Only after gaining approval from both the faculty members a participant was selected for the study. The participants and their parents were provided with a written explanation on the background of the study, its objectives, and their involvement. In addition to the consent form for routine orthodontic care currently used in the investigator's clinic; the patient or parent/guardian of every participant was given a second consent form specifically related to this study. The following were the inclusion criteria, which were based on previous studies and the investigator's clinical research experience: