Saba et al, conducted a randomized controlled trial involving 59 children aged 3 months to 18 years of age. They were randomized into isotonic and hypotonic groups. The study showed that 24% of the patients in the 0.45% saline group experienced a drop in serum [Na], compared with 19% of those in the 0.9% saline group (p = 0.7). The lowest exit Na (133 mmol/L) and maximum rate of fall (-0.52 mmol/L/h) were in a surgical patient receiving 0.45% saline. This patient had 380 ml of oral fluid intake during the study interval. The second lowest exit Na (135 mmol/L) and next fastest rate of fall (-0.40 mmol/L/h) were in a medical patient receiving 0.9% saline; oral intake was 82 ml. There were no adverse events. No participant developed hypertension.