There are four basic approaches to cleaning up a banking system that is facing a systemic crisis: recapitalization of the banks, together with a purchase of their toxic assets by a government “bad bank”; recapitalization, together with government guarantees – after a first loss by the banks – of the toxic assets; private purchase of toxic assets with a government guarantee (the current US government plan); and outright nationalization (or call it “government receivership” if you don’t like the dirty N-word) of insolvent banks and their resale to the private sector after being cleaned.
一般而言，人们有四种途经来清理面临体制危机的银行系统。它们是：给银行重新注资外加政府“坏帐银行”购买其有毒资产、重新注资外加政府担保有毒资产(银行首先要承担亏损)、政府担保下的私人购买有毒资产(也是美国政府目前的方案)以及直接国有化(如果不喜欢国有化这个说法，就叫它“政府破产管理”)资不抵债的银行并且在清理之后重新卖给私营部门。