When Turkey became a democracy in 1950, the previous system’s secular Kemalist elites attempted to harness the power of the military and the bureaucracy to control the elected government. In fact, the Turkish military, with the judiciary’s support, explicitly intervened in the civilian government’s functioning in 1960, 1971, 1980, and 1997, each time in the name of protecting secularism.
1950年，土耳其成为民主国家，之前政权的世俗基马尔主义精英试图利用军队和官僚的力量控制当选政府。事实上，1960年、1971年、1980年和1997年，土耳其军方在司法部门的支持下赤裸裸地干预了文职政府的运作，每一次都打着捍卫世俗主义的名号。