Agzul
Asemmi n yimukan d yiwet gar tɣawsiwin yezdin akk iɣerfan d tɣermiwin, d ttawil i yettuɣalen ɣer talliyin tiqburin nezzeh, ur nezmir ad d-nini ass-a, melmi yebda umdan yettak ismawen i yimukan akken ad ten-yessemgired gar-asen. Maca, ɣas akken yecrek-iten ttawil n usemmi dacu kan yal agdud, yal taɣerma tettsemmi i yimukan ilmend n yidles-is, tutlayt-is akked wayen i as-d-yezzin.
Amahil-a yekkin deg tezrawin tisnismanin, deg usentel yerza asuffeɣ n taggayin tisnalɣanin d tesnamkanin yellan deg umawal asmidgan n temnaḍin timesdurar n tmurt n Leqbayel, iswi-nneɣ, akken ad nessaweḍ ad nwali ma mtawant taggayin-a akked tid yellan deg umawal n tutlayt tamatut neɣ mgaradent.
Awalen isura
Tasmidegt, timnaḍin timesdurar, tamurt n Leqbayel, taggayin tasnalɣanin, taggayin tasnamkanin
Tazwert
Ɣas akken llan aṭas n leqdicat i imugen ɣef yisem amaẓlay (ama d ismawen n yimukan neɣ ismawen n yimdanen) seg unekcum afransis d afella maca, taɣult n tesnisemt1 mazal ar ass-a ur tettwasen ara deg tmurt n Lezzayer akken iwata. Imi imahilen-a deg tilawt ur d-llin ara s wudem usrid ɣef taɣult n tesnisemt, ma d wid i d-yellan ɣef demma-s bdan ttbanen-d seg yiseggasen n 90 kan d afella ladɣa sɣur yisdawanen ( Foudil Cheriguen 1993, 2021, Brahim Atoui 1998, Ahmed Zaid-Chartouk Malika, 1999, Benramdan Farid, 2008, Yermeche Ouardia, 2008, Tidjet Mustapha, 2013, 2016…). Ula d imahilen-a ddrus gar-asen i iḥuzan aswir asnilsan n yisem amaẓlay ladɣa tasnalɣa-s akken i d-yebder Tidjet (2014 :267) « leqdicat ɣef tesnisemt tazzayrit ugten mliḥ. Dacu kan ddrus maṭi n wid i ifkan azal i tesnalɣa n yisem amaẓlay »2.
Tamuɣli-a ɣer taɣult n tesnisemt deg tilawt tuɣ aẓar seg teẓriyin tisnilsanin imi deg tazwara yakan ur gint ara amkan i yisem amaẓlay deg yimahilen-nsent, ayen yeǧǧan ula deg tallit tamirant ur as-yettunefk ara wazal, d amedya Cicile Luguy (2012 : 52), yura-d ɣef temsalt n yisem amaẓlay dakken « Yiwet gar wayen i iceɣben isnilsanen ɣef temsalt n yisem amaẓlay d ayen yerzan kan asbadu-ines, d wamek ara tsemgirden ɣef yisem amagnu/imezdi »3, Ula deg temsirin n tesnilest tamatut n (F De Saussure) isem amaẓlay ur d-yettwabder ara maṭi, ilmend n usenqeḍt i gan yisnilsanen i tmuɣli n Saussure ɣef usentel-a gar-asen M – Noëlle G – Prieur (1991 : 12) yura-d dakken « Tasnilest tettwasbadu-d sɣur Saussure am uḥric deg tesnazmult. Yiwen n uxemmem ɣef uzmul asnilsan yessefk ad d-yemlil isem amaẓlay. Maca timsirin n tesnilest tamatut teɛɛuẓeg ɣef wagaz-a »4. Ma d leqdicat id d-yellan deg taɣult n tmaziɣt xersum deg tesnilest lhan-d d uzraw n tsenfal yellan deg tantaliwin yemgaraden akked tigin n yimawalen d yisegzawalen, ayen yerzan taggayt n yismawen imaẓlayen ur asen-gin ccan ɣas akken d taggayt yugten deg tutlayt, akken i d-yebder Tidjet ɣef usentel-a (2014 : 267) « ɣas akken yellan s wuṭṭun meqqren […] isem amaẓlay ur yelli deg yimahilen n tesnilest n yismazaɣen »5.
Azal i sɛan yismidgen deg tilawt maci dayen i izmer ad d-yessegzi yiwen deg kra n yijerriḍen, icaḍ lukan ad neɛreḍ ad d-nessugen imukan war ismawen akken ad negzu azal i sɛan. Da aqlaɣ nettmeslay ɣef yiwet n twuri kan yerzan asemmi, ilaq ad neḥsu dakken tawuri n yismidgen ur teḥbis ara kan ɣer ta, maca sɛan aṭas n tsekkta-nniḍen akken i d-yebder Atoui (2013) « ismidgen d iɣbula yesɛan azal d ameqqran deg uḥraz n cfayat n yigduden akked tmussni n wayen yezrin, tikwal ula d amiran »6
Deg umagrad-a yerzan azraw n yismawen n yimukan deg uswir asnilsan, ad neɛreḍ ad d-nsuk tamuɣli ɣef yismidgen yellan deg temnaḍin timesdurar n tmurt n Leqbayen, iswi-nneɣ, d awali amek yebna umawal asmidgan deg uswir n tesnalɣa akked tesnamka ɣef waya, asteqsi-neɣ agejdan ad yili akka:
Dacu-tent taggayin tisnalɣanin d tesnamkanin yellan deg yismawen n yimukan? Ma mgaradent ɣef taggayin yellan deg tutlayt neɣ ala? Rostaing, (1961: 09), deg tbadut i d-yefka i yismawen imaẓlayen s umata, neɣ ismidgen s wudem uzzig, dakken ineggura-a, d tayunin timawalin i ḥuzan isuḍaf isnilsanen n tutlayt ideg kkint
« isem n wadeg d yiwet n talɣa n tutlayt, d awal yebnan, am wiyaḍ, s teɣra d tergalin, d yimeslicen i d-yettwagsusrun s yigmamen n usiwel […].asmideg yettwazraw am wawal-nniḍen ilmend n tutlayt ideg yekki »7
Ilmend n tbadut-a, ismawen n yimukan neɣ ismidgen d yiwet gar taggayin yekkin deg umawal amatu n tutlayt, ɣef waya, ad d-nessumer deg tazwara dakken, deg yismawen n yimukan ad d-nemlil akk taggayin yellan deg tutlayt ismawen imilanen, imyagen, irbiben, iferdisen n tjerrumt… Ma deg uswir asnamkan, assismel n yismidgen d taggayin ad yili yebna ɣef wayen i d-mmalen.
