Rather than backing individual sectors, some countries promoted innovation with across-the-board subsidies and tax breaks, while opening their economies to foreign competition and embracing market-oriented reforms. But these changes, though necessary, were insufficient to deliver growth in productivity and output.
在上世纪80、90年代，拉美放弃了这种政策而选择了更谨慎的路径。相对于支持个别行业，一些国家提倡一刀切的补贴和税收减免来推动创新，同时向外国竞争者开放市场并进行市场化改革。虽然这些变化是有必要的，却不足以支撑生产力和产出的增长。