Another area of interest which was not stimulated using the superficial rTMS is the insula. A recent study explored the role of insula damage in addiction. In a retrospective design, assessing changes in cigarette smoking after brain damage, results revealed that smokers with brain damage involving the insula were significantly more likely to undergo a disruption of smoking addiction than smokers with brain damage not involving the insula. This finding is consistent with the crucial role of the insula in cravings for food, cocaine and cigarettes, as reported by neuroimaging studies, and with the role of the insula in processes related to decision-making. Therefore stimulating the insula and the deeper layers of the lateral PFC could be substantially more effective in treating nicotine addiction.