In this sense, as the historian Harold James has noted, mutualization turned out to be dynamite, not cement, for the new US federation. Only after the Civil War did the US decide to operate the federation according to the liability model – an approach that has underpinned stability and limited individual states’ debt levels ever since.
从这个角度讲，正如历史学家詹姆斯（Harold James）所指出的，共同化是新美国联邦的炸药而不是混凝土。直到南北战争后，美国才决定依照责任模式操作联邦&mdash;&mdash;此后，该方针巩固了稳定，也限制了个体州的债务水平。