Psychiatric symptoms often present in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders will be assessed by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), which has been used extensively in studies of psychiatric rehabilitation and CBT. The PANSS (Kay et al., 1987) is comprised of 30 items scored on a 1 to 7 Likert scale, in which the total score is obtained by adding up scores on all 30 items (total scores range from 30 to 240). The PANSS has five subscales identified via factor analytic studies including the Positive syndrome (6 items), Negative syndrome (8 items), Emotional discomfort (4 items), Hostility (4 items), and Cognitive (7 items). The PANSS has adequate reliability and validity (Kay et al., 1987).