The Wikipedia article on filmmaking breaks it down fairly well. They list 5 stages, and then list each of the departments for each stage:
Development
* Step outline
* Film treatment
* Scriptment
* Screenplay
* Film finance
* Film budgeting
* Green-light
Pre-production
* Script breakdown
* Storyboard
* Production board
* Production strip
* Day Out of Days
* Production schedule
* One liner schedule
* Shooting schedule
Production
* Cinematography
* Principal photography
* Videography Shooting script
* Film inventory report
* Daily call sheet
* Production report
* Daily production report
* Daily progress report
* Daily editor log Sound report
* Cost report
Post-production
* Film editing
* Re-recording
* Sync sound Soundtrack Music
* Special effects (sound visual)
* Negative cost
Distribution
* Distribution
* Film release (wide limited delayed)
* Roadshow
Keep in mind that every production is different. These aren't necessarily a set of linear steps that need to be executed in order, though there are constraints on what can happen when. (You can't edit footage you haven't shot!)
The teams may interact a little or a lot, depending on the logistics and preferences of the people involved. For example, I have a friend who is a feature film editor. She often has to travel to where things are being filmed to do her work rather than waiting for shooting to wrap and doing everything in an editing suite at the studio. It's possible for other post-production staff to be on-set, too. 900
For example, I once met a programmer who worked for WETA on the Lord of the Rings films. While doing some of their green-screen filming, the post-production crew would do a live composite of what was being filmed with some rough CG footage to make sure it was going as planned.
That said, I don't know how often, for example, a screenwriter or storyboard artist would be on set, or an actor would be involved in editing. My guess is not very often. One thing I've learned is that the smaller the production, the more overlap there is between people and jobs. In a small production, a director might also be a writer and producer, and even possibly an actor. Someone holding booms and running lights might also edit or score a film. That's much less likely on a large studio production, especially where unions are more highly involved and have rules about who can do which jobs. 900