Studies evaluating changes in CD4 counts following therapy for helminth co-infection have largely failed to find significant differences. The randomized controlled trial noted above did find that patients treated for helminths in the early treatment group (both HIV seropositive and seronegative) had a increase in absolute CD4 counts compared to no change in CD4 counts in the delayed treatment group (p < 0.05). Another study conducted in Ethiopia found that the treatment of helminth infection in a population of co-infected individuals resulted in a significant increase in absolute CD4 counts (192 versus 279 cells/mm3, p = 0.002). Other studies have shown no significant difference in CD4 decline following anti-helminth treatment. The systematic review currently in preparation has not found a trend towards an effect on CD4 counts in the available studies though all included studies were of short duration (4 months or less).