General elections were held in Serbia, a constituent federal unit of SFR Yugoslavia, on 12 November 1989, to elect the president of the presidency of the Socialist Republic of Serbia and delegates of the Assembly of SR Serbia. Voting for delegates also took place on 10 and 30 November 1989. In addition to the general elections, local elections were held simultaneously. These were the first direct elections conducted after the adoption of the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution and the delegate electoral system, and the last elections conducted under a one-party system.
The election was preceded by the rise of Slobodan Milošević, who, after being elected president of the presidency of the Central Committee of the League of Communists of Serbia (SKS) in 1986, ousted his mentor Ivan Stambolić and his allies from key positions in 1987. The anti-bureaucratic revolution began and the constitution of Serbia was amended after Milošević came to power. After Milošević was appointed to the position of president of the presidency of SR Serbia in May 1989, presidential and parliamentary elections were announced for November 1989. 
Milošević, Mihalj Kertes, Zoran Pjanić, and Miroslav Đorđević were the candidates in the presidential election; Milošević won the election in a landslide. SKS won 303 seats, a net loss of 20 seats in comparison with the 1986 election, and 37 individuals who were not members of SKS won the rest of the seats in the Assembly. The League of Communists of Yugoslavia ceased to exist in 1990, and after a referendum in July 1990, Serbia adopted a new constitution that implemented a multi-party system and reduced the powers of its autonomous provinces, Kosovo and Vojvodina. The first multi-party elections were then held in December 1990.
Background.
Post-World War II.
After World War II, the Communist Party consolidated power in Yugoslavia, transforming the country into a socialist state. Each constituent republic had its own branch of the Communist party, with Serbia having the Communist Party of Serbia. The federal Communist party renamed itself the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (SKJ) at its 6th Congress in 1952. Its branches did the same; the Communist Party of Serbia became the League of Communists of Serbia (SKS). Josip Broz Tito was the president of SKJ until his death in 1980.
After Tito's death, Yugoslavia was faced with issues related to the economy, constitutional problems, and a potential rise in ethnic nationalism. Yugoslavia initially implemented austerity measures to reduce its debt. A swift increase in debt, inflation, and unemployment was seen in the 1980s instead. According to publicist Zlatoje Martinov, the republics got "stronger and became de facto states with their own armed forces" ("sve više jačaju i predstavljaju faktičke države sa sopstvenim oružanim snagama") because of the crises. Martinov also said that the gradual process of the dissolution of Yugoslavia was underway. Following the 1986 parliamentary election, Desimir Jevtić was elected prime minister of Serbia.
Rise of Slobodan Milošević.
Ivan Stambolić, the president of the City Committee of the League of Communists of Belgrade, was elected president of the presidency of the Central Committee of SKS in 1984. Considered a political reformist within SKS, Stambolić was the mentor of Slobodan Milošević, his colleague from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Law. After becoming the president of the presidency of the Central Committee of SKS in 1984, Stambolić appointed Milošević as his successor to his previous role, despite opposition from older Communist officials. Milošević then began forming a faction of officials that were loyal to him.
Prior to the 1986 parliamentary election, Stambolić announced that he would step down from his position as the head of SKS. Despite receiving support from 84 municipal boards of SKS, Milošević was still met with strong opposition inside the party. There were proposals to have several candidates in the leadership election, although, the presidency voted 12–8 to propose Milošević as the sole candidate for the president of the presidency of the Central Committee of SKS. Milošević was successfully elected president of SKS in May 1986, while Stambolić also began serving as president of Serbia, after being elected by the presidency of the Central Committee of SKS.105, 120 Dragiša Pavlović, a liberal and Stambolić's ally, also became the president of the City Committee of the League of Communists of Belgrade.118
Milošević took a populist turn in April 1987. He began portraying himself as a supporter of Kosovo Serbs, and during one visit to Kosovo, he said to Serbs that "no one will dare to beat you" ("ne sme niko da vas bije"). During the same period, he became more critical of Stambolić and Pavlović, particularly due to their moderate stance on Kosovo. Milošević called for a session of the Central Committee of SKS to be held in September 1987. At the session, Stambolić tried to reconcile Pavlović and Milošević, but Milošević instead criticised Stambolić and Pavlović. Pavlović and Stambolić's other allies were then dismissed from their positions. Some political scientists have characterised the session as a coup d'état.35 Stambolić was isolated after the session and was removed from the position of president of Serbia in December 1987. He then retired from politics.
Beginning in 1988, protests, dubbed the anti-bureaucratic revolution, began in Serbia and Montenegro in support of Milošević's centralisation programme.41 Although Milošević denied that he was directly involved in the protests, he actually had direct contact with the organisers. In Montenegro, the leadership was forced to resign. It was replaced by the pro-Milošević faction, led by Momir Bulatović. This soon followed in Vojvodina and Kosovo. In Vojvodina, Mihalj Kertes particularly became a prominent figure due to his statement, "How can you Serbs be afraid of Serbia, when I, a Hungarian, am not afraid of Serbia?". The Socialist Alliance of Working People of Serbia (SSRNS), a popular front organisation subordinate to SKS, proposed Milošević to the position of president of the presidency of the Socialist Republic of Serbia and was successfully appointed on 8 May 1989.15
Constitutional changes.
The aftermath of the 1988–1989 anti-bureaucratic revolution saw amendments to the 1974 Yugoslav Constitution.186 As part of the 1974 constitution, Kosovo was granted full autonomy and was given equal voting status like the other six constituent republics. Following the protests in March 1989, Milošević proposed amendments that were soon accepted by the Assembly of SAP Kosovo and the Assembly of SR Serbia. The amendment revoked the powers that autonomous provinces Kosovo and Vojvodina received in the 1974 constitution.186
Electoral system.
