In the case of for-profit goods and services, customers and payers are the same people; they monitor the quality themselves. And the shareholders monitor – in essence – the use of resources to deliver that quality (roughly measured as profitability).
慈善机构的问题在于，它们基本上没有动力改进效率。披露要求有所助益，但不可与市场的力量相提并论。在盈利性商品和服务领域，客户和金主是同一批人；他们会监督质量。而如何使用资源以符合质量要求本质上由股东负责监督（盈利能力可以作为粗略的衡量标准）。