The Muslim Brotherhood – established in the Egyptian town of Ismailia in 1928 and political Islam’s oldest, best organized, and most widespread proponent – was (and is) despised by both secular Arabs and Arab monarchies. Indeed, secular dictators have worked to suppress the Brothers at every turn – often violently, as when Assad ruthlessly crushed a Brotherhood-led uprising in Hama in 1982.
1928年成立于埃及小城伊斯梅里亚的穆斯林兄弟会是伊斯兰教最老牌、组织最好、影响最广的政治伊斯兰教支持者，它曾（现在仍然如此）受到世俗阿拉伯人和阿拉伯君主的蔑视。事实上，世俗独裁者在每一个转折点上都对穆兄会实施了镇压——通常是暴力镇压，如1982年阿萨德残忍地粉碎了穆兄会领导的哈马（Hama）起义。