Asseqeed n yiles
amaziY : amkan n wawalen imaynuten*
Tadiwennit d Ramdane Achab (iga-as-tt
Saïd Chemakh u teffeY-d deg tesYunt n Imazighen Ass-a deg
MeYres 1995, Fṛansa)
*ijdiden
Achab Ramdane d ameYnas
(militant) ara yettnaYen Yef tmaziYt qrib 25 n yiseggasen ay-a, yernu seg melmi kan ay d-yessuffeY
ajdel-ines (thèse) n uduktuṛa Yef wawalen imaynuten (ijdiden) deg tmaziYt, d anadi ay iga Yer INALCO
(Institut National des langues et civilisations orientales - Asudu aYelnaw n yilsawen d tYermiwin ticerqiyin, Paris).
MenYir yiwen n wedlis
ay d-yessuffeY s yisem-is (Tira n tmaziYt (Taqbaylit), tiẓrigin
Tafsut, 1990, 110 n yisebtar), Ramdane Achab dima yeqdec Yef tmaziYt s tsusmi, mebeid Yef
teftilin n cciea. Γas ma yella asmi ay tella tugdi, yella ur d-yettsedday ara isem-is deg way-n ay d-yettaru (am
deg wussan anda ay llan qeddcen Yef tesYunt Tafsut), maca tikkwal
daYen, d netta s timmad-is ay ittekksen isem-is seg way-n ay d-yettsuffuY.
Akk-n ad nessen ugar abrid
ay seg d-yekka d way-n iga, Mass Achab yeqbel ad d-yerr Yef tuttriwin-nneY (isteqsiyen).
Tebdiḍ-d s
tusnakt (mathématiques), tuwḍeḍ Yer tmaziYt, tzemreḍ ad aY-d-teḥkuḍ Yef
umecwaṛ ay Yef d-tekkiḍ ?
R. Achab : Tamenzut, xseY
(bYiY) ad d-iniY dakk-n yeYli-d wuṭṭun (numéro) amezwaru n tesYunt-nwen gar yifassen-iw,
YriY-t yernu yeejeb-iyi way-n d-yeddan deg-s, dYa xseY ad faṛseY tagnit akk-n ad ken-henniY
u ad awen-ssirmeY ad trebḥem deg lecYal-nwen.
Asmi ay lliY la qqareY
tusnakt (mathématiques), bdiY la ttarraY ddehn-iw Yer tjeṛṛumt n tmaziYt seg 1970 d asawen,
asmi ay bdiY la ḥeddṛeY i temsirin (dduṛus) ay itteg Mouloud Mammeri deg Tesdawit n Ldzayer. Deg
1972 neY deg 1973, nekk d kra n yinelmaden nebda la d-nettsuffuY tisYunin (revues) tidelsanin umi nsemma Taftilt d Itri, d acu kan, ur eeḍḍlent
ara ḥebsent. Sakk-in, gar 1974 d 1979 ttekkaY deg leqdicat n Waggay n Tezrawin TimaziYin (Groupes d'Etudes
Berbères) n Tesdawit n Paris VIII, anda ay lliY la ssYarayeY tira n tmaziYt akk d Mbarek Redjala, ad t-yeṛḥem
Ṛebbi. Timsirin-nni ffYent-d deg yiwen n wedlis (taktabt) n Tenmiregt (coopérative) n Imedyazen s yisem n "Iles AmaziY (taqbaylit : actal Yer
tira". Deg Paris, tṣ̣aḥ-iyi-d tegnit ad ḥedṛeY i temliliyin n Lionel Galand
(deg EPHE) d Salem Chaker (deg INALCO).
Deg 1979, bdiY la
qeddceY d aselmad n tusnakt deg Tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu. Inelmaden ssuttren-iyi ad slemdeY tajeṛṛumt d
tira n tmaziYt (Yas mebla ttesriḥ). Tamsirt (ddeṛs) amezwaru yella-d deg wass n 16 Yebrir
1980, deg wussan-nni anda ay ṭṭfen yinelmaden tasdawit. Sakk-in, teqqel temsirt-nni n tmaziYt amzun d leadda
: iseqquma n tnezduYin n tesdawiyin llan ttsefrayen ad gen timsirin-a yal aseggas, mi ara qqlen yiselmaden Yer tezrawin
(leqraya), ama deg Oued Aïssi, ama deg Yiḥesnawen, u llan ula d iselmaden niḍen ay d-yettekkan deg temsirin-a.
Tṣ̣aḥ-iyi-d daYen tegnit ad slemdeY tamaziYt deg kra n tesnawiyin (lycées) n Tmurt n Leqbayel
(deg Dree Lmizan, Tizi Wezzu, atg.), am wakk-n sseYreY tamaziYt deg Tesdawit n Bab-Ezzouar, deg Ldzayer
tamaneYt anda Amazday (collectif) n Imedyazen yella la iqeddec Yef yedles amaziY.
