There are many non-pharmacological methods that can be used to reduce immunization pain. These include: sugar water, fast injection without aspiration, holding infants during the procedure, and non-procedural related parental behaviours such as distraction. At present, there are no studies of tactile stimulation during noxious procedures in infants and its effectiveness, therefore, is unclear. Light rubbing of the skin near the injection site that is administered by a parent immediately before, during and immediately after immunization is an easily learned, cost neutral intervention that could offer improved pain management.