In many cases, banks are requiring a second group of guarantors to guarantee the first group. This growing aversion to risk makes it particularly difficult for SMEs to borrow from commercial banks, forcing them to turn to the under-regulated shadow banking sector.
此外，经济增长减速、审慎监管趋紧和负债升高大大增加了银行的风险厌恶度，促使它们大幅提高借款人风险溢价。如今借款人不但要提供抵押品，还必须找到第三方为贷款提供担保。在许多情形中，银行还要求第二担保人来为第一担保人提供担保。风险厌恶度的增加让中小企业非常难以从商业银行借到贷款，迫使它们转向监管松弛的影子银行部门。