Tihawt tirant n tmaziɣt: présence graphique de l’amazigh
Tihawt tazayzant n tmaziɤt
Iswi n umagrad-a d awal ɤef useqdec s wudem-nniḍen n tira. Ad yerzu taɤult iɤer ur nezzi ara tiṭ s tuget. Asentel-is yerza tihawt tazayzant neɤ tirant n tmaziɤt (Présence publique ou graphique de tamazight). S umata, ur llint ara aṭas n tezrawin ɤef usentel am wa. Ihi awal-iw ad yili aṭas d aglam, d tamawin ugar akken ara yili d tazrawt tussnant.
Iseqsiyen ɤef ara yili umeslay d wi:
Seg wasmi d -isuḍ waḍu n tlelli d tugdut ɤef Lezzayer, aseggas n 1988 d asawen tamaziɤt tekcem ɤer tesdawit akked uɤebaz, tuɤal d tutlayt taɤelnawt; nezmer ad d-nini ldint tewwura i useqdec n tmaziɤt. Deg wayen yerzan tihawt-is tirant : “Tamaziɤt tban-d deg twennaḍt aṭas n yiseggasen-aya. Sqedcen-tt yimdanen akken ad d-seknen yes-s udem n twennaḍt. Syin akin, cwit, cwiṭ teṭṭef imukan-nniḍen. Aseqdec-is, ihi, yebda seg yiseggasen imezwura seld tilelli n tmurt. Maca lawan-nni teqqim kan d tira ɤef leḥyuḍ, ɤef tesfifin, ɤef yiḍebsiyen”[1] D acu, deg wayen yerzan tilin-is deg tmetti, aṭas n yiseqsiyen i d-icudden ɤur-s, amedya :
-ma tettwaseqdec tmaziɤt deg twennaḍt ?
-anda ara tt-naf ?
- s wanta tira s tettwaru ?
(Zemren ad ilin yiseqsiyen-nniḍen yerzan asentel-a, maca d wid i yesran i tezrawin d tsestanin deg unnar akken ad sɛun tiririt tussnant iwatan)
Iseqsiyen-a yakk, s umata, d wid yerzan taɤult n tesnilesmetti (sociolinguistique). Tririt fell-asen, ad aɤ -d-temmel azal d umkan n tutlayt n tmaziɤt, mačči kan anagar ayen i d-icudden ɤer uẓayer-is asertan, maca, tirirt–a ad aɤ-d-temmel daɤen amkan-is d tixutert-is ɤer yimsulɤa ( wid i tt-yettmeslayen). Deg wannect-a ad negzu azal n tutlayt yettilli-d ɤef sin n wudmawen.
Deg tama ayen akk i d-icudden ɤer usɤiwes utlayan (planification linguistique). Wi rzan adabu, s wawal-nniḍen d netta i ilan allalen akken ad yefk tagnit i tutlayt akken ad tennerni, akken ad taɤ amdiq i tt- iwatan: ama deg yiɤerbazen, deg tedbelt, deg wallalen n teywalt, atg. Dɤa, ma nmuqel tamaziɤt ass-a, ad naf aẓayer-is ibeddel aṭas, ur teqqim ara d tutlayt taddayt (langue basse), ma nserwes-itt akked taɛrabt tantalant, acku tamaziɤt tuɤal d tutlayt taɤelnawt, tekcem ɤer yiɤerbazen, tekcem ɤer taɤulin n teywalt.
Maca ayen yerzan aslugen-is[2] (sa standadisation) teqqim war tifrat, amedya ar ass-a ulac ayen yellan d unsib ara yesddaklen tira-s, amawal-is. Annect-a daɤen yeqqen srid ɤer wahil asertan n udabu; d netta i yesɛan azref akken ad yefru tamsalt-a.