1. Taggayin tisnalɣanin
Deg tmaziɣt, am waṭas n tutlayin-nniḍen, asdakkel n tayunin timawalin d taggayin yemgaraden ilmend n talɣa akked tseddast-nsent, yella d ugur deg tazwara, neɣ yebna ɣef turdiwin. Imeskaren ismazzaɣen imezwura yecban (A. Basset, 1957) smersen tarrayt yellan deg tutlayt n tefransist akken ad sawḍen ad bḍun amawal n tutlayt n tmaziɣt d taggayin. Syin d afella, ismazzaɣen i iqedcen ɣef usentel-a (Chaker, 1983, Bentolila, 1986) fkan azal ugar i tulmisin tiḥerfiyin (tisnalɣanin d tseddasin) n tutlayt n tmaziɣt deg tigin n umawal-is d taggayin.
Ma dayen yerzan ismidgen, assismel-nsen d taggayin, ad yili daɣen ilmend n tulmisin-nsen tisnalɣanin. Ɣef way, deg wammud-a yellan gar yifassen-nneɣ, nessemgared-d kraḍ n taggayin tigejdanin ɣas akken llan wid yessasmlen ismidgen iḥerfiyen d yisuddimen deg yiwet n taggayt akken i d-yebder Cheriguen (2021: 22) ɣef tɣessa d tesnalɣa n waddayen ismidganen dakken «ttilin s snat n tsekkiwin (taggayin): ismawen iḥerfiyen (kkin deg-sen daɣen yisuddimen) akked yismawen uddisen»8 .
1.1. Ismidgen iḥerfiyen
Ismidgen iḥerfiyen rzan ismawen yesɛan taɣessa d taddayt, ur tqebbel ara beṭṭu. D awalen yebnan ɣef yiwet n tayunt yesɛan anamek (d aferdis adday ur nqebbel ara asemẓi). Deg taggayt-a llant kraḍ n talɣiwin tigejdanin:
1.1.1. Ismidgen imalayen
Ismidgen imalayen (ama d isem asuf neɣ d asget) d talɣa tamaẓlayt deg umawal n tmaziɣt, yal isem yettawi deg tazwara yiwet n teɣri (a, i, u) (A. Basset, 1952) d amedya:
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tiɣri (a) Aberrant, Abraḥ, Acawi, Acekrid, Acerraḍ, Actug, Adekkar, Aɣeggad.
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Tiɣri (i) Iɣẓer, Iɛcac, Iɛricen, Ifis, Ifri, Iɣalen, Iɣdan, Iɣawzan, Ignan/Igennan, Iger, Iɣil, Iḥerqan, Ijdaren, Ijɛed, Ijga.
Ismidgen yedmen tiɣri (i) deg tazwara, deg tuget-nsen d wid yellan deg talɣa n usget, d ismawen yellan deg tadra ddmen tiɣri (a) Ignan, Agni, Ijga, Ajgu, Iɛricen, Aɛric, Imdunen, Amdun … ma d ismidgen i ibeddun s teɣri (u) ur ugiten ara Udkan, Ulman, Umlil, Umlislal.
Ɣer tama n yismawen-a, llan wid i ibeddun s tergalt d amedya: Cawen, Cenṭeṭ, Cfer, Dexla, Ɛemrus, Ɛewwana, Ferḥun, Feṭṭala, Filus, Ǧennada, Saḥel Ɣifuf, Harun, Ḥejjla, Ḥerrat, Ḥidra, Ḥiret, Ḥrira, Rriba, Seɛdan, Nezla, Nzali, Rumbli, Sihel. Ismawen imalayen (d asuf neɣ d asget) yebdan s tergalt d ismawen i d-yekkan seg tutlayin tiberraniyin xersum seg taɛrabt, ma d ismawen n tmaziɣt s umata ur ttadamen ara targalt deg tazwara.
1.1.2. Ismidgen untiyen
Talɣa n wunti deg tmaziɣt tettili s tmerna n (t + t) ɣer tazwara d taggara n yisem amalay, Tabelluṭ, Tabjet, Taberrakt, Tablaṭ, Tabriṭ, Taburga, Taburt, Taddart, Tadekkart, Taɛwint, Taɛzibt, Tafalast, Taferkuṭ, Tafezza, Tafṭist, Tafuɣalt, Tafuḥant, Tagariṭ, Tagectumt, Taǧellalt, Tagelmimt, Tagemmunt, taɣerdayt, tagma, tagnit, taḥfirt… Deg uswir n unamek, ismawen untiyen s umata mmalen asemẓi d amedya: Iger – Tigert, Iɣil – Tiɣilt, Iɣẓer – Tiɣẓert, Asif – Tasift…
1.1.3. Ismidgen s talɣa n umyag
Ismidgen yebnan ɣef yimyagen bḍan ɣef snat n tsekkiwin, tamezwarut d ismidgen i d-yekkan seg yimyagen n tɣara amedya: Ḥiret, Imɣur, Sihel, d tilin deg talɣa taḥerfit, ma d tis snat d ismidgen i d-yekkan seg yimyagen n tigawt d amedya: Tunef, Yidir. Ttilin s talɣa yeftin ɣer wudem wis kraḍ.
