An example with a fabulous mathematical proof playing the role that your information on a piece of paper played:
On the other hand, we have to consider the idea of a consistent causal loop. While equally thought-provoking, this theoretical model of time travel is paradox free. According to physicist <PERSON>, such a loop might play out like this: A math professor travels into the future and steals a groundbreaking math theorem. The professor then gives the theorem to a promising student. Then, that promising student grows up to be the very person from whom the professor stole the theorem to begin with.
From How Time Travel Works, by <PERSON> and <PERSON>
<PERSON>, in the story "By His Bootstraps" also illustrated this kind of causal loop in an "uncaused" or "self-caused" warning that loops through time. From www.fresian.com's Time Travel Paradoxes page:
A paradox of time travel arises in relation to this story. The narrator does indeed set himself up "by his bootstraps" -- his present and future selves all interact with each other to produce the events. The paradoxical nature of this comes down to the case of a notebook that was provided to the narrator by the older man in the future. 194
It contained a vocabulary of the language that was spoken by people in the future. The narrator learns the language and, as the book wears out over the years, copies it over into a notebook he had fetched from the present. This notebook, as it happens, is the very one he, as the older man, then provides to his other self. He is therefore the same person who both learns the knowledge from the notebook and put the knowledge into the notebook in the first place. The vocabulary as a certain list of items arranged in a certain way was thus complied by no one whatsoever. The knowledge exists in a closed temporal loop and is in an important sense uncaused or uncreated. The narrator himself notes that there is something peculiar about this.
There is, of course, a Wikipedia page devoted to time travel paradoxes, and one is the causal loop paradox, or as it is also known the predestination paradox:
A predestination paradox (also called causal loop, causality loop, and, less frequently, closed loop or closed time loop) is a paradox of time travel that is often used as a convention in science fiction. A temporal causality loop is an event whereby a specific moment in time repeats itself continually inside an independent fragment of time. The paradox occurs when a time traveler is caught in a loop of events that "predestines" or "predates" him or her to travel back in time.
In your example the information on the paper is the predestined traveler.
Indeed, there is a Wikipedia page devoted to fiction featuring temporal causal loops (although some of the stories on this list are about such causal loops, some of the stories listed there veer towards self-fulfilling prophecy). 999