In 1972, two economists, William Nordhaus and James Tobin, introduced a measure that they called “Net Economic Welfare,” obtained by deducting from GNP “bad” outputs, like pollution, and adding non-market activities, like leisure. They showed that a society with more leisure and less work could have as much welfare as one with more work – and therefore more GNP – and less leisure.
这一发现刺激了人们开发新的替代指标。1972年，两位经济学家——威廉·诺德豪斯（William Nordhaus）和詹姆斯·托宾（James Tobin）引入了他们称为“净经济福利”的指标，该指标通过从GNP中扣除“坏”产出（如污染）并加上非市场活动（如休闲）获得。他们证明，一个更多休闲、更好工作的社会可能与更多工作（因而更多GNP）、更少休闲的社会福利水平相同。