The study population was divided into four groups according to age and sex: Younger Women (age ≤ 55 years), Younger Men (age ≤ 55 years), Older Women (age > 55 years), and Older Men (age > 55 years). A research assistant and a nurse distributed the Chinese version of the IOF test to participants. The Chinese version of the IOF test includes 10 questions, two of which are specific to women and one to men. The maximum number of risk factors is 8 for women and 9 for men. Individuals were regarded as susceptible to osteoporosis risk if they answered "yes" to any of the 10 questions.