For example, during the housing bust in the United States in the late 1980’s, many banks that were mortgage lenders (the Savings ampamp; Loans Associations) went belly up, leading to a banking crisis, a credit crunch, and a recession in 1990-1991.
问题应该是出在“证券化”现象上。过去，银行把贷款和抵押都记在它们的账上，把信用风险保留在自己内部。比如，在美国发生于二十世纪八十年代后期的房地产泡沫破裂中，许多发放抵押贷款的银行（储蓄和住宅贷款金融机构）彻底破产，从而引发了1990和1991年间的银行危机、信贷紧缩和经济衰退。