The countervailing assumptions of the inquisitorial and accusatorial systems reflect the ambiguity of the concept of scientific fraud. Many so-called frauds are cases in which researchers claimed credit for work they have not really carried out, but that pointed in the right direction and was eventually completed by others.
对调查和问责制度的抵消假设反映了学术欺骗概念的模糊性。许多所谓的欺骗是研究人员利用他们并未实施的工作沽名钓誉，但这些工作方向正确并且最终由他人完成。严格说来，他们错在混淆了潜在和实际而不是真实与虚假。