Type of shield used by Ancient Greek and Roman soldiers
In the military of classical antiquity, a clipeus (; Ancient Greek: ἀσπίς) was a large shield worn by the Greek hoplites and Romans as a piece of defensive armor, which they carried upon the arm, to protect them from the blows of their enemies. It was round in shape and in the middle was a bolt of iron, or of some other metal, with a sharp point. The "clipeus" was more-or-less identical to the earlier "aspis".
In art.
Pliny the Elder also describes the custom of having a bust-portrait of an ancestor painted on a "clipeus", and having it hung in a temple or other public place. From this round bas-reliefs in a medallion on sarcophagi and in other forms are known as "imago clipeata" or ""clipeus" portraits", a term usually restricted to Roman art.
Roman use.
The "clipeus" was used by Romans during the Roman Kingdom and early republic but was replaced by the legionary "scutum", a convex rectangular shield, in the later Roman Republic. However, the "scutum" disappeared during the Crisis of the Third Century. All troops adopted the auxiliary oval (and sometimes round or hexagonal) shield ("parma" or "clipeus"). Shields, from examples found at Dura-Europos and Nydam Mose, were of vertical plank construction, the planks glued, and faced inside and out with painted leather. The edges of the shield were bound with stitched rawhide, which shrank as it dried, improving structural cohesion. It was also lighter than the edging of copper alloy used in earlier Roman shields.
The "clipeus virtutis", Latin for "shield of bravery", was awarded to Augustus for his "courage, clemency, justice and piety" by the senate and displayed in the Curia Julia.
Notes.
 ;templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" / ;