First, institutions of representation, such as political parties, parliaments, and electoral systems, are needed to elicit popular preferences and turn them into policy action. Second, democracy requires institutions of restraint, such as an independent judiciary and media, to uphold fundamental rights like freedom of speech and prevent governments from abusing their power.
结合了少数服从多数和尊重少数派权利的真正的民主需要两套制度。首先是代表（representation）制度，如政党、议会和选举制度，这样才能引出人民的选择、让人民参与到政治活动中来。其次，民主需要约束（restraint）制度，如独立的司法和媒体，以保证言论自由等基本权利并防止政府滥用权力。没有约束的代表——即没有法治精神的选举——只能带来多数人的暴政。