The study was conducted after approval of the hospital ethical committee and a written consent was taken from all cases and controls participating in the study after full explanation. For all participants detailed history taking, full examination including body mass index was taken. The subjects were asked to go on a normal diet for 3 days prior to oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). A fast for 8-10 h was required prior to sampling. A venous blood sample was drawn on the following morning from each subject to determine the concentrations of fasting glucose (FG) and fasting insulin (FI), afterwards subjects were required to drink a mixture of 75 g of pure glucose in 250 ml of water, venous blood samples were drawn again after 1, 2, and 3 h to determine the concentrations of glucose and insulin blood samples for determination of fasting glucose and fasting insulin after 8-10hours fasting and oral glucose tolerance test. Glucose concentration was determined using the hexokinase endpoint method; while insulin concentration was determined using the immunoluminescence method. The Immulite2000 Immunoassay Analyzer was used along with the necessary reagents. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) for each subject was calculated as follows: [FI (U/ ml) ×FG (mmol/l)]/22.5.The larger the HOMA-IR, the more severe the degree of IR. HOMA-B, which represents the endocrine function of insulin, is calculated as 20× FI/ (FG-3.5). I 60 /I 0 represent the rate of 1-hour insulin to 1-hour glucose, and I60 / G60 represent the rate of 1-hour insulin increase to 1-hour glucose increase. Both values reflect the endocrine functions of B cells of the pancreatic gland. The area under the curve of glucose (AUCG) is equal to half of the FG plus