These historically embedded norms and practices were only slowly superseded. But, in the twentieth century, with greater security of conditions and continuous economic growth, it became normal for individuals, companies, and governments to borrow in anticipation of earnings – to spend money they did not have, but that they expected to have.
但这类历史遗留下来的规范和实践也逐渐被缓慢取代。但在20世纪，随着安全局势进一步稳定以及经济的持续发展，个人，企业和政府基于预期收入的借贷变得越来越平常——所谓预期收入支出，就是消费那些还没到自己手里，但预计会到自己手里的钱。