Tutlayin timaziɣin
Tutlayin timaziɣin[1] (s tfinaɣ tatrart: ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ, ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ, s tifinaɣ n imuhaɣ: ⵜⵎⵣⵗⵜ ar tettyunṭaq: [tæmæˈzɪɣt]) gant yat trabbut zɣ tawja n tutlayin tifryuasiyin, tutlayin ad zdint d ingratsnt ar sisnt sawaln iɣrfan imaziɣn ɣ tmizar n tmazɣa d tfriqt n ugafa s umata. Tutlayin ad myarnt yadlli ad ttyurant s yan ugmmay ism as Libik-birbir, lli nssn ɣassad s yism n tifinaɣ.
Tettusawal tamaziɣt dar tugt n middn ɣ tmizar n Lmɣrib, Dzayr d Libya, d yan uṭṭun imẓẓiyn n middn ɣ Tunst, Cngiṭ, agafa n Mali, agafa d utaram n Nijr d ugafan Buṛkina Faṣu d tmazirt n Siwa ɣ Miẓra. Tugt n imsiwln s tutlayin timaziɣin imzwagn, ɣassad llan s wuṭṭun n kra n 4 id mlyun, llan ɣ tmizar n Uṛuppa n utaram, llan s kraḍ tasutin, zɣ isggʷasn n 1950. Uṭṭun n imaziɣn yugr wuṭṭun n imsiwln s tutlayin timaziɣin.
Kra n 95% n imsiwln s tutlayin timaziɣin ar sawaln yat zzɣ smmust tutlayin mqqurnin, kraygat yat zgisnt teṭṭaf uggar n sin id mlyun n imsiwln, ad tnt igan d s unmala n ustay n uṭṭun n imsiwln: Taclḥit, Taqbaylit, Tamaziɣt (n wammas), Tarifiyt, Tacawit.
Assinw (taklasifikasyunt)snfl
Tutlayin timaziɣin n ugafasnfl
Gant Tutlayin timaziɣin n ugafa yat tyffart tantalant (dialect continuum) ittusawaln ɣ tmazɣa, tg daɣ yat zɣ tdurubba (sous-groupes) n tṣṭṭat tamaziɣt n tutlayin tifrusyawiyin. Akccum n tutlayt taɛṛabt iṛẓa tasult lli tt nn ikkan grasnt.
Tutlayin timaziɣin n ugafa nna s sawaln dar uggar n mlyun n ufgan gan tnt Taclḥiyt, Tamaziɣt n tuẓẓumt, Tarifit, Tacawit d Taqbaylit. Bḍant f kraḍt trubba:
Tutlayin timaziɣin n utaramsnfl
Tutlayin timaziɣin tutrimin nɣ Tutlayin timaziɣin n unẓul utrim gant yat tṣṭṭat zɣ tutlayin timaziɣin. Taṣṭṭat-ad gi-s snat tutlayin:
Tutlayin timaziɣin titrgiyinsnfl
Tutlayin timaziɣin n ugmuḍsnfl
Timaziɣin tigmuḍanin nɣ Timaziɣin n ugmuḍ gant yat trabbut n tutlayin timziɣin ittusawaln g Libya d Miṣṛa. Tkcm gi-s Tawilant, Tasknit, tasiwit d taɣdimsit.
Ɣ umata, ar ttussiḍannt tutlayin timaziɣin tigmuḍanin zɣ tdurabbut n tutlayin tijanatin n tmaziɣt tagafayt. Taṣṭṭat-ad gi-s smmust tutlayin:
Tagwancitsnfl
Tutlayt tagwancit tga yat tulayt inɣuban lli tt inn ikkan ar sis sawaln igwanciyn ɣ tgzirin tikanariyin ar tasuta tiss 16 nɣ 17. Tmmut tutlayt-ad dffir n walik n tgzirin tikanariyin. Tettyusan tutlayt tagwancit s wammak n twinas d tguriwin lli zmmimn ijyugrafn imzwura, d ismawn n idɣarn d kra n tguriwin nna tumẓ tṣbnyult n tgzirin tikanariyin.
