In this proposal, we will collect the urine from various participants in the R21 trial so as to characterize the effect of cranberry juice ingestion on bacterial adherence. We will ask women to collect their urine for a four-hour time period including first-morning void. The urine samples will be sent to Dr. Howell's laboratory at Rutgers University for analysis. We will collect urine from pregnant women who are assigned to cranberry and to placebo, and from those women who develop bacteriuria following cranberry and following placebo ingestion. We also plan to identify a group of reproductive age, healthy, and non-pregnant women to ingest the active cranberry product or placebo for three days, and on the third day, collect a four-hour timed sample in the same manner as the pregnant women in our control group.