For both the intervention and control conditions, TB diagnosis will be carried out at the referral sites using the direct smear microscopy and/or chest X-ray (the routine available diagnostic methods). Three sputum samples (spot-morning-spot) will be collected from each presumptive TB case and direct sputum microscopy will be performed using Ziehl-Neelsen staining technique as per the national guideline at the referral sites by experienced laboratory technologists. Chest X-ray will also be performed at referral sites. A presumptive TB case with one or more initial sputum smear examinations (direct smear microscopy) AFB-positive; or one sputum examination AFB-positive plus radiographic abnormalities consistent with active pulmonary TB as determined by a clinician will be considered as a smear-positive TB case according to the national guideline [24]. A patient having symptoms suggestive of TB with at least 3 initial smear examinations negative for AFB by direct microscopy, and with no response to a course of broad-spectrum antibiotics, and with radiological abnormalities consistent with pulmonary tuberculosis will be considered as a smear-negative pulmonary TB case [24]. All confirmed TB cases will be treated according to the national guideline. The treatment regimen for new TB cases consisted of two months intensive phase treatment with ethambutol, rifampicin, isoniazid and pyrazinamide followed by a continuation phase treatment for 4 months with isoniazid and rifampicin. Follow-up sputum examination will be conducted according to the national recommendation and outcomes (treatment success, failure, default, and death) will be recorded by the data collectors (trained prison nurses). A smear-positive TB patient with at least two negative smears including the last month of treatment will be reported as cured. A patient who finished the treatment but did not have a smear result in the last month of treatment and on at least one previous occasion will be reported as treatment completed. If a patient remained or became smear-positive at the end of 5 months or later, he/she will be reported as treatment failure. A patient who missed treatment for eight consecutive weeks after receiving treatment for at least 4 weeks will be reported as a defaulter. A patient who was transferred to another recording and reporting unit after receiving treatment for at least 4 weeks and whose treatment outcome was not reported to the referring district will be reported as transferred out. A patient who died while on treatment will be reported as dead irrespective of the cause of death [25].