Nnig n usselmed-nni n tmaziYt,
ttekkaY daYen deg ussebded d ussuffeY n tesYunt Tafsut
ay deg d-uriY kra n tgejda (éditoriaux) s teqbaylit, am wakk-n ttekkaY daYen deg ussebded n umazrar (série)
n usselmed n tesYunt-a. Deg 1985, ma ur cciḍeY ara, neereḍ daYen ad nesselmed tamaziYt
s tebṛatin deg Tesdawit n Tizi Wezzu. D acu kan, ttejṛiba-a ur teeḍḍel ara Yef ljal n lexṣ̣aṣ̣
n ttawil akk d tegnit iweeṛen deg tallit-nni.
Seg yidis unṣ̣ib
(officiel), tṣaḥ-iyi-d tegnit ad ttekkiY deg tseqquma n ferru (jurys) neY ad asen-beddeY i yinelmaden
ay d-igan ijedlen (thèses) yeqqnen Yer wenrar n tmaziYt : tira n tmaziYt deg uselkim (ordinateur) s tfinaY
tijdidin (d ajdel yettwagan s ddaw tmehla -direction- n Arezki Bouzefrane, d amsenselkim -informaticien- yernu
yella iqeddec id-i), yella daYen wejdel niḍen yettwagan Yef tseftit (conjugaison) n teqbaylit
s uselkim, d wayeḍ Yef bennu n yisudar n yisefka (bases de données) n yeḍrisen yuran s tmaziYt.
Asmi ay qqleY Yer
Fṛansa, deg tezwara n useggas n 1989, d Mass Salem Chaker ay iyi-yullen (ieawen-iyi) akk-n ad mmeṛkiY
iman-iw Yer aduktuṛa deg INALCO, dYa ferneY ad geY ajdel-inu (thèse) Yef wawalen ijdiden deg
tmaziYt.
Ihi, qrib eecrin n
yiseggasen ay-a seg wasmi ay sdukkleY snat n tmeddurin, tamenzut d tin n uqeddic-iw (leqraya d usselmed n tusnakt -mathématiques),
ma d tis snat d tin n tlufa ay iyi-yerzan nekk [tamaziYt]. D acu kan, la ttwaliY dakk-n maci ala nekk ay yellan
deg tegnit-a, wanag, akk medden n ljil-inu yellan rran ddehn-nsen Yer tmaziYt u llan qeddcen fell-as llan am nekk.
Llan aṭas n yimedyaten (exemples). Yiwen deg-sen d Muḥend u Yeḥya, ula d netta yeYra tusnakt deg Tesdawit
n Ldzayer uqbel ma yebda ad d-yettsuqqul (yesṭerjim) iqeddicen n Sartre, Brech, Beckett, Molière d wiyaḍ.
Seg tama niḍen, ttwaliY
dakk-n amdan yesea tamagit (identité) yellan d nettat ay d llsas n wakk iqeddicen ay ixeddem s lbal-is. Ulac akk ugur
ma yesdukkel yiwen tussniwin tiseddiyin (sciences exactes) d tussniwin n tsekla (littérature). Ugur awḥid ay d-mlaleY
nekk deg way-a netta d win kan n wamek ara yefreq wemdan lweqt-is.
D acu-tt ttejṛiba-inek
deg wenrar n unadi Yef tmaziYt ?
Maci d ttejṛiba
meYYren. KkiY acḥal n yiseggasen, rriY-d kan deg-sen ddehn-iw Yer temsal n tjeṛṛumt
d tira n tmaziYt. Gar 1982 d 1984, ttekkaY deg lebni n yiwet n tmawalt n tusnakt (lexique de mathématiques) tafṛensist-tamaziYt,
u yeffeY-d deg tesYunt Tafsut, ma d tura, qqleY-d tikkelt
niḍen Yer leqdic n tusnakt, d acu kan, tikkelt-a la qeddceY Yef tusnakt s tmaziYt.
Deg 1986, Mass Chaker yessekcem-iyi
akk d yemeiwnen niḍen deg leqdic-nni n lebni n umawal amatu (dictionnaire général) n yiles amaziY
deg uselkim (ordinateur).
Tamawalt n Tusnakt (Lexique
de Mathématiques) gan-tt-id tlata n yemdanen : H. Sadi, M. Laïhem akk d nekk. Ma Chaker akk d Mammeri eawnen-aY
deg temsal n tesnarrayt (méthodologie), afran n yezwiren (préfixes) akk d yiẓuran, atg. Mouloud Mammeri yerḍel-aY-d
kra n yimawalen n tmaziYt.
