Design: Our proposed series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses will follow the same successful protocol we used for our previous CIHR-funded knowledge synthesis of fructose and cardiometabolic risk (clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01363791). The knowledge syntheses will be conducted according to the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions and reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA).