On the macro level, an equal number of randomly selected subjects (E1) allocated equally among the three ethnic groups in one county were compared to an equal number of control subjects in geographically separate counties. On the micro level, E1 subjects were also compared to control subjects (C1) in the intervention county. All subjects were longitudinally followed. The standard for successful cessation was biochemically verified through salivary cotinine tests at one year of self-reported abstinence.