Typical management of incontinence in these patients includes repeated visits to the family doctor and long-term lifestyle changes and/or prescription use. Each year in BC, family doctors refer about 4500 children to pediatric urologists at BC Children's Hospital (BCCH). BCCH is the only tertiary care facility for children and youth in the province, so that children and parents come from all over BC for these appointments and for diagnostic urodynamics testing. Of these children who are evaluated by pediatric urologists each year, approximately 900 (20%) are designated as having dysfunctional voiding. In this group, following one year of non-responsiveness to medical treatment (medication, lifestyle), the urologist may refer the child to neurosurgery for assessment and possible surgery.