Essai d’analyse macrostructurelle et microstructurelle (Polysémie, synonymie et néologie) de dix dictionnaires kabyles.
Date2016-10
Author
IMARAZENE, Fahem
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Abstract
Di tazwara, ur nezmir ara neẓrew taɣult n usnulfawal qbel ma ad d-nɛeddi ɣef useknawal. Aṭas n yimawalan i d-yeffɣen ilmend n teqbaylit azal n 228 n yiseggasen-aya. Ɣef waya i nra di tazwara ad nissin qbel talliyin n useknawal n teqbaylit ; s tmussni n wid iten-ixedmen, tarrayin i s-way-s ttwaxedmen ? Ma nga daɣen aserwes gar yal Amawal akked umawal n Dali amer ahat ad d-naff tagetnamka d tmegdiwt gar-asen neɣ ahat dayen i yellan deg wa ara naff deg wayeḍ ? Ar taggara, ad neɛreḍ ad nwali deg yimawalen n teqbaylit ma yella-d usekcem n yiwalnuten, amek i d-ttwasnullfan wawalen-a ? Akken ad d-nerr ɣef yesteqsiyen-a, nessugen-d kra n turdiwin : imusnawen n useknawal bḍan taɣult-a ɣef kradet n talliyin, xas akken nekkni deg wammud-agi-nneɣ yezmer ad d-naff ugar ; Ma nwala belli wid i iqedcen deg wannar-a ur llin d imusnawen n taɣult-a, yezmer ahat xas akken ixeddimen-nsen ur mmiden ara maca qerben. Daɣen mi ara nexdem aserwes gar yal Amawal akked Dali iban akka ad d-yili wefran n wawalen axater yezmer ad d-naff tagetnamka d tmegdiwt ; Amer ahat wid i d-ixedmen imawalen imaynuten, ssawḍen ufan-d tarrayin timaynutin ama n usileɣ n yimawalen d yiwalnuten i d-gren ar daxel. Deg yixef amenzu n leqdic-agi-nneɣ ; nessaweḍ nesbadu-d ismawen n talliyin n useknawal i fkan yimaẓrayen i aɣ-yezwaren ar teẓrewt n taɣult-a (Bunfur, Buyeḥya, Mennana, Ɛelyan, ...). Maca di tazwara, ahat ismawen i asent-fkan, ireṣṣa kan ɣef wudem anaktan n wid iten-ixedmen, ismawen n talliyin iɣef mwatan imaẓrayen-a d ti : (tamyalalt, tantalant, tatnugrafit, tussnant). Tis snat, ismawen-a, ttunefken akk i yiseknawalen n tmaziɣt (ama di Lezzayer ; ama di tmura timaziɣin-niḍen bḥal Lmeṛṛuk). Nekkni ihi nettwali s tmuɣli-nniḍen, acku nmuqel udem ussnan n leqdicat-a ; Amek i tt-wasulɣen yimawalen-a, d acu n umaynut i d-yuwi wa ɣef wa. Ihi ar taggara n yixef-agi amenzu nufa-d belli taɣult n useknawal n teqbaylit nezmer ad tt-nebḍu ɣef ukkuzet n talliyin : aseknawal irayan (1877-1871) ; Segmi ahat i tikkelt tamenzut ara d-yili useqdec n ugemmay alaṭini ilmend n tira n teqbaylitt, aladɣa di taɣult-a n useknawal, xas akken yezmer lḥal llan yimawalen n teqbaylit uqbel tallit-a maca ur urin ara s tlaṭinit neɣ ugar ur d-banen ara deg wannar. Tis snat ad d-naweḍ ar tallit i wumi nsemma aseknawal irasnilsan (1872-1900) ; Segmi imseknawalen ur fkin ara aṭas azal i usbadu n tkecmin imi ttaken-d kan iknawen-nsent ama di teqbaylit ama di tefransist neɣ tibaduyin-a ttarrant-d kan ɣef yiwen usteqsi azwaran di tesleḍt taseknawalt (D acu i d anamek n wawal di tutlayt n win i