In September 1989, Boris Yeltsin, a politician who had recently been elected to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, visited the United States. During the trip, he visited ten cities and made numerous speeches and public appearances.
Following his electoral victories in the 1989 elections, multiple organizations and individuals had reached out to Yeltsin, who was widely seen as a leader of the political reform movement in the Soviet Union, regarding a visit to the United States. Ultimately, Yeltsin accepted an offer from the Esalen Institute that would see the Soviet politician visit multiple cities on a public speaking tour. The trip would be entirely funded via his speaking fees, and as part of the agreement, Yeltsin's share of the profits would be used to purchase disposable syringes to help combat HIV/AIDS in the Soviet Union.
The trip began on September 9 with a visit to New York City and continued over the next week, with notable highlights including a meeting with President George H. W. Bush at the White House and a meeting with former president Ronald Reagan in Minnesota. On September 16, following a tour of the Johnson Space Center in Houston, Yeltsin's entourage made an unexpected stop at a Randalls grocery store to see what the average American shopping experience was like. Multiple commentators have noted that the grocery store visit had a major impact on Yeltsin's political views, with an aide who had been present with him during the trip saying that "the last vestige of Bolshevism collapsed inside" of him following the trip. Upon his return to the Soviet Union, Yeltsin continued to advocate for political reform and for closer ties with the United States. In 1991, he was elected president of Russia and, in that position, helped lead the country away from a communist system and towards a democratic capitalist one. In 2020, a comic opera of Yeltsin's visit to the Houston area grocery market, titled "Yeltsin in Texas", premiered.
Background.
Boris Yeltsin was a politician in the Soviet Union who, in the 1989 Soviet Union legislative election that March, won a landslide victory in his election to the Congress of People's Deputies, receiving about 92 percent of the vote in his Moscow district. In doing so, he soundly defeated a candidate who had been favored by the local chapter of the Communist Party. Later that year, this body elected him to a seat on the Supreme Soviet. During his time in the legislature, he cofounded the Inter-regional Deputies Group, a Parliamentary opposition group that focused on government reform. He served as a co-chairman for the group. According to United Press International (UPI), Yeltsin was seen as a "national symbol of reform", while Felicity Barringer of "The New York Times" called him "the symbol of growing political pluralism in Moscow". UPI further called him the second most popular person in the country, behind only General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev.
Following his first election, Yeltsin began to receive invitations from several groups and individuals in the United States, including United States senators, the Council on Foreign Relations, the Ford Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, and several universities, requesting for him to make appearances. In total, he received 15 different invitations in 1989, though Yeltsin remained hesitant to visit. Some of his aides reached out to Soviet activist Gennady Alferenko about a potential visit to the United States, and Alferenko talked to Jim Garrison, the executive director of the Soviet–American Exchange Program of the Esalen Institute. Esalen, a New Age group based in California, had established the program in 1980 in order to foster better relations between Soviets and Americans. The program usually involved people from the two countries meeting in a casual setting at Esalen's facility in California, with some in the media referring to the program's citizen diplomacy as "hot tub diplomacy". Garrison and Alferenko met with Yeltsin in Moscow to discuss the trip, with Yeltsin ultimately agreeing. The Foundation for Social Inventions also supported Yeltsin's trip, which would be his first to the United States.
Esalen's plan for Yeltsin did not involve a trip to their California facility, but instead consisted of a multi-day tour of the United States that included numerous speaking appearances for the Soviet politician. These cities would include New York City, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Chicago, Philadelphia, Indianapolis, Minneapolis, Dallas, and Miami. Additionally, the trip would include a stop in Houston to see the Johnson Space Center. Esalen would pay for the trip through the collection of speaking fees, ranging from $5,000 to $25,000 per appearance (equivalent to between $ and $ in 2023). Thirty percent of the money raised would go towards the booking agency that planned the events, while the remainder would go to Yeltsin. Yeltsin was at first opposed to the commercial nature of the tour but eventually agreed to it as a way to self-finance the trip. However, he only agreed to participate on the stipulation that his entire share of the profits be spent on disposable syringes for Soviet hospitals. Earlier in the year, nine children in the Soviet city of Elista had contracted HIV due to faulty medical equipment, and the syringes were intended to help combat the further spread of HIV/AIDS in the Soviet Union. In addition to his share of the profits, Yeltsin was also guaranteed a $100 "per diem" ($ in 2023).
Yeltsin publicly announced his trip at a press conference on September 5. He said that, while the acquisition of medical supplies had been a secondary goal of his trip, his main goal was to learn more about the United States. Commenting on his perceived differences between the United States and Soviet Union, "The New York Times" quoted him as saying, "You have more than 200 years' experience in democratic government, although bourgeois democracy. We're just getting out of the egg". UPI also said that his lectures would focus on the Soviet system of government, calling the theme of his lectures "Frontiers of Soviet Democracy". Yeltsin also hoped to use the trip as a platform to advocate for continued economic and political reform in the Soviet Union, such as with Gorbachev's "glasnost" and "perestroika" programs. Yeltsin also planned to visit several AIDS clinics, including the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City. Accompanying Yeltsin on his trip would be Viktor Yaroshenko (a member of the Congress of People's Deputies), Lev Sukhanov (a personal assistant to Yeltsin), Viktor Alferenko (the chairman of the Foundation for Social Inventions), Pavel Voshchanov (a colleague of Alferenko and columnist for the newspaper "Pravda"), Garrison, an assistant for Garrison, and two translators. While the trip was initially planned to run from September 9 to 23, it was shortened by a few days to allow Yeltsin to attend an important meeting of the Central Committee in Moscow. As a result, he would return by September 17. According to Garrison, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs did not grant Yeltsin an exit visa until the night of September 7, casting some doubt that the trip would occur.
