{{1. Tazwara n wawal}}
Yal tamurt, yal aYref, yal timetti n yemdanen s umata ttnadin *ef isuraf iss ar ad seddun d ad ssenfalin tadamsa nsen i wakken ad tekker, ad tegmu, ad temmed. I lmend n waya, asafar amezwaru i ilaqen, i*ef ttnadin yakkw medden : d tazmert[[Tazmert (n.f.) : Dans son sens absolu : Energie. Introduit par le procédé (attesté panberbère) de dérivation de sens à partir de la racine verbale trilitère [ZMR] : izmir : etre capable de, etre apte à. Posséder un potentiel substantif et intansif effectif requis pour assumer, accomplire une certaine tache ou fonction prédéfinie. Dans le langage quotidien, il est souvent usité pour signifier son syllogisme immédiat: la santé, la capacité ou la consistence physique. Exemple : Ad Sidi Rebbi yesnerni deg tezmert-ik : (lit.) Fasse Dieu accroitre ta (votre) santé.]].
D tamzizgemt-a[[Tamzizgemt (n.f.) : Problématique. Néologisme dérivé à partir de Anezgum [ZGM]: soucis, préoccupation et, par extension, problème, contrainte, questionnement etc…]] icudden ɣer wuguren i d-ttemlilint yal ass tmettiyin, i wakken ad ssiYent tiftilin, ad seddunt tikeṛyas d ikumya, timacinin d tnaɛuṛin n lluzinat d tikubbaniyin timguranin[[Timguranin (adj. f. pl.): Industrielles. Adjectif nominal dérivé du verbe ger [GR], et du nom verbal tamguri . Le verbe ger est pris ici dans le sens : projeter, entreprendre, monter un projet, construire, réaliser un procédé de fabrication, de production de quelque nature que ce soit. Par extension on emploie alors tamguri pour signifier industrie, activité industrielle s’inscrivant dans n’importe quel domaine revétant un caractère économique.]], i d-nedha dagi. Ilaq-asent i waya ad d-affent taliwin d teewinin isseg a ad d-agwment asafar‑agi n tezmert.
Maca, ma ad d-nevder tazmert, ad d-assen deg lewhi (tamawt) nneɣ kra n yesteqsiyen icvan : D acu ay t-tazmert ? Anida i yezmer wemdan ad tt-yaff? Amek i tt-nettarra twulem, tewjed yakan i wuseqdec, almend n isuraf itiknuluǧiyen i wumi i tt-neḥwaǧ (nesseYs) ?
{{2. Talɣiwin n tezmert}}
I tririt ɣef westeqsi amezwaru, ad d-nini d akken tazmert t-taɣara tafizikit yettwaktalen[[Taɣara tafizikit yettwaktalen : propriété physique mesurable.]] i yesea yal anagraw[[Anagraw : système (pris dans son acception technique). Il est dérivé de grew[GRW] : s’assembler, se rassembler. Par extension, s’unir et s’accorder pour accomplir une fonction, un objectif commun prédéfini.]] afiziki yellan yezmer ad yeddu i yiman-is, meḥsuv ila ad yeg kra n umahil. Deg unamek‑agi dYa i nesseqdec amyag « yezmer », sya d tasawent, sekkud d tussna icudden Yer tfizikt ideg d-nedha, yewwi-d ad t-neqqen Yer lmaena-as : « { ila tazmert} « .
Ɣef akken i t-id-nenna, nettwali d akken, yili deg umedya, ilmes (lkanun) yuɣen, d anagraw izemren ad yesseḥmu d ad yeẓiẓYel, zun ad as-neg d aman yersen deg tasilt (tuggi). S wawal afiziki, ad d-nini d akken ilmes yuɣen yezmer ad yessali s kra n wazal n tfesniwin lḥamu (tirYi, taẓYelt) n waman yellan deg tasilt yersen fell‑as. Maca d amedya kan i t-id-nefka ! Ur iwulem ara ad nefhem belli tazmert, deg tussna tafizikt, t-tir‑i . Uhu !
