The study aimed to investigate the short-term efficacy and long-term prognosis of liver failure patients caused by hepatitis B after single transplantation with autologous marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MMSCs). Liver failure inpatients caused by hepatitis B were recruited and received the same medical treatments, among whom some patients underwent single transplantation with autologous MMSCs and other patients with matched age, gender and biochemical indexes [alanine aminotransferase (ALT), albumin (ALB), total bilirubin (TBIL), prothrombin time (PT) and Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) ] were in control group. A total of 120 ml bone marrow were obtained from patients, diluted and separated. Then MMSCs suspension were slowly transfused into the liver through the proper hepatic artery by interventional procedures. The levels of ALB, TBIL, PT and MELD score of patients in translation group were compared with those in control group. In 3 ~ 48 months of follow-up, differences in long-term outcomes such as incidence of HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma) and mortality between two groups were compared.