In the third decade of the HIV pandemic, what was once a uniformly and rapidly fatal disease has been transformed into a chronic illness by advances in the understanding of HIV pathogenesis and therapeutics. As a result, HIV-infected individuals are living longer and better lives. This phenomenon, coupled with a continued steady rate of new HIV infections in this country, has led to the highest U.S. HIV prevalence rates since the beginning of the epidemic. In the past, HIV prevention efforts were separate from routine primary care delivery due to multiple factors including stigma and time constraints. Recent events, including increases in sexually transmitted disease (STD) rates among HIV-infected persons and evidence that infected individuals can be super-infected by HIV strains resistant to antiretroviral therapy, have inspired the SPNS program initiative to develop demonstration projects for interventions to reduce risky sexual exposures among HIV-infected patients receiving primary care.