation" of children being taught about gender-affirming surgery. During his 2016 pastoral visit to Georgia and Azerbaijan, Francis told a conference of priests and nuns that teaching gender theory in schools was part of a "global war" against marriage. In the press conference aboard the papal flight home on 2 October 2016, he called gender theory "against the realities of nature", warning that schools teaching gender theory "to change people's way of thinking [is] 'ideological colonisation'".
At an audience with the Pontifical Academy for Life on 5 October 2017, Francis condemned "the biological and psychical manipulation of sexual difference, which biomedical technology allows us to perceive as completely available to free choice – which it is not!" Francis' comments were criticised by Catholic LGBT organisations, including New Ways Ministry and DignityUSA.
Statements by bishops.
In January 2020, Bishop Paprocki of the Diocese of Springfield released a pastoral guide regarding gender identity. Paprocki's guide stated that "a person cannot change his or her gender" and that sex-reassignment surgery is "a type of mutilation and intrinsically evil." He also refers to transgender surgeries for children as "child abuse and genital mutilation" and emphasized that "it is imperative to be clear on the reality of human biology as a gift from God that we cannot change."
In August 2021, Bishop Burbidge of the Diocese of Arlington released a pastoral letter titled "A Catechesis on the Human Person and Gender Ideology". Burbidge's letter calls upon Catholics to show love to transgender people, reminding them of their value and listening to their struggle, while also avoiding showing any "misguided charity and false compassion." He urges Catholics to reject the use of "gender-affirming' terms or pronouns", as it would "be inconsistent" with Church teachings on sex.
In May 2024, Brother Christian Matson of the Diocese of Lexington in Kentucky publicly came out as trans. He believes he is the first openly transgender diocesan hermit in the Catholic Church. The Bishop of Lexington, John Stowe, knew Matson was transgender when he hired him and approved his coming out. He said that his willingness to support Matson comes from the nature of Matson's vocation, as hermits can be male or female and their role is "relatively quiet and secluded," not including priesthood or "sacramental ministry."
Independent Catholicism.
Old Catholic Church.
The Old Catholic Church has been affirming and welcoming to transgender members. Old Catholic and Independent Catholic churches have been accepting of the LGBT community in general. In 2014, one of the first transgender priests was ordained in the Old Catholic Church.
Philippine Independent Church.
Officially known as the "Iglesia Filipina Independiente" and colloquially called the Aglipayan Church, an Independent Catholic denomination with Anglo-Catholic orientation, the church has adopted an official and binding position of inclusion and full acceptance