Another round of wars and peace treaties produced the kleindeutsch German Empire of 1871, and there were only three primarily German-speaking states left in Europe – the German Empire, Austria-Hungary (a dynastic unit, otherwise known as the Habsburg Empire), and the Swiss Confederation – none of which was a conventional nation-state. While Germany’s 1949 split into the Federal Republic and the Democratic Republic raised the number to four (along with Austria and Switzerland), the overall trajectory has been clear.
另一轮战争和平条约缔造了1871年的大德意志帝国，整个欧洲范围内只剩下德意志帝国、奥匈帝国（这是一个王朝单位，也被称为哈布斯堡帝国）和瑞士联邦等3个主要讲德语的州——其中没有一个是传统意义上的民族国家。1949年分裂成联邦及民主德国导致政治单位增加到4个（算上奥地利和瑞士），总体发展轨迹已经非常明确了。