Tibḍit tarakaltsnfl
Lmɣribsnfl
- Tutlayt taclḥit nɣ tasusit tga tutlayt tamaziɣt akkʷ imqqurn ɣ wuṭṭun n imsawaln. tg tmazirt-nns gr udrar n drn, Asif n Sus, Asif n Dra d waṭlas imẓẓiyn. llan imsiwln sis ɣ tmdinin mqqurnin ula nttnti zun d tigmmi tumlilt, d ṛṛbaḍ d sla. Tga tclḥiyt yat zɣ tawja n tutlayin n waṭlas tama n tmaziɣt n waṭlas anammas.
- Tutlayt tamaziɣt n tuẓẓumt
- Tutlayt tarifit tga tutlayt n imaziɣen irifiyn nna izdɣn ɣ idrarn d iɣrman n Arrif lli d-yuckan dɣ ugafa n umṛṛuk. Llan gr 3 ar 4 id mlyun n imsawaln s tutlayt-ad ɣ umṛṛuk d uruppa
Dzayrsnfl
- Tutlayt taqbaylit nɣ d tazwawt tga tutlayt n imaziɣn n iqbayliyn lli izdɣn ɣ tmazirt n lqbayl ɣ Dzayr. Taqbaylit tga yat tutlayt zɣ tutlayin timaziɣin iṭṭafn aṭṭan n imsawaln yattyun, tg tis snat dffir n tclḥiyt ɣ maya.
- Tutlayt tacawit tga tutlayt n icawiyen, tg tutlayt tis snat ɣ wuṭṭun n imsawaln ɣ Dzayer dffir n tutlayt taqbaylit.
- Tutlayt tumẓabt tga yat zɣ tutlayin timaziɣin n tmazirt n dzayr. Ar si-s sawaln ɣ tsgiwin n wilaytat ɣrdaya .
- Tutlayt taznatit tga yat tutlayt s sawaln imaziɣn ɣ tmazirt n dzayr. Ar as nttini tamaziɣt n tigurarin niɣ tamaziɣt n twat. tg awal n tqbilin tiznatiyin nɣ znata n unẓul n tamazirt n dzayr. Tantala ad tga yat zɣ tutlayin n dzayr lli ttinin is tmmut ɣ tigira n 1985 ɣ iɣrman d iduwwarn n twat d tsggiwin tamntit d tittaf. Timyurin n iggmaḍn n tmizar ad n tmdyazt d uẓawan s taznatit ttyuran d frurin ɣ warratn n Mulud Mɛmmri. Ttyuzmmamen ɣ imṣṭirn imzwura n tussna n ufgan n UNESCO
Tunssnfl
- Tutlayt tasndit tga yat zɣ tutlayin timaziɣin lli illan ɣ tmazirt n Tunst, tg yat zɣ tutlayin lli immutn. Nnan mas d zɣ 1950, tutlayt-ad ur sul illi mad tt isawaln. Ɣ tmazirt n Tunst, mnnawt tutlayin ad illan agri skrnt nit s tɣarast n ismḍal. Imbddadn iqawmiyn n yieṛabn lli inbḍn ɣ tmazirt n Tunst uggar 50 n usggʷas ayad gan tuggʷas-nnsn afad ad nɣin tadlsa d tutlayin timaziɣin.
Libyasnfl
- Tutlayt tanfust niɣ mazoɣ tga tantala lli sawaln imaziɣn n udrar n infusn (nɣ jabal naffusa), adrar-ad illa ɣ tmazirt n libya, tanfusit tga ula yat tantala zɣ tutlayin timaziɣn lli sul idrn, waxxa tbidd tanbaḍt n libya ɣ ddu ifassn Lqddafi bac ad tt tmḍl. Ar tt sawaln uggar n 150 000 n umdan. tangalt (ISO 639-3) ns igat: jbn. Mnck ad bdda tsmun id bu icnubcn n tutlayt mas tga z tutlayin n tuns, mac nttat naḥayat disnt.
