There is an overwhelming need for controlled trials of the various mood stabilizers and atypical antipsychotics that are now available and being used in the community with these young bipolar patients. Currently, we have the most experience with valproate and risperidone in bipolar children, ages 8 - 17 yr. and based on clinical experience, believe that these two agents are the safest and most likely to be efficacious in children ages 3-7 years. These agents are widely used in the community and controlled data are desperately needed regarding the effectiveness of these agents in bipolar children, ages 3-7 years. There are no specific behavioral treatments or psychotherapies that have been shown to be efficacious for these patients.