Likewise, several annual university rankings – including the CWTS Leiden Ranking, the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities, QS World University Rankings, and the World University Rankings – rely on publication and citation data in their calculations. University presidents must work to boost their institutions’ citation records, even though they know that the validity and reliability of these data, and the rankings that they inform, are questionable.
类似地，一些年度大学排名——包括CWTS莱顿排名（CWTS Leiden Ranking）、上海交通大学世界大学学术排名（Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities）、QS世界大学排名（QS World University Rankings）和世界大学排名（QS World University Rankings）等——的算法都基于发表和引用数据。大学校长必须致力于增加本校的引用记录，尽管他们知道这些数据的准确性和有效性以及它们所衍生的排名大有可疑。