`2` تصميم نظم مراقبة وبائية فعالة (في كل من البلدان المتقدمة والبلدان النامية)؛
risk assessment and response management; designing effective epidemiological surveillance systems (in both developed and developing countries); public perception and risk communication; case studies of national disease events; recent developments in disease modelling; the Biological Weapons Convention; historical surveys of biological attacks against animals and programmes developing such weapons; distinguishing between natural and unnatural disease outbreaks; microbial forensics; the role of international organizations; and future scientific and technological developments.