Yet they were not subject to windfall profit taxation, nor have policymakers sufficiently altered structural incentives that encourage excessive risk-taking. In the case of Europe, only now are banks being pushed to deal decisively with their capital shortfalls, leverage problems, and residual weak assets.
Unos nuevos riesgos de inestabilidad financiera señalan a las sorpresas cuarta y última: la falta de una renovación profunda, de forma creíble, sostenible y socialmente responsable, de los principales causantes de la crisis.