Moreover, obesity – certainly in its morbid manifestations – can affect quality of life. The costs are borne not only by the individual, but also by society – directly, through the health-care system, and indirectly, through lost productivity, for example, and higher transport costs (more jet fuel, larger seats, etc.).
肥胖会在诸多方面影响寿命，其中既包括心血管疾病，也包括某些种类的癌症。此外，病态的肥胖可以影响生活质量。承受肥胖损失的不只是个人，同样也包括社会——承受肥胖损失可以直接通过卫生保健系统，也可以间接通过运输成本增加等生产率损失（如消耗更多航空燃料，座椅加大等）。