The ability of the adult brain to change both structurally and functionally is called brain plasticity. Both in humans and in animal models physical exercise has a major impact on brain plasticity. Physical exercise can increase neurogenesis and improve memory functions in rats, and circulating insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) can promote this effect. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are also involved. In addition, there is evidence that physical activity modifies neuronal activity, increases the formation of synapses, and reduces inflammation markers, which may be correlated with neuroprotection.