The proposed investigation is a randomized, double-blind, placebo and positive-controlled clinical study to evaluate the role of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) modulator, thalidomide, in acute inflammation and analgesia. The analgesic effect of thalidomide, a putative TNF-alpha modulator, will be evaluated using a model of tissue injury, the oral surgery model. Briefly, healthy males referred for third molar extraction will undergo the surgical extraction of third molars using standard surgical methods. At the completion of the surgical procedure, a microdialysis probe will be placed under the mucogingival flap previously elevated for the surgical procedure and subjects will be observed for pain over the course of six hours following surgery. Thalidomide or control will be administered one hour prior to surgery. Tissue levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inflammatory mediators will be measured at time intervals postoperatively concomitant with pain measurements. Pain will be assessed postoperatively over the course of six hours. Demonstration of amelioration of pain is the primary outcome measure; changes in levels of tissue mediators will be taken as evidence of an acute anti-inflammatory effect of thalidomide. Based on our previous work with the fusion protein etanercept (TNFR:fc) which specifically binds TNF-alpha and prevents its interaction with cellular receptors, similar changes in the inflammatory cascade and clinical endpoints of inflammation may provide insight into the activity of thalidomide on acute inflammation and its clinical sequela, pain.