2009 death of incarcerated American woman
On May 20, 2009, Marcia Joann Powell, a 48-year-old inmate at Arizona State Prison Complex – Perryville, died of heart failure caused by extreme heat exposure while spending four hours in an outdoor cage. The Arizona Department of Corrections (ADC) was widely scrutinized due to the negligence of attending staff and led the ADC to change its regulations in prisoner safety, policy oversight and the discontinuation of the prison's outdoor prison cages.
Background.
Powell was raised with adoptive parents and ran away from home at age 14. As an adult, Powell had a history of drug addiction and homelessness and was noted for mental health issues since at least 1993, when she was diagnosed with disorganized schizophrenia, polysubstance use disorder and mild mental retardation. She was arrested several times in Arizona, California, and Missouri.
Powell was arrested in a sting operation by police when she propositioned an undercover officer for oral sex in exchange for $20 worth of crack cocaine. On July 31, 2008, she was sentenced to 27 months imprisonment for prostitution. She arrived at Arizona State Prison that same year on August 4.
Death.
On May 19, 2009, Powell was supposed to be moved to a psychiatric unit for observation on suicide watch. At 11:00 a.m., Powell was placed in an outdoor cage to await cell transfer, during which she was exposed to temperatures of for a period of four hours; the transfer was delayed due to a "disturbance at the observation ward". Prison policy limits such outside confinement to a maximum of two hours. A staffed control room located 20 yards away from Powell's cage had a full view on her. Powell was not provided with water during this time. She collapsed from heat stroke, at 2:40 p.m. and was brought to West Valley Hospital at 3:12 p.m. She was taken off life support at 11:15 p.m. and declared dead at 12:42 a.m.
An autopsy report showed that Powell had first- and second-degree burns and a core body temperature of . She had burn blisters all over her body. Of several fluid samples taken up on entry into hospital and post-mortem, blood taken from an iliac artery showed traces of benztropine (0.02 mg/l), valproic acid (6.6 mg/l), haloperidol (0.005 mg/l) and lidocaine, all medications prescribed for Powell's mental illness, which increased her sensitivity to heat, sunlight, and dehydration. The county medical examiner found the cause of death to be due to complications from heat exposure, specifically due to electrolyte pattern dehydration, metabolic acidosis with coagulopathy, rhabdomyolysis and acute renal failure. According to a 3,000-page report released by the Arizona Department of Corrections (ADC), she pleaded to be taken back inside but was ignored. She was also not allowed to use the restroom and, as a result, spent her final conscious hours in her own excrement.
Aftermath.
Family.
The decision to take Powell off life support, a choice from ADC director Charles Ryan, was criticized as it was not discussed with Powell's family. Between her admission to the hospital and the cessation of life support, eight hours passed, during which no calls were made. Her adoptive mother Joanne Buck was not aware that Powell had died until Maricopa County Public Fiduciary investigator Roger Coventry informed her two months after the fact while her adoptive father Ray Powell died on November 4, 2008. Powell did not have close contact with them since she ran away from home, with her adoptive mother stating that at one point Powell had threatened to kill her. 
During Coventry's search for other relatives, he found that she had a biological brother, William Warren Powell (also known as Rusty Lewis), but he could not be located. Coventry also discovered that Powell had two children that were put up for adoption, but her son Richard Hussman had been murdered in Missouri in 2004 and her daughter Eureka Breshard, who lived in Tempe, could not be found. The only next of kin listed in Powell's prison records was Troy Troutman (also spelled Trautman), whom prison officials described as Powell's son, but he could also not be located. Among Powell's several tattoos, which included the name "Troy", were two that read "John" and "John C.", but similarly could not be linked to any relatives.
ADC action.
Prison administrators fired, suspended or disciplined sixteen corrections employees over Powell's death. It was found that the Perryville prison was using the cages as punishment for disciplinary infractions, which was reportedly stopped according to ADC officials. The Maricopa County Attorney's Office chose not to prosecute ADC staff in her death on negligent homicide charges, claiming that there was "insufficient evidence to go forward with a prosecution against any of the named individuals".
Legacy.
Powell was cremated, and in 2009, her ashes were interred at Shadow Rock United Church of Christ in Phoenix, Arizona. Powell's adoptive mother did not wish to take possession of her ashes, and she had no other next of kin. In 2010, a memorial to Powell was placed at the Brophy College Preparatory school.
By 2010, the deadline for someone to file a lawsuit in an Arizona court related to this case had expired. There are no people who have standing for a federal lawsuit in regards to this case.
Outdoor cage cells, which were introduced in the 1960s and numbered 233 total in 2009, are still used in Arizona. However, they now provide shade.
The documentary "No Human Involved", released on June 26, 2016, centers around Powell's death.
References.
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