But the theoretical investigations of Borda, Condorcet, and others often yielded rather pessimistic results. For example, the so-called “voting paradox” presented by Condorcet showed that majority rule can reach an impasse when every alternative is defeated in voting by some other alternative, so that no alternative is capable of standing up to the challenge of every other alternative.
但波尔达、孔多塞和其他人的理论研究常常指向悲观结果。比如，孔多塞提出的所谓的“投票悖论”表明多数统治可能陷入僵局，出现每一种方案都被其他方案在选举中击败的情况，以至于没有一种方案能够战胜其他所有方案的挑战。