Patient's primary area of postoperative pain was determined by nursing personnel. Four electrodes were placed on or around the area of maximum pain by nurses trained in TENS therapy. The TENS unit was turned on, 1 of 5 frequency patterns selected and the impulse turned up until the patient could feel the impulse. The 5 program options available included: #1. Alternate Ramped Burst (ARB) (Rate = 100 pps; Ramp Up Time = 0.5s; On Time = 5s; Off Time = 6s). #2. Simple Modulated Pulse (SMP) (Rate = 125 pps; Cycle Time = 12s; Span Percentage = 40%; Rate stays in the 2-10 pps range for 1/3 of the cycle time (4 seconds) as the rate modulates down to 2 pulses per second (pps) and then back up again. #3. Modulated Amplitude (MA) (Rate = 125 pps; Cycle Time = 1s; Span Percentage = 60%). #4. Simple Modulated Pulse (SMP) (Rate = 125 pps; Cycle Time = 12s; Span Percentage = 40%; Rate stays in the 2-10 pps range for 1/3 of the cycle time (4 seconds) as the rate modulates down to 2 pulses per second (pps) and then back up again). #5 Modulated Amplitude, MA (Rate = 125 pps; Cycle Time = 1s; Span Percentage = 60%). The location of the electrodes, the pattern, and/or the intensity of the TENS unit were adjusted until the patient achieved maximum comfort with the sensation. Five minutes after initiation of TENS therapy and every hour there after - while patient was awake- for a total of 48 hours, the patient was reassessed by nursing staff and TENS settings were adjusted for patient comfort and pain control.