This was a randomized, open-label, phase IV strategy trial for participants from resource-limited settings (RLS) who present with advanced HIV disease and no probable or confirmed tuberculosis (TB), as defined in the current ACTG diagnosis appendix, and who are initiating antiretroviral treatment (ART) will be randomized to one of two strategy arms: immediate, empiric TB treatment (Empiric arm) or local standard of care TB treatment (IPT arm).