New techniques covering a wide range of clinical and scientific applications will be developed, tested and evaluated. These include 1. Investigation of sensory stimulus processing and cognitive processing, both in normal subjects and patients with psychiatric disorders, 2. Early detection of stroke and other ischemic injury, and 3. Characterization of tumor distribution and activity. The new techniques will routinely need to be tested with respect to the following: 1. Sensitivity to blood oxygenation versus blood flow versus blood volume contrast mechanisms, 2. Signal-to-noise and contrast-to-noise ratio, 3. Spatial and temporal resolution, 4. Distribution and severity of image artifacts, and 5. Duty cycle limitations. Most clinical applications will require coverage of the entire brain and consequently high duty cycle operation, which needs to be traded off with spatial and temporal resolution, as well as contrast mechanisms. The work will also involve the testing of different experimental paradigms (time sequence of stimuli or cognitive tasks) to identify that which provides the highest signal change associated with the specific brain activity of interest.