For outpatient study recruitment, the research coordinator will review the clinic schedule for potential study candidates. Any patient schedule for a pre-op appointment for surgical calvarial reconstruction will be considered a possible study candidate. The research coordinator will then e-mail the study team the list of potential study candidates with the date and time of the appointment or in-patient study recruitment, the screening procedures include review and collection of information from the patient's medical record-specifically, a physical examination by the plastic surgeon at the Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Center Plastic surgery department. This evaluation will occur either as an inpatient or as an outpatient, depending on the appropriateness and timing of the ultimate surgical repair. During the clinical examination, the plastic surgeon will determine if portions of the skull are unusable for reconstruction. These bone fragments (when too small or shattered to be incorporated into a reconstruction) are normally discarded. It is these fragments alone that will be harvested for evaluation in the present study. The evaluation and surgical repair of these patients requiring post-traumatic reconstruction will not differ from normal, nor from the current standard of care.