Clinical clues of lung consolidation are many. Key symptoms are cough, fever, chest pain and dyspnea with tachypnea, while the major physical signs are chest crackles and dullness. Surrogate biomarkers more easily obtainable in emergency facilities are C-reactive-protein (CRP), peripheral non-invasive pulse-oxymetry and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) which is an index of systemic inflammation associated also with pneumonia and subsequent outcome.