Patients will have PCNL performed in typical fashion, without deviation from standard of care. Per the usual practice of the treating surgeon, percutaneous access to the kidney will be obtained either by Interventional Radiology or by the operating surgeon. At the time of surgery, urine from the renal pelvis, urine from the bladder, and the stone itself will be sent for culture. Placement of renal drainage devices (ureteral stents, nephrostomy tubes, nephroureteral stents) will be left up to the discretion of the surgeon. Post-operatively, the patients will be admitted to the hospital and monitored per usual clinical procedure. Unless clinically indicated as described above, <24 hours of post-operative antibiotics will be prescribed. Labs will be obtained pre-operatively and on post-operative day 1 if the patient is admitted, and will include: complete blood count (CBC), basic metabolic panel (chem 7). Further laboratory tests will be dictated by the patients' clinical status as per the standard of care—i.e. for patients that exhibit signs of sepsis such as tachycardia (>90/min), low systolic blood pressure (<90 mmHg), fever > 38.3 Celsius, hypothermia <36 Celsius, altered mental status, respiratory rate >20 min or leukocytosis >12000 or leukopenia <4000, further urine culture, blood culture and serum lactate will be obtained.