- The inclusion criteria of MS in adult are according to the Bureau of Health Promotion, Department of Health in Taiwan (2007), if subjects had 3 of the following 5 characteristics: (1) abdominal obesity (waist circumference >= 90 cm in men and >= 80 cm in women), (2) impaired fasting glucose ( >= 5.6 mmol/L), (3) hypertriglyceridemia ( >= 1.7 mmol/L), (4) low HDL-C (< 1.0 mmol/L in men and < 1.3 mmol/L in women), and (5) increased blood pressure (SBP >= 130 mmHg and DBP >= 85 mmHg). Subjects using antidiabetic or antihypertensive or lipid-lowering medications were considered to have elevated fasting blood glucose or elevated blood pressures or dyslipidemia, respectively.