Ilaq ihi a nernu ad nesseqḍeɛ cwiṭ timli-ya. S usemmed, yessefk ad neḥsu d akken tazmert tla diɣ ad tveddel talɣa ideg tettili. Ɣef aya, nettaf-itt deg snat n talɣiwin s umata. Nveṭṭu-tent ɣef sin n leṣnaf (tiwsitin), meḥsuv snat n talɣiwin timikanikiyin:
– Talɣa tanudavt.
– Talɣa tamussayt .
Ad nger tamawt dagi d akken tazmert n kra n unagraw tezga tettwaddes s snat n talɣiwin-a tiferdasin. S wakka, tazmert tla aɣ-id-tvan tikwal s talɣa-ya, tikwal s tayeḍ-in ; ma d ur telli s snat yidsent ɣef tikkelt, yettusemma s urekkis nsent.
Seg tama nniḍen, ama d tiẓri talayant , ama d tiẓri tavelkamit , neɣ d tiẓri taliketṛunit zgant skanayent-aɣ-id irkwelli tazmert taẓeYlant s wudem-is amussay.
{{3.Tamzizgemt n tliwa n tezmert}}
Tazmert tettekk-d seg inagrawen uzmiren icvan tiggayin tiliketṛujiniyin[[Groupes électrogènes]] d tiYṣar n weslali n trisiti. Tineggura‑yagi daɣen mxallafent akken mgaraden isekkiren i sseqdacent. Deg Tmurt n Yeqvayliyen, d takubbanit n SONELGAZ ay tent-ittamden (yessexdamen). Nettaf-itent deg snat n tiwsiyin :
– Taɣsert tidṛuliketrit[[centrale hydro-électrique]] ,
– Taɣsert taẓeYliketrit[[centrale thermoélectrique]] , icvan tin d-yezgan deg Ixf At Jennad (Cap Djinet) deg Tmurt n Yeqvayliyen.
Maca, deg tmura nniḍen, icvan Japun neɣ Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan (USA), d Fṛansa atg, ttamdent nitenti tawsit tamynutt n teYsar tiliketriyin; tid d-yennulfan yakan deg iseggasen‑nni n ixemsiniyen. Tigini sseqdacent tazmert taɣisant ; fkan-asent i lmend n waya isem n tiɣsar tiɣisanin.
Tamurt n Yeqvayliyen ihi, deg tikli-yis Yer timanit n tdamsa (neY timanit tadamsiwt), ilaq-as ula d nettat ad tevdu seg tura ad tḥebbeṛ seg wansa ad d-tawi tezmert i yas-ilaqen i wakken ad tesseddu timgura d tdamsa‑ines ass ma ad d-terr timanit‑ines. Seg wakken ur tesei wara isufar n pitṛul d gaz, xas akken ggten deg idurar-is waman s waṭas ; Isaffen d ibaṛaǧen ur txuṣṣ ara. I lmend n waya, ila yiwen ad yevnu Yef useqdec n teYṣar tidṛuliketriyin, tid yessexdamen urag n waman i useddu n tYaraft tameqqrant i d-yeslalayen trisiti. Maca, mačči d ayagi kan i yellan ! Ila diɣen ad nwali amek nezmer ad nesseqdec tiɣsar tiɣisanin, ma day yella d tid ilan ad aɣ-id-fkent tazmert yeqwan. Ihi i wakken tamurt n Yeqvayliyen ur d-tettazg ara ger tmura tineggura i deg yennefli wufara, yewwi-d ad nevdu seg tura leqdic deg weḥric-a ilan azal ameqwran, imi ad d-yeglu s yiseY i tmurt n Yeqvayliyen ar zdat. Yewwi-d ad teḍfeṛ timura i tt-yeǧǧan, s usenfali n tmussni‑ines deg ta‑ult‑agi n tussniwin taɣisanin – xaṛsum deg wennar‑agi, ur tettaggray ara Yer deffir !
Imi d-nevder awal Yef tfizikt taYisant, nezmer ma yehwa-yawen a d-nesmekti s usewzel kan, kra n tezmilin tidasilin iYef tevna tussna‑yagi.
