The final stages in the development of peak bone mass (PBM) reside in late adolescence or early adulthood and are critical in the achievement of bone health. Optimization of PBM and maintenance of bone mineral density (BMD) are the best population health strategies in the primary prevention of osteoporosis. Diet and activity are key lifestyle factors in the primary prevention of osteoporosis as recognized in Canada's Food and Activity Guides. Dietary Reference Intakes are evidence-based regarding nutrition and bone health with a focus on calcium and vitamin D; yet the Food Guide and health behaviors are reliant on actual foods. The number of recommended servings of milk and alternatives varies by age with average intakes estimated to be below targets for all Canadians > 9 y of age. This is especially concerning during development of PBM. Therefore, the global objective is to generate high-level evidence that dietary intervention with milk and milk products will enhance PBM in young men and women and maintenance of BMD in their parents.