In both the German and the Japanese cases, the already-existing industrial powers complained that there was some sort of nefarious and unfair mechanism behind the newcomer’s advantages. Such explanations included government intervention or a new sort of industrial organization, and unfair patent infringements by the new producers who copied products and then blocked off their own markets from import competition.
在德国和日本的案例中，老牌的工业化国家都抱怨说在新来者的优势背后有着某种邪恶而非公平的机制。对此的解释包括政府干预或一种 新型的工业组织，及新的制造者们对专利的侵犯。他们仿制他国产品并阻断进口产品参与国内的市场竞争。