We conducted a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial on a cohort of delivering women who were admitted to the Childbirth center at the George Washington University Hospital. This study has been approved by the Institutional Review Board of the George Washington University and consents were obtained from all subjects before enrollment. All of the enrolled subjects met the following criteria: a) uncomplicated pregnancy, b) term gestational age from completed 37 weeks to 42 weeks, and c) normal spontaneous vaginal delivery (NSVD) or elective caesarean section. Pregnant women were excluded from this study if they had any of the following: a) hypertension, or eclampsia, b) pregnancy induced diabetes, c) anemia, d) other medical or surgical complications during the current pregnancy, e) rupture of amniotic membranes for more than 18 hours, f) history of infants with invasive group B Streptococcal disease in previous pregnancies, g) fetal distress before delivery and h) suspected chromosomal, and structural anomalies or congenital infections. We collected data on maternal history (age, race, parity and type of anesthesia) and birth history (anthropometric measurements, gestational age, sex, and Apgar scores).