From scientific research to identification of commercial applications of new technologies, progress has been achieved through trial and error. The strategic technologies that have repeatedly transformed the market economy – from railroads to the Internet – required the construction of networks whose value in use could not be known when they were first deployed.
对创新先锋来说，创新经济始于发现，极于投机。从科学研究到新技术的商业应用的认识，进步一直是在试错中实现的。一再改变市场经济的战略性技术——从铁路到互联网——需要网络建设，而在首次建成之前，网络的价值无法为人所知。