1991 maritime disaster
The "Moby Prince" disaster was a major maritime accident resulting in 140 deaths. It occurred in the late evening of Wednesday 10 April 1991, in the harbour of Livorno, Italy. It is the worst disaster in the Italian merchant navy since World War II. It is also considered one of the two worst environmental disasters in Italian history, along with the explosion and loss of the tanker "Amoco Milford Haven" on the following day in an unrelated accident near Voltri.
MV "Moby Prince", a ferry owned by Navigazione Arcipelago Maddalenino (NAVARMA) Lines collided with the oil tanker "Agip Abruzzo", sparking an extensive fire that ravaged the ship. The only survivor of the crew and passengers of the ferry was a young ship's boy, Alessio Bertrand from Naples. The other 140 on board were killed by the fire or toxic fumes.
On 28 May 1998 the ship's hull sank while impounded in a dock in Leghorn Harbour; it was later refloated and sent to be scrapped in Turkey.
Vessel.
MV" Moby Prince" was an Italian ferry owned by Navarma Lines (later Moby Lines). She was built in 1967 by the English shipyard Cammell Laird of Birkenhead as "Koningin Juliana" for ferry operator Stoomvaart Maatschappij Zeeland of the Netherlands, and was used on the Harwich to Hook of Holland route until 1984.
Collision.
At 22:03 on 10 April 1991 the "Moby Prince" left Livorno, heading to Olbia for a regular service, with 75 passengers, manned by a complement of 66 crew. The ship was commanded by Ugo Chessa. While taking the usual dedicated route out of the harbor, the ferry's bow struck the "Agip Abruzzo", which was standing at anchor, and sliced through its tank number 7. The tank was filled with 2,700 tons of Iranian light crude oil. At 22:25, the ferry's radio operator broadcast a mayday from the portable VHF transmitter. He did not use the fixed radio set, since he was not at his post at the moment of the disaster, as was later confirmed by the location of his body.
Fire.
Some of the oil spread on the surface of the sea and caught fire, but the remainder was sprayed onto the "Moby Prince" by the impact. A raging fire quickly engulfed the ferry. The exact quantity of oil sprayed on the ferry was estimated in the subsequent trial at 100 to 300 tons. In the collision, the tanker got stuck to the ferry. The tanker commander ordered full power to the engines and managed to separate the ships, but unwittingly worsened the oil spill.
The deck of the "Moby Prince" was on fire, but the people aboard had some time to reach safety. The fire reached the ship's interior only after the two massive covers between the deck and the upper car compartment gave way under the intense heat. Once that happened, the fire spread to the prow engine room, slowed only by the fireproof doors. According to later surveys, the fire took over half an hour to reach the "De Luxe" hall, the ship's safe meeting point.
First response.
Rescuers were alerted by repeated calls from the "Agip Abruzzo", but the "Mayday" from the "Moby Prince" went unheard. The situation was unclear until 23:35 – over one hour after the collision – when the ferry's wreck was located. The crew of the "Moby Prince" had no time to cut power to the engines. The ship was left out of control and began circling away from the location of the collision, still engulfed in flames, as was the sea around her, making rescue even harder.
The crew mustered the passengers in the "De Luxe" hall in the ship's prow, relying on a quick rescue by the port authorities, whose base was just minutes away. The hall was equipped with fireproof doors and walls. The flames were fueled by the oil sprayed on the prow, but the wave of fire passed over and around the hall, igniting anything around it but leaving the hall and its occupants unscathed. The hall's safety features might have given a chance of rescue, but the rescue operators were slow to respond, because of miscommunication and confusion from the misunderstood disaster dynamics. By the time the crew understood that help was not coming quickly, the hall's surroundings were engulfed in flames and no escape route was available.
Post mortem examination of the victims revealed that many of them died of carbon monoxide poisoning, having survived (albeit unconscious) for hours after the fire broke out. The thick black smoke from the oil and from the plastics of the ferry's fittings was aggravated by gases evaporating from the crude oil.
When the first wave of flames hit the command deck, the crew had to flee without disengaging the ferry's air conditioning system – the fans were still operating when the wreck was visited the following day, and it was found that the air circulation contributed to diffusing toxic gases and smoke in the rooms not directly affected by the fire.
Mistakes in rescue operations.
Rescue operations were slow and chaotic, and it was later proved that problems with the rescue constituted one of the major causes of death. At first, the rescue ships from Leghorn centered their operations around the "Agip Abruzzo", reaching the scene at 23:00 p.m. and saving all the crew of the tanker. The "mayday" from the "Moby Prince" went unheard, too feeble and garbled for the Port Authority to understand.
 ;templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" / ;Mayday ... Mayday ... Moby Prince ... Moby Prince ... We are in a collision ... We are on fire ... Firemen needed ... Mate, if you do not help us we will burn ... Mayday ... Mayday ...
Commander Renato Superina of "Agip Abruzzo" communicated by radio with the rescuers at 22:36, declaring that the ship had struck a "bettolina" (a kind of small service boat used for refueling), misreporting the accident and asking the rescuers to hurry to the tanker, "without mistaking them for us". This error was later repeated by the radio operator of "Agip Abruzzo": "looks like it was a "bettolina" striking us".
