Center-left parties face a particularly difficult challenge, as their lower-income electoral base is lured away by anti-immigration, chauvinist competitors. Making matters worse, the fragmentation of production (whether in goods or services), together with intensifying fiscal pressures, militates against these parties’ traditional reliance on collective bargaining to create systems and policies that insure citizens against shocks and misfortune.
中左翼政党面临特别困难的挑战，因为他们的低收入选票被反移民的沙文主义竞争者吸引走了。更糟糕的是，生产的碎片化（不管是商品还是服务），加上财政压力的日渐紧迫，削弱了这些政党的传统优势——依靠集体讨价还价创造确保公民免受冲击和不幸的制度和政策。