Sdeffir n useggas n leqdic,
nessaweḍ ad nfak amur ameqran seg tmawalt-nni (lexique). Sakk-in, Chaker yeqqel waqila Yer Fṛansa. Ula
d H. Sadi. Nella sya Yer da ntteddu s axxam n Mouloud Mammeri akk-n ad neqdec dinna, d acu kan, neqqel ur nebYi
ara ad nkemmel ad t-ncewwil, dYa nkemmel nekk d Laïhem la nqeddec deg sin id-neY kan, u nkemmel akk-n
setta n wagguren, alama ay d asmi ay nfuk tamawalt-nni. Deg tallit-nni lliY la d-seeddayeY leeskeṛ
deg El Harrach (Ldzayer TamaneYt) u deg lweqt-nni, Mass Laïhem, yellan la yettseYray tusnakt deg ENS n Tqubbet,
yella daYen la d-yettfaka leqraya-ines deg tujjya (médecine). Yal yiwen deg-neY yella la iqeddec seg yidis-ines,
yernu nella la nettemlili deg tgara n dduṛt akk-n ad nẓer sani nuweḍ. Akk-n ad ak-d-ḥkuY,
nekka acḥal n tikkal taggara n dduṛt deg yiwen n teklinit (clinique) n udawi n leeqel deg Tqubbet, anda Mass
Laïhem tella tettṣ̣aḥ-it-id nnuba akk-n ad iqaree imuḍinen. DYa twalad tagnit ay deg nella
? Aesekṛiw ara d-yeseeddayen leeskeṛ-ines d umejjay-amusnak (médecin-mathématicien) la qeddcen
Yef tusnakt (mathématiques) s tmaziYt deg teklinit n udawi n leeqel !
Amek ay tgam akk-n
ad tfernem awalen n tusnakt ?
S umata, akk-a ay neqdec
: awalen ara ilin deg tmawalt-nni (lexique) nefren-iten-id seg yimawalen (dictionnaires) d tnemmalin (index) n tektabin n
tusnakt. Deg way-n yerzan tasuqilt (asṭerjem) n wawalen-nni Yer tmaziYt, nebda-d, deg tazwara, la d-nettaddam
awalen yeqqnen Yer tusnakt yellan yagi deg Umawal (n tmaziYt tatrart).
Sakk-in, nebda la d-nettnadi deg yimawalen imaziYen yemxallafen awalen d yiẓuran ay seg nezmer ad d-nezzullem
(dériver) awalen i tusnakt. Awalen d yiẓuran-a nezzullem-d seg-sen awalen ijdiden s yiberdan-nni ay nennum nettseqdac-iten
deg tmaziYt akk-n ad d-nezzullem s tmaziYt neY daYen s ussuddes (composition). Awalen d yiẓuran-nni
jjan-aY ad d-nesnulfu kra n tserkmin n yirmen (classes de termes).
Awalen ay d-nezzullem (dérivé)
d wid ay ḥwajen medden akk-n ad Yren neY ad slemden tusnakt (mathématiques) deg uYerbaz (llakul) amenzu,
deg tesnawit (lycée) akk d tesdawit (université) alama d turagt (licence). D acu kan, la nettwali dakk-n leqdic-nneY
d aneeruḍ kan yernu mazal nezmer ad t-nesselhu. Tamawalt-a (lexique) n tusnakt tga ciṭṭ n ṣ̣ṣ̣da
deg Tmurt n Leqbayel, ddmen-tt kra n yiselmaden deg tesdawit d tesnawit, u bdan la d-ttarun ixfawen (chapitres) d temsirin
(dduṛus) ikemlen n tusnakt s tmaziYt.
Melmi kan ay tfukeḍ ajdel
(thèse) n uduktuṛa Yef wawalen ijdiden deg tmaziYt. AyYer ay tferneḍ ad tqedceḍ Yef
temsalt-a ?
Mi ara yefren wemdan kra
n temsalt, dima ttilin aṭas n ssebbat ay t-yessawḍen s ay-n : tikkwal d zzheṛ, tikkwal d beYYu
ay yebYa ad yessen ay-n ur yessin ara, tikkwal d netta ay yerran ddhen-is Yer wenrar-a neY anrar-inna, daYen
tikkwal, yefren kra n temsalt imi ay yegget fell-as wawal taswiet-nni, neY d tin ay d tamsalt ay Yef llant
aṭas n teftarin (documents) yettwarun, atg.
Nekk dima rriY ddhen-iw
Yer tmawalt (lexique). Deg yiseggasen n 1970, lliY d amagaz (abonné) deg Fichier de Documentation Berbère. LliY
dima ttaddameY tinqiḍin mi ara qqareY idlisen (tiktabin) n FDB : ttaruY awalen ur ssineY
ara, tinfalyin (expressions), inzan (proverbes), atg. DYa akk-n ay ssawḍeY ad ccaṛeY acḥal
n yittafttaren (cahiers) u lliY la ttxemmimeY dakk-n yiwen wass ad nefeen i kra, Yas ma yehwa-as d nekk
kan ara d-yestenfeen seg-sen. Ass-a mazal ḥemmleY ad YreY imawalen n tmaziYt akk-n qqaren medden
ungalen (romans).