Mali d Nnijrsnfl
Miṣṛasnfl
Muriṭanyasnfl
Tigzirin tiknariyinsnfl
- Tutlayt tagwancit tga yat tulayt inɣuban lli tt inn ikkan ar sis sawaln igwanciyn ɣ tgzirin tikanariyin ar tasuta tiss 16 nɣ 17. Tmmut tutlaytad dffir n walik n tgzirin tikanariyin. Tettyusan tutlayt tagwancit s wammak n twinas d tguriwin lli zmmimn ijyugrafn imzwura, d ismawn n idɣarn d kra n tguriwin nna tumẓ tṣbnyult n tgzirin tikanariyin.
Tirrasnfl
Agmmay n tifinaɣsnfl
Uran imzwura tamaziɣt s iskkiln n tfinaɣ d iskkiln n tarabt d iskkiln n tlatinit mac ɣ usggwas n 2003 iskcm usinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt tifinaɣ ɣ uslmad n tmaziɣt; tdwel tifinaɣ niɣ Tifinaɣ tunṣibt ɣ Lmɣrib;
Tifinaɣ iggmayn iqburn ila ɣ iẓẓlmḍ n ifriqya sxdmant imaziɣn d ṭawariq
Agmmay alatinsnfl
Iqbaylin n tamazirt d yan ugzzum mqqurn nimrukiyn ar tafan mas irxa bzzaf ad ttran s tirra tamaziɣt talitinit. tirra yad ar tnt bahra ntafa ɣ lwib d-sitat imazi°n n - brra d tigzirin tiknariyin.
Agmmay aɛrabsnfl
Uran ṭṭlba d imḥḍaṛn n timzgadiwin n iffus n tamazirt lmrruk s ugmmay n tɛṛabt, ilin mnnaw n warratn s uskkil-a, kra zgi-sn ittyura ɣ dar tasut 11.
Arratn iqburnsnfl
Kigan zzɣ mddn da ttiɣiln is d ar ɣilad ad ssntint tirra s tutlayin tamaziɣin, d is ur dars tlli awd yat taysi iran ad as yaws ad tgmu tmɣr acku taddagt ur ilin iẓuṛan mqqurnin ur tufi ad tili ifrawn d icṭḥan mqqurnin ! Is llan kra n warratn izaykutn dar tmaziɣt ? Mlmi ad ssntint tirra s tutlayt ad ? Ma ayd icuncgn amussu ad adlsan ? Man imukrisn d ittkkan mnid i warra amaziɣ ? Ma s nɣiy ad t nsyafu zzɣ wanaw ad n warratn izaykutn ?
Yuwi d uslmad Ɛumaṛ Affa lli igan aslmad ɣ tmɣrudt n Rrbaṭ dffir isnubbucn lli iga f usntl amzruy n warra amaziɣ s uskkil « aeṛab » mas iga Umṛṛuk s umata ansa i uskkir n warratn s tutlayin tamaziɣin s tmzarayin nns akkʷ swa ɣ Sus nɣ d Laṭlas nɣ d Rrif irnu isslkn ɣ yat tinawt iga tt usinag agldan n tussna tamaziɣt ɣ 2003 mas d Sus ad igan tansbaɣurt uggar s wanaw ad n warratn. Aya yuwi t id, mk lli inna, wansa arakal lli illan dar tsga ad d lli tt yujjan ad taggug f iḍiṣn inadafn aylli tt yujjan ad tḍuf kigan n uzug anutlay d unamun d udmsan d usrtan.
