All births will be observed at any time of the day (with two data collectors taking 12-hour shifts). Observations will be conducted for a minimum of three days in all four facilities, or as long as required to observe at least 7 births. It may not be possible for the observer to observe every delivery process at all times, particularly if multiple observations are taking place at one time, so observations will relate to activities at four specific periods (pause points): on admission, when the mother starts pushing, through the delivery to one hour after delivery, and before discharge.