Measured end points were as follows: 1) Incidence of post-operative major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) including; 30-days all-cause mortality, MI, AF, ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation, debilitating stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) or target-vessel revascularization; 2) renal impairment; 3) hepatic impairment; 4) postoperative infections; 5) persistent blood glucose abnormalities; 6) length of ICU and hospital stays, and a health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL). HRQoL was assessed using the Euro Quality of Life 5-Dimensional Classification (EQ-5D-3L) 19 at baseline (preoperatively) as patients were admitted to the NHI and then one month postoperatively during the follow-up visit or by contacting the patient via a phone call.