Awttas zɣ warratn lli skrn iclḥiyn n zik ur igi tutlayt taclḥit s ixf nns maca ad ssawḍn tussna tamsɣant i ugdud amaziɣ lli ikkan ur da ittakʷz taeṛabt, aya isfaw t mas amata ɣ warratn ad aɣn d iskkinn n usgd swa ɣ igr n usumd nɣ ɣ igr n uflas nɣ ɣ igr n tikli n wasr nɣ isfra lli t ittalɣn, issuman t ulaa acku ur snzgumn imaratn ad s wanaw n tirra d ur srisn kra n ilugnn i usnmarra amaziɣ.
Kra n imdyatn zzɣ warratn aɣ d ilkmn :
- Asuɣl n udlis Al anwar assunnyya fi lkalimat assunnyya « Tifawin tisunniyin ɣ tguriwin tisunniyin » i Muḥammad ug Aḥmad u Juzayy Aɣṛnaṭi s tmaziɣt n Sus.
- Asuɣl n udlis Al arbaeun annawawyya « Tisimrawin timiɣsin » i Muḥammad Muxtar Asusi.
- Arra « Tafukt n ddin » i Ɛli u Hmad ug Iliɣ , adlis ad iga yat tmdyazt ɣ llant mraw n yifḍn n tiwnt .
- « Baḥr addumue » (Ill n imṭṭawn) n Muḥammad Awzal.
- Arra « Amaziɣ » i Brahim Aẓnag.
- Arra « Al-ḥawḍ» i Muḥammad Awzal.
- « Taelif fi ttawḥid wa lfiqh wa lfalak » (Tirra ɣ usyiwn d lfiqh d tjṛṛumt d tsnayrur) i Brahim u Ɛbdllah u Muḥmmad Aẓnag.
Yuwi d uslmad Affa ɣ tinawt nns uttay n 25 n warra ttyaranin s tutlayt tamaziɣt, irnu uslmad ad mas d arrantn lli ittyamaẓn ɣ Uṛubba ttwaḥḍan ɣ Iks Un ɣ Rufans ɣ Fṛanṣa.
Zɣ warratn imaziɣn igan izaykutn lli ittyaskarn s tmaziɣt « Kitab al-asmae » (Adlis n wassaɣn) lli igan yan usgzawal (msmun awal) amaziɣ aeṛab ittuɣuln ɣr tasut tiss 12 n tlalit, ittyaskar usgzawal ad ɣ 1146 dat n tlalit, yara t u Tunart lli iluln ɣ 1085 dat tlalit immt ɣ 1172 (ur igi u Tumrt Amuwḥḥidi), tili ɣ warra ad 2500 n tguri tamaziɣt lli ɣ amunt 250 n wassaɣn n imɣayn, ig usgzawal ad yan zzɣ isgzawaln akkw iqbrn ɣ umaḍal. D hat zrwn kigan n imsnilsn imaziɣn d ayt Uṛubba (Ihulandiyn d Ifṛanṣiṣn) asgzawal « Adlis n wassaɣn » d yan umawal aḍnin assaɣ nns « Kacf aṛṛumuz » d ifḍn n warratn yaḍn lli ɣ llant tullisin, isfra, aflas, ismigiln,…lli d ikkan Amṛṛuk d Dzayr d Libya d Tiniri . arra amaziɣ akkw iqbrn ittyissin ar ɣilad d arra « Kitab albarbaryya » (Adlis n tmaziɣt) zzɣ Tuns, illa ɣ 896 n tasna, ar issfru taɣarast tibaḍit . ar ittuɣul usakud n usnulfu n warra ad amqran ar gr tasut tiss 8 d tiss 9 n tlalit, ar ittawz f tzrawt nns umsnils aṭalyan Vermondo Brugnatelli zzɣ tsdawit Milano-Bicocca. Aya yujja i imsnilsn ad isinn s talɣiwin n ussmrs n tmaziɣt n zik ittyaran zzɣ uggar n 1200 n usggwas aya.