1.2. Ismidgen uddisen
Ismidgen uddisen d ismawen yebnan s sin neɣ ugar n wawalen yesɛan anamek. Tayunin tuddisin deg wammud-nneɣ nebḍa-tent ɣef snat n tsekkiwin, talɣiwin tuddisin tiwezzlanin9 Tala Wadda, Aḍɣaɣ Lmal, Agelmim n Yilef, Tagersift, Creqreq … akked talɣiwin tuddisin tiɣezzfanin, amedya sidi ḥmed n yiɣil ɛisi, taddart ɛli uyaḥya, tadekkart n at Ɛli wabrahem, iɣẓe lɛinṣer ubezyu…
Ma deg tmuɣli tasnisemt, ismidgen uddisen bnan ɣef sin n yisumar, amezwaru yettili d aḥerfi ayen umi neqqar irem awsiyan, d isem amezwaru yettunefken i umkan iɣil, abrid, tala, amalu …, ma d wis sin d irem uzzig yezmer ad yili daɣen d aḥerfi am waken daɣen i izmer ad yili netta yakan s timmad-is d uddis, d amedya Iɣil Uɛenṣer, Abrid n Bab Umagaẓ, Tala Wadda, Amalu n Sidi Lmuweffeq. Irem uzzig, ikeččem-d deg tesmidegt mi ara d-ilin sin n yimukan yesɛan isem d ucrik d amedya, mi ara d-ilint snat n tliwa deg taddart i d-yezgan deg sin n yimukan yemgaraden, da yessefk ad d-yekcem yirem uzzig ara yessemgirden tiliwa-a gar-asent, Tala Wadda, Tala Ufella, Tala Ḥerma…
1.2.1. Talɣiwin tuddisin tiwezzlanin
D talɣiwin i iǧehden deg usileɣ n yismawen n yimukan deg temnaḍin timesdurar n tmurt n Leqbayel, d taggayt i izemren ad tebḍu ɣef snat n tsekkiwin daɣen, ismidgen yebnan ɣef yiɣes (noyau) anisem asaka n “aynawal anisem1 + aynawal anisem2”, d tasekka n yismawen n yimukan yecban Agelmim Yilef, Aḥriq Lɛinseṛ, Aḥriq Izinzer, Amṭiq Uxerrub, Annar Ujilban, Aṣlaṭ Ufalku, Axerrub Udali, Aẓru Waɛrab, Idis Lɛica, Iger Lǧameɛ, Iɣil Ɛisa. Uddis wis sin deg yismidgen-a yettak anamek uzzig i yismawen-a. Deg tadra ismidgen-a yebnan ɣef uynawal anisem + aynawal anisem2 yezzmer tekka gar-asen tenzeɣt, imi aɣelluy n tenzeɣt “n” ur d-igellu ara s ubeddel deg yisumar n yismidgen-a ama deg uswir n talɣa neɣ deg uswir n unamek d amedya, Aḥriq n Ujilban neɣ Aḥriq Ujilban.
Ilmend n tecraḍ iɣef yebna yisem deg tmaziɣt, ur ttemseḍfaren ara sin n yismawen yellan deg waddad illelli war ma tekka gar-asen tenzeɣt. Akeččum n tenzeɣt gar-asen ad terr uddis wis sin ɣer waddad amaruz, deg tmuɣli-nneɣ dayen i yeḍran deg yismidgen-a, ayen i aɣ-yeǧǧan ur nezmir ad nessibɛed turda n tilin n tenzeɣt “n” deg yismidgen-a. Tasekka-a daɣen tezmer ad tili s talɣa “aynawal anisem1 + n + aynawal anisem2” asaka n yismidgen Agelmim n Yilef, Aɣeggad n Uɛric, Agni n Yizgaren, Aḥriq n Ccix, Annar n Yibirucen, Axnaq n Tala, Iɣil n Laɛzib, Iɣil n Ǧiber, Iɣzer n Tewrirt. Am wakken i zemren ad ilin s talɣa “aynawal anisem + arbib” asaka n Aẓru Mellulen, Fillus Aqdim, Iḍɣaɣen Iwraɣen, Lǧameɛ Aqdim, Muḥand Aberkan, Aala Tameqrant, Iɣẓer Ameqqran, Tawrirt Lejdid, uddis wis sin deg usmideg-a yekka-d seg talɣa tarbibant taɛrabt ǧadid, tiɣilt leḥfa. Aḥric wis sin deg yismidgen yebnan ɣef wuddis anisem akked urbib yekka-d seg yimyagen n tɣara (imlul, iqdim, ibrik, imɣur, ḥfu…), tasekka-a n yismidgen zemren ad mmalen: tiɣmi n wadeg wacu ttunefken d amedya Akal Aberkan, Akal Amellal, Iɣzer n Tabya, Tiɣilt Ujeyyar, Iger Zeggaɣen, Aḥriq Uberqac, Aḥriq Ucaɛlal, Aẓru Mellulen…, temɣer/temẓi akked leɛli d tewzel n umkan Tala Tameqqrant, Annar Ameẓẓyan, Tigert Ɛlayen, Abrid Ameqqran, Iɣẓer Ameqqran…, taɣara n wadeg neɣ n bab n wadeg d amedya, Tala Lbur, Aqerqar Umɛuc, Aẓrar Uɛeẓẓug, Iɣẓer Ulxayen, Iɣẓer Waluḍ, Tiẓra Tiferṭasin, Tiɛinet Iɛeṭṭaren... neɣ leɛmer n wadeg-nni Fillus Aqdim, Fillus Ajdid, Iɣẓer Amɣar, abrid ajdid…
Ma d tasekka tis snat deg taggayt-a n yismidgen uddisen iwezzlanen d talɣiwin yebnan ɣef yiɣes anemyag. Aneggaru-a yezmer ad yili s talɣa n umyag n tɣara asaka n “aynawal anisem + aynawal anemyag (imyagen n tɣara)” deg Tamda Lqayen, Abrid Yeccḍen, Iɣẓer Semmḍen, Annar Ihriw. Deg yimedyaten-a, amyag n tɣara yussa-d s talɣa n umaɣun10 deg Yeccḍen, Semmḍen, Lqayen akked talɣa n wanaḍ neɣ taḥerfit deg Ihriw.
