This study will build on the system of nationwide surveillance already implemented for retreatment patients and recruit in addition a representative random sample of new patients. So for this study sputa from retreatment patients and from a sample of new patients, from the 24 tuberculosis (TB) clinics (Centres de Diagnostic et de Traitement de la Tuberculose) selected all over the country (Benin), will be shipped from TB clinics to the ''Laboratoire de Référence des Mycobactéries'' (LRM), Cotonou (National Reference Laboratory for Mycobacteria, Cotonou) if they consent. All retreatment patients will be recruited into the study and each 4 new patients detected after detection of a retreatment patient will also be recruited into the study.