Mortality in HIC has fallen from 23% in the 1940's to less than 3% today. Mortality has been documented at 18.5 - 20% in Nigeria, with most deaths related to overwhelming sepsis, respiratory insufficiency and cyanotic heart disease. Unlike gastroschisis, 50% cases are associated with other anomalies: VACTERL (vertebral, anorectal, cardiac, tracheoesophageal, renal and limb). Other challenges include late presentation (2-5 days), low birth weight (38% < 2.5kg) and lack of adequate NICU facilities.