This kind of problem already worried John Maynard Keynes at the time of the post-World War II Bretton Woods negotiations. Outsiders can force a country to spend less by refusing to lend to it.
在二战后的布雷顿森林谈判期间，凯恩斯便已开始担忧这类问题。外部力量可能通过拒绝提供贷款强迫一国减少支出。但你如何强迫一国或数国增加支出？欧元区对于这一内在政治难题束手无策，而这就是根本缺陷之一。