To last 500-1000 years, we have to define the operating environment. Specifically, how often do major earthquakes happen nearby? What is the annual rain fall? If the place has a monsoon like India's and suffers major earthquakes every few hundred years, there isn't a construction material that can survive. Instead, the construction needs to be regenerative - easy to rebuild after the monsoon or after the earthquake. For example, the grass bridges that the Inca built simply had to be rebuilt every year.
If the rain fall isn't that much, but there are still earthquakes, then using shaped stones or free floating timbers can build buildings that will shake but fall back into place. See Machu Picchu for one style of shaping stones. Specially shaped bricks could also shake and fall back into place. See the ancient interlocking wood structure called a "dougong" that Chinese temple builders used that allows the temples to withstand multiple major earthquakes.
The challenge of roads is two fold; what types of traffic and what is the underlying geology? What type of load bearing equipment and animals are used? For example, if dogs are the largest load carrying animal, then the roads can last a long time. If elephants, then you need to have a very different construction. The weight has to be distributed in such a way that each piece of the road doesn't move away from the rest of the road. The Romans only had to design for wooden wagons and chariots with horse and oxen pulling them. The weight on any one piece of the road wasn't that much. 732
Today, we have trucks weighing 80,000 lbs. with 34,000 on a tandem axle. That puts a huge load on a small piece of road. That piece of road will move, tilt, and put pressure on the underlying support. I've been on roads that weren't properly designed for that heavy of traffic and every piece of concrete had tilted down relative to the previous piece. Driving on it was like being on a washboard. Thus, roads are built by engineers.
The underlying geology interacts with the rainfall to create a huge issue. Look at the problems California has with Highway 1 south of Carmel. Nearly every major storm, another part of the hills breaks off and either covers the road or takes a piece of the road out.
What you are looking for is a material that can be easily shaped (poured like concrete) yet is hard, durable, and yet flexible to handle the weight. You will need to design a new chemistry to replace the Calcium Silicate Hydrate and Calcium Hydroxide that are the main components of cement. If you use some "hand wavium" to convert Silicon Dioxide (common sand) with some other material into a pourable mixture that hardened up with chemical bonds, that would give you a good replacement. 461