In the service sector, the decline is even worse than in manufacturing, because services are heavily regulated and partially closed to foreign competition. In the retail sector, which employs a huge number of Japan’s unskilled workers – the so-called “mom and pop” shops – Japanese productivity is now 25% lower than in Western Europe.
服务业的衰落尤甚于制造业，因为服务业管制严重，其中部分领域国外竞争无法进入。而在雇佣日本大量非技术工人的零售业——也就是所谓的“夫妻零售店”——日本人的生产率现在比西欧低25%。