Although the oncogene addiction concept has led to effective targeted treatments for certain histological non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) types, most patients with advanced tumors are still treated with first-line chemotherapy. In 2015, several studiess demonstrated the efficacy of nivolumab, an immunotherapy targeting immune checkpoints. In France, besides the clinical trials, this molecule has been made available in January 2015 under a Temporary Authorization for Use (ATU, compassionate use).