In the first 6 hours, patients were only offered IV narcotics. After the first 6 hours, patients were offered either IV or PO narcotics as deemed appropriate by the administering nurse based on the clinical condition and ability to tolerate PO intake. For moderate pain, patients received either IV morphine 2 mg IV Q2hrs PRN or PO Oxycodone 5 ml PO Q4hrs PRN. For severe pain, patients received either IV morphine 4 mg IV Q2hrs PRN or PO Oxycodone 10 ml PO Q4hrs PRN.