Thiazolidinedione (TZD) monotherapy has been associated with HbA1C reductions of between 0.5% and 1.4%. TZDs have beneficial effects on CV markers, including lipid levels (particularly triglycerides and HDL-Cholesterol), blood pressure, inflammatory mediators, endothelial function, and fibrinolytic status. However, weight gain and increased risk of edema and heart failure are frequent adverse effects, particularly when TZDs are used in combination with insulin.