These findings also show the reach of the intestinal microbiota extends far beyond local effects to remote organ systems such as the heart and provide support for the metabolomic studies to be conducted in Specific Aim 2. The prior discovery of a relationship between intestinal microbiota, their metabolites and myocardial infarction provides opportunities for novel therapeutic approaches (probiotics, non-absorbable antibiotics and/or microbial metabolites) for the treatment and prevention of cardiovascular disease.