- Planned surgery or procedure with high bleeding risk including followings: intracranial neurosurgery, spinal canal surgery, and eye posterior chamber surgery, endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), ampullary resection, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with endoscopic sphincterotomy plus large-balloon papillary dilation, endoscopic ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) of cystic lesions