In early modernity, however, with the systematic expulsion of Muslims from Spain in 1492, and later from lands seized by other colonial empires, hijra acquired a more violent meaning that anticipated its later association with jihad. Following these expulsions – most notably by the Spanish and Russian Empires – the concept came to signify not only the pressure to migrate, as during Mohammed’s lifetime, but also an ultimatum from the state: leave or you will be slaughtered.
但在现代社会早期，随着1492年穆斯林被赶出西班牙、后来又被赶出其他殖民帝国控制的国家，迁徙又有了后来与圣战相关的更为暴力的含义。驱逐事件发生后——其中最著名的当属西班牙和俄罗斯帝国——迁徙不仅像默罕默德有生之年那样代表迁移的压力，同时也代表国家的最后通牒：离开，否则你们将遭到屠杀。