2012 scandal in South Korea
The MOFAT Diamond Scandal involves allegations against a senior South Korean government official accused of insider trading and stock-price manipulation in collaboration with CNK International, a mining company that secured the rights to a diamond mine in Cameroon.
The scandal began with a press release issued by the South Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (MOFAT) on 17 December 2010. This announcement, led by Energy and Resources Ambassador Kim Eun-seok, claimed that CNK International had secured the rights to develop a diamond mine in Cameroon, purportedly containing approximately of diamonds. This figure was based on CNK International's research reports, which were later found to be exaggerated and misleading. Following the press release, CNK International's share price surged to approximately 18,500 Korean won. When the company was unable to substantiate the magnitude of the diamond reserve it had previously announced, the share price plummeted to 2,000 Korean won within a matter of weeks.
Ambassador Kim faced accusations of insider trading for allegedly sharing non-public information with family members. However, the timeline between the stock purchases made by his family members and the press release that inflated CNK International's stock price was substantial. As a result, the insider trading charges were ultimately dropped.
This incident sparked criticisms against the Lee Myung-bak government. The investigation also implicated other high-ranking officials and members of CNK International, leading to criminal referrals and further scrutiny. Both Ambassador Kim and CNK Chairman Oh Deok-gyun were acquitted of stock manipulation charges. Ambassador Kim was demoted, and CNK Chairman Oh was convicted of breach of fiduciary duty, being sentenced to 3 years in prison and 5 years probation.
CNK International.
Originally registered as a food distribution company specializing in pork, Koko Enterprises transitioned to a metalworking business in December 2008, laying the groundwork for its entry into the diamond mining industry. In March 2009, Oh Deok-gyun assumed the role of chairman of the KOSDAQ-listed company and acquired another business engaged in the cutting, production, and wholesale and retail sale of diamonds. In April 2011, Koko Enterprises rebranded itself as CNK International, adopting the name of C&amp;K Mining (Cameroon &amp; Korea Mining Inc.), a company previously led by Oh Deok-gyun. By this time, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade had already issued a press release announcing CNK International's mining rights in Cameroon, triggering a significant surge in the company's stock price.
Research reports of CNK International.
CNK International conducted two test probes in 2009 to assess the size of the diamond reserve in Cameroon. These probes formed the basis for two research reports published in 2010 and 2011. Initially, these reports received limited attention until the government press release drew media focus to the underlying data supporting the claimed size of the Cameroon mine. Subsequent investigations revealed that Kim Won-sa, a CNK International executive board member and geology professor at Chungnam National University, had participated in the August 2008 geological survey of the Mobilong diamond mine. Unfortunately, Professor Kim died two months later in October 2008. Before his death, he had highlighted the significant challenges posed by the thick soil horizons in eastern Cameroon, where the Mobilong mine is located, and the surrounding rainforest, which hindered accurate assessments of the diamond deposit. C&amp;K Mining, the company responsible for the exploration, focused on reaching the conglomerate layer, necessitating excavation to a depth of .
Despite the absence of a credible diamond deposit size estimate from Professor Kim, CNK International proceeded with an estimate of , derived from United Nations Development Programme data ranging from zero to a maximum of . This estimate was then multiplied by the estimated volume of Mobilong's conglomerate layer, , resulting in a significantly inflated figure of . This figure exceeded the global diamond production in 2007 by approximately 2.5 times.
Lee Myung-bak's resource diplomacy.
The diamond scandal unfolded during the Lee Myung-bak administration’s push for "resource diplomacy," a foreign policy initiative aimed at securing resource autonomy through international collaboration. In April 2008, two months after his inauguration, President Lee visited the United States, Japan, China, and Russia. During his meeting with US President George W. Bush, he proposed commercializing gas hydrates found off South Korea’s coast and sought US support. Resource diplomacy also dominated Lee’s September 2008 visit to Russia, where he met President Dmitry Medvedev and Prime Minister Vladimir Putin. The talks resulted in South Korea joining a project to transport Siberian natural gas via a pipeline through North Korea to Seoul.
In May 2008, Prime Minister Han Seung-soo visited three Central Asian nations – Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan – as well as Azerbaijan to promote South Korea's resource diplomacy initiatives. Before his departure, Han stated that he would support South Korean businesses engaged in energy diplomacy with these countries and work to ensure stable and consistent energy partnerships. During his visit, Han discussed joint energy and resource development projects and finalized a long-term contract with Uzbekistan to secure of Uzbek uranium through 2016.
In 2008, a South Korean consortium signed agreements with the semiautonomous Kurdish government in February and September to develop oil fields in northern Iraq. However, the project’s future remained uncertain due to anticipated opposition from the central government in Baghdad. In January 2009, the Iraqi central government halted oil exports to South Korea in retaliation. The Korea National Oil Corporation, which led the consortium, withdrew from the Kurdistan exploration block in 2016 and subsequently terminated its oil-field projects in the region.
Energy and Resources Ambassador Kim Eun-seok.
Energy and Resources Ambassador Kim Eun-seok directed and ordered the press release, which took place on 17 December 2010. In the issued press release, the Ministry not only confirmed the exaggerated estimate of the diamond deposit but also touted it as a success of the Lee Myung-bak government's "resource diplomacy", which caused the shares of CNK International to quintuple shortly after. The surge in CNK International's stock price triggered an investigation by South Korea's financial regulators, which wound up in the criminal referrals of key figures to the prosecutors' office. Ambassador Kim Eun-seok was investigated for insider trading, as he had shared nonpublic information with family members and saw financial gains, and stock manipulation. The insider-trading charge was dropped as the family members at issue had purchased the stocks long before the press release, and prosecutors deemed it impossible to infer a meaningful connection between the press release and the stock sales. Ambassador Kim Eun-seok was indicted on charges of colluding with CNK International and manipulating stock prices, but acquitted by the Supreme Court.
