Battle of the American Civil War
The Battle of the Head of Passes was a bloodless naval battle of the American Civil War. It was a naval raid made by the Confederate river defense fleet, also known as the “mosquito fleet” in the local media, on ships of the Union blockade squadron anchored at the Head of Passes. The "mosquito fleet" deployed three fire rafts, which were ignited and followed the ironclad ram into the action. The attack occurred after moonset in the early hours of October 12, 1861, and routed the Union fleet, which fled in disorder down the Southwest pass of the delta. After sunrise Commodore George N. Hollins, running low on ammunition and fuel, ordered the "mosquito fleet" to withdraw upriver.
Background.
Louisiana seceded from the Union on January 26, 1861. A navy department was established by the newly created Confederate government by February 21, 1861. Commodore Lawrence Rousseau was sent by Confederate Naval Secretary Stephen Mallory to manage the naval defense of New Orleans. His efforts to assemble a fleet were undercut when Confederate President Jefferson Davis began to authorize the distribution of letters of marque and reprisal. These documents allowed the holder to capture Union shipping for prize money from the Confederate government. Many ships in Louisiana were snapped up by private investors hoping to make a profit. Rousseau was only able to purchase six civilian riverboats for conversion into a makeshift navy. Mallory then replaced Rousseau with George N. Hollins, a former US Navy veteran who was promoted to commodore and sent to New Orleans on July 31, 1861. Hollins finished organizing the haphazard collection of six lightly armed riverboats. The Confederate strategy was to complete two large ironclads, the CSS "Louisiana" and CSS "Mississippi", to defend New Orleans and the lower Mississippi. (Two more ironclads were laid down in Memphis to defend the upper Mississippi.) However, none of these would be launched until 1862. These projects, others authorized by Mallory, and civilian conversion of ships into privateers tied up most of the resources needed to construct or modify more vessels for the mosquito fleet. Although New Orleans was the largest city in the Confederacy, the limitations of the Confederate industrial base hampered expansion of her fledgling navy.
On the Union Navy side, command and operations were much more focused. With a longstanding naval staff and command structure, there was less time wasted once hostilities at Fort Sumter established the inevitability of naval action. The strategy of a Union blockade was formulated by General Winfield Scott and proclaimed by President Abraham Lincoln on April 19, 1861. The blockade began at the Outer Pass of the Mississippi Delta when the arrived on May 27, 1861. The arrived off the Southwest pass on April 30. The arrival of these vessels was much sooner than anyone in New Orleans had imagined, and the panic-stricken rush that occurred when neutral shipping was given a fifteen-day grace period to vacate the port was an ugly dose of reality to stack against the concept of business as usual. The arrival of the and solidified the reality of the blockade. Aboard the "Niagara" was Captain William W. McKean, the new commander of the Mississippi blockade. On October 10, 1861, McKean ordered four Union ships to occupy the Head of the Passes, closing all exits from the lower delta at one point.
For the Confederates, the prospect of the Union fleet occupying a base at the Head of Passes was intolerable. It effectively sealed New Orleans off from the sea and was a convenient point for an attack upon Fort Jackson and Fort St. Philip, the last line of defense for the city. Hollins responded by taking his flagship, , southward from New Orleans to concentrate the "mosquito fleet" at Fort Jackson. Once there he sent with a boarding party under Lieutenant Alexander F. Warley to commandeer the privateer ironclad ram "Manassas" at gunpoint for the Confederate Navy. John A. Stevenson, representing the privateer owners of the ram, was so infuriated he departed the vessel in tears. With the addition of the "Manassas", Hollin's small fleet seemed to have a chance against the much bigger vessels of the Union blockade. After moonset on October 12, in the hours of early morning, Hollins took his fleet south to engage the Union force at the Head of Passes. Five months before the famous Battle of Hampton Roads, the first ironclad of the Civil War was going into battle.
Battle.
The flagship of the Union fleet occupying the Head of the Passes was the formidable . This vessel, a screw sloop with a ship rig, displaced 2,700 tons and mounted seven Dahlgren 9-inch smooth bores to a side and one rifled gun as a stern pivot. She also remounted one of her broadside guns as a bow pivot gun after anchoring by the lighthouse at the Head of Passes. Manned by an experienced crew of 260 well trained sailors, she was a behemoth compared to any vessel of the mosquito fleet. Each of the Dahlgren guns weighed 9,020 pounds and was 9 feet long. One broadside from the "Richmond" carried more firepower than could be mustered by the entire Rebel fleet. Each 73.5 pound exploding shell would wreak havoc on a cotton clad vessel. Supporting the "Richmond" were the and . Each ship mounted 14 and 16 32-pounder smooth bores respectively, and were sloops of war with no power other than sail. The "Vincennes" also mounted a 9-inch smooth bore as a bow pivot gun. This was one of the guns intended for the shore battery at the lighthouse. Supporting the sail sloops was the , a side-wheel steam powered gunboat mounting one 32-pound smoothbore and one rifled 12-pound howitzer. The "Water Witch" was to provide towing capacity for the sail vessels under unfavorable wind conditions.