Deg tama-nniḍen, asnerni n tutlayt yasɛa assaɤ d ameqqran d tmetti ideg tella. Tigensas, timuɤliwin, tiktiwin n yimdanen ɤef tutlayt-nsen ttilin d tasalelt tameqqrant, ttakkent afud ameqqran i tutlayt akken ad teddu ɤer zdat. Anadi deg taɤult-a yessukkus-d amek ttwalin yimdanen tutlayt-nsen, ma bɤan ad tt-ɤren, ma bɤan ad tt-arun. S umata ma bɤan ad tili, ad tidir. Tin ɤur-s, annect-a yeskan-d daɤen tuṭṭfa-nsen deg tutlayt-a imi tutlayt tettidir s lebɤi n wid i tt-yettmeslayen. Tudert-a tettili s useqdec-is deg yal taɤult. (Amedya deg temlilit am ta). Aya yebɤa ad d-yini, tutlayt yewwi-d ad tili, ama d tira , ama d timawt deg yal adeg, deg yal akud anda tezmer ad tettwaseqdec.
Deg wayen yerzan tira, i yaɤ-d-yessemlalen ass-a, tamezwarut, dayen ibanen, d amenzay ɤer medden merra, tira i d iman, i d tazmert, i d tudert n tutlayt. Acku ayen yuran ur unegger ara, ur yettnejli ara, ur t-tekkat ara tatut. Yewwi-d ad nẓer d nettat ara yerren azal i tmaziɤt. Mammeri, yura deg udlis ( Inna-yas- Ccix Muḥen): “Di lqern n ɛecrin ideg nella, tussna telḥa […] Ihi, yezmer umdan ad yessexdem allalen-is […] Assa nezmer ad d-nessufeɤ idlisen di mkul ssenf”[3] . Am wakken i d-yura deg udlis (Les poèmes kabyles anciens) : ” Tura tamussni tuɤal s idlisen. Degmi uriɤ adlis-a i keč d tezyiwin-ik, ad ak-d-yeqqim d tigejdit i usenned , d tigejdit i lebni”[4]. Tin ɤur-s, ula umennuɤ n Umussu Adelsan Amaziɤ (MCB), seg zik awal i d-yettuɤalen, nnig n umennuɤ asertan, d tira, d afares, d assufeɤ n yidlisen, akken ad teqqim tutlayt, akken ad as –yettunefk yisem n tutlayt, ur tettɤimi ara kan d tantala.
Tamaziɤt ass-a teṭṭef aṭas n yimedqan, teskuṭṭef-d deg yal amkan, yennerna ciṭ uẓayer-is, tettcali deg yiberdan, teṭṭef iɤerban, tekcem tanezzut. S wawal awezlan, ad d-nini ur teḥjib ara, ur teffir ara . Aṭas n tegnatin ideg d-ttbin. D annect-a iwimi qqaren tihawt tazayzant neɤ tihawt tirant (Présence publique, présence graphique). S wawal-nniḍen, anamek-is d tilin n tutlayt, d tudert n tutlayt deg twennaḍt.
Amek i d-yettili waya?
Tihawt n tutlayt tettili deg twennaḍt ticki imdanen ttarun-tt deg yal amkan ideg tezmer ad tili, semrasent d allal n usissen neɤ d allal n usussen (publicité), amedya: ismawen akk n wayen yerzan :
a- tanezzut, akka am :
tiḥunna, leqhawi, allalen n tumnayt, igalisen akken bɤun ilin, isufar n wučči neɤ n usired (lgazuz, lqahwa, lgaṭu, cukula, sabun, rriḥa atg. ). Tisfifin, i ḍebsiyen, C.D, iɤmisen. Ddwa… ;
b- tisuddwin, akka am : tinedlisin, tisdawiyin, tisnawiyin, tiɤiwanin, lwilayat, iɤebazen, tidukliwin, ikabaren, tizrigin… ;
c- tiɤawsiwin-nniḍen, akka am : tikerḍwin n uncad, SMS, internet, iẓekwan, tira ɤef yiɤerban ( graffitis) …
D acu i azal n tihawt n tutlayt deg twennaḍt?
-Tamezwarut, tezmer ad tili d aferdis n usnekwu (élément identificateur) n twennaḍt-nni. S tira ad nẓer d acu i d tutlayt n tmetti-nni
- Tis snat, temmal-d azal i tefka tmetti i tutlayt-is, ma bɤan ad tili, ma ṭṭfen deg-s, ma ḥemmlen ad tt-walin, s wannect-a ara d–senfalin tigensas-nsen ɤef tutlayt i fernen gar tiyiḍ. S tewzel n wawal tettak-d issalen ɤef wassaɤ yellan gar tutlayt d tmetti.
