Whenever technological or other changes allow for people to be compensated for the benefits that they confer on one another (minus the costs), the price-based market system can adjust. When the changes create externalities, economic restructuring is required – say, adjustments in taxes and subsidies, regulatory shifts, or property-rights upgrading – to offset the costs and benefits for which the market cannot compensate.
主流经济学对这样的转型提供了直白的分析和政策应对。当科技或其他变革让人们能够因为互相给予好处而获得补偿时（扣除成本之后），给予价格的市场系统可以作出调整。当变革创造出外部性，就需要经济重组&mdash;&mdash;如税收和补贴的调整、监管变化和产权升级&mdash;&mdash;以抵消市场无法补偿的成本和收益。而当变革带来特别高程度的不平等性时，就需要有再分配计划。