Nukae Nye Ƒukukua fe Agbalẽxatsaxatsawo Ŋuti Nyatefenya?
Nukae Nye Ƒukukua fe Agbalẽxatsaxatsawo Ŋuti Nyatefenya?
Ƒe 50 kple edzivɔ enye si va yi la, kpe aɖe si Bedouin alẽkplɔla (alẽkplɔla tsatsala) aɖe da wòva dze agado aɖe me va zu nusi ame aɖewo yɔ be fe alafa 20 lia me tomenukuku si ɖe dzesi wu. Tsatsalaa se be kpea lɔ ze aɖe wògbã. Esi wòlé ŋku ɖe eme la, eke ɖe nusi yɔm wova le fifia be Ƒukukua fe Agbalẽxatsaxatsawo fe gbãtɔ ŋu.
WOVA tsɔ ɖe le agbalẽxatsaxatsa siawo me vevie eye woʋlia nya le wo ŋu, le agbalẽnyalawo kple nyadzɔdzɔgblɔlawo siaa dome. Le amehawo dome la, eŋu nya siwo tɔtɔa ame kple nya totrowo gbɔgblɔ bɔ. Wogblɔ be woɣla gbogbo aɖewo le vɔvɔ̃ be agbalẽxatsaxatsaawo ɖe nyatefenya siwo ate ŋu agblẽ nu le Kristotɔwo kple Yudatɔwo siaa fe dzixɔsewo ŋu la ɖe go ta. Gake asixɔxɔ ŋutɔŋutɔ kae le agbalẽxatsaxatsa siawo ŋu? Le fe 50 kple edzivɔwo megbe la, ɖe woate ŋu anya nya siwo ku ɖe wo ŋua?
Nukae Nye Ƒukukua fe Agbalẽxatsaxatsawo?
Ƒukukua fe Agbalẽxatsaxatsawo nye blema Yudatɔwo fe asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽ, siwo dometɔ akpa gãtɔ woŋlɔ ɖe Hebrigbe me, akpa aɖewo le Aramgbe me, eye ʋɛ aɖewo le Helagbe me. Agbalẽxatsaxatsa kple agbalẽ kakɛ siawo dometɔ geɖe xɔ wu fe 2,000 hafi wodzi Yesu. Asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽ didi adre siwo fe akpa aɖewo nyunyɔ wu bubuwo la nɔ agbalẽxatsaxatsa siwo wokpɔ tso Bedouinwo gbɔ la dometɔ gbãtɔwo dome. Esi wotsa agado bubuwo me la, woke ɖe agbalẽxatsaxatsa kple agbalẽ kakɛ akpe bubu geɖewo ŋu. Le fe 1947 vaseɖe fe 1956 dome la, woke ɖe agado 11 siwo me agbalẽxatsaxatsawo nɔ ŋu le afisi gogo Qumran, le Ƒukukua gbɔ.
Esime woke ɖe agbalẽxatsaxatsaawo kple agbalẽ *kakɛawo katã ŋu la, wofe xexlẽme nye asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽ siwo anɔ abe 800 sɔŋ ene. Wofe agbɔsɔsɔme fe akpa abe enelia ene, alo asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽ siwo wu 200, nye Hebrigbe me Biblia fe akpa vovovowo. Asinuŋɔŋlɔgbalẽ bubu siwo ŋu woke ɖo nye Yudatɔwo fe blemanuŋɔŋlɔ siwo menye Biblia fe agbalẽwo o, wonye Apocrypha kple Pseudepigrapha.
Agbalẽawo dometɔ siwo nyɔ agbalẽnyawo fe ɖetsɔleme wu enye ŋɔŋlɔ siwo womenya tsã o. Wo dometɔ aɖewo nye Yudatɔwo fe sea me nyawo gɔmeɖeɖe, se siwo wode koŋ na kɔmama si nɔ Qumran nutoa me tɔwo, subɔsubɔkɔnu me hakpanyawo kple gbedodoɖawo, kple xexeame fe nuwuwu ŋuti nuŋlɔɖi siwo ɖe nukpɔsusu siwo ku ɖe Biblia me nyagblɔɖiwo me vava kple ŋkeke mamlɛawo ŋu la fia. Biblia-gɔmeɖegbalẽ tɔxɛwo hã li, eye woawoe nye blema Biblia-kpukpuiwo me ɖegbalẽ xoxotɔ kekeake siwo do ŋgɔ na egbegbe tɔwo.
Amekawoe Ŋlɔ Ƒukukua fe Agbalẽxatsaxatsaawo?