Visit.
New York City.
Yeltsin flew to the United States on September 9, arriving at John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City, where he spoke to a group of reporters at the Worldport. During his first morning in the city, he took a helicopter tour to see the Statue of Liberty. This was followed by a day and a half interviews and further sightseeing, visiting such tourist attractions as Central Park, the Empire State Building, Fifth Avenue, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and Trump Tower. Plans to visit Bloomingdale's flagship store in Manhattan were cancelled due to time considerations. At 7:15 a.m. on September 10, Yeltsin was interviewed by "Good Morning America" on ABC, after which he visited the New York Stock Exchange. Later interviews included ones with "Nightline" on ABC, "Face the Nation" on CBS, and "The MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour" on PBS. At noon, Yeltsin attended a meeting of officials of the Council on Foreign Relations, including George F. Kennan and Cyrus Vance, where he was introduced by David Rockefeller. His first largescale public speaking engagement was later that day at Columbia University. The speech had been arranged by professor Robert Legvold and took place in the Low Memorial Library, with Columbia University President Michael I. Sovern introducing him. That evening, he attended a dinner at the River Club hosted by Rockefeller, and shortly before midnight, he boarded a plane to Baltimore.
Baltimore.
Originally, Yeltsin had planned to arrive in Baltimore by 10 p.m. on September 12. However, he did not arrive at Baltimore/Washington International Airport until 1 a.m. the next day, and he was described by those around him as extremely tired. Yeltsin was scheduled to participate in a speech at 7:45 a.m., though he and his entourage did not begin to go to sleep until about 4 a.m., after a late meal. Yeltsin himself, however, had trouble going to sleep and only went to bed after consuming two shots of whiskey and two sleeping pills. In total, he only slept for about two hours that night before waking for his meeting at the Johns Hopkins Club. Yeltsin's speech was delayed by over an hour before he was able to deliver it. Steven Muller, president of Johns Hopkins University, called the meeting that he organized "at best an unmitigated disaster". While colleagues of his defended his behavior and said he was not drunk during the engagement, it was reported in several sources, including "The New York Times", that he had been drinking heavily and was visibly intoxicated. Following his speech, he departed Baltimore for Washington, D.C., though not before receiving a medal from Baltimore Mayor Kurt Schmoke for participating in a city-coordinated literacy program.
Washington, D.C..
Prior to departing to the United States, Yeltsin had expressed interest in speaking to George H. W. Bush, the president of the United States, though by early September, nothing solid had been established regarding this meeting. However, while in Baltimore, Yeltsin received news that, on September 11, he would be received at the White House. Because the Bush administration did not want Yeltsin's White House visit to be perceived as a slight towards Gorbachev, who had never visited the White House, they decided that, officially, Yeltsin would be received by National Security Advisor Brent Scowcroft, but that Bush would be present as well. Additionally, no members of the media would be present. Yeltsin was not made aware of this arrangement until he arrived at the White House. In total, Yeltsin only had a brief interaction with Bush, who was preparing for a speech at the time, and much of the information that Yeltsin had wished to talk to Bush about was instead delivered to Scowcroft. While at the White House, Yeltsin also met with presidential advisor Condoleezza Rice and Vice President Dan Quayle. Because of the White House visit, Yeltsin was forced to cancel several other engagements he had had planned in Washington, including a meeting with a group of politicians that included Zbigniew Brzezinski, Dick Gephardt, and Barbara Mikulski. The only appointment that he was able to keep was with a group of several senators that had been organized by Bill Bradley. One of the last people he met with while at the United States Capitol was Secretary of State James Baker.
Activity in other cities.
On September 12, Yeltsin visited Philadelphia, where he saw the Liberty Bell. While in Indiana, Yeltsin visited a pig farm, and when asked by a farmer if he wanted to see pigs, Yeltsin jokingly replied, "Generally, I prefer to see Americans, but, I guess, pigs would do." On September 14, while visiting Minneapolis, Yeltsin traveled to Rochester, Minnesota, to see former President Ronald Reagan, who was recuperating from surgery at the Mayo Clinic Hospital. Yeltsin said he hoped to meet with Reagan because he respected the former president for his role in improving Soviet–American relations.
Grocery store visit in Houston.
While in Texas, Yeltsin gave a speech in Dallas, and on September 16, he traveled to Houston to visit the Johnson Space Center. While there, his entourage was given a private tour of the facility and showed the Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center and a mockup of a planned space station that NASA was working on. Part of the reason for the visit was so that Yeltsin, who had campaigned in part on reducing funding for the Soviet space program, could