We have found that a clinically meaningful anatomic and functional improvement was achieved after two infliximab infusions in 4 of 6 eyes with severe diffuse DME (i.e. macular thickness >400 μm); in contrast the remaining 2 eyes with coexisting epiretinal membranes did not improve. The observed recovery of useful vision represents a very significant clinical result, especially for those eyes in which DME was refractory to laser photocoagulation. Comparable beneficial results have been obtained in our patients with severe, chronic cystoid ME complicating intermediate uveitis, Adamantiades-Behcet's disease, or adult type vascular pseudotumor. Repeated treatment in one diabetic patient produced a further significant improvement of DME, indicating that the clinical response to anti-TNF dosing regimens is individualized, as it has also been observed in patients with arthritis, or in patients with uveitic ME. Thus, a sustained beneficial effect of infliximab for DME may require long-term treatment. Infliximab was well tolerated by our patients in all studies conducted at our site.