Patients are often referred for E(B)US examination and sampling of enlarged mediastinal and/or hilar lymph nodes that are not visible on a standard chest X-ray but are discovered by accident on CT scan performed outside the context of lung cancer or extrathoracic malignancies. Since CT scan is largely used and E(B)US is a minimally invasive technique, these cases are explored more frequently but so far nothing is known, however, on the prevalence of abnormal findings in EBUS sampling in this particular population and on the clinical implications (mainly therapeutical implications) of E(B)US findings.