In the early clinical studies of irradiated GM-CSF-secreting autologous cancer cell vaccine treatment of advanced kidney cancer and advanced melanoma, immune responses elicited by vaccination appeared dependent on both the vaccine cell dose administered and the level of GM-CSF secretion by the vaccine cells. A significant fraction of the nearly 50,000 men each year who suffer from life-threatening prostate cancer will not be candidates for autologous tumor vaccine treatments simply because an insufficient number of autologous prostatic carcinoma cells will be available after surgery. These men may benefit from an allogeneic GM-CSF-gene-transduced prostate cancer vaccine.