BdiY la d-ttarraY
ddehn-iw Yer wawalen imaynuten cwiṭ cwiṭ asmi ay bdiY la qqareY idlisen am tjeṛṛumt
n tmaziYt n Mouloud Mammeri, Amawal n tmaziYt tatrart, atg. DaYen, bdiY la d-ttarraY
ddehn-iw Yer wamek la ttseqdacen awalen imaynuten n Umawal : deg yisefran n Ben-Mohammed, deg ccna n teqbaylit
amaynut, deg tsekla tatrart (littérature moderne), deg tesgilin n ṛṛadyu, atg.
La ttwaliY dakk-n
awalen imaynuten uraren dduṛ d ameqran ama seg yidis n wuguren ay tesea tmaziYt deg tmawalt (lexique), ama
deg ubeddel n leeqleyya n wid yellan la qeddcen Yef tmaziYt. Awalen imaynuten n tmaziYt sseknen-d dakk-n
nezmer ad neqdec Yef yiles amaziY (d iles ay yesṛuḥen aṭas), awalen-a kksen-asen tikerrist (complexe)
i yemdanen-a, u jjan-aY ad nesseddu iles amaziY Yer sdat.
Deg yiseggasen n 1970,
aṭas n medden deg umussu (mouvement) amaziY qbilen ara aṭṭuqqet n wawalen aeṛaben deg tmawalt
n teqbaylit. Awalen-a ay d-yettwareḍlen seg taeṛabt llan la ten-ttwalin medden d « ammus ». Imedyazen,
icennayen d yimura (écrivains) llan la ttnadin amek ara ssizedgen iles amaziY, Yas akk-n yella d awezYi ad
t-ssizedgen s lekmal-is. DYa, awalen imaynuten d nitni ay yeccuṛen ilem-nni, d nitni ay as-ixelfen i tmaziYt
ay-n ay deg txuṣ̣ṣ̣. Ilmeẓyen rran-d ttaṛ ula seg yiles-nsen ladYa imi assqdec n wawalen
imaynuten yessaweḍ-iten alama ay jjan kra n wawalen d imensayen (traditionnels) am wakk-n ay yesseḥṛes anrar
n tenfalit (expression).
Awalen imaynuten llan ttusseqdacen
deg ṛṛadyu yettsawalen s tmaziYt, ama deg Ldzayer neY deg Fṛansa, akk d yeYmisen (ijeṛnanen)
isertiyen (politiques) n tmaziYt, Asalu d Amaynut, ay yebdan la d-tteffYen seg 1989 d asawen, d acu
kan, seg wakk-n llan ttusseqdacen wawalen imaynuten deg ttawilat-a, alama ay yeqqel yiles-nni ay ttseqdacen deg-sen ur yesei
ara akk sser.
D ay-a ay iyi-yejjan ad eerḍeY ad fehmeY xir
ugur-a, u ad d-aruY tacrawt (bilan) fell-as. DYa yella yessefk
fell-i ad YreY awalen-a imaynuten, ad d-nadiY
laṣ̣el n wawalen-nni ay d-yettussumren (proposés), d acu-tent tentalyin (dialectes) ay seg d-ttwaddmen, ad srekmeY (classer) awalen-nni imaynuten, ad ḥesbeY acḥal n wawalen yellan seg yal ṣ̣ṣ̣enf,
ad ẓreY amek d wanect ttusseqdacen u ad ẓreY d
acu-tent tmeẓla (caractéristiques) akk n way-a.
DaYen, u d ay-n ibanen, llant ssebbat yugaren ay-a : tamsalt-a yegget fell-as wawal deg
tallit-nni yernu mazal ar tura tecYeb-aY. Akk-n yebYu
yili, tamawalt (lexique) n tmaziYt mazal teḥwaj ad tettusseqeed.
LliY daYen bYiY
ad d-eeyyneY Yef kra n tYawsiwin
ay lliY la tent-ttwaliY d yir-itent deg wesnulfu n wawalen imaynuten.
LliY ẓriY dakk-n greY iman-iw deg yiwet
n temsalt “yeḥman », ay Yef mgerraden leṛyuy, yernu iberdan ay yes nezmer
ad nefru tamsalt-a ggten alama ay d ay-n kan.
Anwa ay d-igan Amawal n tmaziYt tatrart yernu ayYer ur d-iris ara deg-s yisem
n umeskar (auteur) ?
Amawal n tmaziYt tatrart tga-t-id yiwet n terbaet n ṛebea n yemdanen : Mouloud Mammeri, Amar Zentar, Mustapha Benkhemmou d Amar Yahiaoui. Llan wid yellan ttekkayen deg-s sya Yer da. Mouloud Mammeri yellan d aselmad deg tesdawit n
Ldzayer yella daYen deg tallit-nni [deg tezwara n yiseggasen n 1970] d anemhal (directeur) n CRAPE. Tlata-nni niḍen
llan d inelmaden.