Ar ɣilad ur ta llint kra n tsiḍan i taysi ad tansbaɣurt, d ur nssin man idɣarn ɣ llan kigan n warratn imaziɣn wala mani ɣ nn ḥḍan, s man aya ur nufi ad nfk yat twlaft imdn f tilawt n warratn ad, d ar ttddrn aṭaṣ n imukrisn amm assmrs ur ifulkin, mnziwt ur illin d tanzzarfut, assrwl d tukkṛḍa, nrnu asn nn awd imukrisn igamann amm iɣrdayn, iwḍfan, aɣmal, ubuy n warratn atg luman acku kigan ɣ warratn ad gan uslign s kra n tawjiwin lli d ifl umara, ar tn bḍḍun grasn. addad ad ismrnat uggar acku ur llint kra n tkafutin nna rad iswuri f uḥṭṭu d ufrag i warratn ad. S man aya zmrɣ ad iniɣ mas mk aɣ d uwḍnt tmiḍiwin n warratn hat ifḍn ad inɣuban swa s iskkirn igamann nɣ inafgann.
Arratn ad n tmaziɣt gan yan uɣbalu ur ittɣarn i tutlayt tamaziɣt acku usin kigan n umawal azayku nna ur nenni ad naf dar ayt ɣilad, aya yujja imrza ad sgisn ḍin kigan n tguriwin nna rad yaws ɣ usbɣr n tutlayt tamaziɣt d ussudr nns, maca tiwuriwin nna ittugan ar ɣilad ur gumnt, iqqn d ad tili yat tstratijit i uḥṭṭu n taysi ad ittug as usnmala d tzrawin afad ad d sgisn ittuẓẓg akkw uynna uman n tussna s lawan akkw ɣ igr n tutlayt tamaziɣt.[2]
Asnɣms s wawal amaziɣsnfl
Taddagt n tutlayin timaziɣinsnfl
──o Tafruyasit ├─o Proto-Tamaziɣt 1 (-7000) └─o Proto-Tamaziɣt 2 (-200) ├─o Tamaziɣt n ugmuḍ | └─────o Tanfusit | └─────o Tawilant | └─────o Tasknit | └─────o Taɣdimsit | └─────o Tasiwit ├─o Tamaziɣt n ugafa | |─────o Taqbaylit | |──o Tamaziɣt n waṭlas | | └──o Taclḥiyt | | └──o Tamaziɣt n waṭlas anammas | └─o Tutlayt tajanat | └───o Tarifiyt | └───o Taznast | └───o Tacnwit | └───o Tumẓabt | └───o Tacawit | └─o Taznast n umalu | └─o Tajerbit ├───────o Tatergit ├─o Tamaziɣt tutrimt └─────o Taẓnagt └─────o Tatsrrt
Tiɣbulasnfl
- ↑ H. Ekkehard Wolff (2013-08-26). "Berber languages" Britannica.com. Retrieved 2015-07-14
- ↑ http://tamazight-tanawayt.blogspot.com/2015/06/arratn-imazinibula-n-tutlayt.html
Ẓr daɣsnfl
Tinidlisnsnfl
- Meftaha Ameur, Khalid Ansar, Abdellah Boumalk, Noura El Azrak, Rachid Laabdelaoui et Hamid Souifi, Centre de l'Aménagement Linguistique, , Rabat, Institut Royal de la Culture Amazighe, coll. « Lexiques et dictionnaires » (no 13), 2016, 1030 p. (ISBN 978-9954-28-240-3, asmnid ɣ wantirnit [timḥḍit], ɣṛ ɣ wantirnit [timḥḍit])
- Revue annuelle Études et documents berbères [timḥḍit] (Paris/Aix-en-Provence, Coédition La boîte à Documents/Edisud)
- Lamara Bougchiche (préf. Lionel Galand), , Paris, Ibis Press, coll. « Sources berbères anciennes et modernes », 1997, 447 p. (ISBN 978-2-910728-02-1, OCLC 37040152, asmnid ɣ wantirnit [timḥḍit])
- Linguistique berbère : Études de syntaxe et de diachronie, Salem Chaker, Peeters, Paris, 1995 (ISBN 978-2-87723-152-7)
