Specific aims included identifying whether nuclear magnetic resonance-determined lipoprotein profiles, and plasma levels of homocysteine, protein carbonyls, chlorotyrosine, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM-1), C-reactive peptide (CRP), active renin, and the amino-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) predicted recurrent stroke in PROGRESS study participants and whether these measures predicted benefit from perindopril-based antihypertensive therapy.