Latin American countries that embraced free-market policies in the 1990’s rejected them in the mid-2000’s, as a new wave of left-leaning leaders came to power. Russia, which adopted market-oriented reforms in the 1990’s, moved to a managed form of state capitalism in the 2000’s with “oligarchs” forced to submit to state control.
发展中国家一度是新自由主义忠实的崇拜者，而正是在这些国家开始了对新自由主义的不满。拉丁美洲国家在九十年代实行自由市场政策。到了本世纪早些时候，随着新一轮的左翼倾向领导人掌权，这些国家拒绝这一新自由主义。俄国在九十年代实行市场主导的改革。到了二十一世纪转向有管理的国家资本主义，其“寡头”被迫屈服于国家控制。