Tikkelt tamezwarut anda
ay d-yeffeY (deg 1974, deg Ldzayer tamaneYt), tazzwart (préface) d ueeyyen ay d-yeddan deg Umawal-nni d Mouloud
Mammeri ay tent-ikebben (ay ten-yestenyan). D acu kan, asmi ay as-eawden assuffeY deg Tenmiregt (Coopérative) n
Imedyazen deg 1980, ur d-yeddi ara akk deg-s kra n yisem.
Uqbel ma eawden-as-d
assuffeY s cwiṭ, mlaleY-d Mouloud Mammeri d zzheṛ kan deg Paris, deg Quartier Latin, dYa
nniY-as dakk-n atni la d-ssewjaden ad eawden ad d-ssuffYen Amawal-nni. Mouloud Mammeri yegguma ad d-yeddu
yisem-is deg tduli (couverture) n wedlis-nni neY sdaxel-s. Nekk nniY-as dakk-n lemmer ad d-yeddu yisem-is deg-s,
medden ad t-amnen neY ad yenz xir, maca netta yenna-iyi-d dakk-n lemmer Amawal-nni ad yenfee medden deg kra, ad
yenz Yas ur d-itteddu ara deg-s yisem n umeskar (auteur). Yenna-d dakk-n lemmer ad d-yeddu deg-s yisem-is, ad rnun kan
ad nzen wazal n xemsin n tsukan (exemplaires) seg-s. DaYen, yegguma ad t-id-nessuffeY u ad d-teddu deg-s tefyirt
am “D adlis ay Yef teqdec terbaet n yimeskaren s ddaw n tmehla (direction) n Mammeri », atg.
Llan daYen yedlisen
n wawalen imaynuten ay d-ssuffYen Yimeṛṛukiyen d YimucaY.
D tidet. Awalen imaynuten
ur d-nnulfan ara deg teqbaylit kan. Deg tezwara n yiseggasen n 1980, Yef lemtel, ffYen-d yedlisen Yef wawalen
imaynuten deg Mali d Niger deg wenrar n tusnakt (mathématiques) n weswir amenzu (niveau primaire). Deg Meṛṛuk, tettwaga-d tsuqilt (asṭerjem) n TseYrut TameYradit n Yizefan
n Wemdan Yer tmaziYt deg 1990, d tin ay d-iga Hassan Id Balkasm yellan d abugaṭu u d amedyaz ; imeskaren
(auteurs) uwyen-d awalen seg Umawal n tmaziYt tatrart, am wakk-n ay d-bnan awalen imaynuten niḍen ay llan ḥwajen-ten.
Deg 1993, Belaïd Boudris iga-d daYen tamawalt n usselmed ; ula d netta yugem-d awalen seg Umawal am wakk-n
ay d-yessumer awalen d yezwiren (préfixes) imaynuten. Ula deg Ldzayer, asnulfu n wawalen maci ala d Leqbayel ay d-yelhan id-s.
Massa Tassadit Yacine tenna-iyi-d dakk-n tella yiwet n terbaet n Yemẓabiyen gan-d umuY (liste) n wawalen imaynuten,
weread d-teffiY.
Ula d asseqdec n wawalen
imaynuten maci d ay-n yellan kan deg Tmurt n Leqbayel : kra n yicennayen icawiyen ttseqdacen awalen yellan deg Umawal
n TmaziYt Tatrart. Deg Meṛṛuk, awalen imaynuten la ttusseqdacen deg weYmis (ajeṛnan) adelsan
Tasafut, tasYunt (revue) Tifawt, deg ccna amaziY n Meṛṛuk, deg tesgilin n ṛṛadyu
u seg melmi kan daYen deg yisalan n tilibizyu. Ama deg Meṛṛuk neY deg Ldzayer, asseqdec n wawalen imaynuten
yeqqel d taYawsa n menwala, ladYa deg tYawsiwin ay d-yettwagan akk-n yelha.
D acu tettmeyyizeḍ
deg wezgen-agi n lqern ay ieeddan deg usseqdec n wawalen imaynuten ?
Dima yeweeṛ
ad d-tgeḍ tacrawt (bilan) Yef yinurar anda ur tezmireḍ ara ad as-tessinfeḍ i tmuYli-inek tudmawant
(personnelle).
Akk-n d-tenniḍ, azgen
n lqern ay-a seg wasmi ara ttusseqdacen wawalen imaynuten deg tmaziYt imi idlisen imezwura ay deg d-ddan ffYen-d
deg 1945, d wid n ccnawat iYelnaẓriyen (nationalistes) yettwarun s tmaziYt (amur ameqran deg-sen d Yidir Aït
Amrane ay ten-yuran).
