In Italy, Professor Nicola Scopinaro, after studies in dogs, performed the first BPD in humans in 1976. Because of the lack of blind-loop syndrome and selective malabsorption for starch and fat, the BPD has an accepted risk-benefit ratio compared to the long ago abandoned Jejunoileal Bypass (a purely malabsorptive procedure). BPD side effects after resumption of full food intake include 2 to 4 bowel movements "BM" per day of foul-smelling, soft stools with flatulence. Modification of food habits and/or administration of neomycin or metronidazole for bacterial overgrowth syndrome tend to decrease BPD side effects after the disappearance of the postcibal syndrome somewhere around the fourth postoperative month.