The present protocol started with a controlled, open-label clinical trial on 7 patients with GBM and 7 contemporary control patients. All patients received the same treatment of extensive surgery, carmustine therapy and irradiation at the standard doses as (as described in our previous report Surgical Neurology 2000; 53:157-162). Once selected to enter the study the patients were allocated alternatively in the chloroquine or the control group. Endpoint evaluation was settled as surviving time after the beginning of therapy and the end point follow-up was settled in survivors at two years after the beginning of treatment.