Canadian election
The 1920 Manitoba general election was held on June 29, 1920 to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Manitoba, Canada.
The election resulted in a fragmented parliament, with no group holding effective power over the legislature. Norris's Liberals had the most seats so were re-elected, but this time to a minority government, with 21 seats out of 55. The government survived only two years.
This was the first general election in which women could vote and run for office. Edith Rogers was elected in this election, becoming the first woman elected to the Manitoba Legislature.
This was also the first election where single transferable voting was used to elect the Winnipeg MLAs, now ten in number.
Background.
Between the previous 1915 election and the 1920 campaign, Manitoba experienced profound social and cultural change. Since the formal introduction of partisan politics in 1888, Manitoba had been dominated by the Liberal and Conservative parties, which governed the province in succession. After World War I, new political groups and interests emerged to threaten the two-party system.
The Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 brought labour issues to the forefront of provincial concern, and radicalized many working-class Manitobans. In previous elections, labour and socialist parties were a marginal force; going into the 1920 election, they stood to make significant electoral gains. In the rural constituencies, several candidates ran for office as farmer representatives, or as "people's candidates" opposed to partisan government.
Against this backdrop, the governing Liberal Party of Tobias Norris was forced to run a defensive campaign. Supported by the "Winnipeg Free Press", the Liberals portrayed themselves as a stabilizing force amid the province's changes.
The 1920 election is notable for its use of single transferable voting (STV) in the City of Winnipeg. Previously, the city had been divided into three two-member constituencies, each seat elected in a separate "first past the post" election.
Starting in the 1920 election, Winnipeg was a single ten-member constituency, where each voter had one vote. The method of election was the STV system of proportional representation. In the world, this was the largest number of legislators elected by STV in any district up to that time. Winnipeg would use STV to elect its MLAs until 1958.
Winnipeg's change to STV was done in an attempt to calm the political waters, which might have been roiled up even more if majority government was granted to a party that did not have majority support.
Outcome.
The election resulted in a fragmented parliament, with no group holding effective power over the legislature. Norris's Liberals remained the largest party, but were reduced to a minority government with 21 seats out of 55. The party remained in office until 1922, but unwilling or unable to find joint cause with the other factions did little in the way of legislative initiatives.
Twelve "farmer" and "independent farmer" candidates were elected in rural constituencies. These candidates were a heterogeneous group, and did not run a united campaign. While not a "political party" in the traditional sense, they formed a functional caucus group in the legislature. Some members of this group later joined the political wing of the United Farmers of Manitoba, which took power in the next election.
In Winnipeg, Liberal candidates took four seats and Conservatives two but Labour made a good showing there as well. Four different working-class and left-wing parties ran candidates in Winnipeg.
The Labour Party won an impressive victory in Winnipeg, taking two seats. Party leader Fred Dixon received 1100 votes in the First Count, a lead of more than 7,000 votes ahead of his nearest rival. His vote tally was more than twice the number needed to take a seat (the quota). His surplus were not wasted but under the rules of STV, they were transferred to other candidates. Many went to other DLP candidates, and Ivens then exceeded quota and was declared elected.
Leftists were rewarded with four seats of the 10 Winnipeg seats. Elected were Dixon and William Ivens of the Dominion Labour Party, George Armstrong of the Socialist Party of Canada, and John Queen of the Social Democratic Party. SPC's Robert B. Russell narrowly failed to win a second seat for his party. A candidate of the Ex-Soldiers and Ex-Sailors Party of Manitoba also campaigned with the Labour candidates in Winnipeg. When he was eliminated, his votes went mostly to the remaining candidates of the DLP, SPC and SDP.
Ivens, Armstrong, Queen and Russell were all serving prison sentences at the time of the election, due to their leadership of the Winnipeg General Strike. Many Winnipegers believed the prison sentences were politically motivated, and the issue was a rallying cry for labour in the campaign.
Seven other labour MLAs were elected in the rest of the province, making the Labour group the third largest in the legislature.
The Conservative Party managed a minor recovery from its disastrous showing in 1915, winning eight seats under new leader Richard G. Willis. Willis himself was not elected.
Three independents were also elected to the legislature in rural districts.
The first woman was elected to the Legislature in this election. Edith Rogers was also the first Indigenous woman in the Manitoba Legislature.
Party results.
Note:
(1) SDP popular vote included in "Independents/others".
Riding results.
Arthur:
Assiniboia:
Beautiful Plains:
Birtle:
Brandon City:
Carillon:
Cypress:
Dauphin:
Deloraine:
Dufferin:
Emerson:
Ethelbert:
Fairford:
Fisher:
Gilbert Plains:
Gimli:
Gladstone:
Glenwood:
Hamiota:
Iberville:
Kildonan &amp; St. Andrews:
Killarney:
Lakeside:
Lansdowne:
La Verendrye:
Manitou:
Minnedosa:
Morden and Rhineland:
Morris:
Mountain:
Norfolk:
Portage la Prairie:
Roblin:
Rockwood:
Rupertsland:
Russell:
St. Boniface:
St. Clements:
St. George:
Ste. Rose:
Springfield:
Swan River:
The Pas:
Turtle Mountain:
Virden:
Winnipeg election results.
