Despite 40 years of progress, smoking remains the leading preventable cause of death in the United States, responsible for 435,000 deaths per year. Smoking is a particular problem within the VA, as VA users smoke substantially more than the general population across all categories of sex, age, and race. When adjusted for age and gender, the rate of smoking among VA users is 10% higher than the general US population - 33% vs. 23%. The prevalence of heavy tobacco users (defined as >20 cigarettes per day) in the VA is more than double that of the non-VA U.S. population (7.4% vs. 3.5%).