Aselway n Tagduda tatunsit
Aselway n Tagduda tatunsit d aɣella n Uwanak n Tagduda tatunsit seg assebded n tawuri ass n . Deg uzwel agi, yeḍebber adabu aselkam s unabaḍ yetsselwayen sɣur aɣella n unabaḍ. Ɣef leḥsab n umagrad 77 n Tamenḍawt tagdudant n wass n , yeḍebber daɣen anzaḍ aɛlayan n tidusiyin yettwassemregen.
Ɣef leḥsab n Tamenḍawt, yetwafren s afran ameɣradi srid i anna n semmus iseggwasen, ayzmaynu yiwet tikkelt kan. Seg assebded n tawuri, aten-id wid yeṭṭfen amkan nni :
- Ḥabib Burgiba, armi i tid stixeren ass n sakkin kraḍt n tmerwin n udabu (ɣef ljal n uddad ines n tadawsa, aseqqamu n imsujjiyen yenna-d, ur yezmer ara ad yekemmel deg tiwura ines) ;
- Zin Lɛabidin Ben Ɛli, Aneɣlaf amezwaru aneggaru n Uselway Burgiba yeṭṭfen amahil agi am amekki alma d tifernin tinsiadin n 1989 dɣa yettwafren s umgerrad ameqran ;
- Fuɛad Mebazɛa, aselway n taxxamt n imazanen, yetwasseɣret aselway deg imedzi sɣur Aseqqamu amenḍawan ass n sakkin tagrawla ;
- Munsef Marzuqi, yettwafren aselway sɣur Agraw ismatteran, i tallit n tukkit yettaweyn ar asaselgam n Tamenḍawt tamaynut.
- Bejji Lqayed Ssebṣi, aselway amezwaru yettwafrenen s umagdayar afran ameɣradi deg umezruy n Tunes, sakkin tafrent n 2014.
Burgiba dɣa Ben Ɛli sselwayen daɣen akabar deg udabu, yettwasemman Amay-Dustuṛ, Akabar anemlay adustuṛi dɣa Amsegraw amenḍawan amagday, seg azarug deg useggwas 1956 ar tagrawla n 2011.
Agbur
Taneṣlit[beddel | edit source]
Akabar amezwaru aɣelnaẓri, Dustuṛ, yettwassebdeden deg useggwas 1920[2] yebɣa yakan asaselgam n yiwet tamenḍawt id tḍwelen ar tanaya timeẓwit dɣa imenzayen n udabu amagday war ad ḍḍesen ar umenzay n tagelda. Akkw am Amay-Dustuṛ yexeddmen agzam deg useggwas 1934 ddaw tamehla n Ḥabib Burgiba, yettkemmel ad yessenfali tabbanit ines i unhil yellan deg tawuri[3]. Aswir n Umay-Dustuṛ yellan di Sfax seg 15 ar [4] yesnezgem :
« Ilaq ad xeddmen s tuɛjilt tifranin timuta timagdayin i timdinin dɣa i agraw ismatteran ad yessebdeden tamenḍawt ad yefken tabadut i unhil anabḍan n tamurt ɣef llsas n tagelda tamenḍawant, slan-d ay d agdud iman-is id taɣbalut n tanaya id yettexdem sɣur amni yetwassuddesen s ugraw awḥid yettwafrenen deg ufran ameɣradi srid deg uqader n umenzay n umsebḍu n iduba amsaḍuf, aselkam d aɣedman[3]. »
Ɣef afermes n unhil sɣur amezdaɣ, Muḥsen Tumi yura :
« Ameslay ɣef tagelda, d timenna n bezzaf. Tamɣarit taḥusinit d tiwaculin n isenbaren i zzin ɣur-es, s laṣel aṭerki am nettat (deg tilawt, d iderfiyen iqedcen i Amenkud aɛetmani am aken nejlan ar tilisa n utaram) ur d ttwaɛqilen ara deg tmurt nni dɣa tamurt ur d ttwaɛqel ara deg « imamaden » agi n tiwsiyin i zemren ad siwelen i ignan ibeṛṛaniyen iwakken ad ssensen tinekriwin. Imeggufsa, imenhawen dɣa imwaryasen, d nitni akkw d iqriben nsen yellan deg taneṣlit n tasehrest taṛumit (tafṛensist) dɣa ḥebsen akken i zemren tikli ɣer uzarug[3]. »
