In most if not all non-Western civilizations, pride and self love exclude self-criticism or at least the criticism of one’s civilization as such. A true Muslim or Chinese scholar cannot be defined as a true Chinese or a true Muslim by being critical of his own world.
自我批评与创新相比更加能够确定西方的特征。非西方文明中面子和自恋排除了自我批评，至少不会自我批评自身的文化。一个真正的穆斯林或者中国学者由于对自身文化的批评而难以被称为一个真正的中国人或者穆斯林。西方就不是如此。