In the tradable part of advanced economies, manufacturing automation – including expanding robotic capabilities and, prospectively, 3D printing – has combined with the integration of millions of new entrants into rapidly evolving global supply chains to limit employment growth. Multinational companies’ growing ability to decompose these global supply chains by function and geography, and then to reintegrate them at ever lower transaction costs, removes the labor-market protection that used to come from local competition for workers.
在发达经济体中的可贸易部分，制造业自动化——包括不断提升的机器人技能以及预计即将出现的的3D印刷术——已经与成千上万新进入者融入高速演化的全球供应链的形势相结合，并因此限制了就业的增长。跨国公司不断增强的通过功能和地理位置分解全球供应链并以更低交易成本将其重新整合的能力破除了劳动力市场的保护——这种保护过去来自于当地对工人的竞争。