Am wakken daɣen i zemren ad ilin yismidgen deg tsekka-a tis snat s talɣa “aynawal anisem + aynawal anemyag (imyagen n tigawt)” asaka n Almayeswan seg Alma + yeswan, s talɣa n umaɣun, Aḥriq Yeḥya s talɣa n yizri, Agnigen seg agni + gen talɣa taḥerfit, Axnaq Ḥiret talɣa n wannaḍ.
1.2.2. Talɣiwin tuddisin tiɣezzfanin
Talɣiwin tiɣezzfanin rrzant ismawen n yimukan yebnan s wugar n sin n yiferdisen neɣ n wuddusen mi ara yili uddusen-a d iynawalen kan (ur d-yekcim gar-asen uferdis n tjerrumt), neɣ ɣef ugar n kraḍ n wuddusen mi ara yili yekka gar-asen uferdis n tjerrumt. Ilmend n talɣiwin tismidganin i d-nemlal deg wammud-a llan wid yebnan s talɣa “Aynawal anisem1 + aynawal anisem2 + aynawal anisem3” asaka n Aḥriq Ḥmed Webrahem, Iɣzer Lɛinṣer Ubezyun, Iɣzer Rabeḥ Ɛacur, Saḥat Awel Nubumber, Taddart Ɛli Uyeḥya, Tizi Walim Ibawen. Aḥric anisem amezwaru deg wuddus-a, d awal awsiyan yettabaɛ tulmisin titupugrafiyin n wadeg-nni Aḥriq, Iɣzer, Saḥat, Tizi, ma d aḥric wis sin d aḥric uzzig yellan netta yakan s timmad-is d uddis, deg tuget n yisaka yemmal ismawen n yimdanen neɣ n twaculin Ɛli Yeḥya, Rabaḥ Ɛacur…
Llan wid yebnan ɣef talɣa “aynawal anisem1 + n + aynawal anisem2 + aynawal anisem3” Ayen yessemgarden talɣa-a ɣef tmezwarut d akeččum n tenzeɣt “n” gar wuddus amezwaru akked wuddus wis sin. Tinzeɣt “n” deg uswir n unamek temmal timesɛiwt, ayla neɣ ayen yekseb ḥedd, ma deg uswir aseddasan tesseḍfar anagar isem. Tin ɣur-s, tettara ismawen i ibeddun s tergalt d isemmaden imguccal (compléments determinatifs) (Dallet, 1982: 533).
Deg yismidgen i d-nekkes yebnan ɣef talɣa-a, tugett gar-asen ffɣen berra n ulugen-a, deg tmuɣli-nneɣ ad tili d tisureft kan imi gar sḍis (06) n talɣiwin semmus gar-asent d ismawen n twaculin d talɣiwin tirmeskilin (ur nettbeddil ara) yettilin kan deg talɣa tarucriḍt asaka n Tin n Ɛmer Waɛli, Ɛmer Waɛli war addad, Timeqbert n Yiɣil Ɛisi,Iiɣil Ɛisi Waɛli war addad, Ṭaḥuna n Lḥaǧ Yidir, Taqwirt n Crifa Mḥend, Taḥriqt n Yemma Jida, Lɛinser n Ɛebd Luhab.
Deg talɣiwin tiɣezzfanin llan wid yebnan daɣen ɣef “aynawal anisem1 + n + at + aynawal anisem2”, asaka n Azreg n At Ḥmed, Lɛinser n At Ḥeǧrit, Taḥriqt n At Saɛdi, Tajmaɛt n At Biɛqub, Taxlict n At Umeẓẓyan, Ṭraḥi n At Ḥmed, Tigert n At Crif, tajemmunt/tagemmunt n at qali, azreg n at lḥaǧ. Tinzeɣt (n) tezmer ad tesseḍfer alɣac “at” yesɛan deg tmuɣli tajerrumant tawuri n tzelɣa akken i d-yebder Cherigue (2021: 28) tazelɣa (at) tesseḍfar anagar ismawen imaẓlayen «ur tesɛi ara asemres aseddasan asiman ur tezmir ad tili anagar d yismawen n yimdanen (iterrasen), n twaculin tihrawanin, n yizergan, n tuddar, n leɛrac, atg »11 . Am waken daɣen i tezmer tenzeɣt (n) ad tesseḍfer alɣac si/sidi asaka n “aynawal anisem1 + n + si/sidi + aynawal anisem2”, deg Amalu n Sidi Lmuweffeq, Lǧameɛ n Sidi Lmuhub, Luṭa n Si Yeḥya, Luṭa n Sidi Lmuhub, Taqerruyt n Si Crif. Deg uswir asnalɣan, alɣac “si” neɣ “sidi” d talɣa i d-yekkan seg tutlayt n taɛrabt “sayidi”, ma deg uswir n unamek yemmal s umata aẓayer anmetti n umdan iwacu yettunefk, yezmer ad yili d amrabeṭ, d amdan yeɣran neɣ yekkin ɣer twacult n lǧwad ... Deg taɣult n tesmidegt ismawen yellan s talɣa-a kkan-d seg yismawen n yimrabḍen, Sidi Fares, Sidi Qayed, Sidi Ɛellawa, Sidi Wezzuz.
