Since the 2008 financial crisis erupted, there has been something of a renationalization of financial behavior in Europe. Up to the late 1990’s and the advent of monetary union, most European Union sovereign debt was domestically held: in 1998, the overall ratio of foreign-held debt was only one-fifth.
2008年金融危机爆发以来，欧洲金融行为出现了某种再国家化的倾向。20世纪90年代末进入货币联盟前后，大部分欧元区主权债务都是由国内债权人持有的：1998年，外国债权人债务持有比率只有五分之一。引入欧元后，这一比率出现了快速攀升。