Java software
ProActive Parallel Suite is an open-source software for enterprise workload orchestration, part of the OW2 community. A workflow model allows a set of executables or scripts, written in any language, to be defined along with their dependencies, so ProActive Parallel Suite can schedule and orchestrate executions while optimising the use of computational resources.
ProActive Parallel Suite is based on the "active object" design pattern (see Active objects) to optimise task distribution and fault-tolerance.
ProActive Java framework and Programming model.
The model was created by Denis Caromel, professor at University of Nice Sophia Antipolis. 
Several extensions of the model were made later on by members of the OASIS team at INRIA.
The book "A Theory of Distributed Objects" presents the ASP calculus that formalizes ProActive features, and provides formal semantics to the calculus, together with properties of ProActive program execution.
Active objects.
Active objects are the basic units of activity and distribution used for building concurrent applications using ProActive. An active object runs with its own thread. This thread only executes the methods invoked on this active object by other active objects, and those of the passive objects of the subsystem that belongs to this active object. With ProActive, the programmer does not have to explicitly manipulate Thread objects, unlike in standard Java.
Active objects can be created on any of the hosts involved in the computation. Once an active object is created, its activity (the fact that it runs with its own thread) and its location (local or remote) are perfectly transparent. Any active object can be manipulated as if it were a passive instance of the same class.
An "active object" is composed of two objects: a "body", and a standard Java object. The body is not visible from the outside of the active object.
The body is responsible for receiving calls (or "requests") on the active object and storing them in a queue of pending calls. It executes these calls in an order specified by a synchronization policy. If a synchronization policy is not specified, calls are managed in a "First in, first out" (FIFO) manner.
The thread of an active object then chooses a method in the queue of pending requests and executes it. No parallelism is provided inside an active object; this is an important decision in ProActive's design, enabling the use of "pre-post" conditions and class invariants.
On the side of the subsystem that sends a call to an active object, the active object is represented by a "proxy". The proxy generates future objects for representing future values, transforms calls into Request objects (in terms of metaobject, this is a reification) and performs deep copies of passive objects passed as parameters.
Active object basis.
ProActive is a library designed for developing applications in the model introduced by Eiffel//, a parallel extension of the Eiffel programming language.
In this model, the application is structured in "subsystems". There is one active object (and therefore one thread) for each subsystem, and one subsystem for each active object (or thread). Each subsystem is thus composed of one active object and any number of passive objects—possibly no passive objects. The thread of one subsystem only executes methods in the objects of this subsystem. There are no "shared passive objects" between subsystems.
These features impact the application's topology. Of all the objects that make up a subsystem—the active object and the passive objects—only the active object is known to objects outside of the subsystem. All objects, both active and passive, may have references onto active objects. If an object "o1" has a reference onto a passive object "o2", then "o1" and "o2" are part of the same subsystem.
This has also consequences on the semantics of message-passing between subsystems. When an object in a subsystem calls a method on an active object, the parameters of the call may be references on passive objects of the subsystem, which would lead to shared passive objects. This is why passive objects passed as parameters of calls on active objects are always passed by deep-copy. Active objects, on the other hand, are always passed by reference. Symmetrically, this also applies to objects returned from methods called on active objects.
Thanks to the concepts of asynchronous calls, futures, and no data sharing, an application written with ProActive doesn't need any structural change—actually, hardly any change at all—whether it runs in a sequential, multi-threaded, or distributed environment.
Asynchronous calls and futures.
Whenever possible, a method call on an active object is reified as an asynchronous request. If not possible, the call is synchronous, and blocks until the reply is received. If the request is asynchronous, it immediately returns a "future object".
The future object acts as a placeholder for the result of the not-yet-performed method invocation. As a consequence, the calling thread can go on with executing its code, as long as it doesn't need to invoke methods on the returned object. If the need arises, the calling thread is automatically blocked if the result of the method invocation is not yet available. Although a future object has structure similar to that of an active object, a future object is not active. It only has a Stub and a Proxy.
Code example.
The code excerpt below highlights the notion of future objects. Suppose a user calls a method and a method from an active object ; the method returns void and the method returns an object of class :
// a one way typed asynchronous communication towards the (remote) AO a
// a request is sent to a
a.foo (param);
// a typed asynchronous communication with result.
// v is first an awaited Future, to be transparently filled up after
// service of the request, and reply
V v = a.bar (param);
// use of the result of an asynchronous call.
// if v is still an awaited future, it triggers an automatic
// wait: Wait-by-necessity
v.gee (param);
When is called on an active object , it returns immediately (as the current thread cannot execute methods in the other subsystem). Similarly, when is called on , it returns immediately but the result can't be computed yet. A future object, which is a placeholder for the result of the method invocation, is returned. From the point of view of the caller subsystem, there is no difference between the future object and the object that would have been returned if the same call had been issued onto a passive object.
After both methods have returned, the calling thread continues executing its code as if the call had been effectively performed. The role of the future mechanism is to block the caller thread when the method is called on and the result has not yet been set : this inter-object synchronization policy is known as "wait-by-necessity".
References.
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