So it is not surprising that the main areas of collaboration have been in the development of tools and technologies for target validation and the discovery and validation of biomarkers for efficacy and toxicity. Many large public-private consortia have been formed, including the Innovative Medicines Initiative and the Serious Adverse Events Consortium, but these efforts need to be coordinated and integrated in order to obtain the greatest possible benefit.
药品在市场上不成功有两个主要原因，其一是药品在人体内没有产生药效，其二就是药品本身存在不可预测的毒性。所以，合作的主要领域一直集中在工具和技术的开发上，这些工具和技术用于确立目标，寻找生物标记物以确认药品的药效和毒性。许多大型的公私联合体已经成立，包括创新药物计划与国际药物严重不良反应联盟，但需要各方统一协调行动，以便尽可能获得最大的利益。