Despite these clear arguments for a thorough understanding of the needs of pregnant women with schizophrenia, current research is limited. In particular, there is currently very little evidence regarding the use of antipsychotic medication in pregnancy upon fetal development and maternal health. Over the last four decades, intermittent studies have sought to investigate the teratogenicity of the older or typical antipsychotics upon fetal development. Earlier reports were generated from pregnancy outcomes of women treated with these medications for hyperemesis gravidarum, not from women with schizophrenia (Kerns, 1989); as such, it is difficult to extrapolate initial findings across these two cohorts with confidence. Limb defects in children born to women who were given large doses of haloperidol in early pregnancy are outlined in case reports (Goldberg & Nissam, 1994). Patton and colleagues (2002) also reviewed three other larger studies and concluded that a significant increased chance exists for babies exposed to phenothiazines to develop congenital malformations, compared with the incidence within the general population.