Tigemmi* tandalusit deg Spenyul
*Patrimoine
Amezruy (ttarix) yesdukklen Spenyul ed umaḍal (ddunit) ineslem yefka-as i Lislam amkan n leqder gar ddyanat n
tmurt-a. YuY lḥal, Yas ma yella tidyanin n 11 MeYres 2004 jjant-d ”ccwami” deg Spenyul, maca
tamurt-a ay deg tteddrent ddyanat yemgerraden deg lehna, ”deg ṛṛuḥ-nni n Qurṭuba”, nezmer
ad tt-neḥseb d tigzirt ay deg medden ttemqadaren u myeqbalen Yas mgerraden.
SYur umazun-nneY uslig (envoyé spécial) deg Qurṭuba
Eecṛa n tsaetin ay nwet deg tmacint akk-n ad nṛuḥ seg Barcelona Yer Qurṭuba.
TamaneYt (capitale) taqburt n Landalus tebeed s 900 km (neY, ma nebYa ad t-id-nini s udeqqeq,
895 km, Yef wakk-n d-yeqqar wemnir) Yef
Barcelona, tamaneYt n Katalunya, yerna tebeed 400 km
Yef Madrid. D acu kan, win ara d-yerzun Yef Qurṭuba, ad t-tessewhem ccbaḥa-ines, ladYa ma yella
d ”Amuṛi” (Maure). YuY lḥal, Qurṭuba, anda ma nedda deg-s, ad nwali u ad nesriḥ deg-s
rriḥa-nni n Landalus n zik.
Mi ara tennemḍreḍ deg tzenqatin-ines iḥeṛsen, dindin kan ad tegreḍ tamawt belli amur
ameqran deg lbenyanat n temdint-a ttwabnan s tsegda (architecture) tamuṛit. Din ad twaliḍ ixxamen yessewhamen
s ccbaḥa-nsen, leqṣ̣ur , iYerban-nsen ttucebbḥen u d imellalen, ur yelli deg-sen ucamiḍ
n wammus, ad twaliḍ leqwas, imṛaḥen ed walmaten (jardins) icebḥen ay deg ẓẓant tṛiḥanin
(myrtes), tiqarestin ed tṛemmanin, d ay-n ara k-yejjen ad tettuḍ iman-ik u ad tYileḍ la tettmerriḥeḍ
deg kra n usefru n Ibn Zeydun neY deg kra n tezlit seg tezlatin n Ziryab.
Mi ara tkecmeḍ Yer tzenqatin-nni ad ak-yeereq webrid u ad k-id-smektint s Teqṣ̣ebt-nneY.
Ma d imYan-nni yejjujgen u cebbḥen akk ddunit ed tezdayin-nni yegman mliḥ u ddeṛdṛent ad aY-jjent
ad nxayel iman-nneY neqqel 5 n leqrun Yer deffir, Yer wasmi ay llan yinselmen deg temdint-a. Yessefk ad d-nesmekti
belli Qurṭuba d amkan ay Yef eeddan aṭas yiYerfan (ccueub) u jjan-d deg-s akk lateṛ-nsen,
u gar-asen nezmer ad d-nebder Ifiniqiyen, Iqerṭajiyen, Ṛṛuman, Iwisigutiyin, inselmen, ispenyuliyen ed yefṛensisen.
D Ṭ̣ariq U Ziyyad ay yeskecmen Lislam Yer Spenyul deg 711, sakk-in, Eebdeṛṛeḥman
Amenzu, yiwen seg twacult n Wumawiyen ay d-irewlen seg Dimecq, yessebded-d deg Landalus limaṛa (émirat) n Qurṭuba.
Deg tallit n Eebdeṛṛeḥman wis III, deg 929, limaṛa-nni teqqel d taxlift (califat). Imir-n, tamdint
n Qurṭuba, tucbiḥt gar temdinin ay d-yezgan Yef wasif n Guadalquivir, teqqel d ul n wakk tamurt n Landalus,
imi ay teqqel d tamaneYt (capitale) tasertit (politque) u d tamaneYt tadelsant.
