The build-up of public debt in industrial countries (which was rising briskly well before the Great Recession pushed it to near-unsustainable levels) reflects this kind of calculus. The public rewards democratic governments for dealing with the downside risk caused by competitive markets – whether by spending to create jobs or by rescuing banks that have dodgy securities on their balance sheets.
发达国家逐渐堆积的债务（其实早就在迅速增长，只不过最近这场大萧条将其推到了几乎无法维持的境地）就反映了类似的算计。民主政府着手应对由竞争性市场所引发的经济下跌风险，而公众也对此表示赞赏——不管它是通过支出来创造就业，还是拯救那些在资产负债表中拥有有毒债券的银行。