Seg wass-nni ar ass-a,
asseqeed n tmawalt (lexique) iḥuza-d aṭas n yinurar : inurar imuta (généraux) am tussniwin talsiyin
(sciences humaines) deg Umawal n tmaziYt tatrart (M. Mammeri), tusnakt (mathématiques, am deg Ldzayer d Niger,
1984), tasnamurt (géographie – adlis yura Slimane Touati yernu weread d-yeffiY), ddin (tisuqilin n Yinjil
d Leqran s teqbaylit), tasenselkimt (informatique), atg.
S umata, ugar n 7000 n
wawalen ay d-yettusnulfan, kra n tmiḍa (tmeyyatin) seg-sen la ttusseqdacen tikkwal, u ala kan kra n tmerwin (dizaines)
seg-sen ay yeqqlen mechuṛit cwiṭ. Awalen imaynuten ay d-snulfan deg tmaceYt (tatergit, deg Mali d Niger)
ur ggten ara, d acu kan, awalen-a nnulfan-d deg leqdicat unṣ̣iben (officiels) imi tamaceYt d iles aYelnaw
deg snat-a n tmura. Leqdicat ay yettwagan Yef wawalen imaynuten deg Ldzayer d Meṛṛuk nnulen aṭas n
yinurar s umata, d acu kan, ttwagant-d deg tegnatin iweeṛen, anda tasnakta (idéologie) tella mgal (contre) n tmaziYt.
Ama deg Ldzayer, ama deg Meṛṛuk, asseqeed n tmawalt (lexique) mazal la yettkemmil kan mebla aḥkim.
Seg wasmi ay d-yebda wesnulfu n wawalen deg tmaziYt, xemsin n yiseggasen ay-a, deg snat-a n tmura, wid ay d-yesnulfuyen ttgen leqdic d iwizi (volontaire, bénévole) u akk-n ay asen-yehwa.
Deg way-n yerzan timawalin-nni
(lexiques) n wawalen imaynuten s timmad-nsent, nezmer ad nger tamawt dakk-n wid ay tent-igan malen Yer ussizdeg n yiles
amaziY seg wawalen ibeṛṛaniyen, zgan ttekksen akk awalen ay d-yettwareḍlen seg yilsawen ibeṛṛaniyen,
qrib ulac akk isilYen infaliyen (formations expressives) yernu zgan la d-snulfuyen awalen s ueaned n tefṛensist
: aeaned deg taggayin n tseddast (catégories syntaxiques), aeaned deg usemmi i tYawsiwin, aeaned deg temṣ̣ukin
tuddisin, aeaned deg tewsatin (genres), atg. DaYen, mi ara ttseqdacen awalen-a imaynuten, am deg tYamsa tasertit
(presse politique) s teqbaylit, ttseqdacen-ten swaswa kan akk-n ay ten-ttseqdacen deg tefṛensist, d ilugan n tseddast
(règles de syntaxe) n tefṛensist ay ttseqdacen, dYa d ay-a ay ten-yessawḍen ad d-arun kra n tYawsiwin
s tmaziYt d awezYi ad ttwafehment.
Timawalin (lexiques) ay
d-yettwagan, lemmer ad tent-neddem yiwet yiwet, nezmer ad d-naf deg-sent aṭas n tYawsiwin ay deg xuṣ̣ṣ̣ent :
nezmer ad naf deg-sen yiwen n wawal yesean sin neY ugar n lemeani yemxallafen, yernu liḥalat am tigi
ggtent deg Umawal n tmaziYt tatrart, yernu llant ula deg tmawalt-nni n tusnakt tafṛensist-tamaziYt
ay d-yeffYen deg Ldzayer deg 1984, u deg tussna am tusnakt (mathématiques), ay-a d ay-n ur nezmir ad yettwaqbel. Nnig
leeyub-a ay Yef nezmer ad d-nini dakk-n qqnen Yer lexṣ̣aṣ̣ n ttawil deg tallit-nni, nezmer
ad d-nernu dakk-n awalen imaynuten ttwaeezlen ama seg yidis n tesnalYa-nsen (morphologie), ama seg yidis n lemeani-nsen
ma nquren-iten Yer wawalen ay nettseqdac yal ass [meḥsub banen dakk-n mxallafen Yef wawalen imaziYen
n yal ass].
DaYen, umuY (listes)
n wawalen ay d-yettwafrnen akk-n ad d-ttussuqqlen Yer tmaziYt deg yal tamawalt (lexique) yemxallaf seg tmawalt Yer
tayeḍ d lxilaf d ameqran : yella lxilaf gar awalen n Umawal n TmaziYt Tatrart d wawalen d-yeddan deg
Tmawalt n Tusnakt, yella lxilaf gar n Umawal d way-n ay d-yeffYen deg Meṛṛuk, yella daYen
lxilaf gar n Umawal d wumuY-nni n wawalen imaynuten ay d-gan Yemẓabiyen, win ay d-bedreY uqbel, atg.
Lxilafat-a rzan timiḍa (timeyyatin) n wawalen. Ay-a yesskanay-d dakk-n lxilaf gar tentalyin (dialectes) yezmer ad yernu
ma yella nkemmel la nqeddec Yef usseqeed n tmawalt n tmaziYt yal yiwen seg tama-s yernu mebla ma nemlal.
