By contrast, technologies and existing industries in developing countries are in general well within the global frontier. As a result, they benefit from the “latecomer’s advantage”: technological innovation and industrial upgrading can be achieved by imitation, import, and/or integration of existing technologies and industries, all of which implies much lower R&D costs.
相比之下，发展中国家的技术和现有的行业在全球前沿中总体还算不错。它们受益于“后发优势”：技术创新与产业升级可以通过模仿，进口来实现，以及/或者与现有的技术和产业整合，而所有这一切都意味着更低的研发费用。