1940 operation in the Mediterranean
Operation Hurry (31 July – 4 August 1940) was the first British operation in a series that have come to be known as Club Runs. The goal of the operation was to fly twelve Hurricane Mk I fighters from to Malta, guided by two Blackburn Skuas. Force H, based in Gibraltar, took the opportunity to raid Elmas airfield in Sardinia and conduct a deception operation with . The Mediterranean Fleet conducted diversions in the eastern Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea.
A squadron of Hurricanes had reinforced Malta, Elmas airfield had been bombed and Italian bombers had been deterred by anti-aircraft fire and the Skuas of Ark Royal. Attacks on the Italian mainland had been shown to be possible and the had been found to be less formidable than had been feared; both fleets had been attacked but only one bomb hit by a dud and some near-misses on the British ships had been achieved; the battle fleet of the remained in port.
Background.
Malta, 1940.
Malta, is a Mediterranean island of . The island group had been a British colony since 1814. By the 1940s, the island had a population of 275,000 but local farmers could feed only one-third of the population, the deficit being made up by imports. Malta was a staging post on the British Suez Canal sea route to India, East Africa, the oilfields of Iraq and Iran, India and the Far East. The island was also close to the Sicilian Channel between Sicily and Tunis. After the Italia entry into the Second World War (10 June 1940), Malta was used as a base of operations by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and Fleet Air Arm (FAA), sea and submarine operations by the Royal Navy against Axis supply convoys from Italy to Italian Libya. On 11 June 1940, Italy began the Siege of Malta, the first step in an Italian plan to gain control of the Mediterranean. The Italians intended to bomb or starve Malta into submission, by attacking its ports, towns, cities and Allied shipping supplying the island. After over a month of bombardment, the troops on Malta were beginning to run low on supplies and equipment, including aircraft, to help fight off the attackers. Doubt was expressed whether Malta was worth the supplies it required and some even planned on letting Malta work on the few supplies that were left. The decision was made to reinforce substantially the island air defences.
Prelude.
HMS "Argus".
Flying Hurricane reinforcements across France to North Africa in June, thence to Malta had been a partial success but after the French surrender in June 1940 this practice became impossible. Aircraft could be carried in merchant ships to West Africa, assembled and flown to Egypt on the Takoradi route or sailed round the Cape to Egypt. On 12 July the Admiralty reported that twelve Hurricanes bound for Malta and another twelve for Egypt were due to be sent by merchant ship from Britain to Gibraltar and wondered if the ship could sail direct to Malta. Somerville suggested using an aircraft carrier, if ferried to about from Malta, avoiding the and bases in Italian Libya, Sardinia, Pantellaria and Sicily, for the Hurricanes to fly the rest of the way; submarines could be used to shift personnel and equipment.
The FAA had no pilots trained on modern fighters; during July, nine fighter sergeant-pilots from RAF Fighter Command were sent to RAF Uxbridge and called 418 Flight. The pilots had served secondments to the FAA and had received training in flying from aircraft carriers. The pilots collected Hurricanes and travelled to Glasgow where they were briefed on the first Club Run and joined by five RAF officers. The aircraft and pilots were embarked on the aircraft carrier "Argus" (Captain Henry Bovell) which sailed on 23 July with twelve Hurricane Mk1s, escorted by the destroyers , , and . A suggestion that two Blenheim bombers be embarked on "Argus" to act as guides was dismissed as impractical, leading to two Skuas being substituted, along with a couple of spare pilots, who were to travel in the Skuas. The voyage to Gibraltar was uneventful and the Hurricanes were reassembled and put on the fight deck. A Sunderland flying boat, one of two which were to fly with the Hurricanes to rescue pilots who came down in the sea, was loaded with spare parts. The second Sunderland embarked 23 RAF ground crew to maintain the Hurricanes on Malta.
Plan.
The plan for Hurry was for Group II, the aircraft carrier , with twelve Hawker Hurricane Mk Is on board, to sail within flying distance of Malta and dispatch the Hurricanes, with two two-seater Blackburn Skuas to assist with navigation. They would be met by two Short Sunderland flying boats from Malta to guide them in. "Argus" was to sail with the battleships and , the cruisers , and and the destroyers , , , , , , and of Force H. Group I, the aircraft carrier protected by battlecruiser and four destroyers was to conduct Operation Crush, an attack by Fairey Swordfish bombers and minelayers on Elmas airfield at Cagliari in Sardinia. Operation Spark, a wireless deception carried out by the cruiser "Enterprise", was to distract the Italians by reporting a suspicious boat off the coast of Menorca. The operations required all the ships of Force H (Vice-Admiral James Somerville, in "Hood").
Club Run, 31 July.
On 31 July, after a reconnaissance by aircraft from 200 Squadron, "Argus" sailed at 8:00 a.m. with its four destroyers and Force H, "Ark Royal", the battleships "Hood", "Valiant" and "Resolution", two cruisers and the six destroyers at , "Ark Royal" flying anti-submarine patrols. The wind increased which reduced the effectiveness of Asdic as destroyers pitched up and down. On 1 August at 8:00 a.m. three Skuas took off from "Ark Royal" to attack a shadowing aircraft and shot it down. Radar contacts from the set on "Valiant" caused numerous false alarms because the British aircraft did not carry Identification friend or foe (IFF) At 12:30 p.m., with six Skuas overhead, the fleet sailed in open order and at 5:10 p.m. more Skuas took off. Eight Italian SM.79bis approached at 5:49 p.m. and were turned back by the Skuas. Soon afterwards, another nine SM.79bis bombers closed on the fleet from the north-west. The ships turned 40° to port and the anti-aircraft fire by the ships damaged an SM.79bis which turned away, the other aircraft dropped about eighty bombs, which fell short. Skuas of 803 Naval Air Squadron from "Ark Royal" shot down an SM.79bis, which had the general commanding the Sardinia-based bombers on board, with no survivors. The attack was not pressed with as much vigour as an earlier attack in July which Somerville ascribed to the two weeks' training he had arranged for the ships' anti-aircraft gunners. had sent the submarines "Argo", "Axum", "Diaspro", "Manara", "Medusa", "Neghelli", "Scirè", "Turchese" in two patrol lines off Cap Bougaroûn in eastern Algeria, which remained until 9 August.
