ACS730 500kHz Oscilloscope Current Probe
Introduction: ACS730 500kHz Oscilloscope Current Probe
If you've ever worked with some sort of power electronics or high current devices before, you may have also asked yourself how the current waveform looked in those devices, specially if you were troubleshooting them.
Well, since this is not an unusual topic, there are already a number of commercial solutions. They are called current probes and allow engineers to see and measure current waveforms in an oscilloscope up to tens or hundreds of amps.
Without these devices, it would be very diffficult to work in the power applications field, but they are pricey, though. In fact, the starting price for one of these has surely prevented a lot of people to do it, specially in the hobbyist scene.
There are a huge variety of current probes in the market, everyone built with a different approach in mind. Most of them allow to measure current in a non-invasive way relying in custom magnetic transducers, which stands as the main reason for this things being so expensive.
While this is a very desirable feature, it is very difficult to replicate for the regular maker, since there are no commercially available resources to do it. Therefore, the described current probe in this article uses two terminals and a high bandwidth current transducer IC working in the same way as a multimeter.
This allows for an affordable design which could be easily replicated by the average maker.
Step 1: Features
The probe is designed around an ACS730 IC from Allegro MicroSystems, which features a -3dB bandwidth of 1 MHz and +-50 A of measurable range. It is effectively a galvanically isolated hall effect current transducer in a SOIC8 package. This allows for measuring AC mains applications up to 297 VRMS or 420 pk-VDC.
Next comes a signal conditioning stage, built with a pair of AD823ARZ precision high speed operational amplifiers, selected to meet the bandwidth specification of the current sensor. They scale the signal to 100 mV/A.
The probe receives power from a 1000 mAh LiPo battery charged at 200 mAh via Mini USB with an MCP73831 IC. The positive and negative voltages that the probe requires, come from a TPS65133 power converter. The power consumption rises to about 50 mA, achieving a continuous operation of 15 - 20 hours.
In a nutshell, the probe specifications can be summarized as follows:
- Scale: 100 mV/A
- +-25 A of nominal measurable range (40 Apeak)
- Nominal output voltage: +-2.5 V (+-4 Vmax)
- Bandwidth: DC - 500 kHz -1 dB (1 MHz -3dB)
- 15 - 20 hours of operation.
Step 2: Theory of Operation
As stated in the previous step, the main component which makes the probe tick is the ACS730 (U2), outputting 2.5V when the current is zero. 552
Then, if a current is applied at its terminals, the output varies at a rate of 40 mV/A in its +-50 A version. This gives us a voltage between 0.5 V and 4.5 V depending on the current polarity.
As you may have already noticed, there is always a DC offset of 2.5 V imposed in the measurement signal. So, the next section is an AD823ARZ operational amplifier that buffers 2.5 V obtained through a voltage divider from the 5 V supply rail. Using a dedicated voltage reference will result in a much better noise performance but at the expense of increasing the overall cost of the instrument.
Then, a second stage of operational amplifiers remove the offset subtracting the 2.5 VDC buffered level from the output signal (IC2A). The last stage applies a gain of 2.5 to obtain the scale of 100 mV/A (IC2B).
In order to avoid saturation of the operational amplifiers, the probe should not be used with currents above 40 A. Due to limitations in the PCB substrate, 25 A seems like a more reasonable maximum current, although higher transient currents could still be measurable.
The rest of the schematic is mostly self-explanatory. A TPS65133 IC (U3), delivers positive and negative 5 V power rails to the operational amplifiers and current sensor. It is a power converter switching in the megahertz range to maintain good regulation and noise under control.
A 3.7V 1000 mAh LiPo battery provides power to the instrument. An MCP73831 (U1) keeps the charging of said battery at 200 mAh when the MiniUSB (J1) port is connected. An LED lights up when charge is complete. 552