{{4. Tussniwin tiYisanin}}
Ilaq-aɣ deg tazwara a d-nemmel ayen umi neqqar tazmert taɣisant, tin nettveddil yakan ɣer talɣa taliktrit iss ar ad d‑aɣent teftilin n yexxamen d izenqan deg iɣuram n tmurt; akken ad ddunt lluzinat, neɣ inagrawen yesseɣsen tazmert. I yeswi-ya, iwulem a nezzizder tamuɣli‑nneɣ s telqay ɣer wul n tenga . Issefk-aɣ i waya ad d-nevder kra n tezmilin tiferdas.
Taɣuri n lsas n tfizikt tavelkamit tesselmad-aɣ d akken deg ugama, llan wazal n 107 iferdas ikimiyen yemgaraden, s yes-sen ay tettwaddes tenga.
Tanga deg nnuva-s, tuli s talayin neɣ s ivelkimen, zun d tiḥjurin d yeẓra i si yevna wexxam. Avelkim ma d netta, d tazelɣa ilan tiski yemgaraden seg yiwen n uferdis akimi ɣer wayeḍ. Meḥsub nezmer a-d-nini belli azal n wayen yellan d iferdas yemxallafen i llant teskiwin yemgaraden. Avelkim d tazelɣa mectuḥen maḍi, ur nezmir ad ten-wali ɣas ulamma nesseqdec allalen izuzmiren icvan imikruskupen iliktṛuniyen, anef a da tura s tiṭ taḥerfit !
Seg tiẓri n Bohr (1923) ar imir-a, simmal nettissin ugar amek tevna teski tavelkamit. Ma naɛreḍ ad d-nefk udem afraray i wesmesl avelkami, nezmer at-id-ncebbu d amedya, ɣer tɛeqqayt n uverquq (ẓret udem 1 a, 1 b).
{Udem 1 (a, b) : Asmesl avelkami akked umedya n weknideg avelkami.}
Yella yiɣes ɣer daxel, deg tlemmast-is, wa ɣef i tessa tenga i ntett deg lfakiyya-ya. Ihi, ula d avelkim zun akken. Akken i t-id‑yeskanay wudem 1, deg usmesl n uvelkim, nettaf deg tlemmast‑is iɣes i ɣef tezzint tzelɣa tiferdas nniḍen, tid i wumi neqqar iliketṛunen. Wigi ɣursen tawsa taliktrit tuzdirt[[Charge électrique négative]]. Deg tuzzya nsen ɣef yiɣes avelkami, iliketṛunen ṭṭafaṛen timsunnaḍ nsen.
Seg tama nniḍen, iɣsan n ivelkimen lan ula d nitenni tiski taɣisant. Acku, ttwalɣen s wemḍan A n tzelɣa tiɣisanin yettilin deg snat n tewsitin yemxallafen : kra degsent d ipṛutunen (amḍan nsen nettaru-t : Z ), tiyaḍ i d-iggran (deg wemḍan A-Z) d inutṛunen. Seg wakken amḍanɣ‑agi A yurez ɣer tezdezt n uvelkim, nefka-yas isem : Amḍan n tezdezt. Imi, sekkud meqqar wemḍan n tezdezt A n kra uvelkim, sekkud yettaẓay ugar. Maca, nessemxallaf ger ivelkimen s wemḍan Z n ipṛutunen i kemnen deg yiɣsan-nsen, nefka-yas ihi isem: Uṭṭun avelkami Z, yurzen s isem n uvelkim.
Ipṛuṭunen ttawin tawsa taliketrit tufrart, ma d inutṛunen ur sein ara tawsa: d irawsanen . Ɣef akka, yeshel ad nessemxallaf ger tzelɣa yagi tiɣisanin, i wumi nefka isem : iɣsunen (asgget n aɣsun). Seg tama‑nniḍen, tanga menwalatt, am tin i d aY-d-yezzin, ur tesei ara tawsa taliketrit, d tarawsant i tellili. I wakken ad d-yili waya, yessefk ula d ivelkimen iss i tevna, ad ilin ula d nitenni d irawsanen. S wawal‑nniḍen, ilaq ad teedel tewsa taliketrit tufrart ikemnen s zdaxel n yiYes nettat d tewsa taliketrit tuzdirt i kemnen nettat deg usigna aliketṛuni iss yettel yiYes n uvelkim. Meḥsuv, ilaq yal avelkim n tenga ad yeseu amḍan n iliketṛunen itezzin Yef yiYes yeedel d wuṭṭun avelkami Z, yegdan amḍan n ipṛutunen ikemnen deg yiYes-is.
