They include rules of evidence that create incentives for interrogators to obtain confessions through torture, the excessive length of time that criminal suspects are held in police custody without judicial control, the absence of a legal culture based on the presumption of innocence (including the absence of an effective right to remain silent); and restricted rights and access of defence counsel.
其中包括促使审讯者通过酷刑手段获得口供的证据规则；在无司法管制的情况下长时间羁押刑事嫌疑人；缺乏基于无罪推定原则的法律文化(包括缺乏有效的保持沉默权)；以及被告律师的权利和手段受到限制。