1.3. Ismidgen isuddimen
Asuddem s talɣa tamatut, akken i d-yebder Chaker (1995:01) deg umagrad i yura ɣef ukata-a (usuddem) dakken « Asuddem yettwasbadu deg tesnilest tamatut am ttawil n usileɣ n umawal s usuddes n uferdis amawalan (yekkin ɣer wummuɣ yeldin) akked walɣac ajerruman (yekkin ɣer wummuɣ yemden) »12 Asuddem deg tmaziɣt ires ɣef kraḍ n tsekkiwin, asuddem anemyag, asuddem anisem akked usuddem anfalan
1.3.1. Asuddem anemyag
D ttawil yebnan ɣef tmerna n uzwir “s-», « tt-” neɣ “m/ n-”. Deg yismawen n yimukan yerzan timnaḍin n tsastant-nneɣ, tasekka n yisuddimen inemyagen tuqa berra n kra n yimedyaten i d-nemlal deg temnaḍt n Bu Ḥamza yebnan ɣef tmerna n uzwir amyaɣ m- deg Menjaɛ i d-yekkan seg wadda anemyag njeɛ + m, Mexmer seg xmer + m, Merkal seg rkel + m, Menṭeṭ seg m + nṭeṭ.
Llan yismidgen-nniḍen yebnan ɣef talɣa-a maca ur friẓen ara acku ur nezmir ad d-nini ma azwir “m” d aferdis afeggag deg wawalen-a neɣ xaṭi (ttimerna i yerna) asaka n Mhenna, Mnaqec, Meɛɛad... Timerna n uzwir “m” igellu-d s umata s temlellit n teɣri [e-a] i yettaken timeẓri tamyaɣt i yismawen-a n yimukan.
1.3.2. Asuddem anisem
Asuddem anisem yebḍa ɣef snat n tsekkiwin, tamezwarut d wid yebnan ɣef wadda anemyag, d ttawil yerzan asileɣ n yismawen n yimukan i d-yekkan seg wadda anemyag, yettili deg tugett s tmerna n uzwir “am-”, d amedya Amsiwen seg am + siwen, (T)amecruk(t) seg am + crek.
Deg tesnawalt n tutlayt n tmaziɣt azwir “am” nrennu-t deg yiswi, ad nessileɣ isem n umeskar, deg kra n yisaka akken ad nessileɣ isem n wallal. Deg yimedyaten-a Amsiwen, Amecruk/Tamecrukt zemren ad mmalen isem n umeskar deg Amsiwen (?), isem n wallal deg Tmecrukt.
Yettili daɣen s tmerna n uzwir “an-” i wadda anemyag, d amedya Anzali seg an + ẓal d amyag i d-yekkan seg tutlayt n taɛrabt ṣṣelli, Aneɣri seg an + ɣer, Ansem seg an + sem(?), Anejmuɛ seg an + jmeɛ. Neɣ s tmerna n uzwir “as-” deg yimedyaten Aseɣli seg as + ɣli, Asebran seg as + bren. Ma d tasekka tis snat terza wid yebnan ɣef wadda anisem. Asuddem anisem ɣef wadda anisem deg yismawen n yimukan ur yugit ara ma nesserwes-it ɣer ttawil n usileɣ yersen ɣef wadda anemyag. Ismawen i d-yekkan seg ttawil-a nezmer ad ten-d-nessegzel deg Anzil seg uzzal13, Anaris seg aris, Tanutin seg anu, Tamedlest seg adles, Amennar seg annar.
1.3.3. Asuddem anfalan
Asuddem anfalan neɣ asuddem “amanik” (de manière) yettwasnen daɣen ɣer yisnilsanen s yisem n usuddem “anilan” (d’orientation) neɣ “ajerruman” (gramaticale). Asileɣ n yisuddimen anfalanen yettili s snat n tarrayin, yezmer ad yili s uslag n wadda (aɛiwed n ufeggag deg wawal), d ismawen n yimukan yerzan s umata ayen umi neqqar talɣiwin tulsasalin14 d amedya Aqerqar deg Aqerqar n Ṛuẓunu, seg qer + qer, Aceṛcur seg cceṛceṛ, ceṛ + ceṛ, Aleɛleɛ seg leɛleɛ, leɛ + leɛ, Tamecmact seg mec + mec, Tigalgalin seg gel + gel, Tineɛneɛt seg neɛ + neɛ.
Deg uswir n unamek, talɣiwin i d-yekkan seg usuddem anfalan akken i d-yebder Tidjet (2013: 58), mmalent deg tuget acemmet anagar tid yettumewlen « inumak n ucemmet zgan rennun ɣer yisuddimen i d-yekkan seg usuddem anfalan, anagar deg tsuraf n wid yettumewlen akk anda sruḥen azal anfalan yellan deg-sen »15
Asuddem yersen ɣef uslag, d tasekka n umawal azgerkudan (yettunefkken i yimukan deg talliyin tiqburin), deg tallit tamirant ttawil-a ur yettwasemras ara. Aslag yezmer ad yili ɣef ufeggag neɣ ɣef kra n tergalin tifeggagin deg wawal (targalt talemmast neɣ tin n tagara) asaka n Aqerqar, Agalgal.
