Methods Biopsies of lung tissue will be obtained by surgical procedures: open lung biopsies. This procedure is routinely performed for histological diagnosis of fibrotic diseases. Patients with emphysema and end stage fibrotic disease are at higher risk to develop lung cancer. A large proportion of surgically treated lung cancer patients have emphysema and fibrotic disease as histologic background. Lobectomy and pneumonectomy are frequently performed as state of the art procedures in lung cancer surgical management. Part of the resected lung tissue contain emphysematous and fibrotic changes or make look macroscopically and microscopically normal. These "non-cancerous" areas will be sampled and preserved at the Sheba Tissue Bank for evaluation together with samples from fibrotic and emphysematous areas. The biopsies will be analyzed by immunohistology, FACS and 3D organoids (after the removal of fibroblasts) at the immunology laboratory at Weizmann Institute.