Many countries now have over-heated property and equity markets; in the US, the S&amp;P 500 index since 2009 has closely tracked the expansion of the Fed’s balance sheet. As a result, price-earnings (P/E) ratios, which reflect investors’ enthusiasm for equities, are now high by historical standards (Swiss Re has a Financial Market Excess index, which has returned to its 2007 level).
审判可能要到最后时刻才会到来，但前两个后果已经形成。许多国家的房地产和股票市场已呈现出过热之势，2009年以来美国标准普尔500指数紧跟美联储资产负债表扩张而上涨。结果，反映投资者对股票的热情的市盈率已处于历史较高水平（瑞士再保险公司有一个金融市场过度指数，该指数已回到2007年水平）。