Ihi, imi id yettwakmer kan id yezmel Lamine Bey ass n tanaḍt id yesawelen ar tafrent n Ugraw ismatteran[3],[5]. Mɣar sakkin azarug d tafrent n Ugraw, tanarit tasertayt n Amay-Dustuṛ yessegrew ass n yeḥettem agellid ad as yinni i Burgiba ad yessileɣ anabaḍ amezwaru n Tunes tazarugt. Ihi Burgiba yeddem amazrar n isuḍaf am taggara n iglamen n tawacult taḥusinit (tanaḍt n )[6] neɣ tadbelt n taɣult tusligt n umuɣ aɣarim n bey (amarud amseggas id ttwafken i akkw imaslaḍen n tawacult tabeylikalt (taɛetmanit)) daɣen taɣult n uqacuc sɣur yiwen anedbal yetxeddmen deg aɣlif n teẓraf. Charles Debbasch yura ɣef waya :
« Imḍebbren n Amay-Dustuṛ fehmen cwit cwit belli tilint n bey ar uqerru n Uwanak d iɣiz ar umenzay n tadukli. Cwit cwit, iɣellaten n ukabar amay-adustuṛi ssenqesen akkw lfaydat tiɛetmaniyin, d-acu ihi d nnfeɛ n bey, acku netta mačči d amay-adustuṛi ?[3]. »
I lmend n umulli wis sin n tuqqla ines ar Tunes, ass n , Ḥabib Burgiba yebɣa ad yesseɣret Tagduda, maca tazɣint n assaɣen iṛumiyen-itunsiyen id yussan seg uḥbas n tallalt n teẓraf n Fransa, yetwexxer tadyant[6]. Ass n {22 yulyu]], tanarit tasertayt n Amay-Dustuṛ tesseɣret taseɣra n imazanen n Agraw ismatteran ar tiɣimit tafeɣnamit yettwassuddsen ass n 25 yulyu[7]. Tiɣimit tebedda af 9 h 23 deg tazeɣɣa n usgeld n leqṣer n Bardo ddaw taselwit n Ǧelluli Fares d tihawt n tafekka tadiplumatit[8]. Aneɣlaf amezwaru Ḥabib Burgiba d imaslaḍen n unabaḍ ines, slid Becir Ben Yahmed ur llan ara d awamni, qqimen ɣef uɣalad n imaslaḍen. Imi-d yeldi tiɣimit, Fares yederrer belli imaslaḍen ilaq ad innin anta talɣa is ilaqen i unhil. Ahmed Ben Salah, anmazul n uselway n Ugraw, yenna-d tidmi ines akagi :
« Ilaq Awanak ad yessderfi seg uzaglu id yewṛet seg izri, waya yezmer kan ad yesmuḍḍef azarug n tmurt dɣa tanaya n ugdud atunsi. Ulac ccek, an ili ass agi nerẓem seg izemmal n unhil aqdim. Ur yezmir ad yili agellid deg tamurt agi, dɣa lebɣi n ugdud d uɣris. Tasuta nneɣ tettweṛebbi deg usekkud n Amay-Dustuṛ, tebɣa tilelli, talwit d lehna. Ilaq an faṛes s tanaya nneɣ tuɣridt dɣa war abeḍḍu. Imi yella imenɣi, nella yakan ddaw anhil agdudan, acku deg tallit nni, llant snat timura Tunes, yiwet tasugnant, tayeḍ n tidet. Tagduda tella yakan di Tunes ddaw tawaralgamit ; ilaq-aɣ ass agi at-id-n ssuḍef[8]. »
Awalen agi ttwasergegen sɣur tigermanin tidfirin. Af 15 h 30, Burgiba yebeḍḍa aẓmaẓ anarray n umnakel n beys, yerduten af ddell d taxendallast. Yeffuk deg tagara s taseɣrut n Tagduda :
« Agdud atunsi yegwed ar tafesna n tananya tamsewdagt iwakken ad yaɣ assefrek n iweẓla ines. Ẓriɣ acḥal yeḥmmel iyi. Kra snezgemen zemreɣ ad cceɣleɣ i lmektub ines (n Tunes). Maca aqader i sɛiɣ i ugdud atunsi d ameqran armi ur bɣiɣ ara ad yesɛu akerwa dɣa yella yiwen afran kan i zemreɣ ad-as-efkeɣ, d win n Tagduda[7]. »
Deg taggara, afran s unemzel yeser anhil ageldan aqdim 252 iseggwasen dɣa yessebded anhil agdudan[9] yersan ɣef Amay-Dustuṛ kan[10]. Aylaten n bey ttwakksen-as dɣa ṣleḥen i urẓam n umerwas n Uwanak[11]. Burgiba yekkcem srid deg tiwura-s n uselway deg timeṛjiwt n tirawt n Tamenḍawt id effken sin iseggwasen sakkin tumast taselwayant n unhil amaynu.
Tafrent[beddel | edit source]
Amezruy Afranan[beddel | edit source]
Ass n llant tifernin timezwura tiselwayin d timsuḍaf[12]. Sakkin, sin isniɣesen agi ttwadrun deg unsay deg yiwen wass kan, ass n acer (lḥedd)[12].
