Ur nessin akken iwata asefru n zik, wid n leqrun yezrin, acku ulac ifayluten (1) yuran. Iɛerquben (2) n yisefra n zik ay nla ass-a, wid n lqern wis XIX ur ugiten ara. Gar wammuden-a, nezmer ad nebder win n Hanoteau (1867) i d-yewwin abruy ɣef yifsiḥen i yellan, i yeddren di lqern wis XIX neɣ uqbel. Llan daɣen yimassen i d-yewwin abruyen ɣef Yusef Uqasi, ɣef Smaɛil Azikiw, … Maca, i d-nniɣ, d ibruyen kan. Ammud i d-iga M. At Mɛemmer (1980) ila deg-s wugur d ameqqran: seg tama igemmer-d isefra n yimedyazen n leqrun iɛeddan (daymi i as-isema Poèmes kabyles anciens ) ; deg wammud-a ihi, ad naf ismawen n yifsiḥen n Tmurt n Yizwawen, am Yusef Uqasi i yeddren gar lqern wis XVII d wis XVIII, am Sidi Qali (3) i yeddren uqbel Yusef Uqasi, ɣas akken Hanoteau yerra-t deg yifsiḥen n lqern wis XIX. Seg tama-nniḍen adlis n M. At Mɛemmer yeffeɣ-d deg lqern wis XX, deg 1980 i tikelt tamezwarut. Ugur ihi, d acu-t ? Ur neẓri amek i d-yewwi M. At Mɛemmer isefra n yifsiḥen iqdimen, n tallit n Yusef Uqasi, d amedya : d tagmert i ten-id-igemmer ɣur yimdanen, neɣ d imawlan-is i as-d-yeǧǧan ifayluten yuran? Ur neẓri. Maca llan wid i d-yeqqaren belli imawlan d Dda Lmulud uran kra n yisefra iqdimen i d-as-ǧǧan Dda Lmulud. Nezmer ad d-nini ihi belli ur nessin ara tamedyezt n leqrun wis XVIII, wis XVII, atg. Ur nessin ara ula d ismawen n yifsiḥen n Tmurt n Leqbayel n tallit-nni, acku, i d-nniɣ, ulac ifayluten yuran i d-yeqqimen. Yeqqim-d yisem n umussnaw Buɛemran akked kra n tmenniwin-ines, maca ur neḥsi ara anta tallit ideg yedder. Deg lqern wis XIX, d anemgal, llan kra n yifayluten yuran, ulamma mačči aṭas aṭas. Acimi ? Acku deg lawan-nni, tamurt n Fransa tuɣ tamurt-nneɣ teɣzi tehri, dɣa llan gar-asen, yifransisen, ama d iɛsekriwen, ama d wiyaḍ, i d-igemmren isefra n yifsiḥen iqbayliyen. Am waken i d-nniɣ, yella gar-asen Hanoteau (1867), Boulifa (1904) i d-yewwin ɣef yisefra n Si Muḥend. Syinna kkren-d Yiqbayliyen i d-igemmren isefra n yifsiḥen akked tefsiḥin n Tmurt, gar-asen Jean-El Mouhoub Amrouche (1937), Feraoun (1960), Malek Ouari, Mammeri (1980), Taseɛdit Yacine, Yusef Nacib, Kamal Bouamara, atg. Imeskaren-a jemɛen-d ayen i d-yeqqimen, ayen iwumi weɛɛan deg yisefra n Tmurt n tallit yellan gar lqern wis XIX akked wis XX. Deg wammuden-a, nezmer ad nekkes kra n yilugan iɣef yebna usefru n Tmurt n Leqbayel. S umata, neẓra ɣef wacu i d-ttawin, nessen isental imeqqran, maca nessen daɣen ilugan yerzan lebni n usefru. Imi mačči d adeg ideg nezmer ad d-nessegzi s telqey ilugan-a, dɣa ad neɛreḍ ad d-nefk kra n yiwellihen kan. 1. Asefru n Leqbayel yeqqen ɣer ccna : s umata (4), asefru d uḥiḥa (ccna) ttwarzen wa ɣer wa. Neẓra acu n ufus (5) i yetturar uḥiḥa deg tmetti taqbaylit n zik, rnu d tin n wass-a kifkif. Lxalat cennunt deg waṭas n tegnatin : deg urar n lxalat (deg tmeɣriwin), deg tala, mi ara teẓẓad tasirt, mi ara tesǧellib mmi-s (yelli-s), mi ara t-tezzuzun akken ad yeṭṭes, atg. Irgazen daɣen cennun deg leswaq am yimeddaḥen, deg tmeɣriwin am yiḍebbalen neɣ znuzun lḥenni, cennun deg lexlawi (am yimeksawen) ; ttcewwiqen deg tmesgida ɣef ddin, mi ara yili umettan …. Daymi i d-yettban ulac asefru war ccna/acewweq, ulac ccna war asefru. Dɣa yettban-d ccna/aḥiḥa/acewweq d allal, d ttawil swayes ileḥḥu usefru gar yimdanen, swayes yettidir, swayes tasuta tettakk-it i tayeḍ. 2. Asefru n leqrun-a (wis XIX akked wid XX alamma d 1950/60) ur ibeddel ara talɣa. Talɣa n usefru, ɣas akken wa ɣezzif, wa wezzil, tezga d tinna. a/ amesḍis (6): d asefru ideg llan 6 n yifyar (2x3) : Yiwen d bu-zegza neɛqel-it Seg yeɣẓer i d-ixutel Ma yella d uḥdiq neffer-it Abrid wayeḍ ad iqatel Ma yella d ungif neml-it Ad fell-as sewwbeɣ lmaqel. Y. Uqasi b/ ametẓa (7): d asefru ideg llan 9 n yifyar (3x3). Asmi i lliɣ d acawrar Zzin-iw yufrar Ixeddem-d baba fell-i Nekseb tiɣezza deg Camlal Nerna idurar Ɛuddeɣ d ssaba irkelli Tura mi senndeɣ s uffal ZZher-iw imal A ḥesra ɣef zik-nni ! Si Muḥend GRET TAMAWT (1): Deg a), ad naf : Deg b), azd naf : GRET TAMAWT (2): Ma yella ɣezzif usefru (tizlit), ad naf asuddes gar yimesḍisen akked yimetẓaten. Asefru/taɣect n 195/60 ar ass-a ɣas akken yella umaynut akked usnulfu, deg wayen yerzan isental akked amḍan n tunṭiqin deg ufyir (10), ɣer kra n yicennayen yecban Matoub, aït Menguellet d wiyaḍ, ɣer kra n yimedyazen, am Ben Mohamed, Lhacène Ziani, … maca tameɣrut tezga tella. D tidet nezmer ad naf ɣur kra n yicennayen am Ferḥat Imaziɣen Imula asefru ur nebni ara ɣef tmeɣrut akked umḍan n tunṭiqin, am tezlit-nni “ɣur-i yiwen n umdakkel” neɣ “Nnif d lḥerma” ; nezmer daɣen ad naf ɣur kra n yimedyazen n wass-a, am Mexkuf Buɣareb ssenf n usefru-ya iwumi ara nsemmi “afyir ilelli”, maca …ulac aṭas. D acu i d”afyir/asefru ilelli” ? D win ur nebni ara wala ɣef yiwen n umḍan n tunṭiqin neɣ sin, wala ɣef tmeɣrut. Am wakken i yella deg yidelsan-nniḍen, nezmer ad d-neg asefru wa ma nesseqdec sin n yilugan-a iqburen : yiwen n umḍan n tunṭiqin akked tmeɣrut ɣer taggara n yifyar. …………………………………………………… (1) afaylu (yuran): document (écrit). (2) aɛerqub (n yisefra) : ammud (n yisefra). (3) mačči “Qala” : isem n tidet : Sidi Qali …Isem « Qala » yella ar ass-a. (4) Llan yifsiḥen n zik ur necni ara isefra-nsen, am Si Muḥend U Mḥend. (5) afus : s unamek n “tawuri” (rôle/fonction). (6) amesḍis : asefru bu sḍis n yifyar (sizain). (7) ametẓa : asefru bu tẓa (9) n yifyar. (8) tunṭiqt : syllabe. (9) amḍan n tunṭiqin : nombre de syllabes.
S umata llant snat n talwiwin n usefru awezzlan :
md.
md.
–7 n tunṭiqin (8) deg yal afyir;
–ifyar msaḍan gar-asen, meḥsub : ttfakkan s tmeɣrut (9).