At the time of the 1989 elections, Serbia's electoral system was in accordance with the 1974 constitution. Instead of directly electing members of the Assembly, citizens voted for the composition of delegation bodies. Members of these delegation bodies then elected delegates that served in the Assembly of SR Serbia. The voting system was complex; it combined elements of a direct, indirect, and first-past-the-post voting majoritarian system.2463 Those who were 15 or older had the right to vote, and those who served in the army at the time of the elections were able to vote at their military stations. Invalid ballots were introduced with the 1989 elections; ballots that were blank or ballots that could not be used to determine who was voted for would be considered invalid.72
The Assembly was divided into three councils. The Council of Associated Labour had 160 delegates, while the Council of Municipalities and Socio-Political Council each had 90 delegates. The delegates then elected members of the Presidency of the Socialist Republic of Serbia, the Council of the Republic, and a member of the Presidency of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. At the time of the 1989 elections, Serbia was still a one-party state but the 1989 elections were the first direct elections to be held since 1974.69
The parliamentary election was conducted on three separate days: 10, 12 and 30 November 1989.27 Local elections were conducted on the same days as the parliamentary elections.27 The presidential election was only held on 12 November.15 Polling stations were opened from 07:00 () to 19:00.71
Political parties.
The table below lists political parties elected to the Assembly of SR Serbia after the 1986 parliamentary election.33 In the Council of Associated Labour, there were 148 SKS delegates; in the Council of Municipalities, there were 88 SKS delegates; and in the Socio-Political Council, there were 87 SKS delegates.33 Most of the delegates were 50 years old or younger.33
Conduct.
Following Milošević's appointment to the position of president of the presidency of SR Serbia, elections were called to dismiss any potential criticism on whether Milošević's appointment was "the wish of the people" ("želja čitavog naroda").15 The presidential election thus served as a referendum on whether Milošević should retain his position as president of the presidency.153 SKS stated that these "elections should show that we believe in the policies of our leadership" ("izbori treba da pokažu da verujemo u politiku svog rukovodstva").15 At the time of the election, Bogdan Trifunović was the president of the presidency of the Central Committee of SKS. As part of the pre-election campaign, over 10,000 delegation body conferences were organised in Serbia.71 There were 19,478 delegation bodies that had 346,518 members in total.33
Presidential candidates.
At a SSRNS session on 1 November 1989, Milošević was officially proposed as a presidential candidate.68 So the presidential election would be perceived as democratic, multiple candidates were proposed for the election by SSRNS.15 However, no candidate initially wanted to risk running against Milošević.15 SSRNS then proposed the final four candidates, these being Milošević, Kertes, and professors Zoran Pjanić and Miroslav Đorđević.15
Results.
According to a "Politika" report from November 1989, 14,855 polling stations were opened during the elections.71 The results of the elections were announced on 20 November, eight days after the election was held.19
Presidential election.
Beginning on 13 November, Radio-Television Belgrade and "Politika" reported turnouts and results.16 It was reported that in Kuršumlija that 99 percent of voters voted for Milošević, and that in some villages of the municipality of Kraljevo, Milošević won all votes.16 Similar results were reported in Kačanik, while in Vučitrn, Kertes won the most votes.17 In the Sandžak region, Milošević won the most votes. The turnout was later reported to be at 83 percent and Milošević won 80 percent of all votes cast.19 Milošević won most of his votes in Central Serbia, followed by Vojvodina, and then Kosovo, where he only won 25 percent of the popular vote.80 In Belgrade, Milošević received 93 percent of the popular vote. Pjanić placed second with 4 percent, Kertes third with 3.3 percent, and Đorđević fourth with 2.7 percent. Turnout in Belgrade was 80.3 percent.80
Parliamentary election.
For the parliamentary elections, there were 6,640,675 registered citizens who had the right to vote in total.34 82 percent of the registered voters exercised their right to vote in the election.34 In the parliamentary election, SKS won 303 seats in the Assembly of SR Serbia, a decrease of 20 seats in comparison with the 1986 parliamentary election.29 37 of those who were not affiliated with SKS were elected in the election.29 In the Council of Associated Labour, 134 SKS delegates were elected; in the Council of Municipalities, 84 SKS delegates were elected; and in the Socio-Political Council, 85 SKS delegates were elected.29
Aftermath.
Assembly leadership.
The Assembly of SR Serbia was constituted on 5 December 1989. Zoran Sokolović was elected president of the Assembly, while Vukašin Jokanović, Slobodan Janjić, and Đorđe Šćepančević were elected vice-presidents of the Assembly. Stanko Radmilović was elected prime minister of Serbia, while on 6 December, the Assembly of SR Serbia officially declared Milošević as the president of the presidency. Radmilović was a Milošević loyalist.
Dissolution of SKJ.
Milošević proposed reforms to the Federal Assembly of Yugoslavia in 1989.21 These proposals were opposed by the Slovene delegation, which favoured keeping the composition in accordance with the 1974 constitution.22 Because of the dispute, the first and only extraordinary congress was organised for 1990.22 The 14th congress, held in Sava Centar, Belgrade, was eventually organised for 20–23 January 1990.26 Presided over by Milan Pančevski, the congress was attended by over 1,600 delegates from all six constituent republics and two autonomous provinces.
The congress started with a polemic between Borut Pahor and Milomir Minić, and it continued with Milan Kučan saying that Slovenes reject Serbia's proposed centralisation policies. Ciril Ribičič and the Slovene delegation expressed their disappointment with the first plenary session of the 14th congress.27 The head of the Serbian delegation, Milošević, proposed to introduce a "one man–one vote" system but, this was also opposed by the Slovene delegation, which favoured the reconstruction of SKJ