The Commander of the Port of Leghorn, Admiral Sergio Albanese, rushed to the scene aboard the Coast Guard vessel "CP250". As part of his duties he was in charge of coordinating the rescue activities. However, no orders from Admiral Albanese were reported by any officer involved in the rescue operation and his voice is never heard in the recordings of the VHF channels that night. Admiral Albanese was quickly exonerated during the trial, raising questions about whether he rushed to the site to cover secret military operations by other unidentified ships.
First aid.
The first to find the "Moby Prince" wreck (at 23:35, over an hour after the collision) were two tugboat operators, Mauro Valli and Walter Mattei, who managed to recover the only survivor, Alessio Bertrand, a ship's boy hanging from the stern railing.
Along with Valli and Mattei came Port Authority guard ship "CP232". The tugboat operators repeatedly called for help, especially after Bertrand told them that many people were still in danger. Bertrand was put on board the guard ship, which stayed for over half an hour looking for survivors, but then headed back to the port since he needed medical attention. Valli and Mattei later reported that Bertrand said "there is no one to save anymore, they have all been burned to death".
Meanwhile, tugboats and firefighting ships were sent to the wreck and began cooling the hull. At 03:30 sailor Giovanni Veneruso, from a private tugboat, volunteered to board the ferry to attach a towline, the first rescuer to board the ship after the disaster. Other rescuers reached the ship only hours later, in the morning, when the fire on the wreck was extinguished.
Corpse on the deck.
A Carabinieri helicopter left its base early in the morning to join the rescue operations and filmed a corpse lying on its back near the ship's stern. The corpse was not charred, even though the surroundings were deeply scorched by the flames. Later, when the wreck was returned to Leghorn harbour, firemen found the body completely burned by the heat, suggesting that many people did not die quickly in the flames, but slowly from the intense heat and suffocation. This opinion was thoroughly discussed in the trial. Some experts asserted that the corpse on the deck was a passenger who, after surviving the fire and suffocation, tried to reach the rescue ship at dawn, but was overcome by heat from the deck's metal.
In September 1992 a videotape recorded by a passenger shortly before the collision was found in good shape, confirming that the flames and heat were quite tolerable where the passengers were sheltered, and a quicker rescue operation could have saved many lives.
Fate of hull.
The charred hull was moored at Leghorn until 17 May 1998, when she sank. The rusty wreckage was later raised and towed to Aliağa, Turkey to be scrapped. The sinking of the "Moby Prince" was the worst disaster for the Italian merchant marine since the end of World War II.
Causes.
Fog.
Among the officially accepted causes of the disaster, fog played the leading role. Judges confirmed that a natural phenomenon called advection fog (a quick buildup of thick fog in a small area caused by hot, moist air reaching the cold sea surface) was experienced that evening in the zone around the "Agip Abruzzo", preventing the "Moby Prince" from spotting the tanker. Several qualified witnesses, including officers from the nearby Naval Academy, however, reported that visibility was good and no fog was present. Most of the witnesses referred to the smoke generated after the collision as "fog".
While this is one of the officially recognised causes of the disaster, many doubts were advanced as to whether the phenomenon had really occurred, especially after an amateur video found in the "De Luxe" hall was shown on TG1. In the video, weather conditions seem fair. Guardia di Finanza captain Cesare Gentile, commanding a guard ship which joined the first rescue efforts at 22:35, testified that "at the time, the weather was excellent, the sea was calm and visibility was perfect".
Bombing.
The judges considered the hypothesis that a bomb aboard the ferry sent it off course, causing it to crash into the tanker. At first this hypothesis was considered likely, but it was quickly dismissed during the trial due to expert and other testimony, especially that of the only survivor.
Traffic.
A rumor that the United States and NATO military headquarters had radar reports and satellite photographs of the disaster received widespread attention, but was later denied by the respective commands.
The presence of the "bettolina" was never confirmed. The tanker commander in the early calls for help confirmed many times that the ship struck a small tugboat, grossly mistaking the real nature of the event. Those calls were undoubtedly influenced by the confusion from the collision and by low visibility caused by the smoke. Some sailors from "Agip Abruzzo" testified that they saw the silhouette of a ship in the fire, but only a few of them recognized that it could have been a ferry.
Three elements are thought to confirm the presence of a "bettolina":
Against this theory, there are mostly verbal witnesses, among them the harbour spotter Romero Ricci, pilot Federico Sgherri and many other officers from "Agip Abruzzo", and harbour personnel.
Two bigger ships, probably the "Cape Breton" and "Gallant II", both American, were riding at anchor near the "Agip Abruzzo", as shown in a photograph taken from the Leghorn seafront the afternoon before the tragedy. Captain Gentile gave an account about the position of the ships in the harbour after the collision:
 ;templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" / ;I saw the silhouette of the "Agip Abruzzo" just outside the harbour, but not the "Moby" in flames. [...] I had a tanker to my left, about 700–800 meters from the Naval Academy. Then there was the tanker in that position. On the other side there were four ships, among them one perhaps carrying munitions; at the northern entrance, near the "Calambrone", there was an illuminated American ship loading munitions.
In 2008, it was found that "Theresa", another ship, had been present at the scene but her involvement remains unclear. A mysterious audio recording from 22:45, just after the collision, was discovered in 1991. It said in English: "This is "Theresa", this is "Theresa" for the Ship One in Livorno anchorage I'm moving out, I'm moving out ..." No ship named "Theresa" was registered in the harbour records, and it is