Bleeding, infection, need for open surgery, bile leak, bile duct injury, and bowel injury. Risks specific to the transvaginal NOTES approach include infection of the vagina, dyspareunia. A vaginal incision has no known adverse effects on either fertility or subsequent childbirth, even within a few weeks of the procedure. The anticipated benefits include a decrease in the amount of pain experienced with laparoscopic cholecystectomy, as well as a more cosmetically acceptable result.