Industrial market economies have been suffering from periodic financial crises, followed by high unemployment, at least since the Panic of 1825 nearly caused the Bank of England to collapse. Such episodes are bad for everybody – workers who lose their jobs, entrepreneurs and equity holders who lose their profits, governments that lose their tax revenue, and bondholders who suffer the consequences of bankruptcy – and we have had nearly two centuries to figure out how to deal with them.
工业化国家一直经历着周期性的金融危机，随后是高就业，这至少可以追溯到1825年几乎导致英格兰银行倒闭的大恐慌。如此周期让所有人都受害——工人失业，企业家和股东损失利润，政府损失财政收入，债权人遭遇破产后果——对于如何解决这一问题，我们也已经有了至少两百年的经验。那么，为何政府和央行总是失败？