The patient will be met in the pre-operative area by the attending anesthesiologist who interviews and examines the patient. A full explanation of the general anesthetic including risks and benefit will be given. Patients will be premedicated with 1-2 mg of midazolam at the discretion of the attending anesthesiologist. Once in the OR, standard American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) monitors are established. At a minimum, this includes non-invasive monitoring of blood pressure by automated cuff, oxygen saturation via pulse oximetry, heart rate and rhythm by 3-lead continuous electrocardiographic tracing, core body temperature, expired carbon dioxide concentration, and depth of neuromuscular blockade when paralytic medications are used. Additional monitoring may be applied as deemed appropriate by the attending anesthesiologist on a case-by-case basis. At this time, the patient is given fentanyl 1-2 mcg/kg. After a period of breathing 100% oxygen by facemask (typically for 3 minutes or until the anesthesia monitor shows the exhaled concentration of oxygen to be >80%) and when the primary anesthesia team judges denitrogenation to be sufficient, anesthesia will be induced intravenously with propofol 2-3 mg/kg. Once the patient is unresponsive to a jaw thrust, the patient is ventilated via a facemask. If the anesthesia provider feels that ability to move air in and out of the patients lungs is difficult, the may reposition the mask on the patient's face, reposition the head, neck, or shoulders of the patient, or place a plastic oropharyngeal airway to maintain the mouth in an open position and to help keep the base of the tongue from obstructing the upper airway. A drug that causes muscle paralysis is given, which takes 1-5 minutes to work depending on the drug administered; during this period the patient continues to be ventilated by facemask. However, there is not standard for the timing of administration of the paralytic drugs as some anesthesia providers administer them near simultaneous to the administration of the other drugs used to induce anesthesia. Often, during this time, an inhaled anesthetic agent is started to avoid any gaps in the effect of the intravenous medications. Once the muscle relaxant works, a breathing tube is placed in the patient's windpipe, and ventilation occurs via the tube connected to a breathing machine.