Imir-nni, teqqel tudert n temdint-a teqqen Yer tin tYerma (civilisation) tineslemt s lekmal-is. Qurṭuba,
ay deg mlalent snat n tmuYliwin n ddunit (tineslemt ed tmasiḥit), tuY deg-s tafat, yerna tafukt-ines tessaweḍ
nnuṛ-ines Yer wakk timura niḍen n Tuṛuft (Europe) ed ddunit. Teqqel temdint-a d axxam i tussniwin,
i tẓuryin (arts) ed tfelsuft, deg-s ay d-yekker Seneca, asṭuyi-nni (stoïcien) aṛumani, u d nettat ay d-yefkan Ibn Rucd ed yemxemmem-nni uday Musa Amaymuni. DaYen, deg Qurṭuba
ay yedder Ibn Earabi, win umi qqaren Ccix Ameqran u d yiwen seg yimeqranen
n Lislam aṣ̣ufi. Γas ma yella amussnaw-a ur yelli ara seg wayt Qurṭuba, maca yeqqim deg-s acḥal
u din ay yeYra Yer lecyax imeqranen am Ibn Rucd.
Qurṭuba tuweḍ Yer tqacuct-ines asmi ay bnan Tamesgida (Mezquita, neY ljamee ameqran n temdint-a).
Wa, d yiwen n lbenyan zurit yiYerban-ines yerna d netta ay tamesgida tameqrant akk deg Spenyul u d yiwen seg lbenyanat
yessewhamen akk deg umaḍal (ddunit) ineslem.
Lehna-a n temdint n Qurṭuba ikemmel alama ay d 1236, asmi ay yemmeY fell-as ugellid Ferdinand wis III n
Castilla. Sakk-in, sdeffir ma kecmen yimasiḥiyen Yer tmiwa tinselmin n Landalus, Carlos wis 5 yerra Mezquita (neY
Tamesgida) d takatidṛalt, u semman-as Santa Iglesia Catedral de Córdoba. D acu kan, ar ass-a mazal nezmer ad nḥulfu
i wexlaḍ ay xelḍen yidelsan yemgerraden (yemxallafen) deg temdint n Qurṭuba, yerna aYan (style) yeggten
deg temdint-a d win umi qqaren ”mudejar”.
Imudejaren d inselmen-nni yeqqimen deg Spenyul sdeffir n Reconquista. DYa
ay-n umi qqaren aYan amudejar (style
mudéjar) d aYan-nni n lebni ay deg ara naf leqwas, timedwin, tifewwaṛin, uebinen (mosaïques), almaten (jardins),
tiwwura ireqmen, tizeYwin (salles) ed yemṛaḥen ay deg nezmer daYen ad naf tazrirt (influence) taspenyulit,
tagutit (gothiques) ed tin n Tsidert (Renaissance) taYerbit.
Tasurift* taspenyulit
*exception
Win ara yerzun Yef Qurṭuba, ladYa ma yella d Ineslem, ad iger daYen tamawt i yiwet n tYawsa
niḍen : ismawen n yizenqan, n yegmamen (quartiers) ed waṭas n lbenyanat. ”Madinat Al Zahra”, ”Hostal
Ommeyad” ed ”Alcàzar de los Reyes” banen akk d ismawen ay d-yekkan seg taeṛabt. DYa, deg
way-n yerzan Madinat Al Zahra (Tamdint n Tjejjit), nnan-aY belli d Eebdeṛṛeḥman Amenzu ay tt-yebnan
akk-n ad yerr tajmilt i tin iḥemmel, Zahra.
Amezruy (ttarix) n temdint-a d ameṛkanti, yerna yesskanay-d assaY (lien) ay d-mazal yeqqen ass-a Ispenyuliyen
Yer Lislam ed tYerma-ines (civilisation). Ay-n ay d-tewṛet Spenyul seg Landalus yefka-as ass-a i Lislam amkan
u yejja-t ad yefk aẓar deg tmurt-a ay deg mazal ddren 800.000 n yinselmen.