Ɣeyiɣi ŋuti kɔntabumɔnu vovovo siwo wozãna na blemagbalẽwo ɖee fia be wogbugbɔ ŋlɔ agbalẽxatsaxatsaawo le fe alafa etɔ̃lia D.M.Ŋ. kple fe alafa gbãtɔ M.Ŋ. me dome. Agbalẽnyala aɖewo bui be anye Yudatɔ siwo tso Yerusalem ye ɣla agbalẽxatsaxatsaawo ɖe agadowo me do ŋgɔ na gbedoxɔa gbagbã le fe 70 M.Ŋ. me. Gake agbalẽnyala siwo ku nu me le agbalẽxatsaxatsaawo ŋu dometɔ akpa gãtɔ kpɔe be nukpɔsusu sia mewɔ ɖeka kple agbalẽawo ŋutɔ me nyawo o. Nukpɔsusu kple kɔnu siwo le agbalẽxatsaxatsaa geɖe me tsi tre ɖe subɔsubɔhakplɔla siwo nɔ Yerusalem la fe nuwɔnawo ŋu. Agbalẽxatsaxatsa siawo me nyawo fia be fufofo aɖe si xɔe se be Mawu gbe nunɔlawo kple Yerusalem gbedoxɔ me subɔsubɔ eye be ebu yewofe fufofoa fe tadedeagu le gbedadafo be eyae xɔ ɖe gbedoxɔ me subɔsubɔ tefe lae ŋlɔe. Edze abe ɖe manya wɔ be Yerusalem gbedoxɔ me subɔsubɔhakplɔlawo naɣla nuŋlɔɖi siwo dome agbalẽ mawo hã le be woanɔ dedie o ene.
Togbɔ be anɔ eme be nugbugbɔgaŋlɔla gbogbo aɖewo nɔ Qumran hã la, ɖewohĩ ɖe xɔsetɔawo fo agbalẽxatsaxatsa siawo dometɔ geɖe nu fu tso tefe bubuwo tsɔ va afima. Míate ŋu agblɔ be tefe vovovowoe wofo Ƒukukua fe Agbalẽxatsaxatsawo nu fu tsoe. Abe alesi wònɔna le agbalẽdzraɖofe ɖesiaɖe gomee ene la, agbalẽ vovovo siwo fe nukpɔsusuwo to vovo na wo nɔewo anɔ agbalẽawo me, womaku ɖe exlẽlawo fe subɔsubɔ nukpɔsusuwo ŋu kokoko o. Gake nuŋlɔɖiawo dometɔ siwo bɔ wu la anye esiwo ku ɖe nusiwo dzɔa dzi na afimatɔwo kple esi ɖe wofe dzixɔsewo fia ŋu.
Essenetɔwoe Qumrantɔwo Nyea?
Ne Qumran-gbalẽdzraɖofee agbalẽxatsaxatsa siawo nɔ la, ke amekawoe nɔ nuto ma me? Nufialagã Eleazar Sukenik, amesi xɔ agbalẽxatsaxatsa etɔ̃ na Hebrigbe Yunivɛsiti si le Jerusalem le fe 1947 me, ye nye ame gbãtɔ si bui be agbalẽxatsaxatsa siawo nye Essenetɔwo fe agbalẽ.
Essenetɔwo nye Yudatɔwo fe kɔmama aɖe si ŋu fe alafa gbãtɔ me fe agbalẽŋlɔla siwo nye Josephus, Philo si tso Alexandria , kple Pliny Tsitsitɔ fo nu tsoe. Womenya afisi tututu Essenetɔwo dzɔ tso o, gake edze abe woanya do le Maccabeewo fe aglãdzeɣi le fe alafa evelia D.M.Ŋ. lɔfo ene. * Josephus ka nya ta tso wofe anyinɔnɔ le ɣemaɣi ŋu esime wònɔ nu ŋlɔm tsitotsito tso alesi wofe subɔsubɔ nukpɔsusuwo to vovo na Farisitɔwo kple Zadukitɔwo tɔ ŋu. Pliny gblɔ be Essenetɔ aɖewo nɔ Ƒukukua gbɔ le Yerixo kple En-Gedi domee.
Nufialagã James VanderKam si nye Ƒukukua fe Agbalẽxatsaxatsaawo ŋuti nunyala do susu ɖa be “Essenetɔ siwo nɔ Qumran-nutoa me nye Essenetɔwo fe ha gã la fe akpa sue aɖe ko,” eye Josephus gblɔ be wofe xexlẽme anɔ akpe ene. Nusiwo Qumran-nuŋlɔɖiwo ɖe fia le ha bliboa ŋu dze abe esɔ kple Essenetɔawo wu Yudatɔwo fe hatsotso bubu ɖesiaɖe si nɔ anyi ɣemaɣi ene, togbɔ be menye nuŋlɔɖiawo me nyawo katãe sɔ kpli wo o hã.
