Treated men that recovered from ASAs and control patients underwent SPA. Patients with positive or negative SPA results were then admitted to conventional IVF or ICSI cycles, respectively. Initial number of recruited couples with positive ASAs was 241. However, data from only 197 couples were included in this study. Data from the other 44 couples were omitted, because patients did not comply with the prednisolone regime or were poor responders to hyperstimulation. Only the first embryo transfer cycle following IVF or ICSI was included in this analysis.