For some time after 2005, it was possible to argue that all of this was hot air, and that fast, decisive action to respond to genocidal atrocities would remain as unlikely as ever. The jury remained out even after Kenya in early 2008, when horrific post-election violence was widely considered an RtoP case, and former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan led a successful diplomatic mission to persuade ethnic-group leaders to quell the storm.
2005年后有段时间，仍然有可能说所有这些都只不过是吹牛，针对种族灭绝暴行迅速、果断地采取行动和以前一样颇有难度。即使在2008年初肯尼亚暴力事件发生后陪审团仍然没有进入角色，选举后可怕的暴力活动被公认符合保护责任的要求。前联合国秘书长科菲·安南领导了一次外交活动，成功说服民族组织领导人平息这场风暴。