Our preliminary data indicates that specific HIV Subtype A in Ugandan children results in higher viral loads and lower T-lymphocyte levels in school-age children, as compared to Subtype D infection. These were associated with poorer neuropsychological outcomes. Likewise, in our preliminary HIV CCRT study Ugandan children with HIV, lower CD8 and CD4 activation levels in children receiving CCRT intervention resulted in less neuropsychological benefits from training. We will evaluate the moderating effects of HIV subtype, ART treatment, and corresponding immunological profile, on CCRT neuropsychological and psychiatric benefit. The moderating effects of HIV progressive encephalopathy on brain plasticity can also be monitored by CCRT training progress, measures by the Captain's Log Internal Evaluator (CLIE) feature of the program.