D acu kan, llant daYen
tYawsiwin yelhan deg wesnulfu n wawalen. Γas ma yella asnulfu n wawalen imaynuten deg tmaziYt ixuṣ̣ṣ̣,
maca ay-n yettwagan deg wezgen n lqern-agi ieeddan yuklal tajmilt. Ay-a yeldi-aY iga-aY abrid akk-n ad nekcem
Yer yiwen n wenrar s wazal-is yernu yeweeṛ, nessaweḍ ad d-neg deg-s kra n leqdicat ifazen, u nnig way-a
akk, asnulfu n wawalen yejja-aY ad neereḍ akk iberdan yellan, iberdan akk ay nezmer ad ten-nesseqdec akk-n
ad d-nebnu awalen imaynuten s tmaziYt. D ay-a ay aY-yejjan ad d-nessekcem kra n yiferdisen (éléments) d imaynuten
am yezwiren (préfixe) d yedfiren (suffixe) ay aY-yejjan ad neslugen (régulariser) tiserkmin (classes) n wawalen. DaYen,
yessefk ad d-nger tamawt dakk-n wid ay d-yesnulfan awalen imaynuten s tmaziYt, qedcen i wakk-n awalen-a ad ttusseqdacen
deg wakk tintalyin (dialectes). Ma yettwaga leqdic-a akk-n yessefk, ay-a yezmer ad yessenqes imgerraden (lxilafat) yellan
gar tentalyin u ad tent-yesdukkel deg wawalen imaynuten.
D acu ay d-tettsumureḍ* ad t-neg akk-n ad nefru ugur-a ?
*proposer
Akk-n ad ak-d-iniY tidet, ur
ẓriY ara ma yella isumar udmawanen (propositions personnelles) ara d-fkeY deg wenrar am usseqeed n yiles (aménagement linguistique) zemren ad seun kra n wazal, lmizan neY ljehd ara ibeddlen tiYawsiwin
Deg tmura niḍen neY deg tmura irebḥen
akk-n ay as-qqaren deg teqbaylit, asseqeed n yiles (aménagement linguistique) neY n kra n tsenfelt (variante) n yiles-nni d ccYel ay yes d-ilehhu Uwanak (ddula), tisdawiyin
d wudusen izuyaz neY usligen (organismes publics ou privés), tideblin (administrations), yernu
ccYel am wa yeḥwaj ttawilat d imeqranen ama seg yidis n yemdanen neY
seg yidis n temṣ̣ukin (structures) ara yesseddun u ad ḍefren asnerni n yiles deg wenrar, atg.
Nekni Yer-neY, d asgijji n yiles ay Yef
yessefk ad d-nessiwel, maci d asseqeed-ines, ladYa deg way-n yerzan
tamaziYt !
Maca yessefk ad neereḍ ula d nekni ad neg ccYel-a akk-n yessefk.
Isumar-inu (propositions) qqnen Yer sin n yeswiren (niveaux).
1. Yella weswir n beṛṛa ay deg yessefk ad neereḍ ad nesseqreb wagar-asen : imnuda
(wid yettnadin), tisuda (insititutions) yettseqdacen awalen imaynuten (am ṛṛadyuwat d tilibizyuwat timeṛṛukiyin
d tdzayriyin, wid yettarun deg tesYunin d yeYmisen n tmaziYt,
atg.), imura (wid yettarun idlisen), imedyazen, inuẓar (ifennanen), atg. Deg wanect-a, yessefk ad d-neg tacrawt (bilan)
n way-n yeḥwaj yal yiwen d way-n yettseqdac, ad neereḍ ad nesdukkel awalen ay yettseqdac
yal yiwen, ad d-neg isenfaren (projets) icerken n leqdic (ay deg ara meiwnent wagar-asent tmura n TmazYa, wid yellan deg yal tamurt d wid iqeddcen deg yal anrar n leqdic). Tigi akk d tiYawsiwin
timezwura iḥaren, d tid ay yes yessefk ad nebdu. Mi ara nmuqel Yer mebeid,
attekki n tesdawiyin tiYelnawin (nationales) ama deg Ldzayer neY
deg Meṛṛuk, akk d tbeṛṛaniyin (am INALCO) d ay-n ay izemren ad d-yurar dduṛ d ameqran deg wenjaṛ
n webrid amatu (general) ara naY akk-n ad nesseqeed iles, amek ara neqdec i lmend n way-a
u d acu-tent tYawsiwin ay yes yessefk ad nezwir. Deg wenrar, tiddukliwin timaziYin d ttawilat n uxebber zemren ad uraren dduṛ n tqenṭert gar wid akk ay d-yelhan d usseqeed
n yiles akk d wegdud-nni ara yesqedcen iles-nni.
