Critically ill neonates treated in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), whether premature or full term, experience a high incidence of diseases that may be secondary to or exacerbated by oxidative injury. These include a variety of multi-factorial disease processes such as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN), chronic lung disease (CLD), sepsis, meconium aspiration, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Within NICUs across the U.S. per year, Neonatologists and Pediatric Surgeons care for an estimated 100,000 critically ill neonates, of which approximately 35% are full-term and up to 20% will ultimately expire of their illnesses despite major advances in neonatal care. Some neonatal diseases are well known to have a varying prevalence according to neonatal maturity. Premature neonates more commonly suffer from RDS, CLD, ROP and NEC, with the most susceptible being the extremely premature. However, 10-15% of neonates who develop NEC are full-term and have a resultant mortality rate of up to 35%. Furthermore, other disease processes causing significant respiratory distress (e.g., PPHN, pneumonia, and meconium aspiration) more commonly occur in full-term neonates.