–Afyir 1 d wis 3 n yal taseddart lan 7 n tunṭinqin, ma d wis 2 ila 5 n tunṭiqin kan
–Tameɣrut : tin n ufyir 1 d wis 2 n yal taseddart msadant; afyir wis 3 n yal taseddart d yiwet.
Ur nessin akken iwata asefru n zik, wid n leqrun yezrin, acku ulac ifayluten (1) yuran. Iɛerquben (2) n yisefra n zik ay nla ass-a, wid n lqern wis XIX ur ugiten ara. Gar wammuden-a, nezmer ad nebder win n Hanoteau (1867) i d-yewwin abruy ɣef yifsiḥen i yellan, i yeddren di lqern wis XIX neɣ uqbel. Llan daɣen yimassen i d-yewwin abruyen ɣef Yusef Uqasi, ɣef Smaɛil Azikiw, … Maca, i d-nniɣ, d ibruyen kan. Ammud i d-iga M. At Mɛemmer (1980) ila deg-s wugur d ameqqran: seg tama igemmer-d isefra n yimedyazen n leqrun iɛeddan (daymi i as-isema Poèmes kabyles anciens ) ; deg wammud-a ihi, ad naf ismawen n yifsiḥen n Tmurt n Yizwawen, am Yusef Uqasi i yeddren gar lqern wis XVII d wis XVIII, am Sidi Qali (3) i yeddren uqbel Yusef Uqasi, ɣas akken Hanoteau yerra-t deg yifsiḥen n lqern wis XIX. Seg tama-nniḍen adlis n M. At Mɛemmer yeffeɣ-d deg lqern wis XX, deg 1980 i tikelt tamezwarut. Ugur ihi, d acu-t ? Ur neẓri amek i d-yewwi M. At Mɛemmer isefra n yifsiḥen iqdimen, n tallit n Yusef Uqasi, d amedya : d tagmert i ten-id-igemmer ɣur yimdanen, neɣ d imawlan-is i as-d-yeǧǧan ifayluten yuran? Ur neẓri. Maca llan wid i d-yeqqaren belli imawlan d Dda Lmulud uran kra n yisefra iqdimen i d-as-ǧǧan Dda Lmulud.
Nezmer ad d-nini ihi belli ur nessin ara tamedyezt n leqrun wis XVIII, wis XVII, atg. Ur nessin ara ula d ismawen n yifsiḥen n Tmurt n Leqbayel n tallit-nni, acku, i d-nniɣ, ulac ifayluten yuran i d-yeqqimen. Yeqqim-d yisem n umussnaw Buɛemran akked kra n tmenniwin-ines, maca ur neḥsi ara anta tallit ideg yedder.
Deg lqern wis XIX, d anemgal, llan kra n yifayluten yuran, ulamma mačči aṭas aṭas. Acimi ? Acku deg lawan-nni, tamurt n Fransa tuɣ tamurt-nneɣ teɣzi tehri, dɣa llan gar-asen, yifransisen, ama d iɛsekriwen, ama d wiyaḍ, i d-igemmren isefra n yifsiḥen iqbayliyen. Am waken i d-nniɣ, yella gar-asen Hanoteau (1867), Boulifa (1904) i d-yewwin ɣef yisefra n Si Muḥend. Syinna kkren-d Yiqbayliyen i d-igemmren isefra n yifsiḥen akked tefsiḥin n Tmurt, gar-asen Jean-El Mouhoub Amrouche (1937), Feraoun (1960), Malek Ouari, Mammeri (1980), Taseɛdit Yacine, Yusef Nacib, Kamal Bouamara, atg. Imeskaren-a jemɛen-d ayen i d-yeqqimen, ayen iwumi weɛɛan deg yisefra n Tmurt n tallit yellan gar lqern wis XIX akked wis XX.
Deg wammuden-a, nezmer ad nekkes kra n yilugan iɣef yebna usefru n Tmurt n Leqbayel. S umata, neẓra ɣef wacu i d-ttawin, nessen isental imeqqran, maca nessen daɣen ilugan yerzan lebni n usefru. Imi mačči d adeg ideg nezmer ad d-nessegzi s telqey ilugan-a, dɣa ad neɛreḍ ad d-nefk kra n yiwellihen kan.