steqsan ? ), deg umedya daɣen ulac imedyaten, daɣen ur d-ttaken ara imecraren i iwatan akken ad yeɛqel yimeɣri (taggayt, tugmaẓart,..) n tukcimt-nni, rnu ɣer waya lexsas n useqdec n yimedyaten akken ad nwali aseqdect n tukcimt-a deg yinaw s timmad-is d awal. Tis kraḍ, ad d-nessiweḍ ar tallit n useknawal atnugrafi (1901-1969) ; segmi imseknawalen i d-ixedmen imawalen-a fkan azal aṭas i usbadu n wawalen i icudden aladɣa ar tɣerma ar yedles akked ddin. Di tallit-a imseknawalen, ad ten naf yella wanda i sxedmen kra n yimecranen, yella wanda daɣen ara naff imecranen-a ur d-ttunefken ara i wamur-niḍen n tukcimin. Di tallit taneggarut ad d-nessiweḍ ar useknawal asdawan (usnan) (1970 ar tura), segmi imseknawalen n tallit-a ur qqimen ara kan deg ugmar n wammud azwaran meḥsub alqaḍ n wawalen yellan, maca walan lexsa i yerzan amawal n teqbaylit sumata kkren ufan-d tarrayin i s-way-s ara d-awin iwalnuten ara isemmden ilem yellan deg umawal, neɣ ugar n waya bɣan ad fken udem amiran neɣ atrar i taɣult n useknawal d umawal n teqbaylit di sin, deg umedya Amawal n tmaziɣt tartar i yura Mulud At Mɛemmer netta akked yinelmaden-is. Deg yixef wis sin, neẓrew tarrayin i yessexdem yal amseknawal deg umawal-ines ; ayen icudden s umata ar ugerwisem n yal Amawal ; s teẓrewt n yimecranen i yellan deg ugbur n tidimɣert : Tizwar, igerwismen, tukcimin : akked yimecranen ara naf di tidimmẓit n yal Amawal : Tukcimt, tirawalt, tira tamsislant, taggayt, tagmuẓar, ticṛent, tabadut asmedyet. Llan yimawalen d ikradwalen am umawal n (Paradis) akked win n (Brosselard), Llan daɣen imawalen d isinwalen am yimawalen i yexdem : (Creusat, Olivier, Huyghe, Dallet, Haddadou), Ala yiwen n umawal aynutlayan i d-yettwaxedmen ilmend n teqbaylit (Bouamara). Deg yixef-a daɣen, nwala-d anerni n tiriɣtan n yal Amawal seg tallit ar tayeḍ, meḥsub i taluft-a nezmer ad d-nemmeslay ɣef snat n temsal imi ahat di kra n yimawalen aṭas n yisebtaren ara d-tafeḍ ur tettwabrez ara tira-nsen neɣ ahat deg yiskilen i smersen yimseknawalen-a ilmen-d n yimesla acku yal Amawal neɣ sin neg ugar yettwaxdem imir ɛla ḥsab n yilugan n tira i yellan di tallit-is, deg umedya, llan kra sxedmen (ch) ilmend n yimesli [c], neɣ (gh) ilmend n [ɣ] neɣ (tc) ilmend n (čč)… . Deg yixef wis kraḍ, nesserwes amud i d-nekkes deg umawal n Dali akked yimmuden i d-nekkes deg yal Amawal, ilmend n teẓrewt n tgetnamkit d tmegdiwt i yellan gar-asen. Ar taggara, igemmaḍ sbanen-d belli yella wemgired amegdiwi d ugetnamki yakan s daxel n yiwen n umawal. Agetnamki ama deg yiwen n umawal, deg umedya, deg umawal n Bulifa ad naf yefka-d sin n yinumak (Unité de mesure || Charge d’arme à feu, Coup de feu) i tekcemt (Aɛbar). Ama daɣen ma nesserwes tibaduyin n yiwet n tekcemt gar sin yimawalen, deg umedya di Dali ad naf asexdem n yiwen n unamek