Antarctic Ocean cruise ship, sunk in 2007
MS "Explorer or MV "Explorer was a Liberian-registered cruise ship, the first vessel of that kind used specifically to sail the icy waters of the Antarctic Ocean. She was the first cruise ship to sink there, after striking an iceberg on 23 November 2007. All passengers and crew were rescued. 
The ship was commissioned and operated by the Swedish explorer Lars-Eric Lindblad. Its 1969 expeditionary cruise to Antarctica was the forerunner for today's sea-based tourism in that region. The vessel was originally named MS "Lindblad Explorer (until 1985), and MS "Society Explorer (until 1992). Ownership of the vessel changed several times, the last owner being the Toronto-based travel company G.A.P Adventures which acquired "Explorer" in 2004.
"Explorer" was abandoned in the early hours of 23 November 2007 after taking on water near the South Shetland Islands in the Southern Ocean, an area which is usually stormy but was calm at the time. "Explorer" was confirmed by the Chilean Navy to have sunk at an approximate position of , between the South Shetlands and Grahams Land in the Bransfield Strait; where the depth is roughly 600 m. The Royal Navy Antarctic Patrol Ship , whilst carrying out a hydrographic survey for the British Antarctic Survey and at the request of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, later pinpointed "Explorer"'s final resting place as , at an approximate depth of – a distance of from her reported sinking position. This is broadly consistent with the direction of the prevailing current.
History.
"Explorer" was commissioned by Lars-Eric Lindblad, the Swedish-American pioneer of "exotic expedition" tours, and built in 1969 at Uudenkaupungin Telakka, a shipyard in Uusikaupunki, Finland. The ship was built to stay afloat with two compartments filled with water. Her original Finnish-Swedish ice class was 1C, which is relatively weak. It is not known when the ice class was uprated to 1A. The vessel was originally named "Lindblad Explorer", after Lars-Eric Lindblad, and was the first custom-built expeditionary cruise ship.
The first notable incident of the "Explorer" was when it ran aground near La Plaza Point, Antarctica, on 11 February 1972; her passengers, Lindblad among them, were rescued by the Chilean Navy. She was towed to Buenos Aires, Argentina, and then to Kristiansand, Norway, for repairs. After being renamed the "Lindblad Explorer", the ship ran aground off Wiencke Island in the Antarctic on 25 December 1979. The 70 passengers and 34 of the crew were rescued by the Chilean Navy Antarctic transport , leaving the captain and a skeleton crew of 21 on board to await the arrival of a tugboat.
"Explorer" was the first cruise ship to navigate the Northwest Passage in 1984. She was involved in the rescue of the crew of an Argentine supply ship in 1989 that had hit a rock ledge off Anvers Island, Antarctica. In 1998 "Explorer" was the first ship to circumnavigate James Ross Island; and in the same year, was claimed to be the first ship, as distinct from river boat, to sail above Iquitos, Peru, to the point where the Marañón and Ucayali rivers meet to become the Amazon River.
"Explorer" was depicted on at least two postage stamps issued by South Georgia, and one issued by the Falkland Islands. "Explorer" was nicknamed "the Little Red Ship". A scale model of "Explorer" is on display at Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Sinking.
"Explorer" departed from Ushuaia, Argentina, on 11 November 2007 on a 19-day cruise called "Spirit of Shackleton" run by GAP, intended to trace the route of the 20th-century explorer Ernest Shackleton through the Drake Passage (an area typically stormy with rough seas). After visiting the Falkland Islands and South Georgia, she hit an iceberg on 23 November 2007 in the Bransfield Strait, close to King George Island in the Southern Ocean and near the South Shetland Islands. The iceberg struck by "Explorer" made a gash in the hull which allowed water to enter. 
The Argentine Navy later said in a statement that it had observed "significant" damage. The official report of the sinking noted: "The damage sustained had to have extended along the length of the vessel from Cabins 308 to 314 for at least a distance of 3.6 meters, and, in all likelihood, had punctured and sliced holes along the shell plating."
Some passengers on "Explorer" reported a loud "bang" at the time of impact, although others reported that there had been no noticeable impact, or at least nothing more than the normal crunching of ice experienced when sailing through icy waters. One passenger reported sea water in their cabin at about 03:00 UTC. Some reports also indicated that the ship had drifted into an iceberg on "Explorer"'s starboard side while the crew was assessing damage caused by the original impact, also to the starboard side of the ship.
A mayday call was put out by the ship at 04:24 UTC, and rescue operations were quickly coordinated by the DPA Peter Burman in Sweden who directly took contact with the Prefectura Naval Argentina (the Argentinian equivalent of a coastguard) and the Chilean Navy Center for Search and Rescue. Chile dispatched the icebreaker , and nearby commercial ships; including the MN "Ushuaia", the , and the Norwegian Coastal Express ship which was operating as a passenger cruise ship at the time. By 07:30 UTC all 91 passengers, nine guides and 54 crew, from over 14 countries, had taken to the "Explorer"'s lifeboats. They drifted for five hours until they were picked up by the Norwegian ship MS "Nordnorge", which arrived on scene at approximately 10:00 UTC.
All of those rescued by "Nordnorge" were taken to the Chilean Frei Montalva Station on King George Island, from where they were subsequently airlifted by C-130 Hercules transport aircraft of the Chilean Air Force to Punta Arenas, Chile, in two separate flights; one on Saturday 24 November and the other on Sunday 25 November. Those passengers not taken to Punta Arenas (an estimated 70) were taken to Uruguay's Artigas Base. "Explorer" was completely submerged at 19:00 UTC, approximately 20 hours after the initial impact and damage to her hull. Her wreck lies at .
"Explorer" was designed, like most ships, with compartments which could be sealed off by watertight doors. The ship would not sink if holed and one compartment flooded, but was not safe if more compartments were flooded, either by a gash spanning compartments or imperfect sealing between compartments. GAP reported that there was a crack in addition to the hole, but it is not clear if it spanned compartments.
In an article published on 8 December 2007, experts considered that "Explorer" was "perfect for ice navigation", and stated that the explanation of the sinking "doesn't add up" and that "essential pieces of the story are missing".
Investigation.
The investigation into the sinking of "Explorer" was carried out by the Liberian Bureau of Maritime Affairs. The report into the accident was released in April 2009. The report cites the decision by Captain Bengt Wiman, age 49, to enter the ice field based on his knowledge and information available at the time as the primary reason why "Explorer" was so severely damaged. "He was under the mistaken impression that he was encountering first year ice, which in fact, as the Chilean Navy Report indicated, was much harder land ice."
Passengers reported seeing red paint on the passing ice less than thirty minutes prior to when the flooding was reported, another indication that the vessel was passing through compact and hard ice. The master of "Explorer" was very experienced in Baltic waters, but he was unfamiliar with the type of ice he encountered in Antarctic waters. The report's investigating officer could not convince GAP that it was their responsibility to retrieve the ship's voyage data recorder, after the master failed to ensure its transfer from the ship despite being reminded to do so. The report also found that, given that the GAP staff "served the function of crew members", they should have had "the required safety training and documents as seafarers".
The report praises the performance of the master and crew in organizing and evacuating the passengers, and notes that lives were likely saved due to the actions of these individuals.
References.
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