This is particularly obvious in the UK, where the government, desperate to see an economic recovery before the 2015 elections, has been pushing the BoE to introduce credit subsidies and, more recently, forward guidance. As a result, the BoE’s decisions have been attuned to the short-run trade-off between growth and inflation – meaning that it has been making decisions about goals, not just instruments.
英国尤其如此。英国政府急切地希望在2015年大选前实现经济复苏，要求英格兰银行引入信用补贴以及最近提出的前瞻性指引。结果，英格兰银行的决策不得不适应短期的增长和通胀权衡——这意味着根据目标而不是工具做出决策。