The weak link in this concentrated chain of firepower was the fleet commander and captain of the "Richmond", Captain John Pope. The range of the CSS "Ivy's" rifled gun alarmed Pope. On October 9, Pope reported to McKean, “I have to report that the "Ivy" has been down this afternoon and has made an attack upon these ships, throwing shot and shell over this ship and the "Preble", keeping herself entirely out of range of any of the guns on either of the ships, her shot passing some 500 yards over this ship, which makes it evident we are entirely at the mercy of the enemy. We are liable to be driven from here at any moment, and, situated as we are, our position is untenable. I may be captured at any time by a pitiful little steamer mounting only one gun.” The "Ivy"’s rifled gun did out range Pope’s smooth bores, but at extreme range could not score any hits. Pope neglected to set up picket boats, ranging posts or illuminated marker buoys, illumination fires, or to pre-plan concentrations of his ship's gunfire.
Hollins’ plan of attack was to put the CSS "Manassas" in the lead. Following would be , "McRae", and "Ivy" moving three abreast. Each gunboat would push a fire raft, which would be ignited after a signal from "Manassas" indicating that she had crushed the USS "Richmond". The fire rafts were chained together, and would be released by the gunboats to engulf the Union fleet as it milled helplessly after the destruction of the "Richmond". If the "Manassas" was turned into an oven in the process, Hollins considered the sacrifice worthwhile. The "Calhoun", the flagship, would remain in the rear, as would the and , seeking targets of opportunity.
The "Preble", anchored 200 yards upstream of the "Richmond", was the first to detect the "Manassas". She raised a red signal light into her rigging as a warning and opened fire. The "Manassas" presented only two and a half feet of armored deck above the waterline; the 32-pound shot of the "Preble" went high over her deck and scored no hits. The "Manassas" rang for flank speed, her engineers fed her fireboxes with the most flammable material on hand, and she surged forward in a dense cloud of black smoke and sparks from her stacks. The "Richmond" was anchored just off the lighthouse at the head of the Southwest pass on the east bank. Lashed to her port side was the coal schooner "Joseph H. Toone". The "Manassas" struck the "Richmond" a glancing blow on her port side just astern of the bow, wedging briefly between the "Toone" and "Richmond". The momentum of the "Manassas" tore the "Toone" loose from "Richmond" and the "Manassas" continued past the "Richmond’s" stern. One of the two engines of the "Manassas" was torn loose by the impact, and she lost power. She turned away from the "Richmond" and moved slowly back upriver.
As a signal to release the fire rafts she was to fire three rockets. The first of these rockets was fumbled and flew back inside the "Manassas", briefly panicking her crew. Recovering, the three rockets were fired. Alarmed by the rafts, the vessels of the Union fleet slipped their anchor cables and moved downriver along the Southwest Passage, firing at the "Manassas" while doing so. Some of these projectiles knocked down one of the stacks of the "Manassas", her only vulnerable projections above the rounded upper armor deck. Filling the ship with smoke while the crew cut loose the damaged stack, she grounded on the mud on the west bank of the head of the passes. The Union fleet headed to the southwest, pursued closely by the Confederate gunboats. The fire rafts grounded on the west bank of the southwest passage, south of "Manassas". The rebel gunboats, once freed of the glare of the rafts between them and the targets, opened fire on the Union fleet.
The "Richmond" grounded broadside to the bar in the center of the river mouth, and opened fire on the "mosquito fleet". In turn the fleet maneuvered up river just out of range of the "Richmond"'s smooth bores, and returned fire with their longer ranged rifled guns. Despite the volumes of projectiles launched, few hits were scored. None of the Rebel vessels were hit; the "Richmond" was only hit twice, one shot wrecking one of the boats stored on the main deck, while another passed through a gun port and come to rest in the hull. By ten o’clock the "mosquito fleet" was running low on coal and ammunition. Hollins then ordered the fleet back upriver to Fort Jackson. The "Manassas" was taken back to the forts under tow.
In the last phase of the battle, Captain Handy of the "Vincennes" misread a signal the "Richmond" made to the vessels outside the bar to “Get Underway”. Handy ordered the engineer to set and light a fuse to the magazine of the "Vincennes" to blow her up, then ordered the crew to abandon ship and report to the "Richmond". Fortunately for the "Vincennes", the engineer lit the fuse to the magazine as ordered, then cut off the burning end and threw it overboard. When no explosion was forthcoming, Handy and crew were ordered back to their ship by Captain Pope.
Aftermath.
Hollins returned to a hero's acclaim in New Orleans. Exaggerated accounts of the accomplishments of the "mosquito fleet" were published in the newspapers of New Orleans and other Confederate cities. The obvious superior strength of the Union fleet made the accomplishment an even more enviable feat. Aside from the temporary rout of the Union ships there was little gain. Other than gleefully burning the timbers the Union fleet left at the Southwest Pass Lighthouse for a proposed shore battery, there was only a captured cutter filled with abandoned cutlasses and the crewless "Toone". The schooner "Toone" still contained 15 tons of coal, but was a former prize of the Union fleet and an old leaky tub. The most severely damaged ship of the battle proved to be the "Manassas"; most of the damage occurring when she rammed the "Richmond", rather than from enemy fire. The damage she did to the "Richmond" was a significant hull leak below the waterline, but this was not enough to sink or disable the "Richmond".
The "Manassas" proved to be a disappointment. She was not fast or maneuverable enough to bring her iron ram into decisive action. The "Richmond" was not crushed with one blow, and once the Union fleet was underway