{{5. Iknidag d ufarket aɣisan}}
Nessemgirid ger ivelkimen n tenga, almend i mgaraden yeɣsan nsen, nenna-t-id yakan. Aya deg lawan i deg aṭas n iferdas n tenga i ilan ayen umi neqqar iknidag , zun d akniwen ! D acu-ten ? Wigikana xas akken kifkif-iten deg wuṭṭun avelkami Z, mxallafen deg tezdezt-nsen, meḥsuv amḍan n tezdezt A. ɣef akken i t-id-neskanay deg wudem 1, iknidag n kra uvelkim, ad nsemmi-yas X, ma yella zgan meadalen deg uṭṭun avelkami Z i ten-icerken, mgaraden deg wemḍan (A-Z) n inutṛunen ay sean, seg wakken llan wid ẓẓayen, llan wid fessusen.
Seg tama tayeḍ, yella yiwen usaḍuf deg ugama ur nessuruf ara i yeknidag imaẓayen ad yili wemgared meqqwen ger wazal n ipṛutunen d wazal n inutṛunen i sean. Acku, wid ẓẓayen ayendin ttneslaxen weḥd-nsen, ttveddilen tiwsi i yiman-sen: qqaren-asen Yef aya d irusdiden, meḥsuv ur rkiden ara.
Akken i llan yeknidag irusdiden, yettneslaxen weḥḥed-nsen, ay llan yeknidag usdiden, wid ur nettneslax ara weḥḥed-nsen, ɣas ulamma d imaẓẓayen. I wakken ad ten-taṛzeḍ ilaq wa aten-isseysen akken ad fferkten. Asekkir-a qqaren-as aferket aɣisan .
{Udem 2: Asekkir n uferket aɣisan n Uṛanyum 235.}
Ma a-d-yeḍru uferket aɣisan (ẓret udem 2), igellu-d mačči dayen s sin n ifersa , maca igellu-d daɣen s ifuṭunen Gamma d wazal n sin neY tlata n inutṛunen d wazal n 930 MeV n tezmert i d-yetteffɣen deg talYa n tirYi. Nesseqdac ayendin iYsan n Uṛanyum 235 d Pluṭunyum 239 i yeswi-ya, acku yeshel ad ttwafrekten, meḥsuv ad vḍun ɣef sin ifersa d waṭas n tezmert. Ayen yeǧǧan ihi aferket aɣisan yuklal azal meqqren, d akken igellu-d s wayendin n tezmert. Yiwen n ugṛam n Uṛanyum yettwafrekten yettak-ed azal n tirɣi i d-ttaken ugar n 2.5 tun n ucaṛbun (neɣ aserɣu anammu[[combustible conventionnel]]). Asekkir n uferket aɣisan, yettili-d deg wayen umi neqqar anamyag aɣisan[[réacteur nucléaire]] iss ulint tesɣar tiɣisanin. Nezmer tura ad d-nawi awal fellasent s tewzel, imi d tigini i aɣ-id-yettaken tazmert deg talɣa-yis taliketrit, ayen umi neqqar trisiti, s wawal n yalass.
{Udem 3 : Taɣsert taɣisant imir i deg tetteddu.}
{{6. Amek teddunt teɣsar tiɣisanin}}
Taɣsert taɣisant, icvan tin i d-yeskanay wudem 3, d lluzin n trisiti. Tevna deg lsas-is ɣef unamyag aɣisan i wumi smeckuklen syen ɣers ayendin n inagrawen nniden, yalwa d acu ixeddem. I wakken ad d-nessefhem amek tetteddu tesɣert taɣisant, nefka-d deg wudem 4 yiwen wunnuɣ yefrurin, anida i d-neskanay akk inagrawen iss tulli d wamek qeddcen s wemtawi aelayan i wakken, deg taggara ad d-teffeɣ ssegs trisiti i ḥwagen wid i tt-yesseqdacen. Deg wayagi ad d-nedhu deg tikelt i d-iteddun.
{Udem 4 : Inagrawen imenzayen iss tuli taɣsert taɣisant}
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