But the contemporary philosopher Jürgen Habermas argues that moral norms are valid as long as people accept them freely after having considered the consequences of their implementation for the satisfaction of interests. Of course, consideration of interests means just that: they must be taken into account; they do not have to be entirely satisfied.
这并不是否定利益终究会在谈判中发挥作用或者利益会影响道德。伊曼努尔•康德有一句很著名的话，意思刚好与之相反，称道德不应该受非普世利益的影响。但是当代哲学家尤尔根•哈贝马斯表示，只要考虑了为满足利益而实行道德准则的后果后，人们接受了道德准则，道德准则就是有效的。当然，考虑利益只是意味着：必须考虑利益，但是并不一定要完全满足利益。