In early 2013, the government was forced to announce a 32% devaluation, and stopped issuing government debt in dollars. The issuance of dollar bonds was a major source of abuse, with speculators buying dollar debt at the official exchange rate, selling it for greenbacks, and then exchanging them for bolivars at a much higher rate on the black market.
这给盯住美元的委内瑞拉货币玻利瓦尔造成了极大的压力。2013年初，委内瑞拉政府被迫宣布贬值32%并停止发行美元国债。美元债券的发行是滥用的主要源头，投机者以官方汇率买入美元债券，卖出后获得美元，然后以高得多的黑市价格兑回玻利瓦尔。