2. Working memory The n-back task: The n-back task examines a number of key processes required for working memory. These processes include on-line monitoring, updating information and the manipulation and retention of remembered information. In the task, participants are required to monitor a series of visual stimuli and to indicate when the currently presented stimulus is the same as the one presented n trials (n can be 0, 1, or 2) previously. To begin, in the 0-back condition, participants are required to response to a single pre-determined target picture. In the 1-back condition, the target picture is represented by any picture identical to the immediately preceding one (i.e., one trial back). In the 2-back condition, the target picture is represented by any picture identical to any picture that was presented two trials back. Therefore, the working memory load varies from 0 to 2 items.