Likewise, geo-economic calculations of relative GDP, terms of trade, and foreign-exchange reserves carry significant weight in determining the balance of power. But all of these metrics fail to account for factors like research and development, technological innovation, and commercialization, which are now more indicative of future success than nuclear arsenals or economic size.
建立在军事资产、资源禀赋和人口规模等因素基础上的帝国兴衰一直被划归地缘政治事务的范畴。同样，相对GDP、贸易条件和外汇储备的地缘经济计算在决定权力平衡时起到至关重要的作用。但所有指标均未考虑到研发、技术创新和商业化等因素，而目前这些因素与核武库或经济规模相比更能反应出未来的成功。事实上，混合时代正逐步形成标志性的“地质技术”。