In the “hard” sciences, such as mathematics and physics, the truth can be established more transparently, making these fields less prone to scientific misconduct. But branches like medicine, humanities, philosophy, economics, and other social sciences, which rely more heavily on openness and imagination, can be manipulated more easily to suit the goals of bureaucrats.
在数学和物理等“严密”科学中，发现真理的过程相对透明，学术不端行为在这样的领域立足不太容易。但是在更多依靠开放和想象力的医学、人文科学、哲学、经济学和其他社会科学领域，真理很容易被人操纵用以达到官僚目的。