Sometimes fraud consists in plagiarism: the culprit takes credit for someone else’s work. However, especially in the most competitive scientific fields, fraud often takes the form of forgery: the culprit fabricates data.
有时，欺骗包括剽窃：肇事者将别人的工作据为己有。然而，特别是在最具竞争力的科学领域，欺骗往往表现为伪造：肇事者捏造数据。剽窃是讲堂之罪；伪造是实验室之罪。但两种情况下均未制定标准方法来确保科研诚信—或从事科研的科学工作者的正直。