Ma d tarrayt tis snat yettwasemrasen daɣen deg usuddem anfalan d asewṣel, aneggaru-a yemmal timerna n uferdis n tjerrumt i wadda amawalan neɣ i ufeggag. Awal ara d-yefk neqqar-as asuddim. Deg uswir asnalɣan, iwṣilen s umata d iferdisen ur nettbeddil talɣa, deg uswir asnamkan, gellun-d s ubeddel n unamek i wadda n tisuddma, ma deg uswir aseddasan ttbeddilen taggayt tajerrumant i wadda n tissudma. Timerna n uferdis n tjerrumt i wadda n tisuddma (afeggag) yezmer ad yili ɣer tazwara ayen umi neqqar (azwir), yezmer ad yili ɣer taggara n ufeggag d ayen umi neqqar (adfir) am wakken i yezmer ad yili deg tlemmast n ufeggag ayen umi neqqar (amgir). Deg wammud-a iɣef tebna tesleḍt-nneɣ, isaka i d-nemlal d ismidgen isuddimen yebnan ɣef tmerna n uzwir d udfir deg kra n yisaka n yismidgen i d-yekkan seg tesmiddent.
Tawuri n uzwir tettemgirid seg tutlayt ɣer tayeḍ, deg tefransist d amedya rennun azwir i wawal (adda) akken ad ssilɣen anemgal, aɛiwed n kra, d amedya n uzwir “dé”, neɣ “re” deg “faire” “défaire”, “refaire”. Deg tmaziɣt, tiwuriwin n uzwir ugtent, llant tid i ibanen am tmerna n uzwir akken ad nessileɣ isem n umeskar “aru”, “amaru”, isem n wallal “agem” “asagem” neɣ arbib deg kra n yisaka “aḍen” “amuḍin”.
Asuddem yebnan ɣef tmerna n uzwir deg talɣiwin tinfalanin, d ttawil yeṭṭfen adeg ameqqran deg ukatar-a, adda n tisuddma deg kra n yisaka yeshel usakez-is, deg kra-nniḍen ɣas ma nessaweḍ nekkes azwir i wadda n tisuddma, yettɣama war asegzi. Izwiren i d-nekkes deg wammud-nneɣ rzan azwir:
am—, deg Amneḍ seg am— + neḍ, seg tunḍa, at—, deg At Jemhur seg at— + jemhur, bab—, bni-, akked bu—, deg Bab Umagaẓ, Bab n Zunina, Bu Fayu, Bu Rṣayen, deg tmuɣli tamezwarut, alɣac “bu—” neɣ “bab—” ad yili d talɣa i d-yekkan seg tutlayt n taɛrabt “abu”, tin ɣur-s yemmal yiwet n tilawt deg uswir n unamek ladɣa deg wayen yerzan tismiddent (ababat, bab-as n ḥedd), d amedya, Bumahdi i d-yemmalen abu lmahdi. Maca deg tilawt d aferdis yebḍan ɣef snat n talɣiwin ɣef usentel-a, Tidjet (2013 : 127 – 130)
yura-d dakken
« yella bu/bou i d-yekkan seg taɛrabt (abu/abou) […] yemmalen ayen umi neqqar nekwa (kunya) akked walɣac amaziɣ n urbib s unamek n (bab n kra), snat n tayunin-a ur friẓent ara ɣer tuget n yisnilsanen i d-ibedren anagar tin n taɛrabt »16
Azwir i— deg “Ijber” seg i + jber, “Ijwer” seg i + jwer
Azwir l—, aferdis-a “l” deg yismidgen i d-nemlal deg temnaḍin timesdurar n tmurt n leqbayel d aferdis i d-yekkan seg taɛrabt umi neqqar “l” n “lmaɛrifa”. Ɣef waya, si tama awalen yesɛan “l” deg tazwara ad ilin deg tuget-nsen d awalen n taɛrabt, si tama-nniḍen azwir “l” ur d-igellu ara s ubeddel ameqqran deg wadda n tisuddma. Ayen yeǧǧan asakez n yismidgen yesɛan azwir “l” deg tazwara yeshel asaka: Leɛqim seg l + ɛaqim, aɛqim, Lɛezla seg l + ɛezla, aɛzal.
S tmerna n udfir (i), adfir (i) ilmend n wayen i d-bedren yismazaɣen ɣef walɣac-a gar-asen Tidjet (2016 : 21) ad yili «d alɣac n taɛrabt yettwaḥesben am uferdis i d-yettbeyyinen tikin ayen umi neqqar deg taɛrabt nisba»17. Deg yimedyaten i d-nebder deg wammud-a kkan-d seg yismawen n twaculin asaka n At Ɛli, At Qasi, At Ɛidli…, llant kra n tsuraf i d-nemlal yefɣen berra n yismidden am Aɣerbi deg Udrar Uɣerbi, Anesmi deg Annar Anesmi.
2. Taggayin tisnamkanin
Assismel n yismidgen d taggayin tisnamkanin yettili ilmend n wassaɣ i sɛan d yimukan i umi ttunefken, akken-nniḍen, d assismel yebnan ɣef umsisɣel (ayen i d-ttbeyyinen deg tilawt). Taggayin yeṭṭfen amur ameqqran deg wammud-a d tid i d-yemmalen tulmisin tiṭupugrafiyin, imɣan, lḥirfat akked yiɣbula n waman, maca ayagi ur yeḥbis ara taggayin-nniḍen akken ad ilint, d acu kan s yiswiren yemgaraden.
Deg tilawt, tulmisin tiṭupugrafiyin n umkan rrzant akk ayen i izemren ad yeglem, ad yessemgired amkan-nni ɣef yimukan-nniḍen, ayen yeǧǧan deg tkerḍiwin tiṭupugrafiyin ulac kra n wadeg yeqqimen ur d-yekcim ara deg-sent. Deg unamek-a, assismel n yismawen n yimukan ilmend n tulmisin tiṭupugrafiyin yezmer ad d-yesnegrew akk ismawen yellan deg wammud.