Winnipeg:
Single transferable voting was used to elect the ten Winnipeg MLAs in one city-wide district.
Final Winnipeg seat tally: Liberal 4, DLP 2, Conservative 2, SDP 1, SPC 1.
Election was not by party list. 
The successful candidates were chosen individually by the voters: 
All of the successful candidates except one were among the most-popular candidates in the First Count. One came from among the lower-ranking candidates to take a seat through vote transfers. Each voter casting just a single vote in a multi-member district meant mixed roughly proportional grouping of the candidates in winning positions from the 1st Count on.
41 candidates ran for the ten seats. 
10 Liberals; 10 Conservatives; 4 Labour (Dominion Labour Party); 8 Independents; 4 Socialist Party of Canada (SPC); 1 Social Democratic Party (SDP); 2 Ind.-Liberals; 1 Ind.-P/Conservative; 1 Ex-Soldiers and Ex-Sailors Party of Manitoba (S&amp;S). 
10-member "Labour" slate: 4 Labour (Dominion Labour Party); 4 Socialist Party of Canada (SPC); 1 Social Democratic Party (SDP); 1 Ex-Soldiers and Ex-Sailors Party of Manitoba (S&amp;S).
At least five candidates were women (1 Conservative, 1 Liberal, 1 SPC, 2 Ind.).
Valid votes: 47,427
Quota was 4312 (This was the minimum required to win a seat, until the last count.) (Droop Quota)
First Count (Dixon and Johnson declared elected):
Second Count (Transfer of Dixon's surplus; Ivens declared elected):
Third Count (transfer of Johnson's surplus):
Fourth Count (Transfer of Ivens's surplus):
Fifth Count (Gislason and Lyon eliminated. Transfer of their votes to back-up preferences, where possible):
Sixth Count (Turnbull eliminated):
Seventh Count (Holling eliminated):
Eighth Count (Lawrence eliminated):
Ninth Count (Johns eliminated. Transfer of votes to back-up preferences):
Tenth Count (McInnes eliminated):
Eleventh Count (Prout eliminated. Votes transferred to back-up preferences):
Twelfth Count (Torrance eliminated):
Thirteenth Count (Lowery eliminated):
Fourteenth Count (Forrester eliminated):
Fifteenth Count (Tipping eliminated. Votes transferred to back-up preferences):
Sixteenth Count (McMartin eliminated):
Seventeenth Count (Law eliminated):
Eighteenth Count (Skinner eliminated):
Nineteenth Count (James eliminated. Votes transferred to back-up preferences):
Twentieth Count (Fisher eliminated):
Twenty-First Count (Lightfoot eliminated):
Twenty-Second Count (Hamilton eliminated):
Twenty-Third Count (Carey eliminated):
Twenty-Fourth Count (Gibben eliminated):
Twenty-Fifth Count (Mrs. William Arthur Pritchard eliminated):
Twenty-Sixth Count (Warde eliminated):
Twenty-Seventh Count (Cartwright eliminated):
Twenty-Eighth Count (Parrish eliminated):
Twenty-Ninth Count (Christie eliminated):
Thirtieth Count (D.A. Armstrong eliminated)
Thirty-First Count (Morden eliminated; Haig declared elected):
Thirty-Second Count (Jacob eliminated; Queen declared elected):
After the necessary transfer of surplus votes, if no one gets quota, the bottom candidate will be eliminated, leaving just enough candidates for the available seats.
Thirty-Fourth Count (transfer of Haig's surplus):
Thirty-Fifth Count (transfer of Queen's surplus):
Thirty-Sixth Count (transfer of Stovel's surplus):
Thirty-Seventh Count (Cameron's surplus transferred - no change in order of candidates)
(exhausted votes at this point: 1849
Thirty-Eighth Count
Russell is eliminated, leaving only Armstrong, Rogers and Tupper to take the three open seats. They are declared elected.
Final Winnipeg seat tally: Liberal 4, DLP 2, Conservative 2, SDPC 1, SPC 1
Election was not by party list. 
The successful candidates were chosen individually by the voters:
Liberals: Thomas Johnson, John Stovel, Duncan Cameron, Edith Rogers 
Dominion Labour: Fred Dixon, William Ivens
Conservatives: John Thomas Haig, William J. Tupper
Social Democrats: John Queen
Socialists: George Armstrong (but not Robert Russell, who was initially more popular of the two Socialist Party candidates)
Sources.
The first ballot results for Winnipeg and results for all other constituencies are taken from an official Manitoba government publication entitled "Manitoba elections, 1920-1941" (cross-referenced with an appendix to the government's report of the 2003 provincial election). The Canadian Parliamentary Guide for 1921 lists slightly different results for Dufferin and Gladstone; the other two sources contain more information, however, and may be taken as more reliable.
All ballot results for Winnipeg after the first count are taken from reports in the Winnipeg Free Press newspaper. It is possible that some errors appeared in the original publication.
Post-election changes.
The Independent and Farmer members formed a parliamentary bloc after the election, known as the Independent-Farmer group. Albert Kristjansson later left the Labour caucus to sit with this group.
Birtle (George Malcolm to cabinet, September 30, 1920), October 14, 1920:
Lakeside (Charles Duncan McPherson to cabinet, January 20, 1921), January 31, 1921:
References.
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