They have focused on non-tradable goods and services – those that cannot be imported or exported – and have eschewed international competition. They have focused on banking, construction, distribution, retail, and television broadcasting.
但是，在许多发展中国家，集团公司并没有起到类似的作用。它们专注于不可贸易商品和服务——即无法进出口的商品和服务——避开国际竞争。它们专注于银行、建筑、分销、零售和广电业务。