Ame aɖewo gblɔ be Qumran ye Kristotɔnyenye Mateo 15:1-20; Luka 6:1-11) Míate ŋu agblɔ nya ma ke le Essenetɔwo fe wo ɖokui ɖeɖe ɖe aga tso hadome, wofe dzɔgbese kple luʋɔ makumaku dzixɔsewo, kpakple alesi wotea gbe ɖe trenɔnɔ kple vivime nufiafiawo le gomekpɔkpɔ kple mawudɔlawo le wofe tadedeagu me dzi hã gome. Esia ɖee fia be wofe nufiafiawo to vovo na Yesu kple fe alafa gbãtɔ me Kristotɔwo tɔ.—Mateo 5:14-16; Yohanes 11:23, 24; Kolosetɔwo 2:18; Timoteo I, 4:1-3.dzɔ tso. Gake míate ŋu akpɔ vovototo gã geɖe le Qumran-kɔmama la fe subɔsubɔ nukpɔsusuwo kple Kristotɔ gbãtɔwo tɔ dome. Edze le agbalẽ siwo wokpɔ le Qumran me be Sabat-se sesẽ siwo gbɔ eme nɔ wo si eye wotsia dzi ɖe dzadzɛnyenye le kɔnu nu ŋu ale gbegbe. (
Wometsyɔ Nu Naneke Dzi o, Womeɣla Agbalẽxatsaxatsa Aɖeke O
Le fe siwo kplɔ keke ɖe Ƒukukua fe Agbalẽxatsaxatsaawo ŋu ɖo me la, wota agbalẽ vovovo siwo na agbalẽ siwo ŋu woke ɖo gbã la me nyawo va bɔ agbalẽnyalawo ate ŋu akpɔ azã le xexeame katã. Gake kuxi va nɔ agbalẽ kakɛ akpe geɖe siwo ŋu woke ɖo le agadoawo dometɔ ɖeka, si woyɔna be Agado 4 lia, me ŋu. Agbalẽ siawo nɔ agbalẽnyala siwo tso dukɔ vovovo me fe dɔwɔha sue aɖe si woɖo ɖe East Jerusalem (si nye Jordan fe akpa aɖe ɣemaɣi) le Palestine Blemanudzraɖofe la si me. Womena agbalẽnyala siwo nye Yudatɔwo alo Israel-vi aɖeke nɔ dɔwɔha sia me o.
Dɔwɔhaa wɔ ɖoɖo be yewomaɖe mɔ ame aɖeke nakpɔ agbalẽawo o vaseɖe esime yewoata yewofe numekukuwo me tsonuwo vɔ hafi. Woɖo agbalẽnyalawo fe xexlẽme aɖe koŋ be woawo koe anɔ dɔwɔhaa me. Ne dɔwɔhaa me tɔ aɖe ku la, agbalẽnyala yeye ɖeka koe wotsɔ ɖoa etefe. Dɔa fe lolome bia dɔwɔha si lolo wu ema kura, eye le go aɖewo me la, ebia blema Hebri kple Aram gbe nyanya si de ŋgɔ wu. James VanderKam gblɔe ale: “Agbalẽ kakɛ akpe geɖe ŋuti dɔwo sɔ gbɔ wu nusi agbalẽnyala enyi ate ŋu awɔ, eɖanye aleke ke wobii hã o.”
Ƒe 1967 me Ŋkeke Ade Ʋa la na be East Jerusalem kple efe agbalẽxatsaxatsawo va nɔ Israeltɔwo fe dziɖuŋusẽ te, gake womewɔ tɔtrɔ aɖeke le agbalẽawo ŋuti numekuha ŋu o. Esi Agado 4 lia me fe agbalẽxatsaxatsaawo tata nɔ hehem ɖe megbe va ɖo fe bla nanewo la, agbalẽnyala geɖe he nya ɖe eŋu. Le fe 1977 me la, Nufialagã Geza Vermes si le Oxford Yunivɛsiti yɔe be fe alafa 20 lia me agbalẽnyanya me ŋukpenya gãtɔ kekeake. Nya aɖewo te kaka be ɖe Katoliko-ha la ɖoe koŋ ɣla agbalẽawo, be womeganya wo me nyatakaka siwo agblẽ nu le Kristotɔnyenye ŋu o.