D ay-n ibanen dakk-n yeweeṛ aṭas ad d-nessebded akk ay-a u ad t-nesseddu akk-n yessefk,
maca la ttwaliY dakk-n nezmer ad d-nebdu s kra, Yas d amecṭuḥ
: ad d-nebdu leqdic ay deg ara mlilen Yidzayriyen d Yimeṛṛukiyen, u ad nessemYer
tarbaet cwiṭ, cwiṭ akk-n ad d-nernu Yer-s daYen ImucaY n Niger d Mali.
D acu kan, yessefk ad d-nger tamawt dakk-n ma nessebded-d timṣ̣ukin-a (structures)
n usseqeed n tutlayt, yessefk fell-asent ad ddunt s leḥder yernu ur tteqqlen ara d timestulin (tijadeṛmiyin) n yiles.
Yessefk daYen ad ikemmel weḥṛas n Yiwunak (ddulat) akk-n ad steeṛfen s tmaziYt s wudem unṣ̣ib (official) u ad as-fken ttawilat ay teḥwaj
maci ala i wakk-n kan ad temnee
seg wengar wanag ula i wakk-n ad tennerni.
2. Yella weswir n daxel ay deg, Yef leḥsab-iw, yessefk ad nesseYti
(ad nṣ̣eḥḥeḥ) kra n leeyub yellan deg leqdicat yettwagan yagi :
ur yessefk ara ad nkemmel ad nettnadi assizdeg n yiles d tukksa n wawalen ay d-yettwareḍlen seg yilsawen ibeṛṛaniyen,
ur yessefk ara ad nerr deg rrif isilYen infaliyin (formations expressives) neY iberdan n wesnulfu n wawalen imaynuten deg lmeena, atg. Ay-n ay d-yennulfan yagi nezmer
ad t-nesseqeed s umata. Nezmer daYen ad nesnerni iberdan n wesnulfu n wawalen :
nezmer ad nessmed (completer) timawalin (lexiques) n tentalyin (dialectes), nezmer daYen
ad d-nebnu awalen s yiẓuran imaziYen ara nesdukkel d yewṣ̣ilen (affixes) ibeṛṛaniyen
(igrigiyen neY ilatiniyen). DaYen, yessefk ad d-nawi ugar n wawalen seg
tentalyin timaziYin n Ugafa [imi, uqbel, seg asnulfu n wawalen imaynuten yettseqdac aṭas
tamaceYt]. Deg way-n yerzan asseqdec n wawalen imaynuten, yessefk ad asen-nessYer i yineYmasen (imesjeṛnanen) awalen-a imaynuten
yernu yessefk ad d-nessuffeY idlisen d imaglayen (sérieux) ara zemren ad ten-afen u ad ten-Yren wid ay nettsaram ad sqedcen awalen-a, atg.
Tzemreḍ ad aY-d-tiniḍ d acu-ten lecYal yezwaren ay yessefk ad ten-neg deg wenrar n tmaziYt ? LadYa deg way-n yerzan asnulfu n wawalen
imaynuten ?
Deg wenrar n tmaziYt … tuttra-a tennul aṭas aṭas n temsal. Deg way-n yerzan
asseqeed n tmawalt (lexique), nekk ttwaliY dakk-n, lemmer d lebYi,
ad neḥbes ciṭṭaḥ asnulfu n wawalen, u ad neṛju ar d-taweḍ tegnit ay deg ara d-lhun yid-s
wid iwatan i wanect-a. Maca ẓriY dakk-n tikli-inu ur
teddi ara d way-n yellan, imi deg tidet, iles ur yettṛaju
ara.
Deg way-n yerzan asseqdec, ttsarameY dakk-n wid yettseqdacen awalen imaynuten, ad ten-sqedcen
kan s ttawil, ladYa imesqedcen iqbayliyen, d acu kan, ay-a yeqqen Yer
yal yiwen deg-neY, ladYa wid yettarun deg tesYunin
d yeYmisen akk d yineYmasen (imesjeṛnanen) : assizdeg n yiles
d tukksa n wawalen ay d-yettwareḍlen seg yilsawen ibeṛṛaniyen d axeṣ̣ṣ̣ar ay as-fkan
i tmaziYt …
Am deg wakk inurar niḍen, ay-n iḥaren netta d tamuYli Yer mebeid, d ay-n ara inefeen i uzekka d slazekka ay yezwaren, u deg tegnit-a qesdeY-d
dakk-n yessefk ad d-nessebded timṣ̣ukin (structures) n leqdic d wesnerni ara iqeddcen Yef
tmaziYt s umata, i YimaziYen akk-n ma llan.
D
tadiwennit ay d-iga Saïd CHEMAKH
Paris/Montréal, Fuṛaṛ-MeYres 1995
TeffeY-d deg Imazighen Ass-a uṭṭunen 2-3, Paris, 1995, isebtar 24-28.
Tasuqilt sYur Omar Mouffok
08/04/2007
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