If one treats so-called “hacktivism” by ideological groups as mostly a disruptive nuisance at this stage, there remain four major categories of cyber threats to national security, each with a different time horizon: cyber war and economic espionage are largely associated with states, and cyber crime and cyber terrorism are mostly associated with non-state actors. For the US, the highest costs currently stem from espionage and crime, but over the next decade or so, war and terrorism could become greater threats than they are today.
如果您认为现阶段意识形态组织所谓的“黑客行动主义”多半属于破坏性滋扰，依然有四类主要危险因素对国家安全构成威胁。每种危险因素涉及不同的时间跨度：网络战争和经济谍报活动大多与国家相关，而网络犯罪和网络恐怖主义则大多涉及非国家参与者。美国目前的最大的损失源于间谍和犯罪活动，但在未来十年左右的时间里，战争和恐怖主义可能造成比今天更大的威胁。