Richard Cooper of Harvard University once observed that in the early days of international public health cooperation, the fight against global diseases was hampered by countries’ adherence to different models of contagion. They all favored joint action, but they could not agree on a plan, because they disagreed on how epidemics crossed borders.
哈佛大学的理查德·库珀（Richard Cooper）曾经观察到，在国际公共卫生合作的早期阶段，对全球疾病的治理因为各国存在不同的传染模式而大受掣肘。各国都青睐联合行动，但无法形成一致计划，因为它们对于传染病如何从一国传染到另一国意见不一。