In the operating room, standard monitoring devices will be applied including a pulse oximeter, 3 lead (at least), ECG and blood pressure cuff; the latter could be invasive or non-invasive depending on the nature of the surgery. Baseline measures of BP, pulse, oxygen saturation, and CO2, will be made. The time will be noted before any sedation or anesthesia is administered. Vital signs will be recorded every minute from the time that induction of anesthesia is begun until five minutes after the patient has been intubated, and then at five-minute intervals thereafter for fifteen minutes.