In previous years, it had often been assumed that cognitive and behavioral declines in children who survived cancer therapy were largely a function of the prophylactic therapies (e.g., radiation, chemotherapy) that these children had received. Regardless of the etiologies of these specific late effects, the data regarding the long-term outcome of these children are strikingly consistent. Generally, the studies to date suggest significant impairments in attention and concentration that result in marked declines in academic performance and social and behavior difficulties.