Operations.
Operation Hurry.
On 1 August, the pilots received a briefing from Bovell, Captain of "Argus", revealing that they were bound for Malta. The pilots were aghast when they were told where they were to take off from, which was far outside the range of a Hurricane. Flight-Lieutenant Duncan Balden, the commander of 418 Flight, refused to take off so far west of Malta and eventually the captain broke radio silence to consult the authorities in Britain who supported the Hurricane pilots. The take of point was moved to 37° 40', N 007° 20' E instead of , about south-west of Cagliari. Now that the position of Force H was known, Bovell decided that the Hurricanes must fly as soon as possible after dawn the next day, 2 August.
Two flights of six Hurricanes each led by a Skua, which carried a navigator, were to make the journey but it was found that the two FAA pilots lacked experience on Skuas and two of the Hurricane pilots, Flying Officer Bradbury and Sergeant Harry Ayre volunteered, with Sub Lieutenant W. R. Nowell and Captain K. L. Ford (Royal Marines) as navigators. The fourteen aircraft ranged on deck made the take-off run look exceedingly small to the pilots and at 4:45 a.m., the first Skua took a long time to start, delaying take-off for thirty minutes. The Skua began its take-off run, bounced on the ramp at the end of the flight deck and sank below the bows, skimming the sea, building up flying speed.
The six Hurricanes took off easily, having more powerful engines and this made room for the second flight. The Skuas and Hurricanes avoided Pantelleria and arrived at Malta after a flight of two hours and twenty minutes, having flown . As the Hurricanes began to land at Luqa, Sergeant Jock Robinson crashed on landing, due to a "faulty petrol gauge" but really because his vic of three aircraft beat up the airfield, Rose rolling his Hurricane as the other two climbed steeply. Rose came in to land with a low steep turn and as he lined up with the runway, the engine cut, the Hurricane flipped on its back and ran through three stone walls, Rose being lucky to suffer only mild concussion. The Hurricane pilots had been under the impression that their carrier experience was being used to ferry the Hurricanes to Malta and there was uproar when they were told that they were to stay on the island, rather than fly back to Gibraltar in the Sunderlands. The Hurricane pilots had to wait for the rest of the spares to arrive in the submarines and . The pilots took turns to be the readiness flight, sitting in their cockpits waiting for the Italian bombers but there were no attacks, only reconnaissance flights for the next three days.
Mediterranean Fleet.
The Mediterranean Fleet sailed early on 27 July to cover Convoy AS 2 (Aegean South, Alexandria to Piraeus) from the north which was escorted by two cruisers and four destroyers. On 23 July the cruiser and the destroyers and practised a ruse, off Kastellorizo near the Turkish coast, pretending to make landing preparations. The deception was repeated on 26 July before Convoy AS 2 sailed, when the armed boarding vessels "Chakla" and "Fiona" also made spurious preparations for a landing on Kastellorizo. A delay to the departure of "Argus" from Gibraltar to 31 July required Admiral Andrew Cunningham, the commander of the Mediterranean Fleet, to alter his plans to divert Italian attention from the western Mediterranean. The battleships , and and the aircraft carrier with the cruisers and and ten destroyers, were to sail between Crete and Libya during 1 August. 
Cruisers and destroyers conducted a sweep in the Aegean with a demonstration westwards, via the Kithera Channel, during the evening of 1 August. The intention was to give the impression of operations in the central Mediterranean, deterring the Italian navy based in Sicily and southern Italy from voyaging westwards. The attacked the ships from 27 to 29 July but achieved only a hit on which was a dud and several near-misses. A Greek ship, "Ermione", transporting aviation fuel to the Dodecanese Islands for the Italians, was sunk when "Neptune" and "Sydney" sailed into the Gulf of Athens. The battleship and aircraft carrier sortie had to be cut short when "Malaya" had engine trouble, returning with "Eagle" to Alexandria on 30 July. The activity in the eastern Mediterranean was thought to have created indecision in the minds of , the Italian naval staff, who kept most of its ships in harbour.
Operation Crush.
Group I, "Ark Royal", "Hood", the cruiser "Enterprise" and the destroyers "Faulknor", "Foxhound", "Foresight" and "Forester" detached from the main force to conduct Operation Crush, an attack on Elmas airfield at Cagliari in Sardinia as Group II, "Argus", Valiant", "Hotspur", "Greyhound", "Gallant". Escapade", "Encounter" and "Velox" continued towards the Malta flying-off point. On 2 August, at 2:30 a.m. nine Swordfish bombers and three minelayers began to take off from "Ark Royal". Somerville wrote later that he watched,
 ;templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" / ;...in the pitch dark... a small shadow detach itself from the great shadow of the "Ark". The first Swordfish taking off. And then I thought of those incredibly gallant chaps taking off...to fly 140 miles.
A Swordfish crashed on take-off but a search by the destroyers for its crew could not find them. The rest