And yet, as a recent study from the Groningen Growth and Development Center shows, rural migrants do not end up in modern manufacturing industries, as they did in East Asia, but in services such as retail trade and distribution. Though such services have higher productivity than much of agriculture, they are not technologically dynamic in Africa and have been falling behind the world frontier.
和所有发展中国家一样，非洲农民也在涌向城市。但哥廷根增长和发展中心（Groningen Growth and Development Center）的最新研究表明，农民工最终并未像东亚那样流入现代制造业，而是流入了零售贸易和分销等服务业。尽管这些服务业的生产率比大部分农业要高，但它们在非洲并不具有技术活力，也落后于世界标准。