Deg umahila, nesdukel deg taggayt n yismidgen yemmalen tulmisin tiṭupugrafiyin, imukan yellan d agazen igejdanen kan asaka n Yiɣil, Iɣẓer, Adrar, Luḍa, Tasawent, Lǧameɛ Amellal, Abrid n Tmacint …
2.1. Ismidgen i d-yemmalen iɣbula n waman
Aman d aferdis agejdan deg tudert n umdan, d aferdis daɣen i t-yeǧǧan ad ireṣṣi deg yiwen n umkan, ad iḥbes inig seg umkan ɣer wayeḍ. Deg temnaḍin n tmurt n Leqbayel, ulac taddart ur nesɛi aɣbalu n waman, maca ugtent talɣiwin swacu i d-ttwabedren gar-asen Lɛinṣer, Taɛwint, Tala, Lḥemmam, Lɛin, Tala Wadda”, Talla Ufella, Tala Talemmast, Tala Xiṭeb…
2.2. Ismidgen i d-yemmalen lḥirfat
Aferdis wis sin ɣer wacu tcudd tudert n umdan ɣer tama n waman, d lxeddma neɣ lḥirfa s unamek ahrawan. Deg temnaḍin timesdurar n tmurt n leqbayel, kra n lḥirfa yellan deg talliyin tiqburin xersum tid yejlan deg tallit tamirant ttwaḥerzent s lmendad n tesmidegt. Deg tuget n yisaka, ɣas akken lḥirfa-nni truḥ ur deqqim ara assa, lamaɛna isem-is mazal-it yedder, asaka n Wudkan seg taɛrabt ddukan, Ṭaḥuna, Lemɛeṣra, Annar, Aberran Acerraḍ, Aceṛṛaḥ, Aḥfir Aḥriq Akaryar, Amellaḥ, Anqac ….
Ismidgen yugten i d-yemmalen lḥirfa deg tesmidegt n temnaḍin timesdurar d wid i icudden ɣer tfellaḥt18, lxedma n tfellaḥt tettwabdar-d s waṭas n talɣiwin, Tibḥirt, Iger, Aḥriq, Aɣeggad, Annar, …, d ismidgen yuɣalen daɣen d addayen deg waṭas n yisaka (llan s talɣa taḥerfit, llan s talɣa tuddist).
2.3. Ismidgen i d-yemmalen imɣan d yiɣersiwen
Gar tulmisin yessemgiriden tamnaḍt n Leqbayel ɣef temnaḍin-nniḍen d imɣan-is, imi tamurt n leqbayel seg talliyin tiqburin tettwassen s sin n yiferdisen igejdanen deg taɣult-a, agrur neɣ tineqlin akked uzemmur. Tin ɣur-s, tineqlin neɣ agrur akked uzemmur, d iferdisen i izemren ad ṭemnen tudert i umdan s teɣzi n useggas, axxam yesɛan tazart d zzit, ur d itezzi ara ɣur-s laẓ, aya, yessegzay-d azal sɛan yiferdisen-a deg tmetti n tmurt n Leqbayel ar ass-a.
Isem n ugrur (taneqlet) d uzemmur yettwabder-d tikwal s yisem-nsen yakan Tagrurt deg Tagrurt n Tɛeyyadit, Tagrurt Ugemmaḍ, Azemmur deg Tala Izemmuren, Taḥriqt Uzemmur, tikwal s tsenfal-nsen, Tazart deg Tala n Tazart, Tadekkar, Tadekkart n At Ɛli Webrahem, Tadekkart Miḥemmula.
ɣer tama n yismidgen i d-yemmalen iferdisen-a addayen (tineqlin d uzemmur), llan wid daɣen i d-yemmalen leṣnaf-nniḍen n yimɣan am Acekrid, Aagases, Amadaɣ, Aɣanim, Azanzu, Azberbur, Azegḍuf, Azeggar, Azumba, Aɛric, Ččina, Ifilku, Ifis, Igusimen, Isefsafen, Tala n Tteffaḥ, Tala n Tzuṛin…
Ma d ismawen n yimukan yemmalen iɣersiwen ur ugiten ara deg wammud-a ma nesserwes-iten ɣer taggayin-nniḍen ladɣa deg talɣiwin tiḥerfiyin. Ismawen n yiɣersiwen i d-ikeččmen deg usemmi n yimukan bḍan ɣef kraḍ n tsekkiwin tigejdanin, wid yessemras umdan deg tudert-is n yal ass, ttilin d iɣersiwen n uxxam am Userdun deg Lǧerra n Tserdunt, Beɣliya, Adme (d asettwiɣi n wawal agmer), wid i d-ikeččmen deg yisufar n wučči am Tiwtal, Tisekrin deg Taɛwint n Tsekrin …, akked wid n lexla asaka n Yifis, Takɛebt, Imiɛruf, Afalku deg Aslaṭ Ufalku, Ilef deg Tala yilef, Tiɣilt n Tgarfiwt, Tiɣilt n Yesɛa” (yesɣan) s uɣelluy n temsenzert [n], Tizi Wetbira, Timiliwin deg Aḥriq n Tmiliwin, …
2.4. Ismidgen i d-yemmalen imdanen, ddin
Ismawen n yimukan i d-yekkan seg yismidden d ismawen uddisen, amur ameqqran deg-sen d ismawen n yimrabḍen neɣ n lawliyat. Ismawen-a deg tadra yakan llan d uddisen, mi ara d-ttunefkken i yimukan trennu tettiɣzif talɣa-nsen, d ayen yeǧǧan taggayt-a tesɛa tasnalɣa temgarad ɣef tid-nniḍen.
