Military action in WW1
The action of the Cockcroft took place on 19 August 1917, during the Third Battle of Ypres on the Western Front in the First World War. At the Battle of Langemarck (16–18 August 1917) an attack on the German 4th Army by the British Fifth Army, the infantry of the 48th (South Midland) Division and the 11th (Northern) Division of XVIII Corps had been stopped well short of their objectives. The British had been shot down by the German garrisons of blockhouses and pillbox outposts of the (the third German defensive position). At a conference called by General Hubert Gough, the Fifth Army commander, on 17 August, Gough and the corps commanders arranged for local attacks to be made at various points, to reach a good jumping-off line for another general attack on 25 August.
The commanders of XIX Corps and XVIII Corps were ordered to arrange advances to within about of the , to come into line with the XIV Corps on the left flank; II Corps, further south, was to capture Inverness Copse on 22 August. At 4:45 a.m. on 19 August, five tanks of the 1st Tank Brigade broke down or ditched; seven others advanced up the St Julian–Poelcappelle road behind a smoke barrage, their noise smothered by low-flying British aircraft. The tanks were followed by parties of the 1/8th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment, ready to occupy the strong points and pillboxes as their garrisons were overcome by the tanks.
At most of the pillboxes, the German occupants retreated as soon as they saw the tanks; at the Cockcroft, Triangle Farm, the garrisons stood their ground, suffering about 100 casualties and thirty men taken prisoner. Two of the tanks were knocked out and two crew were killed along with 13 to 14 wounded; fifteen Royal Warwicks were also wounded. In 1996, Prior and Wilson wrote that the method was hard to repeat and created unrealistic expectations of the tanks. In 2017, Nick Lloyd wrote that the attack had been "a remarkable exercise in ingenuity and imagination" which raised Tank Corps morale.
Background.
German defensive tactics.
In July 1917, the system of defence in depth of the German 4th Army ( Friedrich Sixt von Armin) began with a front system of three breastworks Ia, Ib and Ic, about apart, garrisoned by the four companies of each front battalion, with listening-posts in no-man's-land. About behind was the (the second or artillery protective line), the rear boundary of the forward battle zone (). About 25 per cent of the battalions in support were divided into (security crews) to hold strong-points, the remainder being (storm troops) to counter-attack towards them from the back of the . Dispersed in front of the line were divisional (machine-gun armed marksmen) in the (strongpoint line) a line of machine-gun nests prepared for all-round defence. The also marked the front of the main battle zone () which was about deep, containing most of the field artillery of the (ground holding divisions), behind which was the . In the pillboxes of the were reserve battalions of the front-line regiments, held back as divisional reserves, ready to counter-attack.
Battle of Langemarck.
At the Battle of Langemarck, (16–18 August), XVIII Corps (Lieutenant-General Ivor Maxse) had attacked at 4:45 a.m. with the 145th Brigade of the 48th (South Midland) Division (Major-General Robert Fanshawe) and 34th Brigade of the 11th (Northern) Division (Major General Henry Davies), supported by eight tanks. The tanks were ordered to keep off the roads, but the approach to the front line was so boggy that the tanks were cancelled and sent back. The 145th Brigade eventually captured the last house at the north end of St Julien, taking forty prisoners and a machine-gun. The advance resumed; as the first wave went over a rise east of the Steenbeek, it was caught in crossfire from Hillock Farm and beyond. Border House and the gun pits, either side of the north-east bearing St. Julien–Winnipeg road, were captured; attempts to press on were costly failures. Parties that reached Springfield Farm disappeared and the 145th Brigade suffered 911 casualties.
The 145th Brigade consolidated on a line from the village to the gun pits, Jew Hill and Border House. At 9:00 a.m., German troops massed around Triangle Farm and made an abortive counter-attack at 10:00 a.m. Another counter-attack after dark was repulsed at the gun pits and at 9:30 p.m., a counter-attack from Triangle Farm was defeated. The Germans in and Triangle Farm, opposite the 48th (South Midland) Division, caught the right of the 34th Brigade, 11th (Northern) Division in enfilade as it was being fired on from pillboxes to its front. The 34th Brigade captured Haanixbeer Farm and the cemetery nearby but lost the barrage and was unable to capture the Cockcroft and Bülow Farm. On the right, the troops dug in facing and Triangle Farm to the east and on the left, the brigade dug in north-east of Langemarck, opposite the White House and Pheasant Farm, having suffered 781 casualties. German artillery-fire, directed by observers on higher ground to the east, inflicted many casualties on the British troops holding the new line beyond Langemarck.
Fifth Army.
Major-General Oliver Nugent (36th [Ulster] Division), reported that German artillery could not bombard advancing British troops in the German forward zone, in which the German defensive positions were lightly held and distributed in depth. The advance of British troops following up had been much easier to obstruct; helping the foremost infantry was more important than counter-battery fire, even if it had failed to suppress the German guns. Nugent wanted fewer field guns in the creeping barrage and the surplus used to fire sweeping (side-to-side) barrages. Shrapnel shells should be fuzed to burst higher up, to hit the insides of shell holes; creeping barrages should be slower, with more and longer pauses, during which the barrages from field artillery and 60-pounder guns should sweep from side to side and search (move back-and-forth).
