Tumescent local anesthesia (TLA) consists of the subcutaneous infiltration of very dilute lidocaine (≤ 1 gram/liter) and epinephrine (≤ 1 milligram/liter) with sodium bicarbonate (10 milliequivalents/liter) in a physiologic solution of sodium chloride. Clinically TLA produces intense local anesthesia associated with profound wide-spread vasoconstriction lasting for more than 12 hours. Tumescent delivery of a cefazolin refers to the subcutaneous infiltration of cefazolin dissolved in a dilute solution of tumescent local anesthesia.