They depended much less on foreign creditors than on domestic lenders. The Dutch model was exported to Britain in 1688, along with the political revolution that deposed the Catholic James II and put the Dutch Protestant William of Orange on the English throne.
但荷兰和英国走的就是另外一条路。它们的外债远远不如内债多。1688年英国光荣革命废黜了信仰天主教的国王詹姆斯二世，不仅把来自荷兰的新教徒威廉·奥伦治扶上英国王座，也把偏好内债的荷兰模式带到了英国。