Several lines of evidence suggest that rTMS over the prefrontal cortex (PFC) can affect processes involved in nicotine addiction. First, animal studies demonstrated that rTMS to the frontal regions of rats enhanced release of dopamine in the hippocampus and NAc . Moreover, high-frequency rTMS of the human prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been shown to induce dopamine release in the caudate nucleus. Hence, it has been suggested that high-frequency rTMS may be useful in disorders associated with subcortical dopamine dysfunction, such as addiction.