Underinvestment in infrastructure (including deferred maintenance) is widespread where the consequences are uncertain and/or not immediate. In reality, underinvestment and investment with debt financing are equivalent in one crucial respect: they both transfer costs to a future cohort.
基础设施的投资不足（包括维修不力）在后果不确定和/或不紧迫的情形特别严重。在现实中，债务融资的投资不足和投资充足从某个关键角度看是等价的：它们都把成本转嫁给了后来者。但由于无谓损失的存在，即便是债务融资也比完全不投资要好。