Holt and colleagues(37) found no difference in sleep pattern, vocalizations, motility, intake, feeding behavior, weight gain, temperature or regurgitation in preterm infants with a weight of >1,500gm, when fed cold formula. Gonzalez and colleagues(38) found no significant differences in axillary temperature or gastric residuals in preterm infants fed cold (0-4°C) verses room temperature (25°C) milk. Participants included 14 preterm infants with a gestational age at birth (GAB) of 28-30w, and a mean corrected gestational age of 32 weeks. Anderson and Berseth(39) found no differences in infants' antral or duodenal motor activity as assessed via manometry, as well as gastric emptying among cold (6°C), room temperature (24°C), or body temperature (37°C) feeding groups. This study included preterm infants with GAB 25-36weeks, mean birth weights 915-2,455g. Corrected gestational age of 32-36 weeks at the time of the study. Feedings were given in random order for 3 liquid temperatures. Across all temperatures they found that all infants emptied approximately one third of the bolus feeding by 20 minutes. And across all temperatures approximately 10-20% of the bolus feeding remained in their stomach 2 hours post-prandially. The authors propose that thermo-receptors within the gastrointestinal tract do not appear to be functional in this age group.