Abini n yismawen uddisen iɣezzfanen deg tmetti n Leqbayel yebda-d seg ukeččum n yinselmen d afella imi yal amdan ara d-ikecmen deg ddin n tneslemt yesmenyif ad yeddem isem gar yismawen n yimdanen i imucaɛen gar yinselmen neɣ ismawen yesɛan assaɣ d 99 n yismawen n Rebbi d amedya:
Ṭaher deg Sidi Ṭaher Uzumba, Saleḥ deg Sidi Saleḥ, Tareẓẓut n Ɛli Usalaḥ, Sɛid deg Sidi Sɛid, Lemqam n Sidi Sɛid, Lmuhub , Lmewhub deg Tala n Sidi Lmuhub, Lmuweffeq deg Amalu n Sidi Lmuweffeq, Ḥmed deg Ṭraḥi n At Ḥmed, Sidi Ḥmed n Yiɣil Ɛisi, Ṣidi Ḥmed Bennur, Sidi Hmed Abeǧǧawi, Lɛaziz deg Sidi Ɛebd Lɛaziz, Ɛellawa deg Sidi Ɛellawa, Ɛezzuz deg Sidi Ɛezzuz, Merzug deg Sidi Ɛli Umerzug, …
Taggrayt
Akken nettwali, amahil-a yebḍa ɣef sin n yiḥricen igejdanen, aḥric n taggayin tisnalɣanin akked waḥric n taggayin tisnamkanin. Ilmend n yigemmaḍ iɣer nessaweḍ deg tesleḍt-a, ad d-nini dakken ulac tamgerda tameqqrant gar taggayt n yismawen (ismidgen) akked umawal amatu n tutlayt anagar deg kra n tayunin tuddisin yesɛan taɣessa d taɣezfant yefɣen berra n yilugan n ussileɣ n talɣiwin tuddisin asaka n Lemqam n Umalu n Sidi Lmuweffeq, Tadekkart n At Ɛli Webrahem…
Talɣiwin-a deg tilawt kkant-d seg yismidden (ismawen n yemdanen/tiwaculin) yellan deg tazwara yakan d uddisen “sidi lmuweffeq” d isem n umdan (d amrabeḍ) ilmend n uẓayer yesɛa deg taddart n umalu yuɣal semman-as i taddart-a ɣer yisem-is Amalu n Sidi Lmuweffeq, syin akin, mi yemmut rrnan gan-as lemqam ayen i d-yefkan talɣa-a taɣezfant Lemqam n Umalu n Sidi Lmuweffeɣ. Lemqam n Sidi Lḥaǧ Waɛwica, Lemqam n Sidi Ḥmed Bennur…
Ma deg wayen yerzan taggayin tisnamkanin, yessefk ad negzu dakken isebdaden (critères) n usbadu n taggayin ttemgiriden seg taɣult ɣer tayeḍ. Deg taɣult n tesnisemt, taggayin tisnamkanin rrzant assaɣ sɛan yismidgen d yimukan iwacu ttunefkken, asbadu-nsent yebna ɣef wayen i d-gelment ama d tulmisin tiṭupugrafiyin n wadeg-nni, imɣan d yiɣersiwin yettidiren din, lḥirfat...
Ayen i igerzen daɣen deg taɣult n tesmidegt ugar dakken ismidgen ttakken-aɣ-d tagnit deg tallit tadkudant ad negzu aṭas n temsal ɣef yigduden d tɣermiwin i iɛeddan, ɣef yidles-nsen, ɣef tuddsa tanmettit-nsen, ɣef tesreḍt-nsen d wamek i d-segzayen timsal n ugama, ayen swcu i ttamnen…, d timsal i d-yettbanen deg wassaɣ i sɛan yismidgen d d yimukan umi ttunefkken, d amedya Axxam n Lɣula”. D issalen ur nettaf ara deg taɣulin-nniḍen (ayen yuran) xarsum deg tmettiyin yeddren deg timawit yecban timetti n yimaziɣen anda ayen yuran fell-asen drus maṭi.
Ɣer taggara ilmend n termit i d-newwi deg unnar, nettwali dakken yessefk ad ilin leqdicat deg taɣult n tesmidegt s leɣṣeb imi tugett tameqqrant deg umawal asmidgan mazal-it deg timawit, akken ur ijellu ara yessefk ad d-yili xarsum ugmar-ines, tin ɣur-s, azraw n yismawen n yimukan ladɣa deg uswir asnilsan d ayen i izemren ad d-yefkken afud ameqqran i tutlayt.
Cécil, Leguy. 2012. « Noms propres, nomination et linguistique », In Sophie Chave – Dartoen, Cécil Leguy et Denis Monnerie (dir), Nomination et organisation sociale. Paris, Armand Colin, pp 51 – 81.
Cheriguen, Foudil. 2021. « Dictionnaire de toponymie algérienne des lieux habités », Ed : HCA.
Gary – Prieur Marie – Noëlle. 1991 « Le nom propre constitue t-il une catégorie linguistique ? ». In : Langue française, N° 92, Syntaxe et sémantique des noms propres, pp 4 – 25.
Tidjet, Mustapha. [2014]. « Nom propre : parent pauvre des études amazighes ? ». Actes du 2ème colloque international sur la langue amazighe, de la tradition orale au champ de la traduction ecrite (parcours et défi) organisé les 17 et 18 avril 2013. Publié par l’Université Akli Mohand Oulhadj – Bouira. Pp 267 – 276.
Tidjet, Mustapha. 2016a. Dictionnaire des patronymes algériens, tI, At Yemmel, Ed : HCA.
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