- Waist circumference will be measured twice on standing participants at the level of the iliac crest (58) using a Gulick II non-elastic tape measure; if measures differ by > 5%, a third will be taken and the mean of the two closest values will be used. Hip circumference will be measured twice on standing participants around the widest portion of the buttocks (59); if measures differ by >5%, a third will be taken and the mean of the two closest values will be used. Predominantly android obesity will be defined as a waist-to-hip ratio of >0.85, predominantly gynoid obesity will be defined as a waist-to-hip ratio of ≤0.85 (59, 60).