Central aortic blood pressure (BP) and flow are generally more informative about the health condition of the heart and the arterial system compared with BP measured in peripheral locations (e.g. arm or leg). However, their clinical impact has been limited due to the cost, risk and discomfort associated with their measurements. Peripheral BP is attractive because it can be measured relatively easily than central aortic BP. However, peripheral BP is not as useful as central aortic BP since the shape of its waveform is different from that of central aortic BP. The applicant recently developed two innovative methods, the "Individualized Transfer Functions (ITF)," which is able to estimate the central aortic BP waveform of a patient using the measurements of peripheral BP waveform(s). The methods were successfully validated using animal and simulated human subjects. The objective of the proposed research project is to examine the validity of these innovative methods in human subjects.