Bamanankan bɛ tɔgɔ Da miiriya kura la cogo min na n'a yɛrɛ kɔnɔminɛnw ye
Bamanankan bɛ kankabila min fɛ o bɛ Weele kandɔnnaw fɛ ko Nizɛr-kɔngo. Josɛf Grinnbɛrg (1963) ka ɲininiw y'o Jira an na. O cɛ kelen in ka farafinnakanw danfarali ɲininiw sen fɛ fana, o ye tlayɔrɔ wɛrɛw Ye kankabilaw kɔnɔ minnu na Mandenkan kankulu ye Nizɛr-kɔngo kankabila kɔnɔkankulu dɔ ye. An ka bi jɛkafɔ bɛ na Boli kan min kan, Bamanankan, o ye Mandenkan kankulu kan dɔ ye min bɛ Fɔ Mali kɔnɔ. O kankulu in kɔnɔkan tɔw ye julakan ye (Burkina Faso ani kɔdiwari), Maninkakan (Mali ani Laginɛ) Mandingo (Ganbi), Mɛnde (Saralɔn), (bulletin ACALAN B°4) ɲuman na.
I. Kan ni miiriya kura tɔgɔda-fɛɛrɛw
An bɛ tle min na i ko bi, dɔnniya warali bɛ ka Walankata ka t'a fɛ. Miiriya minnu bɛ dɔnniya kɔnɔ olu tɔgɔko ye kamanaganko ye kan bɛɛ la. O kamanagan in sɔn ka nɔgɔ kan dɔw la ka sago dɔw kan. Farafinnakanw bɛ kɔ fɛ o tɔgɔko in na kosɛbɛ. Mali kanw na, bamanankan ye kan ye min fana ma Lafa ni miiriya kuraw daɲɛw ye walasa a mɛnbaaw ka dɔnniya nanamasumalen Sɔrɔ a kɔnɔ.
N'an ye minɛ Kɛ Marsɛl Diki-kidiri ka gafe bɔlen ɲɛ 71-75 na ma, an b'a Ye ko fɛɛrɛ caman bɛ yen kan b'i wasa Don minnu na ka tɔgɔ Da miiriya kuraw la. O fɛɛrɛ dɔw Flɛ: dorokoli, bɔnna, Kɔrɔlafa, Kanhakɛ-karaba, siyayɛlɛma, tɔgɔkaraba ani daɲɛsinga. Nin fɛɛrɛw la, an bɛ sugandili Kɛ k'an ka masala Koron dɔɔnin. An ka sugandili Bɛnna dorokoli fɛɛrɛ ma n'an bɛ n'an da Don o la ka dɔ Fɔ o kan bamanankan na.
1. Dorokoli
Dorokoli Лɛfɔra Introduction à la lexicologie, sémantique et morphologie (2008, ɲ.217) kɔnɔ Aliz Lehmann ani Franswaz Martɛn-Bɛrtɛ fɛ tan: "la composition consiste à former un mot en assemblant deux ou plusieurs mots" - dorokoli ye daɲɛ kelen dlali ye ni daɲɛ kelen wali daɲɛ caman farali ye ɲɔgɔn kan. Ni dorokoli Bolila daɲɛ minnu kan, a bɛ daɲɛ min Di o bɛ Weele ko daɲɛ dorokolen. David Cristal ka gafe sɛbɛnnen The Cambridge's Encyclopedia of the English Language (1994, ɲ.129) ye daɲɛ dorokolen Лɛfɔ k'a Kɛ nin ye: "a compound is a unit of vocabulary which consists of more than one lexical stem" - daɲɛ dorokolen ye daɲɛ ye min kɔnɔ-kumaden ka ca ni daɲɛ-kumaden kelen ye. Bamanankan sariyasun (1997, ɲ.46) fana bɛ daɲɛ dorokolen Лɛfɔ nin cogo in na tan: "daɲɛ dorokolen ye daɲɛ fla wali damadɔ kafolen ye ɲɔgɔn na ka daɲɛ kura Bange".
Dorokoli ye daɲɛ-dlacogo barikamaba ye bamanankan na. Лininiw y'a Jira an na ko bamanankan gafe duuru o duuru, minnu daɲɛ mumɛ bɛ t'i Jɔ 93 975 la, ko daɲɛ 9,478% ye dorokolenw ye ninka 4,115% Kɛ bɔnnaw ye (kalanfoori-sɛbɛn, Isiyaka Baalo, 2012).
A. Daɲɛ dorokocogo
Daɲɛ dorokolen kɔnɔ daɲɛ-kumaden bɛ Dabɔ fla la ka Se Fɔ tan ani kɔ ma bamanankan na.
Misali:
daɲɛ dorokolen kumaden flama
dugutigi (Ng.B, ɲ...) = dugu + tigi
kɛlɛmasa (Ŋ.T, ɲ...) = kɛlɛ + masa
sanudaba (W.S, ɲ...) = sanu + daba
daɲɛ dorokolen kumaden sabama
dugujɛkan (Ŋ.T, ɲ...) = dugu + jɛ + kan
sigiyɔrɔyɛlɛma (W.S, ɲ...) = sigi + yɔrɔ + yɛlɛma
Finikominɛn (C.B, ɲ...) = fini + ko + minɛn
daɲɛ dorokolen kumaden naanima
maakuntigɛmuru (Ŋ.T, ɲ.10) = maa + kun + tigɛ + muru
musokɔrɔsigiyɔrɔ (Ŋ.T, ɲ.82) = muso + kɔrɔ + sigi + yɔrɔ
sofakuntigi (W.S, ɲ.31) = so + fa + kun + tigi
daɲɛ dorokolen kumaden seeginma
misimusokunkolojeniyɔrɔbarokan (jama) = misi + muso + kun + kolo + jeni + yɔrɔ + baro + kan.
B. Daɲɛ dorokolen kumadenw tɔgɔko
Daɲɛ dorokolen kumadenw nacogo ɲɔgɔn kɔ bɛ na ni danfara donni ye u ɲɛci la daɲɛ kɔnɔ. Лɛci fla ɲɔgɔn b'u Danfara ka Bɔ ɲɔgɔn ma. Kumaden kelen bɛ miiriya tɔgɔ bakuuruba jɔyɔrɔ Fa ninka kelentɔ Kɛ ka miiriya danfarali jɔyɔrɔ Fa. A ɲɛci flaw taalan ye ɲɔgɔn ye. O la, kumaden sugu fla minnu bɛ Kɛ daɲɛ dorokolenw kɔnɔ jɔyɔrɔko siratigɛ la o ye bakuurutɔgɔ ni danfaratɔgɔ ye. Gafe min tɔgɔ ye ko Bamanankan mabɛn (2006, ɲ.131) kɔnɔ, a Fɔra bakuurutɔgɔ ma ko daɲɛ dorokolen nimayɔrɔ.
Misali:
hɔrɔnmuso = hɔrɔn (danfaratɔgɔ) + muso (bakuurutɔgɔ) muso bɛɛ ye muso ye nka muso bɛɛ tɛ hɔrɔnmuso ye, bari baramuso ni furumuso bɛ yen barri furumuso bɛ yen
dugutigi = dugu (danfaratɔgɔ) + tigi (bakuurutɔgɔ) tigi bɛɛ ye tigi ye nka tigi bɛɛ tɛ dugutigi ye bari waritigi bɛ yen
siigiyɔrɔ = sigi (danfaratɔgɔ) + yɔrɔ (bakuurutɔgɔ) yɔrɔ bɛɛ ye yɔrɔ ye nka yɔrɔ bɛɛ tɛ sigiyɔrɔ ye, bari dayɔrɔ ni jɔyɔrɔ bɛ yen.
C. Daɲɛ dorokolen bɔcogo ɲɔgɔn da fɛ
An b'aw Ladɔnniya ko daɲɛw dorokocogo sariya ye tɔgɔ jɔnjɔn blali ye daɲɛ laban na bamanankan na.
Misali: dibisogo ani sogodibi kan tɛ fɛn kelen ma. A daɲɛ fla bɛɛ kɔnɔ-kumadenw ye fla-fla ye wa kumaden kelen minnu bɛ fɔlɔ kɔnɔ o kelenw de bɛ flanan kɔnɔ. A kumadenw sigicogo ka Fɔ ɲɔgɔn kɔ o kɔni tɛ kelen ye. Dibisogo ye sogo dɔ tɔgɔ ye ninka sogodibi Kɛ dibi dɔ tɔgɔ ye. I b'a Ye nin misaliw la ko kumaden labanw de ye kuma kan bɛ min ma ye.
Misali:
serimalo (malo sugu dɔ)
maloseri (seri sugu dɔ)
ɲɔmugu (mugu sugu dɔ)
muguɲɔ (ɲɔ sugu dɔ)
sonɛgɛ (nɛgɛ sugu dɔ)
nɛgɛso (so sugu dɔ)
Dorokolen dɔw kumaden fɔlɔ Ye kuma kan bɛ min ma ye: jakumawara, sanuhɔrɔn…
D. Daɲɛ tonnen
O Ye daɲejuru ye min fla walima caman bɛ Fɔ ka fɛn kelen Kofɔ k’a sɔrɔ u tɛ Sɛbɛn ka Nɔrɔ ɲɔgɔn na u kanhakɛ cogoya fɛ. N’i y’u Sɛbɛn k’u Nɔrɔ o dorokolen bɛ fɛn wɛrɛ Kofɔ min ni u dorokobali kɔrɔ tɛ kelen ye. N’i y’a fan kelen Fɔ k’a tɔ To o tɛ a bɛɛ fɔli ɲɔgɔn fɛ kɔrɔ Jira.
Misali :
E. Daɲɛ dorokolen kɔrɔdɔn
Daɲɛ dorokolenw bɛ Don kɔrɔ minɛn minnu kɔnɔ k'u Suma ka Bɛn miiriya ma olu bɛ Walawala an fɛ yan. O minɛn ninnu bɛ i ko muulu n'i bɛ miiriya tɔgɔda-sababuw don a kɔnɔ i ko bɔgɔ kɛnɛ bɛ Don tufabɔnnan kɔnɔ cogo min na. Bɔgɔ tufaden bɔlen bɛ Kɛ ka sow Jɔ cogo min na, miiriya kura minɛnw donnen tɔgɔdon-minɛn kɔnɔ o bɛ tɔgɔ ɲumanw Dla minnu bɛ Bɛn u miiriyaw weeletɔgɔ hakika ma. An bɛ daɲɛ dorokolen kelen pe Ta k'o tɔgɔdon-minɛn Jira walasa an bɛ Tɛmɛ n'o fɛɛrɛ kelenw ye ko kuraw tɔgɔ dali la. O daɲɛ tɔmɔnen Bɛnna misidaba ma.
An bɛ ɲininkali Kɛ misidaba tɔgɔ Dara o minɛn kura in na cogo di? Yala n'a Fɔra mɔgɔ min ye ko misidaba hali ni a ma Deli ka minɛn in Ye a ɲɛ na a b'a Faamu wa? Yala ni mɔgɔ min ye o minɛn ɲɔgɔn dɔ Ye a bɛ Se ka tɔgɔ Da o la ni misidaba ta dacogo faamuya ye wa?
Ni ɲininkali fla ninnu jaabi ye ko awɔ o b'a Jira ko tɔgɔ kura dalen Bɛnna sababa ma. N'u jaabi Kɛra ayi ye, o kɔrɔ ye ko fɛn kura tɔgɔ dalen ma Faamu.
misidaba = misi + daba
Daɲɛ dorokocogo: tɔgɔ + tɔgɔ Farala ɲɔgɔn kan ka tɔgɔ kelen Di.
Tɔgɔ nalen fɔlɔ (misi) ye danfaratɔgɔ ye
Tɔgɔ nalen laban (daba) ye bakuurutɔgɔ ye
Kɛ
Tɔgɔ in bɛ Dala minɛn min na o tɔgɔda-sababu dɔw Flɛ:
- minɛn in ɲɛci ni an bolominɛn dɔ ta bɛɛ ye kelen ye min bɛ Weele an fɛ ko daba. A n'o bɔlen tɛ ɲɔgɔn fɛ nka u ɲɛci ye kelen ye.
- minɛn in bɛ Sama misiw fɛ k'a ɲɛci Waleya, o waleyabaa ni an bolodaba kɔrɔ ta tɛ kelen ye.
bakuurutɔgɔ = daba
danfaratɔgɔ = misi
misali kumasen = misi bɛ Da daba min na k'a Sama.
Mabɛn fɛɛrɛ = baara waleyabaa + baara waleyaminɛn kan ka minɛn tɔgɔ Da.
kɔrɔko tɔgɔdon-minɛn = A ye baara waleyabaa ye min bɛ baara waleyaminɛn B Bla waleyali la
Tɔgɔdon-minɛn sugu ka ca. Miiriya kelen bɛ Se ka caman Sɔrɔ. Лɛnawolomani de bɛ Kɛ o la ni min y'i Dya k'o Ta.
Walasa tɔgɔdon-minɛnko ka Faamu a ɲɛ bɛrɛbɛrɛ ma, an bɛ a misali damadɔ Di fransɛkan ni anglɛkan ni bamanankan na. Fransɛkan na a bɛ Weele ko matrice. Anglɛkan na, a bɛ Weele ko matrix. O la, an b'an wasa Don ACCT (1985, ɲ.63) ka gafe bɔlen Guide de reccherche en lexicographie et terminologie kɔnɔmisali dɔw la.
A ka c'a la, miiriya minnu bɛ tɔgɔ dali sababuya fɛn kura la ni dorokoli fɛɛrɛ ye olu ye:
- Fɛn kura ɲɛci/mago (kumaden dɔ ka kan ka Sɔrɔ dorokolen kɔnɔ min bɛ fɛn kura ɲɛci Kofɔ: wugufara, jiminfara ):
- Fɛn kura fanw tɔgɔ (kumaden dɔ ka kan ka Sɔrɔ dorokolen kɔnɔ min bɛ fɛn kura fan dɔ tɔgɔ Jira)
- Fɛn kura Dlara yɔrɔ kɛrɛnkɛrɛnnen min kama (kumaden ka kan Sɔrɔ dorokolen na min bɛ mɔgɔ Sɔmi a bɛ mago ɲɛ yɔrɔ min na)
- Fɛn kura dlalen bɛ fɛn min kɔnɔ wali fɛn min b'a kɔnɔ (kumaden dɔ ka ka k'a Jira fɛn kura yankan b'a To a bɛ Don fɛn min kɔnɔ wali fɛn min bɛ Don a kɔnɔ)- Fɛn kura Dlara ni bɔgɔ sugu min ye (kumaden dɔ ka kan ka Sɔrɔ dorokolen na min bɛ mɔgɔ hakili Lajigin minɛn in sogo ye fɛn kelen min ye: n'a sogo ye jiri ye, mana, nɛgɛ, fara, ...).
II. Dorokoli fɛɛrɛ tali ka miiriya kura tɔgɔ Da
An bɛ n'an Sinsin tɔgɔdon-minɛn dalilu kan an ka masala in na ka tɔgɔ Лini sukaro la min kulu kɔnɔ sukaro suguya 8 bɛ yen. O suguya 8 ye miiriya kura ye bamanankan na n'u fana tɔgɔ ma Sɔrɔ fɔlɔ. U tɔgɔ Flɛ nin ye fransɛkan na: sucre = maltose, saccharose, cellulose, lactose; hexose, glucose/dextrose, fructose/levulose; pentose/ribose. Sukaro ninnu tla-tlalen don kulu ni kulu ye ni u kɔnɔ basimafɛn hakɛ dalilu ye. Kunnafoni minnu bɛ ka Di nin yɔrɔ miiriyaw kan olu Bɔra Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia (bakuurugafe) 2008 kɔnɔ.
Sani an ka Se yɔrɔ jan, an b'a Fɔ ko tɔgɔdon-minɛn bɛ tali Kɛ tɔgɔda-sababu min kan k'o bɛ Se ka Caya miiriya kelen bolo. O la, tɔgɔda-sababu minnu bɛ Sɔrɔ miiriya la an bɛ olu Sɛrɛda fɔlɔ kasɔrɔ ka an Лɛnawoloma u cɛ la ka sugandilen tɔgɔdon-minɛn Jira ninka miiriya tɔgɔ Bɔ o kɔnɔ.
misali: bolifɛn sen flama Nana farafinna kɔnɔ waati min na, bɛɛ y'a tɔgɔda-sababu Kɛ fɛn ye min n'a bɛ sira la i ka tabiya kɔnɔ.
Mali kɔnɔ (bamanankan):
A tɔgɔda-sababu Kɛra: fɛn kura min ɲɛci bɛ tali Kɛ so ɲɛci kan
O tɔgɔdon-minɛn: A bɛ B ka kɛta Kɛ
O Bangera tɔgɔ min na o Kɛra: nɛgɛso (so nɛgɛlama). A bɔlen tɛ so fɛ nk'a bɛ so jɔyɔrɔ Fa yɛlɛnkan siratigɛ la.
Cinwa Aʃebe ka gafe Things fall apart (1950 ?) b'a Jir'an na ko bamanankan ka nɛgɛso tɔgɔda-sababu kelen in ye Igbow Bla k'a tɔgɔ Da ni A bɛ B ka kɛta Kɛ tɔgɔdon-minɛn kelen in ye.
Santrafrik kɔnɔ (sango):
Tɔgɔda-sababu: minɛn kura senw Dlara bɔgɔ min na n'o ye mana ye.
tɔgɔdon-minɛn: A ye B dlabɔgɔ ye ka C bakuuruba tɔgɔ Da, B ye min fan dɔ ye la.
tɔgɔ dalen: manasennma
boliikow fɛ yen:
A tɔgɔda-sababu Kɛra: sen hakɛ min b'a la (2) o faralen mɔgɔ sen hakɛ (2) kan o bɛ sen naani Di min bɛ na Teliya ni senflalataama ye.
O tɔgɔdon-minɛn: A hakɛ bɛ B ka teliya Jira
tɔgɔ dalen: sennaani (olu ka tɔgɔda-sababu ni tubabukan ta bɛ tali Kɛ ɲɔgɔn na i komin "sen teliman: minɛn ka baara nɔ/kɔla".
Lilikow fɛ yen: train
tɔgɔ dalen: mambele-ma-suka
tɔgɔda-sababu: minɛn in bɔcogo a nɔ na n'a bɛ Taa a kun fla bɛɛ fɛ
kumajago-sen talen: bisigili kɛli train ni saninkunfla cɛ o min bɛ taa i kun fla bɛɛ kan
Bamananw fɛ yen: train
tɔgɔ dalen: sisikurun
Tɔgɔda-sababu: kurun min bɛ sisi Bɔ a taatɔ
Tɔgɔdon-minɛn: A ye B ka fɛn bɔlen ye
Nimadɔn ni basidɔn jɛ ye sukaroko miiriya kalan ye. Komin an bɛ na Don sukaro n'a bɔnnaw na k'u tɔgɔ dacogo Лini bamanankan na, an b'a dɔnniya Weele fɔlɔ ko nimabasidɔn.
Sucre = sukaro, o tɔgɔ b'an bolo ka kɔrɔ, hali n'a y'a sɔrɔ ko a tɔgɔ ye daɲɛ singalen ye
Finnan den 12 bɛ sukaro minnu kɔnɔ
disaccharide / polysaccharide
- Finnan den 12 sukarow ka kulu tɔgɔ = maflasukaro / tanniflalasukaro
maltose (C12H22O11):
tɔgɔda-sabanu n'o bɔnnatɔgɔ
- A bɛ Sɔrɔ mugu la ka caya = mugusukaro
- A bɛ Dla denw ka dumuni sukaroko kama, bari a yeele ka di = densukaro / dendumuni-sukaro
- A bɛ Sɔrɔ kabamugu la ka caya = kabasukaro
saccharose/sucrose:
Tɔgɔda-sababuw n'o bɔnnatɔgɔ
- A dunni forobayalen don ni sukaro tɔ bɛɛ ta ye = forobasukaro
- A bɛ Bɔ sukarokala la ka caya = kalasukaro / ɲiminkala-sukaro
- A ka c'a la a ka jɛ pasi = Sukarojɛ
- A timiya ka bon ni sukaro tɔ bɛɛ ta ye = legelegesukaro / timitimi-sukaro
celulose:
Tɔgɔda-sababu n'o bɔnnatɔgɔ
- A bɛ Sɔrɔ jiriw ji la ka caya, a tɛ bagan caman fari la = jiriji-sukaro
- A tɛ Yeele jimafɛnw na = yeelebalisukaro
- A bɛ sɛbɛnfura Labɛn ka Kɛ kartɔn wali golo-ladegefɛnw ye = sɛbɛndla-sukaro
- A ɲɛci bɛ fini dɔw dlali la = finidla-sukaro
- A bɛ Kɛ ka wɛɛrɛ minnen Dla = minnisukaro
- A bɛ safunɛ dlafɛnw na, (i b'a ye an ka musow bɛ sɛgɛmajiriw jeni ka Kɛ safunɛlafɛnw ye togodaw la) = safunɛsukaro / sɛgɛsukaro
- A bɛ nɔrɔlanw kɛfɛnw na = nɔrɔlansukaro
- Mɛnɛnfɛn ni poronfɛn duman caman lakɛfɛn don (kɔɔrimugu min bɛ Mɛnɛn ka marifa mugu Mɛnɛn cili kama) = mɛnɛnfɛn-sukaro / poronfɛn-sukaro
lactose:
Tɔgɔda-sababu n'o bɔnnatɔgɔ
- A bɛ Sɔrɔ nɔnɔ na = nɔnɔsukaro
- A ɲɛci ka bon sinminfɛnw denw baloli la = sinjisukaro
- A ɲɛci ka bon nɔɔnɔdla la = nɔɔnɔlabɛn-sukaro
- A bɛ Kɛ furakisɛlaka caman na = furakisɛ-sukaro
Finnan den 6 bɛ sukaro minnu kɔnɔ (kunwɔɔrɔsukaro)
Monosaccharide
- Sukaro min tɛ se ka ci ka kɛ fla ye = kolokelen-sukaro
hexose:
- finnan den wɔɔrɔ bɛ sukaro min na = wɔɔrɔlasukaro (mun wɔɔrɔla b'a kɔnɔ? finnan)
glucose/dextrose (C6H12O6):
Tɔgɔda-sababu n'o bɔnnatɔgɔ
- A bɛ Sɔrɔ di nɔɔnɔ na = dinɔɔnɔ-sukaro
- A ka ca npekuden nɔɔnɔ na = npekusukaro
- A bɛ Sɔrɔ jiridennɔɔnɔ bɛɛ la = nɔɔnɔsukaro
- A bɛ Kɛ ka golo Dogi = dogolisukaro
- A bɛ Kɛ galamugu la = galasukaro
- A bɛ Kɛ farijidɛsɛ furakɛji la = fariji-sukaro
- A bɛ Kɛ sɔrɔmu ye = sɔrɔmusukaro
fructose/levulose:
Tɔgɔda-sababu n'o bɔnnatɔgɔ
- A bɛ Sɔrɔ jiriden timiman bɛɛ la = jiriden-sukaro / jirinɔɔnɔ-sukaro
- A bɛ Kɛ ka dlɔ Labɛn = dlɔdonsukaro
Finnan den 5 bɛ sukaro minnu kɔnɔ
pentose/ribose:
Tɔggɔda-sababu n'o bɔnnatɔgɔ
- finnan den duuru bɛ sukaro min na = duurulasukaro
xylose (C5H10O5):
Tɔggɔda-sababu n'o bɔnnatɔgɔ
- A tɛ Yeele mɔgɔ joli la = jolikɔn-sukaro
- Sukarodun-banatɔw ka sukaro dunta don = banabaatɔsukaro
- Bonyali bɛrɛkɛɲɛ sukaro don = bɛrɛbɛn-sukaro
- A bɛ Sɔrɔ jiri bu, kolo, fara la = jiribu-sukaro
III. Jɛkafɔ lawulikunba
Jɛkafɔ in kɛli kunba bamanankan na o ye ka daɲɛ minnu bɛ kandɔn bolofara in na "miiriya-tɔgɔda" k'olu sangadaɲɛ Sɔrɔ bamanankan na ten sa. Ka Bɔ jɛkafɔ daminɛ na ka Se a laban ma, miiriyadaɲɛ kura bi naani Sɔrɔla an fɛ bamanankan na.
Bamananw Ko ten, ko n'i ma tu Bugɔ k'i t'a kɔnɔko Dɔn. An ye miiriya-tɔgɔda dɔnniya tu Bugɔ k'a kɔnɔdaɲɛ bi naani Kɛ an dɔnfɛn ye. Dɔnniya fɛn o fɛn tigi bɛ Mali kɔnɔ, o ka kan k'a Lajɛ ka nin ɲɔgɔn jɛkafɔw Karaba Mali kan dɔ la k'a dɔnniya masina daɲɛw Koronto ka Kɛ o kan kɔnɔ. O bɛ Kɛ i n'a fɔ Kr Dukure (2008) ye bangudɔn tu Bugɔ ka Bɔ ni kòlonci (hyperbole) ni funtunci (parabole) daɲɛw ye cogo min na walima i n'a fɔ Kr Drisa Jakite (2006) ye mabɛn tu Bugɔ cogo min na ka Bɔ ni ladɔn (participe) ni kan tɔgɔrɛ (niveau de langue) ye. An ka bi daɲɛ sɔrɔlenw sɛrɛdalen Flɛ nin ye.
Tɔgɔkaraba = catachrèse
siyayɛlɛma = recatégorisation
kan tɔgɔrɛ* = niveau de langue
ladɔn* = participe
funtunci* = parabole
kolonci* = hyperbole
bangudɔn* = physique
kandɔn* = linguistique
finnan* = carbone
miiriya-tɔgɔda = taxonomie / dénomination de concept
kankabila = famille de langue
kandɔnna = linguiste
ɲinini = recherche
kɔnɔminɛn = élément endogɛne
farafinnakanw danfarali = classification des langues africaines
Mandenkan kankulu = langue du groupe manden
Niger-kongo kankabila = famille niger-congo
jɛkafɔ = conférence
tɔgɔda-fɛɛrɛ = procédé de dénomination
bɔnnako = dérivation
Kɔrɔlafa = polysémisation
Kanhakɛ-karaba = néologie tonique
siyayɛlɛma = recatégorisation
tɔgɔkaraba = catachrɛse
daɲɛsinga* = emprunt
daɲɛ-kumaden* = morphɛme lexical
kalanfoori-sɛbɛn = mémoire
dorokocogo = morphologie
kumaden* = morphɛme
bakuurutɔgɔ = déterminé
danfaratɔgɔ = déterminant
kɔrɔdɔn = sémantique
tɔgɔda-sababuw = motivation
tɔgɔdon-minɛn = matrice
wugufara = schiste
jiminfara = micaschiste
basimafɛn = produit/élément chimique
bakuurugafe = encyclopédie
Nimadɔn* = biologie
basidɔn* = chimie
bɔnna = dérivé
nimabasidɔn = biochimieDoolo (*) bɛ daɲɛ minnu na olu ye ɲinini wɛrɛ kɛbaaw ka daɲɛ sɔrɔlenw ye.
Blàdon : 2015-01-10 Yɛlɛmako laban : 2016-07-09
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