A US president can challenge political constraints only by taking on powerful lobbies. President Jimmy Carter’s success in mediating the Israeli-Egyptian peace settlement, and his bold call for a “Palestinian homeland” (making him the first US president to do so), had much to do with him being deaf to Jewish voices and organizations.
美国总统要想挑战政治约束，只能通过强大的游说。卡特总统成功牵线了以色列-埃及和解，并大胆地喊出了“巴勒斯坦故土”（他也成为第一个如此称呼的美国总统），在很大程度上都要归因于他无视犹太人的声音和组织。类似地，1991年10月，如果老布什不愿拿出他描述为由“一千名国会山游说者”所组成的“一些强大的政治力量”，他就无法迫使顽固的以色列总理沙米尔（Yitzhak Shamir）出席马德里和平会议。