- Grammaire berbère (rifain, zayane, chleuh, kabyle), Michel Quitout, éd. L'Harmattan, 1997 (ISBN 978-2-7384-6004-2)
- nitiation à l'écriture de la langue berbère, Larbi Rabdi, éd. L'Harmattan, 2001, 148 p. (ISBN 978-2-7475-0904-6)
- Dictionnaire des racines berbères (formes attestées), Kamal Naït-Zerrad, 3 tomes : Tome I, 1998 (ISBN 978-90-429-0579-5) ; Tome II, 1999 (ISBN 978-90-429-0722-5) ; Tome III, 2002 (ISBN 978-90-429-1076-8)
- La langue berbère, André Basset, éd. L'Harmattan, 2004 (ISBN 978-2-7475-7278-1)
- Langue berbère. Introduction à la notation usuelle en caractères latins, Ramdane Achab, éd. Hoggar, Paris, 1998 (ISBN 978-2-912996-00-8)
- Dictionnaire tamazight - français (variante zayane du Maroc central), Miloud Taïfi, éd. L'Harmattan, 1992 (ISBN 978-2-906659-00-1)
- Dictionnaire des verbes Tachelhit-Français, Abdallah El Mountassir, éd. L'Harmattan, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-7475-3577-9)
- Manuel de conjugaison du tachelhit (langue berbère du Maroc), Abdallah Boumalk, éd. L'Harmattan, 2003 (ISBN 978-2-7475-5527-2)
- Grammaire moderne du kabyle, Kamal Naït-Zerrad, éd. Karthala, Paris, 2001 (ISBN 978-2-84586-172-5)
- Psycholinguistique touarègue (Interférences culturelles), Mohamed Aghali-Zakara, Inalco, Paris, 1992
- Dialecte de l’Ahaggar (en 4 volumes), Charles de Foucauld, éd. L’Harmattan, Paris, réédition de 2005 (ISBN 978-2-7475-8173-8)
- Langue et pouvoir en Algérie, Mohammed Benrabah, éd. Séguier, 1999 (ISBN 978-2-84049-150-7)
- Dictionnaire insolite du Maroc - Latéfa Faïz - Édition Cosmopole - Novembre 2011 - ISBN / 978-2-84630-064-3.
- Stéphanie Pouessel, « La relégation des langues berbères : le complexe de la berbérité » (p. 33-41) et « L'éloge du fragment : langues et régions berbères » (p. 163-168), dans , Paris/Alger/Casablanca, Non Lieu/Edif 2000/La Croisée des chemins, 2010, 205 p. (ISBN 978-2-35270-087-6 et 2352700876, OCLC 683412145)
- Mena Lafkioui, « La question berbère : politiques linguistiques et pratiques langagières », Langues et cité, no 23, août 2013 (ɣṛ ɣ wantirnit)
- Salem Chaker,Langue (berbère) , dans , vol. 28-29 : Kirtēsii–Lutte, Aix-en-Provence, Édisud, 2008 (ɣṛ ɣ wantirnit [timḥḍit]), p. 4348-4360
- Alexandra Filhon, « Parler berbère en famille : une revendication identitaire », Revue européenne des migrations internationales, vol. 23, no 1, 2007 (ɣṛ ɣ wantirnit [timḥḍit])
Izdayn n bṛṛasnfl
- Inalco Centre de recherche berbère - Publications
- Liste d'ouvrages pour la pratique des langues berbères
- Situation sociolinguistique des berbères tunisiens - Ahmad Bukus
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