As in most virus induced diseases, an adequate immune response is likely to play a key role in clearance of HPV infections and HPV-related lesions. This assumption is born out by both epidemiological studies and animal models. Immune compromised patients such as HIV infected women, organ transplant recipients, and patients suffering other forms of malignancies, are at higher risk of developing CIN lesions and invasive cervical cancer. Moreover, several studies establish the existence of natural HPV-specific immunity in humans. Immune responses of the host are indeed critical in the virus-related infectious diseases. The immune response against HPV antigens is Human leukocyte antigen restricted. Consequently, the HLA class I and II phenotype may be correlated with an effective immune response against HPV associated cervical lesions. Differences in the recognition of foreign antigen, such as those contributed by alleles at the HLA class I or II loci, might be proposed to affect the risk of developing cervical cancer. Studies by different groups on associations between certain HLA alleles and susceptibility to, or protection against CIN lesions and cervical carcinoma, reveal varying conclusions and warrant further research.