Likewise, for chronic non-cancer pain, there is virtually no evidence to support the long-term use of high doses of opioids, which often do more harm than good. The long-term pain treatment with the strongest empirical support involves lifestyle modifications such as exercise, stress reduction, and weight loss – all of which require significant time and effort.
类似地，病人必须认识到疼痛治疗没有“万灵丹”。滥用只能对少数病人起作用的程序只能推高医疗成本。类似地，对慢性非癌症疼痛而言，几乎没有证据支持应该长期使用高剂量阿片类药物，这类药物往往弊大于利。实证效果最好的长期疼痛治疗方法包括生活方式的改变，如锻炼、减压和减肥——所有这些都需要大量的时间和努力。