Le fe 1980-awo me la, wova dzi dɔwɔhaa me tɔwo ɖe edzi mlɔeba wo ɖo agbalẽnyala 20. Emegbe le fe 1990 me, le nuŋɔŋlɔmetolawo fe tatɔ yeye Emanuel Tov si le Hebrigbe Yunivɛsiti si le Jerusalem fe mɔfiafia te la, wogadzi dɔwɔhaa me tɔwo ɖe edzi wova wu agbalẽnyala 50. Wowɔ ɖoɖo si dzi woazɔ ɖo tututu le agbalẽxatsaxatsa susɔeawo katã ŋuti nyatakaka siwo agbalẽnyalawo aɖe ɖe go la tata ŋu.
Wowɔ ŋgɔyiyi ŋutɔŋutɔ aɖe si womenɔ mɔ kpɔm na o le fe 1991 me. Gbã la, wota A Preliminary Edition of the Unpublished Dead Sea Scrolls (Ƒukukua fe Agbalẽxatsaxatsa Siwo Wometa O fe Tata Gbãtɔ). Wonɔ te ɖe dɔwɔhaa fe nyadigbalẽ aɖe dzi fo tata sia nu fu to kɔmpiutaɖaŋu dzi. Emegbe Huntington fe Agbalẽdzraɖofe si le San Marino, California, ɖe gbefãe be yewoaɖe yewofe agbalẽxatsaxatsaawo fe fotowo katã ɖe go be wòate ŋu asu agbalẽnyala ɖesiaɖe si. Medidi o, A Facsimile Edition of the Dead Sea Scrolls (Ƒukukua fe Agbalẽxatsaxatsa fe Fotokɔpi) wɔe be agbalẽxatsaxatsa siwo wometa tsã o fe fotowo va bɔ agbalẽnyala ɖesiaɖe ate ŋu akpɔ bɔbɔe.
Eyata le fe ewo siwo va yi me la, Ƒukukua fe Agbalẽxatsaxatsaawo katã li hena numekuku wɔwɔ le wo ŋu. Numekukua ɖee fia be wometsyɔ nu naneke dzi o; womeɣla agbalẽxatsaxatsa aɖeke o. Esi wole agbalẽxatsaxatsa mamlɛawo tam ta la, fifia hafi woate ŋu adze wo ŋuti numekuku tsitotsito bliboe gɔme. Ena be agbalẽxatsaxatsa ŋuti nusrɔ̃la bibiwo fe dzidzime yeye aɖe va do. Gake viɖe kae le numekuku sia ŋu na Biblia-srɔ̃lawo?
[Etenuŋɔŋlɔwo]
^ mm. 6 Apocrypha (egɔme le nyaa ŋutɔŋutɔ nue nye, “ŋɔŋlɔ ɣaɣlawo”) kple Pseudepigrapha (egɔme le nyaa ŋutɔŋutɔ nue nye “agbalẽ siwo woŋlɔ ɖe amewo fe ŋkɔ me alakpatɔe”) siaa nye Yudatɔwo fe agbalẽ siwo woŋlɔ tso fe alafa etɔ̃lia D.M.Ŋ. vaseɖe fe alafa gbãtɔ M.Ŋ. me. Roma Katoliko Ha da asi ɖe Apocrypha la dzi be enye Biblia-gbalẽ siwo dzi woda asi ɖo be wotso gbɔgbɔ me la fe akpa aɖe, gake Yudatɔwo kple Protestanttɔwo gbe agbalẽ siawo. Zi geɖe la, woŋlɔa Pseudepigrapha la wònyea nyakpakpa kpe Biblia me ŋutinyawo, eye woŋlɔnɛ le Biblia-meme xɔŋkɔwo fe ŋkɔ me.
^ mm. 13 Kpɔ nyati si nye “Amekawoe Nye Maccabeewo?” le November 15, 1998, Gbetakpɔxɔ fe axa 21-4.
[Nɔnɔmetata si le axa 3]
Agado siwo tsɔ ɖe Ƒukukua gbɔ siwo me wokpɔ blemagbalẽxatsaxatsawo le dometɔ aɖewoe nye esiawo
[Nɔnɔmetata Tsofe si le axa 3]
Agbalẽxatsaxatsa kakɛ: Axa 3, 4, kple 6: Courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority
[Nɔnɔmetata Tsofe si le axa 5]
Courtesy of Shrine of the Book, Israel Museum, Jerusalem
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