ilmend n usbadu n tekcemt asečči (poison), ma di Yug si tama-s, yefka-d kradet n yinumak ilmend n usbadu n tekcemt asečči (I.Sorte de poison. II. Par extension, nourriture ou breuvage détestable. III. S’emploie pour désigner la phtisie). D igemmaḍ-a daɣen i d-nufa mi nesserwes gar imawalen ilmend n timegdiwt imi nezmer ad tt-naf deg yiwen n umawal, deg umedya, di Dali ad d-nemlil asexdem n sin n wawalen n teqbaylit (abeḥnuq/acelliq) ; timigdiwt n tmawalt s daxel n yiwet n tsiwelt ; ilmend n tukcimt n tefransist (chiffon). Am wakken i nezmer ad d naff daɣen timigdiwt n temsislawalt d tesnalɣawalt ama s daxel n yiwen n umawal ama ma nesserwes gar sin neɣ ugar n yimawalen. Ayen i aɣ-yeǧǧan ad d-nessemgired azal n ukkuzet n tsiwlin di tutlayt n teqbaylit. Nwala-d daɣen timegdiwt i yellan gar temnaḍt d tayeḍ acku yiwet n tsawelt tesseḥbaber ɣef umawal anaṣli ma di tayeḍ iruḥ-as, deg umedya, di dali ad naff asexdem n n tkecemt (aqewwas) ; i d-yekkan si taɛrabt, i d-yettwasbadun ilmend n unamek (cercle), ma ɣer Yug ad tnaf yefka-d azal-niḍen i tekcemt n tefransist (cercle), imi aknaw-is di teqbaylit n umawal-a (asarag). D ayen i d-nwala deg waṭas n yimedyaten-niḍen anda llan tsiwlin ideg d-yeqqim wawal anṣli, llant tiyiḍ ala beddlent-tent s ureṭṭal i tessegmawel di tutlayt-ines n yal ass ; meḥsub nessekcem-d awalen ireṭṭalen nerra-ten-id ar lqaleb n tutlayt-nneɣ, deg umedya, abali, afṛuṭwar…. Deg yixef aneggaru n tesleḍt-agi-nneɣ, nga-d tasleḍt i wammud (n yiwalnuten) i d-negmer deg yimawalen imaynuten wid n : Bouamara (2010) d Haddadou (2014). Di leqdic-nsen nwala-d belli mačči ala iwalnuten-nni i d-yettwasnulfan gar (1970-1996) i wumi i d-ulsen, maca ssawḍen ahat ar sin igemmaḍ imeqranen imi d-uwin si tama-nsen daɣen amaynut ; ama d iwalnuten i netteḥwiǧ di tallit-a n yimira ama daɣen d inaw i sqedcen : yella-d usnulfu n wawalen s lmendad n waẓaren i d-yettwakksen seg wawalen n teqbaylit ladɣa s usexdem n tarrayt n usuddem di tuget n tikkal. Asuddem-a, yella-d s usezwer (s yezwiren : im, ames, amy, an, in, …) neɣ s usegri (an, ay, y, …) i nrennu i waẓar deg yiswi ad d-nesnulfu awal amaynut, ama d : ismawen n tigawt (afern, abder,…), ismawen n imeskaren (anaǧǧaw, amsuṭṭaḍ…), ismawen ikmamen (tisenɣit, asečču, …), ismawen imadwanen (anesɣamu), ismawen n wallal (amsedday, amsigres, …), irbiben (imaw, adersan,…). Imseknawalen-a sxedmen daɣen tarrayt n usudes ilmend n usnulfu n wawal amaynut s usdukkel n sin waẓaren n teqbaylit deg umedya asuddes n yisem n wuṭṭun kraḍ d uferdis (et). Yella-d daɣen usexdem n yinaw aynutlay i tikkelt tamezwarut di taɣult-a n usnawal, ayen ahat ara yesbuɣren neɣ ara yessisehlen aselmed tutlayt-a s timmad-is d tutlayt n tyemmat neɣ ahat ugar d tutlayt tunṣibt.
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