Neonatal bacterial infection remains a serious pathology in industrialized countries despite the use of prophylaxis measures for group B streptococcus (GBS) (peri-partum antibiotic in women with GBS colonization), which was implemented in the United States in 1996 and in France in 2001 and has led to a dramatic decrease in the incidence of neonatal bacterial infections. However, early onset neonatal infection (EONI), which is defined as an infection occurring during the first 6 days after birth (as opposed to late onset neonatal infections (LONI) occurring between days 7-89), is still one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Physicians consider EONI a significant diagnostic and therapeutic emergency due to the potential for sudden onset and rapid evolution of sepsis in newborns with immature immune systems. Currently, in France, detection of EONI is based on national consensus guidelines published in 2002 (ANAES recommendations). There are broad indications to provide empirical antibiotic treatment pending diagnostic confirmation through different complementary exams. To ensure that every infected newborn is diagnosed, biological assessments are often repeated and result in the use of invasive and painful procedures, anemia and financial concerns. Moreover, in cases of abnormal biological results, many newborns are subjected to intravenous (IV) antibiotic treatments requiring hospitalization and separation from their mother. However recent studies have shown that antibiotics can have a potentially deleterious effect on the neonatal digestive microbiota and result in the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, with possible long-term consequences on the health of the child.