A. Overview/Aims: Five million Americans present to emergency departments (ED) annually with headaches [1]. The majority of these patients have migraine headaches [2,3]. Parenteral medications of proven benefit for acute migraines include the triptans [4], dopamine-receptor antagonists [5-11], non-steroidals [12], and dihydroergotamine [13]. Although these distinct classes of medication are often effective for the treatment of acute migraines, their use is complicated by treatment failures [4,9,14], recurrence of headache [15,16], and side effects [17], all of which are of concern for patients with migraines [18]. The ideal medication, which would rapidly alleviate migraine pain without any recurrence of pain or side effects, has not yet been identified.