- 1) scaling and root planning or antibiotic treatment in the previous 6 months; 2) systemic diseases that could affect the progression of periodontitis (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases); 3) extensive prosthetic involvement; 4) long-term administration of anti-inﬂammatory medication; 6) smokers and former smokers; 7) pregnancy or lactation; 8) orthodontic therapy; 9) use of mouth rinses containing antimicrobials in the preceding 2 months; 10) patients had previously received chemotherapy or radiotherapy; 11) patients with metastasis and/or patients with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.