2.2 Treatment Group Criteria Initially, 356 restorations (28 patients) were evaluated and assigned in accordance with the modified USPHS criteria, from which 50 were selected in accordance with the inclusion criteria. Restorations with clinically diagnosed secondary caries (Charlie) or undercontoured anatomical form defects (Bravo) were randomly assigned to the Repair (n = 25) or Replacement (n = 25) group (Figure 1). The randomization was performed by the Power Analysis and Sample Size System (PASS software v. 2008, Keysville, UT, USA), and diagnosis of active secondary caries was made based on Ekstrand criteria.