The study will be performed in the Tuscany Region including three organised screening programmes : Florence, Viareggio, and Carrara. In these areas, cervical screening programmes actively invite all the resident female population aged 34-64 years for HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) test as primary screening test (Florence and Viareggio), according to the new protocol for cervical cancer screening in Tuscany Region, or Pap-test every 3 years (Carrara). Women aged 34-64 years who had been invited by the screening programme in the previous round of screening and had failed to respond for at least 3 years will be eligible for mail recall.