4. GDM diagnosed between 12 to 30 weeks of gestation, based on the 2013 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria, i.e. either of the following: fasting plasma glucose ≥5.1 mmol/L, 60-minute plasma glucose ≥10.0 mmol/L, 120-minute plasma glucose ≥8.5 mmol/L, during a 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).