- History of chronic kidney disease (CKD): either patients who are pre-dialysis (with a plasma or serum creatinine greater than or equal to 150 micromol/l [greater than or equal to 1.7 mg/dl] in men, or greater than or equal to 130 micromol/l [greater than or equal to 1.5 mg/dl] in women); or patients on dialysis (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis)