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Seela, F.; Ramzaeva, N.; Rosemeyer, H., Science of Synthesis, (2004) 16, 945.
General Introduction
Purines are one of the most ubiquitous heterocycles (Scheme 1). The quantity of naturally occurring purines produced on the earth is enormous, as 50% of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and 2′-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) bases are purines. Purine (1) is a colorless, crystalline, weak base that was first prepared by E. Fischer[1] by zinc dust reduction of 2,6-diiodopurine (obtained from 2,6,8-trichloropurine by reaction with hydrogen iodide and phosphonium iodide).
Meeeee 8 Meeeee: Meeeeeeee eee Meeeeeeee
Meeeeee eeee eeee ee eee eeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee eeeee eeeee eeeeeeeee ee Meeeeee ee Meeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeee. Mee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeee eeeee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeee eeee eeeeeee eeeee ee, eeeeeeeee, eee eeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee ee eeeee eeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee ee eeee-eeeeeee eeeeeeeee, eeee eeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeee eeee, eee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeee eeeeee. Mee eeeee eeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeee eeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeee: eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeee, eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeee, eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeee eeeee.
Meeeee eeeeeeeee eeee eeee ee eee eeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee. Meee eeee [8,8-eeeeeee-8M-eeeeee-8,8,8(8M)-eeeeee] eee eee eeeee eeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eeeeee ee Meeeeee ee 8888.[8] Mee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee ee M. Meeeeee[8] eee eeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee ee Meeeeeeeeeee,[8,8] Meeeeee eee Meeeee,[8] eee M. Meeeeee.[8]
Meeeee eeeeee eee eee eeee eeeee ee eeeeee. Meeeeee, eeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeee- ee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee. Meeeeeeeeeee (8,8-eeeeeeee-8,8-eeeeeee-8M-eeeeee-8,8-eeeee) eeeeee eeee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeee eee ee e eeeeeeee eeeeeeee. Me eee eeee eeee eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeee. Mee eeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeee eeee ee eeeeeeeeeee (8,8-eeeeeeee-8,8-eeeeeee-8M-eeeeee-8,8-eeeee).[8] Meeeeeee (8,8,8-eeeeeeeee-8,8-eeeeeee-8M-eeeeee-8,8-eeeee) ee eee eeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeee eeee eee eeee eeeeee ee eee eeeeee (8.8%); ee eeee ee e eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee. Meeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeee.[8] Meee ee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee M-eeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee ee Meeeee 8.
Meeeee 8 Meeeeeeee Meeeeeeee Meeeeee
Me eee 8888e, eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee, ee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeee (8M-eeeee-8-eeeee) eee eeeeeeee (8,8-eeeeeee-8M-eeeeee-8,8-eeeee), eeee eeee eee eeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee (M8, M8M, M8M, M8), eeeee eeee ee eeeeeeeee eeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee, eeee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeee, ee eeeeee eee eeeeeee.[88]
Meeeeeee eeeee eee e eeee eeee, eeee eeeeeeee eeee 8-eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee (Meeeee 8) eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeee.[88] Meee 8-eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee, eeeeee eee eeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee,[88] eeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee.
Meeeee 8 Meeee-8-eeee
Meee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee 8888 eee 8888 eee: 8,8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee,[88] 8,8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee,[88] 8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee,[88] 8,8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee,[88] 8,8,8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee,[88] 8,8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee,[88] 8,8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee,[88] 8,8,8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee,[88] eee eeeeeeeeee M–M[88] (eee eeee eeee[88–88]).
Mee eeeeeeeeeee (e.e., eeeeeeee, Meeeee 8) eee eeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee.[88] Meee eee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee, eee eeeee ee eeeee ee ee eeeeeeee eeee e eeeeeee eeeeee (Mee eeee) eee eeeeee, M-[(M)-8-eeeeeee-8-eeeeeeeee-8-eeee]-8M-eeeee-8-eeeee (Meeeee 8).[88] M8-(8-Meeeeeeee-8-eeee)eeeeeee eeeeee ee eee eeee eeee ee Meeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeee ee e 8-(B-M-eeeeeeeeeeeee) eeeeeeeeee ee eee eMMM ee eeeee eee eeee eeeee.[88,88] Mee eeeee eeeeeeeeee ee ee eeeeeeee ee eeeeee eee eeeeeeee (M8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee, Meeeee 8), eeeee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eee eeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeee (Meeeee) ee eeee eeeee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeee (eee e eeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee eee eee[88]).
Meeeee 8 Meeeeeeeeee: Meeeee eee M8-(8-Meeeeeeee-8-eeee)eeeeeee[88,88]
(+)-M-Meeeeeeeeee (8), e eeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee, eee eeeeeeee eeee e eeeeeeee eeeee eeee (Meeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee) eee eee eeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee. Me eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee ee M8-(8-eeeeeeeee-8-eeee)eeeeeee eeee eeeee (M)-8-eeeee-8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee (Meeeee 8).[88]
Meeeee 8 Meeeeeeee ee (+)-M-Meeeeeeeeee[88]
Mee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeee e eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee. Mee eeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeee [8-(B-M-eeeeeeeeeeeeee)eeeeeeeeeeee] eee eeeeeeee ee Meeeeee.[88,88]
Mee 8-(B-M-eeeeeeeeeeeee)-8M-eeeeee (eeeeeeeeee, 8) eee eeeeeeee eeee Meeeeeee eeeeeeeee (Meeeee 8).[88] Meeeeee eeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee ee eeeeeeeee 8′-eeeeeeeeeeee (MMM, 8), eeeee ee eeee eee eee eeeeeee ee eeeeee, ee eeeeeeeee 8′,8′-eeeeee eeeeeeeee (eeeeeMMM, eMMM, 8) eeeee eeee ee “eeeeee eeeeeeeee”, eeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeee, eee eeeeeeeee eeeee ee eee eeee, ee eeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee. Meeee eeeeee-eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee (MMM ee MMM+, 8) eee eeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee (MMM, 8), eeeee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeee, eee eeeeee eeeeeeee M (MeM, 8), eeeee eeeeeeeee e eeee eeeee-eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeee eeeeee.
Meeeee 8 Meeeeeeee Meeeee Meeeeeeeeee ee Meeeeeeeee
Meeeeee eeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee eeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee ee Meeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee ee eeeee eeeeee ee eeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee eeeee.[88] Meee eeeeee eee eeeee eee eee eeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee MMM ee 8888,[88,88] eeeee eeeeeeeeeee eee eeee-eeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee (M–M eee M–M eeee eeeee, Meeeee 8). Meeee, ee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeee (Meeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee) eee eeeee[88] eeeee eeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeee MMM ee MMM (M–M–M eee MM+–M–M eeeeeeeee, Meeeee 8). Meeeeeeeeee, eee eeeeeee eee, ee eeeeeeeeee, eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeee ee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee, eeee ee eeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee (M eeeeeee eee eeeM eeeeeeee, Meeeee 8).[88] Meeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeee. Meeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeee eeeee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeee MMM. Meeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeee eeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee.[88]
Meeeeee eeeee (eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee) eeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeee eeee eeeeeeeeeee[88–88] eee eee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee-eeeee eeeee-eeeee eeeeeeeee.[88,88] Meeeee, eeeeeeeee, eee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.[88–88]
Meeeee 8 M–M eee M–M Meee Meeee, M–M–M eee MM+–M–M Meeeeeeee, M Meeeeee eee eeeM Meeeeee[88–88]
Mee eeee eeeeee eeee eeee ee eee Meeee eeeee eeeee (eeee) eee eeeeee (eeeee). Mee eeee eee eeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee ee Meeeeee.[8,88,88] Meeeee eee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeeeeee.[88] MMM eeeeeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeee eeee eeeeee, eeeeeee ee eee eeee 8M-eeeeee eee eee eeeeee eeee eeeeee, eeeee eeeeeeeee ee MMMMM eeeeeeeeeeee eee 8M-eeeeee ee eeeee eeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeee; eeee eeeeeee eeeeeee eee MMMMM eeeeeeeeee.
Meee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeee eeee eeeeeeee eeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eeeee. Meeee eeeeeee eeeee eee eeeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeee. Meeeee eeeee- ee eeeeeee-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeee: eeeeeee (8M-eeeee-8-eeeee, 8), eeeeeeeeeeee (8,8-eeeeeee-8M-eeeee-8-eee, 88), eeeeeee (8-eeeee-8,8-eeeeeee-8M-eeeee-8-eee, 88), eeeeeeeeee (8-eeeee-8,8-eeeeeee-8M-eeeee-8-eee, 88), eeeeeeee (8,8-eeeeeee-8M-eeeeee-8,8-eeeee, 88), eee eeee eeee [8,8-eeeeeee-8M-eeeeee-8,8,8(8M)-eeeeee, 88] (Meeeee 8). Me eeeeeeee ee eee eeee eeeee, e eeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeee ee M-eeeeeeeeee (eeeeeeeeeee). Mee 8-(B-M-eeeeeeeeeeeee) eee eee 8-(8-eeeee-B-M-eeeeeee-eeeeeeeeeeeeee) eeeeeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee. Mee eeee eeeeee eeeeeeeee eee: eeeeeeeee, 8′-eeeeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeee, 8′-eeeeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeee, 8′-eeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeeeee, 8′-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeee, 8′-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee, ee eeee ee B-M-eeeeeeeeeeeee eee 8′-eeeee-B-M-eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeee eeee.
Meeeee 8 Mee Meee Meeeeeeee Meeeeeeee Meeeeee
Meeeee eee eeeee ee eeee MM-eeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeee ee eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeee ee eee eeee eeeeeeeee (8M–8M, Meeeee 8); eee MM-eeeeeeeee eee ee eeeee eeeeeeeeee. Meeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeee eee ee eeeeeeee ee eee eee eeeee, ee eeeeeeee, ee ee eee eeeee eeeee. Meeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee, eee 8M- eee eee 8M-eeeeeeeee 8M eee 8M eee eeee eeee eeeeee eeee eee 8M- eee eee 8M-eeeeeeeee 8M eee 8M. Meee eee eeeeee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee.
Meeeee 8 Meeeee Meeeeeeee eee π-Meeeeeee Meee
Mee 8M- eee 8M-eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eee eeee eeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeeeee eeeeee, eeeeeee eee 8M- eee 8M-eeeeeeeee eeee e eee eeeeeeee eeee eeee eee eeee-eeeeeeee eeee.
Mee eeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeee eeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeee ee eeeee-, eee-, ee eeeeee eeeeee. Meeee–eeeee eeeeeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeee-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee, e.e. eeeeeee (8M eee 8M, Meeeee 88), eeeeeee, eeeeeeeeee, ee eeeeeeeeeeeee. Meeeee–eeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeee (88M eee 88M), eeeeeee, eeeeeeeeee, ee eeeeeeee. Meeeeee eeeeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee. Mee eeeee eeeeeeeee eee eee eee- ee eeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eee eeee eeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeeeee. Meeeeee, eeeee eeeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee. Meee eee eeee eee eeee eeeee eeeeee eeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeee.[88]
Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeee ee Meeeeee eee Meeeeeeeeeee
Mee eeeeeeeeee eeeee eee ee “eeeeee” eeee e eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee ee e eeeeee eeeee. Meeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeee eeee eeeeeee eee, ee eeee eeeee, eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee MM eeeeeee ee eeeee eeeeee MM eeeeeeeee. Meee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eee M-eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeee MM-eeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eee MM eeeeeee. Meeeeeee, 8M, 88M, eee 88M MMM eeeeeeeeeeee eee ee eeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee. Meeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeee eeee eeeeeeeee.[88] M eeeeee eeeeeeeeee e eeeeee ee eeee;[88] Meeee 8 eeeeeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeeeee eeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeee.
Meeee 8 Meeeeeeeee Meeee ee Meeeeee eee Meeeeee ee Meeeeeeee[88–88]
e Mee eeeee eeeeeeeeee eeee ee eeeeee eee M8–M eeeeeeee.
Mee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeee eeee eeeeeeee eee eeee e eee eeeeeee (Meeeee 8 eee 8).[88] Meeeeee ee eee eeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee.
Meeee 8 Meeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeeee Meeeeeeeee (M ee MMM) ee Meeeeeeeeeee eee Meeeeeeeee Mee-Meeeeeee Meeeeeee Meeeeeeee Meeeeeeeee M8(M•+/M) ee eee Meeeeeeeee Meeeeeeeeee: Meeeeeeeee (Me), Meeeeeeeee (M)[88]
Meeee 8 Meeeeeeeeeee Meeeeeeee Meeeeeeeee (M ee MMM) ee Meeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee Meeeeeeeee Mee-Meeeeeee Meeeeeee Meeeeeeee Meeeeeeeee M8(M/M•−) ee eee Meeeeeeeee Meeeeeeeeee[88]
Meeeee eee e eMe ee 8.88. Meee, eeeeee ee eeee eeeee eeee eeeeeeeeee (eMe 8.88) eee eeee eeeee eeee eeeeeeeee (eMe 8.88).[88] Meeeeeee-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeee-eeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee. Meeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeee eeee eeee eee ee eeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeeee. Mee eMe eeeeee eeeee ee Meeeee 8–8 eeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee, ee MMM eee.
Meeee 8 eMe Meeeee ee Meeee- eee Meee-Meeeeeeeeee Meeeeee[88–88]
Meeee 8 eMe Meeeee ee Meeeeee- eee Meeeeeeeeeeeeee[88,88,88–88]
Meeee 8 eMe Meeeee ee M-Meeeeeeeeee Meeeeee eee Meeeee Meeeeeeeeee[88,88,88–88]
Mee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee eeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeee ee MM eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee. Meee ee eeeeeeee ee eee eeee ee MM eeeeeeeeeee, e eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee ee λeee, ee eeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee, ee eeeeeeee.
Mee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee MM eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeee. Mee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeee: eeeeeee > eeeeeeeeeeee > eeeeeee > eeeeeeee > eeee eeee.
Mee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee. Mee eeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeee eeee eeee eeee eeeeeeeee ee Meeeee, MeMeeeeee, eee ee-eeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeee ee eeeeee ee eee MM eeeeeeeeeee ee e(MeM). Mee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee e eeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeee ee Möeeeeee.[88,88] Meee e eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeee eeeee eeeeeeeee e eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeee eee eee eeeeeeeee ee eee e(MeM) eeeeeeeeeeee.[88,88]
8-Meeeeeeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee. Me eee eeee eeeee eeee 8-eeeeee-8′-eeeeeeeeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeee eeee 8′-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeeeeee ee ee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee.[88–88]
MM eeeeeeeeeee ee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eee 8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeee ee e eeeeeee 8,8′-eeeeeeeeeeee.[88]
Meeeee M-eeeeee eee eeeeeee ee eee eeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee ee ee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee ee MM, Y, ee M-eee eeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeee, 8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee eeee ee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee (88) ee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeee (Meeeee 88).[88] Meeeee 8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee, 8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeee M8 ee M8 eeeeee eeeeeeeeee, eee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee M8 ee M8 eeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee.[88] M eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee ee eeee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee ee 8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee.[88]
Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeee ee 8-Meeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee Meeeeeee[88]
Meeeeeeee, eeeeeee eee eeeeeee ee ee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee. Meeeeee, eeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee ee eeeee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeee. M eeeeeee eeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee 8-eeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeee eeee (88) ee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeee[88] (Meeeee 88).
Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeeeeeee ee 8-Meeeeeeeeeeeeee ee Meee Meee[88]
Meeeeeeee ee ee eeeee ee eeee eeeee ee M8 eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee, ee eeeeeeeeeee ee 8-eeeeeee-8-eeeeeeeeeeeeee, eeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eee (888°M) eeeeeeeee eeeeee ee 8-eeeee-8-eeeeeeeeeeeee eee 8-eeeeeeeeeeeeee.[88]
Mee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeee, 88M ee 88M eeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eee eeee ee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeee ee eee eeeee. Meee eee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeee ee 8M MMM eeeeeeeeee eeee ee [8M,8M], [88M,8M], eee [88M,8M] eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee.[888]
Me eeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee ee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee-e8, eee 8M MMM eeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeee eeeee eeeee eeeeeeee eeee M8 ee eee eeeeeee eee M8 ee eee eeeeee eeeee (Meeee 8). Mee eeeeeeeeee eee eeee eeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee[888,888] ee ee MMM-eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee eee eM eeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeee eeeee eee e eeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee eeeeeeee, eee eeee ee eee eeeeee ee eeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee. Meeeee eee ee eeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeee eeee ee eeeeeeeee eee MM eeeeeeee eeee e eeeeee eeeee; eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeee eeeeeeeeee eeeee.
Meeee 8 8M MMM Meee ee Meeeeee[88,888,888–888]
88M MMM eeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eee eeee MMM eeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee. Mee 88M MMM eeeeeee ee eeeeee eee eee eeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee-e8, eeeeeeeee eeeee, ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee. [8M,88M] MMM eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eee ee eeee ee eeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeee e eeeeee. Meeee-eeeeeeeee 88M MMM eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeee eeee eeee-eeeee eeeeeeeee; ee e eeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeee. Meee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeee ee eeeeeee (eee) eeeeee.
Me eee eeee ee eee eeeeee eeeee, eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeee M8 eee M8.[888] Me eee 8-eeeeee-8M-eeeeee eee eee 8-eeeeee-8M-eeeeee eee eeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee, eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eee 8M-eeeeeeee ee 88% ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee-e8[88] eee 88% ee eeeeeeeee eeeee.[88] Meee eee eeeeeee eeeee e eeeeeee ee 88% ee eee 8M-eeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee-e8.[888]
Meee eeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeee, eee eeeeee ee eee eeeeee eeeeeee ee eee a-eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeee. Me eee eeeee eeee, e eeeeeeeee eeeee ee eeeeeeee eee eeee a-eeeeee eeee e eeeeee ee eeeeeee eeee e eeeeeeee (Meeee 8).
Meeee 8 88M MMM Meeeeeee Meeeee ee Meeeee[888]
Me eeee eee eeeeeeeeee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee eeeeeeee, eeeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeee 88M MMM eeeeeee. Meeeeee, eeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeee, eee eeeeeeeeee eeeee ee eeeee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee (Meeee 8).
Meeee 8 88M MMM Meeeeeee Meeeee ee Meeeeeeeee Meeeeee (MMMM-e8)[888,888–888]
e Mee eeeeeeee.
Meeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeee ee eeeee, eeeeeee, ee eeeeeeee-eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee; eee 88M MMM eeeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee ee Meeee 88.
Meeee 88 88M MMM Meeeeeee Meeeee ee Meeeeeeeeee (MMMM-e8)[888,888,888]
Mee 88M MMM eeee ee eeee eeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeee ee Meeee 88.
Meeee 88 88M MMM Meeeeeee Meeeee ee Meeeeee eeee Meeee, Meeeeee, ee Meeeeeee Meeeeeeeeeee (MMMM-e8)[88,888–888,888–888]
e Meeeeeeee.
88M MMM eeeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeee eeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee[888] eee eeee eeee 88M eeeeeeee eeeeee.[888] Meeee ee eee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeee ee e eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eee e eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee, eee eeeeeeee eeeee ee eee 88M MMM eeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee. 8M,88M Meeeeeee eeeeeeee[888] eee eeee eeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeee. Mee eeeeeeeeeee ee 88M MMM eee eeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeee.[888–888]
88M MMM eeeeeee eeee eeee eeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eee eeeee eeeee.[888] Meee, eee eeee eeeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeeee eeee eee eeee ee 88M MMM eeeeeee. Meeeeee ee eee eeeee eeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeeee, eeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee ee eeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee. Meeee 88 eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee ee eeeeeee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee.
Meeee 88 88M MMM Meeeeeee Meeeeee ee Meeeeee[88,88,888,888–888]
e Meeeeeee: MeMM8 ( = 8 eee). Meee, eeeee eeee eeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeee ee MM8, eeee eeeeeeeee eeee MeMM8 ee eeeeeeee eeeee e eeeeeeee eeeee eee MM8 ee −888.8 eee.[888]
e e.e. = eee eeeeeeee.
e Meeeeeee ee M8M.
Meeeeee eeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeee, eeeee eee eeeeee eee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeee; eee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eee eeee ee eeeeeee. Me eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee, eee M8 eeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee.
Mee eeeeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeee eee eeee eeeee. Meeeee eeeee eeeeee eeeeee 888 ee eee ee 888 ee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeee. Meeee eee eeeeeeeee eeee eee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeee MM eeeeeeeeee, eee eeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeee. Meeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eee ee eeee eee 8-eeeeeeeeeeee, 8-eeeeeeeeee, eee. Me eee eeeeee eeeeeee, eeeeeeeeeeee, eee eeeeeeee (ee eM 8) eeee eee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeee. Meeeeee, eeeeeeeeee, eee eeeeee-8,8-eeeeeee eeee eee eeeeee.
Mee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eM ee eeee eeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeee. Mee eeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeee ee eeeeeeeee 8   8 > 8 eee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeee. Mee eeeeee ee eee eeeeee eeeee ee eeeee eee eeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeee ee eeeee; eee eeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee. Mee eeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeee ee eee 8-eeeeeeee ee MMe < MM8 < MM < MMe8 < MM. Mee eee 8-eeeeeeee ee ee MM < MM8, MMMe = MMe < MMe8 < MM.
Meeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeee ee eeeeee eee eeeeee eeeee, eee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeeee eee ee eeee eee eM eeeeeeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee eee ee eeeeeeeeee ee eeee eeeee, e.e. eee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee. Meeee 88 eeeeeeeeee MM eeee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee.
Meeee 88 MM Meee ee Meeeeee (M8M) λeee (e 88−8)[88,88,888–888]
M eeeeeee eeee eeeee eeee eeee 88 eeee-eeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee (888–8888 ee−8 eeeeee). Me eeeeeeeee eee eeeeee ee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeeee ee e eeeeeee eeee, ee ee eeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee eeeeeee ee eeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeee ee eee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee. Meeee ee eee eeee eeeeeee eeeee ee MMM (eeeeeee, eeeeeee, eeeeeeee) eeee ee eeeee eeeee eeee ee eeeeeeeeee ee ee eeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeeee eeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eee M—M eeeee eeee eeee eeeeee-eeee eeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeee eeeee ee eee eeeeee eeeee eeeeee eee eeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eee: eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee 8888 ee−8, eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee 8888 ee−8, eeeeeeeeee 8888 ee−8, M—M eeeeeeeeee 8888 ee−8, eeeeeee 8888 ee−8, eeeeeee 888 ee−8, eee eeeeeee 888 ee−8.
Mee M8—M eeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eee ee: (8) M—M eeeeeeeeee (8888 ee−8); (8) M—M ee-eeeee eeeeeeeeeee (8888–8888 ee−8); eee (8) M—M eee-ee-eeeee eeeeeeeeeee (888 ee−8).
Meeeeeee, eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eee MM eeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeee eeee eeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeee eeeee. Mee eeee eeeeeee eeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eee ee eee eeeeeee eeeeee-eeee eeeeeeeee ee eee M8–M8 eeee. Meeee 88 eeeee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee eeeeeee ee eee eeeeee 8888–8888 ee−8.[888]
Meeee 88 Meeeee Meee Meeeeeeeee Meeeeeeeee ee Meeeeee eee Meeeeee[888]
Mee eeeeeee eeeeeee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee 8888 eee 8888 ee−8. Mee eeeeee eeeee e eeeee 88M eeeee, eee eee eeeeee eeeeee eeee, ee eee eeeee eeee eee eeeeee eeeeeeee eeee e eeee eeeee 88M eeeee eee eee eeeeee e eeeee eee. Meeeeeeee, eee eeeeee ee eeeeeeee ee eee M=M eeeeeeeeee eee eee eeeeee ee e M=M eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee. Me eeeee eM (ee eM'e) eeeeeee eee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee, eeeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeeee: eee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeee e eeee-eeeeeeeee eeeee (8888 → 8888 ee−8) eeee eeeeeeeeeee. Meeeeeeeeee ee M8 ee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeee ee eeee eeeeeeeee eeeeee ee eee eeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee (8888 → 8888; 8888 → 8888 ee−8). Meee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeee MM ee Meeee eeee eeeeee ee eee eeeeee eeeee 8888 ee−8, eeeee eeeeee ee e eeee eeeeee ee π-eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee.
Meeeee eeeeeee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee eeeeee ee eeee eee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee ee eee eeee eeeeeeee ee eee ee eee eeeeeeeee eee. Meeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eee eeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeee. Mee eeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eee eeeeeee eeeeeee ee ee eee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeee eee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeee. Meeeeeee eeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeee ee eeeee eeeeeeeee ee eee eeee eeeeeee ee e eeeeee ee eeeeee eeeeeeeee ee eeee, eeeeeeeee eeeeee-8-eeeee,[888] 8-eeeeeeeeeeee,[888] ee eeeeee eeeeee.[888]
Mee eeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee[888] eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeee eeeeee eeee eee eeee ee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee (M eee M). Me eee ee eeee ee eeee eeeee, eee ee eeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeeee eee eeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee (Meeeee 88).[888]
Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeeeeeee Meeeeee ee Meeeeee eee Meeeeeeeeeee[888]
Me eeeeeeee, eee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee, eeee eee eeeee eeeeee ee eee eeeee eeeeeeeee (e/e 888, 888), eeeee eee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeee eeee ee e eeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeeeee (Meeeee 88).
Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeeeeeee Meeeeee ee Meeeeee[888]
Mee eeee eeeeeee ee eee eeee eeeeeeee M-eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeee, eee eeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeee eeee eeeeeeeeeee.[888] Meeeee 88 eeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eee eeee eeeeeeeee M(8)-eeeeeeeeeeeee;[888] ee eeeeeee e eeeeeee eeeeeeee eeee eeeee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeee, eeeeee eeeeeeee, eee eee eeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeee. Meeeeeeeeeee ee M8 ee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeee e eeeeee eeee ee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee. M8-Meeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee ee eeeeeee eeee ee M−88 (e/e 888) eeeeeeeee eeee eeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeeee. Mee eeeeeeeeee eeee ee eeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeee eee (e/e 888) ee e/e 88, eee eeee eeeeeee ee e/e 88 eee e/e 88, eeeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee ee eeeeeee.[888]
Meeeee 88 Meeeeeeeeeeee Meeeeee ee 8-Meeeeeeeeeeee[888]
Meee eeeeeeeeeeee eee eeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeee ee eee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeeeee, eee eeeee eeeeeee ee eeeee eee M8-(8-eeeeeeeee-8-eeee)eeeeeee; eee 8-eeeeeeeee-8-eeee eeee eeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeee eeee ee eeeeeeeeeeeee. Mee eeee eeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeee eeeeeeee ee eeee eeee eee eeeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeee (e/e 888), eeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeee ee Meeeee 88.
Meee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeeeee eeeeeeeee eeee eee eeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee. Meeeeee, eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeee eeee eeee ee eeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeee. Mee eeee eeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee ee eee eee eeeee eeeeee eeeee eee eeeee ee M. M. MeMeeeeee.[888] Me eeee eeee, eeee ee e eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeee e eeeeee eeeeeeeeee eee (M−88). Me eee eeeeee eeeeeeee eee eeee, e eeeeee eeeeeee eee ee eeeeee.
Mee eeee eeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeee ee 8-eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeee e M −88 eeee (−•MM8) eeee e eeeeeeeeeeeeee 8:8 eeeeeee eeeeeee eee ee 88Me eee 88Me. Mee eeeeeee eeee eeee eee eeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee ee e/e 888, M−Me; eeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeee eee: +MeMe (e/e 88, 88) eee Me—MeMe8 (e/e 88, 88). Meeeeeeee, eee eeeeeeee ee eeeeeee ee e eeeeeeee ee eeeeeeee eeeeeeee eee ee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeee ee eee eeeeeeeeeeeeee 8:8 eeeeeee eee ee 88Me eee 88Me.
Meeeeeee eeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeee eeeeeee eeeeeee eeee eeee eeeeeeeeee eee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeee eeeeeeeeeeee, eeeeee ee eee eeee ee eeeee eeeeeeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeee.[888]
References
Meeeeee Meeeeeeeeee
- 8.Meeeee-Meee, (8888) 8/8, 888.
- 8.Meeeee-Meee, (8888) M 8e8, 888.
- 8.Meeeee-Meee, (8888) M 88e, 88.
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