Programs that integrate medical care and drug treatment have shown great promise in improving health and substance use related outcomes. The overlap in the epidemics of HIV (with its complex medical needs) and drug abuse makes HIV-infected drug users a population likely to benefit from the integration of primary care and drug treatment. The Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 and the approval of buprenorphine for the office-based treatment of opioid addiction provide a new opportunity to integrate addiction treatment and medical care for people with HIV. Research has demonstrated the effectiveness of buprenorphine in reducing illicit drug use among opioid dependent people. However, little is known about implementing such programs in HIV care settings, their cost, what effect they have on the health outcomes and substance use behavior of PLWH/A, or their broader impact on providers, institutions, and local systems.