DYa yessefk ad nger tamawt belli adabu aspenyuli yebded-asen mliḥ i Yinselmen yerna yefka-asen tilelli n
ddyana d tameqrant, d ay-a ay ten-yejjan ad afen iman-nsen deg tmurt-a xir n wakk-n ufan iman-nsen deg tmura niḍen n
Tuṛuft. Yagi, gar 9 ed 10 Tubeṛ n useggas-a, anabaḍ (lḥukuma) n Zapatero iga-d timlilit ay deg ttekkan
medden seg lejnas yemgerraden akk-n ad ssiwlen Yef tislamufubit (islamophobie), yerna ay-a yesskanay-d lebYi ay
yebYa unabaḍ-a ad ieiwen inselmen.
Timlilit n Qurṭuba tejja-aY ad nẓer belli inselmen ed Lislam sean amkan s wazal-is deg Spenyul.
Deg 1992, Ispenyuliyen feṛḥen s wesmekti wis 500 n wasmi ay d-ufan Tamrikt, d acu kan, Inselmen walan asmekti-a
d win ay deg teYli texlift (califat) n Γernaṭa, deg 1492, tamdint taneggarut ay deg teffer tYerma tamuṛit
(civilisation mauresque) deg Landalus, yerna s uYelluy-a ay ifuk umezruy n Yinselmen deg Spenyul, sdeffir ma kkan deg-s
sebea n leqrun ed wezgen.
Mariano Fernandez Bermejo, aneYlaf (lezwir) aspenyuli n teYdemt (justice) iga-d yiwet n lxeḍba s wazal-is
deg temlilit-nni n Qurṭuba, u yebder-d deg-s ay-n iga unabaḍ (lḥukuma) aspenyuli akk-n ad yesselhu tagnit
n yinselmen deg Spenyul. ”Deg 1992, nga yiwen n leeqed ed tmetti (communauté) tineslemt, am wakk-n ay t-nga ed
tmettiyin tudayt ed tepṛutistanit”, ay d-yenna Bermejo. Leeqed-a, Yef wakk-n d-yenna, d win iḍemnen
tilelli n ddyanat i lebda deg Spenyul. ”Tilelli n ddyanat tella zik ur tesei ara ḍḍmanat, alama ay
d asmi ay d-tettwaga tmenḍawt (constitution) n 1978, sakk-in, yettwaga-d lqanun n 1980 ay yesteeṛfen s tlelli
n ddayanat u teḥseb-itt d yiwet seg tYawsiwin n llsas ay deg yettalas wemdan”, ay d-yerna.
Ma d leeqed n 1992, Yef leḥsab n Bermejo, yerza aṭas n tYawsiwin, gar-asent : timesgidiwin
(lejwamee) yessefk ad tettuqader lḥeṛma-nsent, imukan n weebad n yinselmen ur ttxelliṣ̣en
ara tiwsi (impôt), imeḥbas ed yimuḍinen inselmen ad ten-eiwnen akk-n ad xedmen ddin-nsen, asteeṛef
s jjwaj ineslem ed westeeṛef belli inselmen ttalasen ad meḍlen imettanen-nsen (lmeyytin) akk-n ay d-yeqqar
ddin-nsen. ”Amur ameqran seg leeqed-a nerra-t-id Yer lfeel, yerna nekni nebYa, s leeqed-a,
ad yeqqel Lislam ur t-ttwalin ara d ddyana n Wiyaḍ, n yemdanen yellan d ibeṛṛaniyen fell-aY”.
Bermejo yerna-d : ”Nekni nefṛeḥ u nettzuxxu s ccbaḥa n Landalus yerna neqbel-itt ama s way-n yelhan
deg-s, ama s way-n n diri”.
