Management of intervention group: Patients in the intervention group will receive lidocaine 1.5 mg/kg as part of their induction. The lidocaine bolus will be followed be a continuous intravenous infusion at 3.0 mg/kg/hr. The rate is pre-calculated and appears on the Study Checklist (Appendix 2). The infusion of lidocaine and fentanyl will be stopped upon skin closure.