Tis kraḍ, tihawt-a tezmer ad tili d aɤbalu s ara yelmed umdan amawal d tira n tutlayt acku simmal yettwali,simmal yesseqsay, simmal ilemmed.
Aseqsi i d-icudden ɤer wayen yezrin d wa : S wanta tira s ttarun yemdanen deg tegnatin-a?
Uqbel ad d-nerr ɤef useqsi-ya, yewwi-d ad nẓer deg Lezzayer llan yisuḍaf (leqwanen) i d-yessufeɤ udabu ɤef usexdem n tutlayin deg twennaḍt. Leqwanen-a qqnen ɤer tsertit n useɛreb. Deg useggas 1981, yella le décrét n° 6136 du 15 mars, iwimi semman “Arabisation de l’environnement“, tallit-nni i d-lulen kra n yismawen n tmura ffɤen akk i yidles d tesmidegt (la toponymie) n tmurt-a.
Amedya : (Buleyda, wihran, qusenṭina, Sukeykida )
Syina ulsen-as-d i usaḍuf-nni deg useggas n 1998, yerna sḍefren-as-d lexṭiyat i kra n win ara yarun s tutlayt- nniḍen. Maca, ɤas ffɤen-d leqwanen-a, deg twennaḍt, deg tedbelt, deg luzinat, lbankat… mazal yezga useqdec n tefransist. R.Kahlouche, iga snat n tsastanin (enquêtes) deg temdint n Tizi Uzzu, yiwet 1996, tayeḍ 2000, yufa gar snat n talliyin-a, imdanen uɤalen ttarun aṭas s tefransist ugar taɛrabt, ugar tamaziɤt. Yewweḍ ɤer tamawt-a : “deg useggas n 2000, i tuget tefransist neɤ i yuɤalen medden ɤer tefransist ayen i wimi yesssemma “ la refrancisation de l’environnement ” [5].
Ma deg wayen yerzan tamaziɤt, ulac lqanun i d-yeqqaren ilaq ad tt-nesseqdec, am wakken ulac lqanun i tt-igedlen. Ma nmuqel ad naf aṭas n yismawen n tmaziɤt yellan deg twennaḍt d ddewla i ten-yuran.
Tira n tmaziɤt deg twennaḍt
Deg twennaḍt amur ameqqran seqdacen talaṭinit, d acu, deg sya ɤer da, ad naf daɤen tifinaɤ. Annect-a ad aɤ d-yessegzi, deg wayen yerzan tihawt n tmaziɤt, tira s tlaṭinit :
- d tin i yuɤen deg tmetti;
-d tin i yugten deg twennaḍt;
- talaṭinit d tin i fernen yemdanen i usissen n tɤawsiwin-nsen;
-talaṭinit d tin i yettwasmettin s waṭas (socialisée);
- tlaṭinit d tin i tesseqdac tmetti, ula d ddewla aṭas n yigalisen tura-ten s tlaṭinit.
Γef wannect-a ad d –nini, nnig n tmental i yefkan afud i ufran n tlaṭinit, akka am:
- tuɤ deg tmetti si zman aqdim;
- fessuset i ulmad d uselmed,
- iɤbula yellan akk ttwarun s tlaṭinit;
-tla ilugan n tira, d ayen yellan d agejdan acku ilugan d allal i yeǧǧan imdanen ad arun, s yiwet n tarrayt akken ma llan.
Nniɤ-d , nnig n tmental-a, tihawt-is deg twennaḍt terna–yas-d afud ameqqran acku tawennaḍt daɤen d tafelwit, d aɤebaz yesselmaden. Imdanen ur tt- frinen ara kan akka. Rran ɤur-s, fkan –as azal acku d tin s izemren ad d-segzin ayen i ten-iceɤben.
Tin ɤur-s, ad d-iniɤ, tura deg umaḍal, mi ara gen yimussnawen tizrawin ɤef tira neɤ mi ara ttmeslayen yimussnawen ɤef tira, ur ttɤiman ara kan deg unamek-is amezwaru, anda tira terza anagar ayen yellan d asnulfu (création) akka am tsekla, taɤamsa… Maca tura mi ara yili umeslay ɤef tira ttarran tamawt ɤer wayen akk yuran :
journal intime, recettes, notices, les formulaires administratifs, listes des courses, mots laissés à un fils, à un ami, petites annonces, bulletin météo, SMS, atg.
