In this randomized study, patients needing restorations in the posterior maxilla will be randomly assigned to the short implant group (test) or the standard length and augmentation group (control). All implants will be placed using a two-stage approach with healing abutments placed at three months and temporary prosthesis at four months following implant and/ or sinus augmentation surgery. Time, materials, and efforts associated with treating test and control cases will be documented to allow an assessment of the costs incurred with each approach.