Psychologists have studied the major classes of thinking errors that make people less than rational. They have studied people’s tendencies to show incoherent probability assessments; to be overconfident in knowledge judgments; to ignore the alternative hypothesis; to evaluate evidence with a “my side” bias; to show inconsistent preferences because of framing effects; to over-weigh short-term rewards at the expense of long-term well-being; to allow decisions to be affected by irrelevant context; and many others.
有些思维方面的错误导致人们进行非理性思考，心理学家已经对这些错误的主要类别进行了研究。他们研究了人们的下列倾向：减缓对不连贯的可能性进行测试；在知识判断上过于自信；忽略对立假说；带着“我这边“的偏见来评估证据；因为框架效应而放慢自相矛盾的偏好；过分看重短期回报而牺牲长期福祉；允许决定受不相干的环境因素干扰，还有许多其他倾向。