METHODS This multicentre randomized, open label equivalency study was conducted at tertiary care centres in 8 countries. Children aged 3-59 months with severe pneumonia were hospitalized for 48 hours and, if improved, discharged with a 5-day course of oral amoxicillin. Follow-up evaluation occurred at 5 and 14 days after enrolment. The primary outcome was treatment failure (persistence of LCI or new danger signs) at 48 hours. Analyses were by intention to treat and per protocol.