The infantry should change formation from skirmish lines to mobile company columns, equipped with a machine-gun and Stokes mortar, advancing on a narrow front, since skirmish lines were impractical in muddy crater fields and broke up under machine-gun fire. Tanks to help capture pillboxes had bogged down behind the British front-line and air support had been restricted by the weather, particularly by low cloud early on and a lack of aircraft. One aircraft per corps had been reserved for counter-attack patrol and two aircraft per division for ground attack; only eight aircraft had been available to cover the Fifth Army front and engage German counter-attacks. Signalling had failed at vital moments and deprived the infantry of artillery support, making German counter-attacks much more effective where the Germans had artillery observation. The 56th (London) Division report recommended that the depth of the advance be shortened to give more time for consolidation and to minimise the organisational and communication difficulties being caused by the muddy ground and wet weather. Artillery commanders asked for two aircraft per division exclusively to conduct counter-attack patrols.
Prelude.
British preparations.
During the Battle of Langemarck, German machine-gunners in the blockhouses and pillbox outposts of the on the XVIII Corps front (Hillock Farm, , Triangle Farm and the Cockcroft to the British) had shot down the infantry of the 48th (South Midland) Division and 11th (Northern) Division well short of their objectives. At a conference with the Fifth Army corps commanders on 17 August, Gough complained that troops had failed to hold captured ground and considered court-martialling some NCOs and officers. Gough also thought that divisions had been relieved too frequently, which had exhausted fresh divisions before the attack. The corps commanders were asked to propose attacks to reach the final objectives, where their divisions had fallen short on 16 August. Lieutenant-General Claud Jacob (II Corps) wanted to attack the brown line and then the yellow line, Lieutenant-General Herbert Watts (XIX Corps) wanted to attack the purple line; Maxse (XVIII Corps) preferred to attack the dotted purple line, preparatory to attacking the yellow line along with XIX Corps.
The proposed attacks on the plethora of "lines" marked on staff maps were intended to reach good jumping off points for an attack by II, XIX and XVIII corps on 25 August. Attacking in different places and at different times, risked defeat in detail; if the artillery failed sufficiently to suppress German machine-gunners when the infantry were struggling through mud and waterlogged shell-holes, the tactics used by the infantry would be irrelevant. During the conference, patrols of the 48th (South Midland) Division advanced towards Springfield Farm and Hillock Farm to look for posts containing parties from the attack on 16 August. A line of outposts were discovered south of and a German post was found west of Hillock Farm; no British posts were found near Springfield. The reconnaissance clarified the position of the front line, which made it possible to bring a bombardment for the next attack closer to the British posts.
XVIII Corps plan.
After the Battle of Langemarck, the British outpost line in the XVIII Corps area ran east and north of St Julien; about beyond, the north bearing St Julien–Poelcapelle road and the Zonnebeke–Langemarck road, running north-west, crossed. The roads formed a triangle with a road eastwards out of St Julien, which cut the Zonnebeke–Langemarck road at the Winnipeg strong point. There was another east–west road from the point of the triangle. The objectives were inside the triangle except for to the west, along the fourth road and the Cockcroft, further north, up the Zonnebeke–Langemarck road. British artillery had made many attempts to destroy the German fortifications; field-gun shells were ineffective and heavy artillery was inaccurate.
A dry spell had begun on 16 August and some of the fortifications were near roads, which the Germans had kept in good condition, making it possible for tanks to drive on them and engage the strong points. , a fortified farm building, had an eighty-man garrison and the Cockcroft, another fortified farm, even more; Triangle and Hillock farms were somewhat smaller. Maxse was told by the 48th (South Midland) Division brigadier-generals (Gerald Sladen, Herbert Done and Donald Watt) to expect 600–1,000 casualties in an attack on the strong points. In June, the 1st Tank Brigade (Colonel Christopher Baker-Carr) had been allotted to XVIII Corps, the 3rd Tank Brigade to XIX Corps and the 2nd Tank Brigade to II Corps. Maxse consulted Baker-Carr, who claimed that a tank attack could take the farms and blockhouses for half the cost in casualties, provided that there was a smoke barrage instead of artillery-fire. At meetings on 17 and 18 August, the tank and infantry commanders agreed that the tanks, seven of which had already been moved into St Julien and camouflaged, would drive forward under a smoke barrage and silence the German machine-gunners in the blockhouses and pillboxes.
Baker-Carr formed a composite company from G Battalion, 1st Tank Brigade and held rehearsals in which the tanks attacked the fortifications from the rear, where they were most vulnerable and the lines of retreat of their garrisons could be blocked. The infantry was to follow in platoons behind each tank, waiting for a signal (a shovel waved out of the manhole in the roof) as the signal to move up to the strong point. The gun pits, Hillock Farm, Vancouver, Triangle Farm, and the Cockcroft were to be attacked by one tank each; two more tanks were to attack Winnipeg Cemetery and Springfield; a floater and four tanks in reserve at California Trench were to be ready for contingencies. Once the tank crews sent the signal, a company of the 1/8th Worcestershire Regiment (1/8th Worcester) from the 144th Brigade would rush forward and occupy and Triangle Farm, as a company of the Birmingham Rifles (1/5th Battalion, Royal Warwickshire Regiment [1/5th Warwick]), 143rd Brigade, was to capture Hillock Farm. The smoke barrage was due to begin at 4:45 a.m. on 19 August as the tanks drove out of St Julien up the St Julien–Poelcappelle road; aircraft were to fly low overhead to drown the sound of the tanks.
German defences.
On 31 July, the German front line north of the Ypres–Roulers railway and the had been overrun and the garrisons lost. The new front line was between the and the , behind which was the rearward battle zone (). The main defensive engagement had been fought in the by the reserve regiments and of