Eligible participants were all ambulatory adults aged 18 or over with predominant iOAB syndrome with or without stress urinary incontinence (the number of urgency and urgency incontinence episodes exceeded the number of stress incontinence episodes and other accidents in bladder diary), who were candidates for behavioural therapy as a first-line treatment after initial clinical assessment, including history, physical examination, symptom questionnaires, 3-day bladder diary, repeated uroflowmetry and postvoid residual measurements for all patients and urodynamics for some patients with a suspicion of presence of the exclusion criteria.