At Study Visit 1, participants randomized to the RT will complete the baseline questionnaire to collect sociodemographic, HIV clinical and treatment history, self-reported ART medication adherence, quality of life, and resource allocation data. Study staff will review participant records to collect data on clinic initiation start date, opportunistic infection history, ART initiation date, ART regimen history, CD4 count and viral load result histories. Upon completion of the baseline questionnaire, participants will undergo phlebotomy for resistance testing. Participants will be notified that study staff will contact them as soon as their results are available, to request return to clinic for further management. Upon completion of the study procedures, participants will be referred to clinic counselors who will conduct adherence support counseling as per standard clinical procedures. The participant will be instructed to continue their current ART regimen until at least the next clinical visit. As soon as the resistance test result is available, study participants will be contacted by phone and requested to return to clinic for review.