The productive transformation that developing countries need is much easier to achieve with the support, rather than the obstruction, of their conglomerates. But ensuring such support requires policies that nudge (or even shove) conglomerates toward export industries that can grow beyond the limits of the domestic market – industries in which competition will encourage the discipline that they lack as a result of dominating local markets.
如果有来自集团公司的支持而不是阻碍，发展中国所需要的生产性转型要容易得多。但确保集团公司的支持需要促使（甚至迫使）集团公司进入可以冲破国内市场限制的出口行业的政策——在这类行业中，竞争能改进它们因为主宰国内市场而有所缺少的纪律。