16th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1618 to 1622
Osman II ( "‘Osmān-i sānī"; ; 3 November 1604 – 20 May 1622), also known as Osman the Young (), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 26 February 1618 until his regicide on 20 May 1622.
Early life.
Osman II was born at Topkapı Palace, Constantinople, the son of Sultan Ahmed I (1603–17) and one of his consorts Mahfiruz Hatun. According to later traditions, at a young age, his mother had paid a great deal of attention to Osman's education, as a result of which Osman II became a known poet and was believed to have mastered many languages, including Arabic, Persian, Greek, Latin, and Italian; although this has since been refuted. Osman was born eleven months after his father Ahmed's transition to the throne. He was trained in the palace. According to foreign observers, he was one of the most cultured of Ottoman princes.
Osman's failure to capture the throne at the death of his father Ahmed might have been caused by the absence of a mother to lobby in his favour; his own mother was probably already dead or in exile.
Reign.
Osman II ascended the throne at the age of 14 as the result of a coup d'état against his uncle Mustafa I "the Mad" (1617–1618, 1622–1623). Despite his youth, Osman II soon sought to assert himself as a ruler, and after securing the empire's eastern border by signing a peace treaty (Treaty of Serav) with Safavid Persia, he personally led the Ottoman campaign against Poland and King Sigismund III during the Moldavian Magnate Wars, also having his younger brother Mehmed strangled just before he left Istanbul on campaign. Forced to sign a humiliating peace treaty with the Poles after the Battle of Khotyn (Chocim) in September–October, 1621, Osman II returned home to Constantinople in shame, blaming the cowardice of the Janissaries and the insufficiency of his statesmen for his humiliation.
The basic and exceptional weakness from which Osman II suffered was the conspicuous absence of a female power basis in the harem. From 1620 until Osman's death, a governess ("daye hatun", lit. wet-nurse) was appointed as a stand-in valide, and she could not counterbalance the contriving of Mustafa I's mother in the Old Palace. Although he did have a loyal chief black eunuch at his side, this could not compensate for the absence of what in the politics of that period was a winning combination, valide sultan–chief black eunuch, especially in the case of a young and very ambitious ruler. According to Piterberg, Osman II did not have haseki sultan, opposite with Peirce who claim that Ayşe was Osman's haseki. But it is clear that Ayşe was politically insignificant and she couldn't be a valide support for Osman's reign.In the autumn of 1620, Özi Beylerbeyi İskender Pasha seized the secret letter sent by Transylvanian Prince Bethlen Gabor to Istanbul and sent it to Poland, and Osman also became a veteran of the people around him. He decided to embark on a Polish expedition. Continuing preparations for the Polish campaign, neither cold nor famine nor the English ambassador John Eyre could deter Osman. The ambassador of Sigismund III, the King of Poland, was brought into Istanbul despite the severe colds. The janissaries and army were not willing to go on a campaign, regardless of their conditions.
Attempted reforms.
After the death of Suleiman I the empire, a period of hugely increased power of the Janissary corps, local leaders and jurists over the internal and external affairs of the empire had persisted, paired with a great decline in the power of the sultan, who by this point was little more than a figurehead. This was showcased in 1618, by the deposition of sultan Mustafa I after only three months in power by the chief harem eunuch, Mustafa Agha, showing another example of the vastly weakened sultanate. According to one Ottoman chronicler, the 'weak-mindedness and deranged nature' of the sultan was clear. In public he reportedly would gesture repeatedly as if throwing coins onto the ground, possibly meaning he was traumatized by throwing coins to the Janissaries. Sultans had become empty shells of power, whose deposition and execution had become legal, at least according to many scholars of the time.
Upon Osman's return to the Ottoman capital of Istanbul, the young sultan hoped to retake power over the empire from the hands of the Janissaries and jurists, recentralising power in the sultan. He was aiming to dissolve the Janissary corps and replace it with a new, more loyal army equipped with muskets and recruited from peasants and nomads of Anatolia and Syria, as well as Arab, Kurdish and Druze mercenaries. He also wished to relocate the Ottoman capital to Damascus, and planned to take the Hajj to Mecca, which no other sultan had ever done. The Janissaries and jurists strongly opposed his 'turn to the East', and the Janissaries feared the threat of a new army replacing them. Osman's ideas had made him many enemies in the empire.
Great winter of 1621.
Following the murder of Şehzade Mehmed on 12 January 1621, a heavy snow started falling in Istanbul. The people of Istanbul were drastically affected by the cold, which increased local violence on 24 January, more so than the palace murder. This is the biggest natural disaster that concerns the capital in Osman's four-year short reign. Bostanzade Yahya Efendi, one of those who lived through this cold, remarked that the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus were covered with ice from the end of January to beginning of February: "Between Üsküdar and Beşiktaş, the men walk around and go to Üsküdar. They came from Istanbul on foot. And the year became a gala (famine).
It was snowing for 15 days, that the frosts were frozen from the severity of the cold, but the river was open between Sarayburnu and Üsküdar. For this natural disaster, thirty thousand froze between Üsküdar and Istanbul from the cold," said Haşimi Çelebi, "The road became Üsküdar, the Mediterranean froze a thousand thirty". As a result of the inconvenience of the Zahire ships, there was a complete famine in Istanbul, and 75 dirhams of bread jumped to one akche, and the oak of the meat to 15 akches.
Death.
Due to these reforms seeking a counterweight to Janissary influence, as well as Osman II closing the Janissary coffee shops (the gathering points for conspiracies against the throne), the very day Osman was due to set out recruiting his new, more loyal army a palace uprising by the janissaries began with the Janissaries killing the chief harem eunuch Suleiman Agha, then located and promptly imprisoned the young sultan in Yedikule Fortress in Istanbul, where Osman II was strangled to death. After Osman's death, his ear was cut off (and possibly his nose) and presented to Halime Sultan and Sultan Mustafa I to confirm his death and Mustafa would no longer need to fear his nephew. It was the first time in the Ottoman history that a sultan was executed by the janissaries.
This disaster is one of the most discussed topics in Ottoman history. Hasanbegzade, Karaçelebizade, Solakzade, Peçevi, Müneccimbaşı and Naima dates, in the Fezleke of Katip Çelebi, detailed and some of them were narrated in a story style.
Family.
Consorts.
Osman II had at least four consorts:
Sons.
Osman II had at least two sons:
Daughters.
Osman II had at least a daughter:
In popular culture.
In the 2015 Turkish television series "", Osman II was portrayed by actor Taner Ölmez.
Notes.
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External links.
 Media related to at Wikimedia Commons