Periapical and bitewing radiographs were obtained for each offending tooth to assess the extent and location of caries, proximity of caries to the pulp, restorability of each tooth, periapical status, and presence of intra-radicular pathosis. Radiographs were taken using a parallel technique and were viewed by the naked eye using a viewing box with uniform bright light in a darkened room. All data were collected by one examiner to ensure reliability.