Previous studies have focused on characterizing viral and immune dynamics after initiation of HAART in patients without opportunistic infection. The development of TB in HIV-infected individuals is associated with an elevation in HIV RNA levels, a decrease in CD4 cell counts, and an increase in activated (CD38) lymphocytes and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1, TNF-alpha, and IL-6). Response to HAART may differ in individuals with an active opportunistic infection such as TB.