Inclusion criteria mandate that the families selected demonstrate adherence with standard SCD treatment as indicated by reliable attendance to clinic visits, and chart notes demonstrating adherence to prescribed medical care (e.g., follow-through with required specialist visits and appointments for diagnostic procedures). Participants must have had at least 1 major pain episode or 3 minor pain episodes in the previous 6 months that resulted in functional impairment, such as reduced school attendance. Finally, individuals with developmental disabilities such as mental retardation, autism, and Down syndrome, severe cognitive limitations following stroke, or diagnoses of severe psychopathology will be excluded from participation as these disorders have the potential to confound the findings.