All consenting eligible outpatients in our VA HF clinic underwent a simple screening test for CI (Saint Louis University Mental Status Exam). Demographic and clinical variables were collected by patient interviews and chartg reviews, and included Geriatric Depression Scale and questionnaires about medication-taking behaviors. All subjects were invited back for 30-day direct pill count of all their routinely prescribed medications. Subjects who screened positive for CI were invited back for a modified battery of neuropsychological tests to determine the cognitive domains affected. Subjects will also be followed after the 12-month study period to collect data on hospital readmissions.