Tizenzelt* n 11 MeYres
*zznezla
Wid yettekkan deg Wenmager (Forum) n Qurṭuba mgerraden deg leṛyuy-nsen deg way-n yerzan lateṛ ay
d-jjant tenṭagin (attentats) n 11 MeYres deg Spenyul ed wamek ay iḍurr way-a tugna (image) n Yinselmen deg
Tuṛuft. Mariano Fernandez Bermejo yettwali belli tinṭagin-nni n 2004, ay deg mmuten 191 n yemdanen, ur huddent
ara assaYen-nni (liens) yellan gar Spenyul takaṭulit ed Lislam. ”Asmi ay d-ḍrant tenṭagin-nni,
timetti (communauté) tineslemt tessummel-itent-id (dénoncer), dYa d ay-a ay yejjan Ispenyuliyen ur keṛṛhen
ara Lislam Yef ljal n way-n yeḍran ass-nni. DYa medden ur ten-yeffiY ara leeqel yerna tilelli n
ddyana n Yinselmen ur teḍrura ara”. Bermejo iger-d daYen tamawt belli ”Spenyul Yer-s tlatin n
yiseggasen ay-a seg wasmi ay tt-tḍurr tremmiYt (rrebrab)”, u yenna-d belli ay-n yeḍran deg 11 MeYres
maci d ”assenqes” ay yessenqes ussisen (lmejhud) n udabu akk-n ad ieiwen Lislam ed yinselmen, wanag yejja
imḍebbren ad xemmen Yef wamek ara rnun ad ten-eiwnen ugar.
DYa yiwet seg tYawsiwin timeqranin akk yettwagan seg wass-nni ar ass-a nettat d ”Tamsisa n TYermiwin”
(Alliance des civilisation). Yessefk ad d-nesmekti belli ta d José Luis Zapatero ay d-yessawlen fell-as d amezwaru deg Ctembeṛ
n 2004, deg Tuddsa n YeYlanen Yeddukklen (ONU), iswi n Temsisa-a netta d tukksa n tmuYliwin-nni n diri ay sean
kra n medden Yef yinselmen, yerna Tamsisa-a tebYa ad tḥaṛeb takti-nni (lfekra) n ”wemyewwat n
tYermiwin” (choc des civilisations), d tamuYli n diri
ay yeddem udabu amarikani, yessedda-tt deg ddunit yerna teqqel ass-a mechuṛet.
”Sdeffir n tenṭagin-nni (attentats), nga ugar n wussisen (efforts), dYa nessejhed ugar asselmed Yef
ddyana tineslemt deg yiYerbazen (llakulat), yerna nṣ̣eggem-asen tagnit-nsen i limamat u qqlen sean amkan
ay sean yefrusba (prêtres)” Yef wakk-n d-yenna Bermejo.
Nnig way-a, Bermejo iger-d daYen tamawt belli deg tgara-a, rnan yinselmen deg Spenyul imi ay rnan yiminigen ara
d-yettasen Yer tmurt-a. YuY lḥal, tamurt n Spenyul rnan deg-s medden s waṭas deg wezgen wis sin n yiseggasen
n 1990. Gar 2000 ed 2005, teqqel Spenyul d tamurt wuYur la d-ttasen waṭas akk n yiminigen deg umaḍal (ddunit).
Gar 2001 ed 2006, llan la d-ttawḍen azal n 600.000 n yiminigen i useggas Yer tmurt-a. Ma deg 2006, Spenyul teqqel
tesea 5 n yimelyunen n yibeṛṛaniyen, anamek-ines (lmeena-ines), 11% seg yimezdaYen n Spenyul d
ibeṛṛaniyen.
Seg tama niḍen, adabu aspenyuli la yettxemmim Yef wamek ara ieawen Lislam deg Spenyul ula s wedrim
: ”Zik, Awanak (ddula) yettafk idrimen ala i Teklizt takaṭulit yerna ur yettafk ara idrimen i ddyanat niḍen.