1. Asefru n Leqbayel yeqqen ɣer ccna : s umata (4), asefru d uḥiḥa (ccna) ttwarzen wa ɣer wa. Neẓra acu n ufus (5) i yetturar uḥiḥa deg tmetti taqbaylit n zik, rnu d tin n wass-a kifkif. Lxalat cennunt deg waṭas n tegnatin : deg urar n lxalat (deg tmeɣriwin), deg tala, mi ara teẓẓad tasirt, mi ara tesǧellib mmi-s (yelli-s), mi ara t-tezzuzun akken ad yeṭṭes, atg. Irgazen daɣen cennun deg leswaq am yimeddaḥen, deg tmeɣriwin am yiḍebbalen neɣ znuzun lḥenni, cennun deg lexlawi (am yimeksawen) ; ttcewwiqen deg tmesgida ɣef ddin, mi ara yili umettan ….
Daymi i d-yettban ulac asefru war ccna/acewweq, ulac ccna war asefru. Dɣa yettban-d ccna/aḥiḥa/acewweq d allal, d ttawil swayes ileḥḥu usefru gar yimdanen, swayes yettidir, swayes tasuta tettakk-it i tayeḍ.
2. Asefru n leqrun-a (wis XIX akked wid XX alamma d 1950/60) ur ibeddel ara talɣa. Talɣa n usefru, ɣas akken wa ɣezzif, wa wezzil, tezga d tinna.
a/ amesḍis (6): d asefru ideg llan 6 n yifyar (2x3) :
Yiwen d bu-zegza neɛqel-it
Seg yeɣẓer i d-ixutel
Ma yella d uḥdiq neffer-it
Abrid wayeḍ ad iqatel
Ma yella d ungif neml-it
Ad fell-as sewwbeɣ lmaqel.
Y. Uqasi
b/ ametẓa (7): d asefru ideg llan 9 n yifyar (3x3).
Asmi i lliɣ d acawrar
Zzin-iw yufrar
Ixeddem-d baba fell-i
Nekseb tiɣezza deg Camlal
Nerna idurar
Ɛuddeɣ d ssaba irkelli
Tura mi senndeɣ s uffal
ZZher-iw imal
A ḥesra ɣef zik-nni !
Si Muḥend
GRET TAMAWT (1):
Deg a), ad naf :
Deg b), azd naf :
GRET TAMAWT (2):
Ma yella ɣezzif usefru (tizlit), ad naf asuddes gar yimesḍisen akked yimetẓaten.
Asefru/taɣect n 195/60 ar ass-a
ɣas akken yella umaynut akked usnulfu, deg wayen yerzan isental akked amḍan n tunṭiqin deg ufyir (10), ɣer kra n yicennayen yecban Matoub, aït Menguellet d wiyaḍ, ɣer kra n yimedyazen, am Ben Mohamed, Lhacène Ziani, … maca tameɣrut tezga tella.
D tidet nezmer ad naf ɣur kra n yicennayen am Ferḥat Imaziɣen Imula asefru ur nebni ara ɣef tmeɣrut akked umḍan n tunṭiqin, am tezlit-nni “ɣur-i yiwen n umdakkel” neɣ “Nnif d lḥerma” ; nezmer daɣen ad naf ɣur kra n yimedyazen n wass-a, am Mexkuf Buɣareb ssenf n usefru-ya iwumi ara nsemmi “afyir ilelli”, maca …ulac aṭas.
D acu i d”afyir/asefru ilelli” ?
D win ur nebni ara wala ɣef yiwen n umḍan n tunṭiqin neɣ sin, wala ɣef tmeɣrut. Am wakken i yella deg yidelsan-nniḍen, nezmer ad d-neg asefru wa ma nesseqdec sin n yilugan-a iqburen : yiwen n umḍan n tunṭiqin akked tmeɣrut ɣer taggara n yifyar.
……………………………………………………
(1) afaylu (yuran): document (écrit).
(2) aɛerqub (n yisefra) : ammud (n yisefra).
(3) mačči “Qala” : isem n tidet : Sidi Qali …Isem « Qala » yella ar ass-a.
(4) Llan yifsiḥen n zik ur necni ara isefra-nsen, am Si Muḥend U Mḥend.
(5) afus : s unamek n “tawuri” (rôle/fonction).
(6) amesḍis : asefru bu sḍis n yifyar (sizain).
(7) ametẓa : asefru bu tẓa (9) n yifyar.
(8) tunṭiqt : syllabe.
(9) amḍan n tunṭiqin : nombre de syllabes.
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