In their book Why Nations Fail, Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson argue that societies with political arrangements that concentrate power in the hands of a few seldom excel at innovation and growth, because innovators have no guarantee they will keep the fruits of their labors. And, to the extent that outsiders cannot generate wealth, they have few resources with which to challenge the power of insiders; as a result, exclusionary political arrangements are mostly self-sustaining.
先说政治。在《国家为什么失败》（Why Nations Fail）一书中，达伦·阿西莫格鲁（Daron Acemoglu）和詹姆斯·罗宾逊（James A. Robinson）指出，政治安排让权力集中在一小撮人手中的社会往往不擅长创新和增长，因为创新者得不到获得劳动果实的保证。此外，由于外部人士无法创造财富，因此他们得不到挑战内部人士权力所需要的资源；结果，排他性政治安排最能自我维持。