According to this view, if markets do not fully internalize all of the costs of private action – environmental pollution is a classic example – some “optimal” tax or subsidy supposedly can correct the problem. So, if a monopoly is restricting output and raising prices, regulate firms and industries.
根据这一观点，如果市场不能充分内部化所有私人行为的成本——环境污染便是最经典的例子——那么“最优”税收补贴应能纠正这一问题。因此，如果垄断限制了产出、提高了价格，则管制企业和行业即可。当疲软的需求导致衰退时，根据凯恩斯乘数恰到好处地增加政府支出并/或削减税收就会让经济“嗖”一声立刻反弹。