Subject randomization numbers was provided by the Epidemiology and Research Unit, E. Wolfson Medical Center, Holon, Israel. After meeting all inclusion criteria, subjects were randomized to one of two treatment groups: Renagel or calcium carbonate. Prior to receiving treatment, baseline femoral and carotid IMT were measured, medical and pharmaceutical history was documented, nutrition assessment was undertaken and midweek blood chemistry and blood count were measured. No change in patient medication prescription was required during this study, with the exception of phosphorus binders. All other concomitant medications were continued. During the year of the study, routine monthly blood tests were obtained for chemistry, blood count, and PTH was measured once every 4 months.