Amblyopia is the most common cause of monocular visual impairment in both children and young and middle-aged adults. Both patching and atropine are accepted treatment modalities for the management of moderate amblyopia in children. Despite best efforts with conventional treatment, some patients fail to achieve normal visual acuity in the amblyopic eye. In a randomized trial conducted by PEDIG comparing atropine versus patching in 3 to 6 year olds with moderate amblyopia (ATS1), 261 of 402 patients (65%) had amblyopic eye visual acuity of 20/32 or worse after 6 months of treatment with patching or atropine. Beyond 6 months, treatment was at investigator discretion, and two years after randomization, 181 of 363 children (50%) still had amblyopic eye visual acuity of 20/32 or worse. In a randomized trial conducted by PEDIG comparing patching regimens, 129 of 181 patients with moderate amblyopia (71%) and 145 of 157 patients with severe amblyopia (92%) had amblyopic eye visual acuity of 20/32 or worse after 4 months of occlusion therapy. Many patients receive treatment beyond 6 months but still fail to achieve normal visual acuity in the amblyopic eye. It is unknown whether an intensive "final push" of combined treatment with daily patching and atropine will improve visual acuity in these patients. Although some clinicians prescribe simultaneous patching and atropine for selected patients, there are no published reports of its effectiveness. Also, we are not aware of reports of response to treatment of residual amblyopia.