During the trials, the prosecution presented evidence that Ambassador Kim Eun-seok had aggressively pushed junior diplomats to support CNK International Chairman Oh Deok-gyun. According to multiple emails disclosed throughout the trials, Ambassador Kim had asked Lee Ho-seong, then-Ambassador of Korea to Cameroon, to look into the initial exploration by the United Nations Development Programme, which investigated the natural resources in Cameroon but failed to produce results of substance. After Ambassador Lee's lukewarm reaction, Kim Eun-seok turned to more aggressive tactics such as threatening a lower-level government official at an office under the Ministry of Foreign Affairs that covers Africa, who had told Lee to inquire CNK International itself, that he would report the official to the Blue House for "obstructing major diplomatic efforts". Furthermore, Kim Eun-seok was suspected of introducing CNK Chairman Oh Deok-gyun to high-ranking government officials, such as former Vice Minister of Knowledge Economy Park Young-joon. Kim Eun-seok also reportedly lobbied Cameroonian officials on behalf of CNK International, which further fueled the suspicion of collusion.
Ambassador Kim Eun-seok was suspended almost immediately after the scandal broke out with massive media coverage, and later demoted. Then-Foreign Minister Kim Sung-hwan had reportedly approved the suspension, which came before the Board of Audit and Inspection could come to a conclusion about whether Ambassador Kim had been actively colluding with CNK International and deliberately overstated the size of the Mobilong diamond mine in the press release. Kim Eun-seok filed a lawsuit challenging both the suspension and demotion. Despite the acquittal on charges of stock manipulation, the Supreme Court held that his demotion was fair on the grounds that he had neglected his duty as a public servant to verify unfounded claims about the Cameroonian mine in CNK International's reports, and therefore violated the "principle of trust and good faith." At the same time, the high court reinstated Kim, ending his suspension of almost 6 years.
Development.
On 17 December 2010, Energy and Resources Ambassador Kim Eun-seok's press release highlighted CNK International's acquisition of diamond mining rights in Cameroon, portraying it as a significant achievement in the Lee Myung-bak administration's resource diplomacy efforts. Issued by the Lee Myung-bak government, the press release officially confirmed that a Korean mining company had secured a significant diamond mining operation. It led to a surge in CNK International's stock price, reaching a peak of on 19 August 2011. The dramatic increase in CNK's stock price prompted the National Assembly to request an investigation by the Board of Audit and Inspection into potential stock manipulation and insider trading by government officials, including Ambassador Kim Eun-seok. In October 2011, the Board of Audit and Inspection and the Financial Supervisory Service initiated a joint investigation into the matter.
The investigation into CNK International triggered investor anxiety, causing its stock price to decline to by December 2011. On 17 January 2012, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade suspended Ambassador Kim pending the outcome of the investigation. Subsequently, on 19 January 2012, the Knowledge Economy Committee of the National Assembly referred CNK Chairman Oh Deok-gyun and Ambassador Kim Eun-seok to the Seoul Southern District Prosecutors' Office for criminal investigation, criticizing the slow pace of the ongoing investigation. This development further accelerated the selloff of CNK International shares, closing at on 19 January 2012. On 26 January 2012, the inspection board released its findings, revealing that Kim Eun-seok had shared information about CNK International's diamond project with his siblings in 2009. His siblings subsequently purchased CNK International shares between March and April 2009, and by January 2010, they had acquired a total of 80,000 shares. As of 31 August 2011, Kim's siblings had realized in capital gains while retaining 78,000 shares. The inspection board recommended Kim's dismissal, leading to a further decline in CNK International's stock price, closing at on 26 December 2012.
On 19 January 2012, the opposition Democratic United Party and the anti-Lee Myung-bak faction of the ruling Grand National Party under Park Geun-hye threatened to launch an additional National Assembly investigation into whether higher-ranking officials were involved, including President Lee's older brother. President Lee's older brother had been involved in President Lee's resource-diplomacy efforts. However, such an investigation did not materialize.
Following a recommendation for dismissal by the inspection board, Kim was referred to the Central Disciplinary Committee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade on 27 January 2012. The committee subsequently demoted Kim from Grade 1 to Grade 3 public servant as a disciplinary measure.
On 26 January 2013, the Seoul Central District Prosecutors' Office raided the headquarters of CNK International and the residences of Chairman Oh Deok-gyun and Cho Joong-pyo, a former Vice Foreign Minister and adviser to CNK International. Cho Joong-pyo was accused of transmitting falsified CNK International reports to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and engaging in insider trading using family members' names to generate approximately ₩ (2012) in profits.
On 30 January 2012, the Seoul Central District Prosecutors' Office conducted the first-ever raid on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, following the issuance of a search warrant. On 6 March 2012, prosecutors requested an arrest warrant for Kim, which was subsequently denied by a judge. The judge determined that Kim posed no flight risk, given his existing travel ban, and that the prosecution had failed to sufficiently substantiate that Kim might destroy evidence. Prosecutors subsequently added a perjury charge to the indictment, alleging that Kim had falsely testified during a 2011 National Assembly hearing. They claimed that Kim had misrepresented the source of the diamond deposit estimates in the press release, attributing them to official Cameroonian government data when, in fact, they were derived from exaggerated CNK reports without independent verification.
On 19 February 2013, Kim and four other key figures, including CNK Chairman Oh Deok-gyun, a CNK International lawyer, and two accountants, were indicted for violating the Financial Investment Services and Capital Markets Act and deliberately overestimating CNK International's market value. Kim, informed by the South Korean ambassador to Cameroon