Ass-a, la nettxemmim ad nṣ̣erref idrimen akk-n ad neiwen tawaddfa taseYnawt (intégration religieuse)
u ad nesmel (promouvoir) tawaggta (pluralisme) n ddyanat”, ay d-yenna Bermejo.
DYa, deg way-n yerzan ay-a, Bermejo yebder-d tarbaet n Tawaggta ed
tudert lwaḥid (Pluralisme et convivialité). Tarbaet-a yetteawanen inselmen deg Spenyul tjemmee-d
idrimen i lmend n way-a, yerna 40% seg yedrimen-ines d Awanak (ddula) aspenyuli ay as-ten-yettafken. Yiwen seg lecYal
ara d-ttheyyin ad ten-xedmen netta d aṣ̣erref n yedrimen i lmend n ussuffeY n wedlis n uYerbaz (llakul)
amaynut, d win umi semman ”Ssen Lislam”, u ad t-id-ssuffYen s tespenyulit ed taeṛabt. ”Iswi
(but) n leqdic-a netta d lebni n tqenṭyar ara yejjen medden ad msiwlen, ad mciwṛen, ed lebni n tmetti (société)
ara iqebblen wiyaḍ u ad ddrent deg-s trebbae yemgerraden. Leqdic-nneY la itteddu cwiṭ, cwiṭ Yer
sdat. D acu kan, ugur netta d ttawilat n uxebber ara yesseddayen yir awal Yef yinselmen ed wawal ara d-qqaren kra n waggagen
(intellectuels) iYerbiyen Yef Lislam, wi d wid d-yetteawaden ay-n d-teqqar tmuYli-nni n ”wemyewwat
n tYermiwin” (choc des civilisations). Idlisen ay yettcemmiten Lislam, lemmer ad d-ffYen u ad cemmten kra
n ddyana niḍen, yiwen ur ten-iqebbel. Tuṛuft (Europe) teseedda Tulukust (Holocauste) acku tamgelsamit (antisémitisme)
teqqel d ay-n yettwaqeblen ama Yer tmetti, ama Yer waggagen. Ihi, ur yessefk ara ad neqbel u ad nefk lḥeqq
i waggagen-a la d-yekkaten deg Lislam, maca, awal-nsen teffer deffir-s tislamufubit (islamophobie)”, ay d-yenna Bermejo.
Ihi, Yef wakk-n nettwali, wa d ahil (programme) igerrzen i lmend n twaddfa (intégration) n yinselmen deg Spenyul,
d acu kan, ahil-a mazal-it ixuṣ̣ṣ̣ deg kra n tYawsiwin. Yusuf Fernandez, aneṭṭaq n
Junta Islamica, tiddukla tameqrant akk n Yinselmen n Spenyul, acḥal d tikkelt ay d-iger tiYri i yiduba (autorités)
ispenyuliyen akk-n ad d-lhun ed wugur n ttesriḥat i lmend n lebni n tmesgidiwin (lejwamee) timaynutin. Γ ef
wakk-n d-yenna, azal kan n xemsin n tmesgidiwin ay yellan deg Spenyul s lekmal-is,
yili deg tmurt-a ddren azal n umelyun n Yinselmen. Tiddukla n Junta Islamica tella daYen la tessuttur, deg way-n akk-a
ieeddan, akk-n ad jjen Inselmen ad ttẓallan deg Mezquita n Qurṭuba, tin ay rran d takatidṛalt. YuY
lḥal, tabeskut (épiscopat) taspenyulit tegguma ay-a. Akk-n yebYu yili, mi ifuk usarag (conférence) n Qurṭuba,
gan-d ay-n umi semman ”TaseYrut n Qurṭuba” (Déclaration de Cordoue) ay deg d-yedda wawal imeenen,
d win la ineccden i wemqader ed weqbal n wiyaḍ, maci d win n tislamufubit ed wekṛah.
Seg El Watan n 28 Tubeṛ 2007
SYur Mustapha Benfodil
Tasuqilt sYur Omar Mouffok
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