Γef wannect-a amedya, H.Boyer yessemgared gar tira ( écriture) akked d ujerred (ma nezmer ad as-nsemmi akka) (scription). Awal “tira” seqdacen-t i wayen yellan d asnulfu, ma d awal “ ajerred” seqdacen-t i wayen ideg yenqes wazal n usnulfu, akka am : (Ti i d-uddreɤ iwsawen).
Ihi, d wasmi i d-yewwi ad nerr tamawt ɤer tira n tmaziɤt anda tebɤu tili acku akken i tura M.Rispail, deg udlis “ Le francique ” : « Dire qu’une langue existe, c’est déjà un peu participer à sa survie » [6]. Nekni ma nura-tt, ma nga fell-as tizrawin, mačči d asider ara tt-nessider maca d asnerni ara tt-nesnerni, d asimɤer ara tt-nesimɤer gar tutlayin n umaḍal.
Ad d- rnuɤ kra n tmuɤliwin i wimi i ilaq ad nerr tamawt, ad nemmeslay fell-asent, ad nwelleh imdanen akken tamaziɤt ad taɤ ugar amḍiq-is deg tmetti:
- Yewwi-d ɤef yimdanen ad tt-sqedcen nnig n wannect-a acku ɤas, d tidet, aṭas i tt-yuran maca , deg tama-nniḍen, aṭas yimukan ideg ur d-ttbin ara. LLan wid i yessmenyifen ad araun taɛrabt, tarumit wala tamaziɤt. Ayen ɤef ara yesḥifen yiwen mačči kan anagar tira; yella wayen i d-yekkan nnig-s, yesseqraḥ, yesserfay (ahat), yessewham, imi ula d ismawen i d-fernen kra ur sɛin ara akk assaɤ la d yidles-nneɤ, la d tutlayt-nneɤ, la d twennaḍt-nneɤ, la tmurt-nneɤ. Ad naf ismawen yecban: aḥbab, ezzeytuna, el aḥlam, eliǧtihad, ennexla, el itihad, ennour, macaallah, rreḥma, titanic, azur, top, tic tac, Zephir, le rapide, aigle, TGV, les amis, le faucon, etc.
Γer tama-nsen ad naf wid i yefkan azal i tmaziɤt; uran s tmaziɤt , fernen-d ismawen i iwatan idles-is: awren, adrar, lbaz, talwit, timlilit, itri, tiziri…
Yuɤal d adabu, i ireglen zik tafat i tmaziɤt, i tt-yesseqdacen ugar wid yennuɤen fell-as. Ma nmuqel ad naf aṭas n tsuddwin n ddewla i yuran s tmaziɤt.
Ilmend n waya i d-yewwi fell-aɤ ad newwet amek ara d-ibin wazal-is s usemres-is deg yal amdiq.
[1] Z.Meksem, 2005, Les langues des écrits urbains dans la ville de Béjaia : Qu’en pensent les jeunes apprenants de tamazight », In M. Rispail ( Sous dir) avec la collaboration de N.Tigziri, Langues maternelles : contacts, variations et enseignement. Le cas de la langue amazighe,Paris , Harmattan, Pp. 205 -215.
[2] - Aslugen ila anamek n “noramalisation“ sqedceɤ-t s unamek n “la standardiastion” akken ad d-segziɤ ayen i wimi tesra tmaziɤt ass-a akka am: yiwen n umawal, yiwen n ugemmay, yiwet n tirawalt
[3] - M.Mammeri, 199 , Inna-yas Ccix Muḥend, Paris , Maspéro, asebter 15.
[4] -M.Mammeri, 1988 , Les poèmes kabyles anciens, Paris, Maspéro , asebter 60.
[5] R.Kahlouche, 2002, La refrancisation des enseignes à Tizi-Ouzou : qu’on est-il depuis 1996 ?, In Passerelles, n°24, Numéro apparu sous le titre : Peuples, identités et langues berbères. Tamazight face à son avenir », Pp.127 -135.
fra_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn fra_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn fra_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn kab_Latn fra_Latn