Study design: This is a prospective, randomized, double blinded, clinical trial comparing intravenous lidocaine infusion plus general anesthesia with general anesthesia alone. The intervention group will receive a balanced anesthetic with the addition of lidocaine as outlined in the anesthetic protocol outlined in appendix 2. The control group will receive a balanced anesthetic with the addition of normal saline as outlined in the appendix 2. The patients, clinicians, and study personnel will be blinded to group allocation.