Seg isniɣes amezwaru, Burgiba yesɛa-d abeḥri n umalway amszarug, netta kan i d-amazwar anwarmirm. Ad yeqqim akken armi d 1974, agmuḍ ines ur yeḥbes ara ad yerni seg 91 % deg 1959 ar 99,85 % deg 1974[12]. Armi kan ass n yella wayeḍ amazwar nniḍen i ɛerden ad yesssissen mgal aselway. Cadli Zwiten, aselway n Taxxamt tilemẓit tudmist n Tunes, yesseɣret aɣtas ines deg asseɣret ar taɣemsa yili yettwaḍfer sɣur alɣu n yiwen umaslaḍ n tiddukla nni yetssumelen aɣtas n uselway ines[24]. Am yettwarǧu, tirtit ur tettwaḍḍef ara sɣur tasmilt ad hoc[24]. Isniɣes agi ad yilli d aneggaru acku yettwaḍfer aseggwas aḍfar sɣur taseɣrut n Burgiba am « aselway ar tudert ».
Ilaq an arǧu snat n tmerwin iwakken an ẓer aneɛruḍ wis sin n Munsef Marzuqi, aselway anaffaɣ n Tamɣunt tatunsit n izerfan n wemdan, yebɣan ad yessissen mgal Ben Ɛli deg useggwas 1994. Yili, ur yezmer ara ad yessegrew amḍan n izmalen yelaqen iwakken ad yettekki ar tafrent dɣa sakkin yettwaḥbes[16] daɣen yettwagdel n upaspuṛ[25]. Zdat isedrigen agi, ilaq ad rǧun isuḍaf imenḍawanen yetwadɣeren « s uzwel asɣasan », dɣa yeksalugen ar umagrad 40 n Tamenḍawt, i tifernin n 1999, 2004 d 2009, iwakken imazwaren nniḍen ad zemren ad ssissnen iman-nsen ar tinneflest tanafellat.
Sakkin tagrawla id gweyn ar tagellawt n Ben Ɛli, Agraw ismatteran yefren aselway n Tagduda s taqiḍuft tuffirt, ass n , s tigti tamagdezt n imaslaḍen ines. Mraw imazwaren ssissnen-d maca, tam ur d ssegrewen ara mraw semmus izmalen yelaqen dɣa yiwen umazwar ur yesɛa ara leɛmeṛ yelaqen, yiwen kan yesɛan tiwtilin yelaqen i tirtit[26]. Munsef Marzuqi yettwafren s 153 tuɣac, kraḍt mgal, snat taggalin d 44 idɣaren imellalen, yesmezri aken i Fuɛad Mebazɛa yellan deg tawuri am imedzi[27].
Sakkin tuddma n Tamenḍawt tamaynut, adɣar yettwahel ass n i tafrent n uselway amaynu n Tagduda[28]. Ass n 21 dujamber, sakkin tuzzya tis snat, Bejji Lqayed Ssebṣi, aneɣlaf aqdim ddaw Burgiba dɣa aselway n Taxxamt n imazanen ddaw Ben Ɛli, yettwafren deg tuzzya tis snat s 55,68 % n tuɣac, aselway Marzuqi yegweyd 44,32 %[22]. D aselway amezwaru yettwafrenen s umagday deg tamurt[29].
Tira d timselɣa[beddel | edit source]
- ↑ Malik Acher, « Quel est le véritable salaire de Moncef Marzouki ? », MinuteBuzz, 20 dujamber 2011
- ↑ Michel Camau d Vincent Geisser, Ḥabib Burgiba : adriz n tukkest, éd. Karthala, Paris, 2004, p. 228
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Ḥatem Ben Ɛaziza, « Seg tagelda tamenḍawant ar Tagduda », Réalités, n°762, 27 yulyu 2000
- ↑ Jacques Simon, Lezzayer. Izri, Lezzayer taṛumit, tagrawla (1954-1958), éd. L’Harmattan, Paris, p. 286 (ISBN 2296028586)
- ↑ Fayçal Cherif, « Ussan ineggura n tagelda », Réalités, n°1126, 26 yulyu 2007
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Victor Silvera, « Anhil amenḍawan n Tunes : Tamenḍawt n », Revue française de science tasertit, 1960, vol. 10, n°2, p. 378
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Pierre-Albin Martel, Ḥabib Burgiba. Argaz, timiḍi, éd. du Jaguar, Paris, 1999, p. 69
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 « 25 yulyu 1957. Dɣa Burgiba yessebded Tagduda », Réalités, n°917, 24 yulyu 2003
- ↑ « Proclamation de la République en Tunes », Les Actualités françaises, 31 yulyu 1957
- ↑ Marguerite Rollinde, Le mouvement marocain des droits de l’homme : entre consensus national et engagement citoyen, éd. Karthala, Paris, 2002, p. 108 (ISBN 2845862091)
- ↑ Article sur la Tunes (Encarta)
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 Samir Gharbi, « Radiographie d’une élection », Jeune Afrique, 2 wamber 1999
- ↑ Ḥabib Burgiba ɣef Grand Larousse Encyclopédique
- ↑ Alemmas n tizrawin ifriqiyin n ugafa, Annuaire n l’Afrique du Nord, éd. Université du Michigan/Centre national n la recherche scientifique, 1969, vol. 8, p. 389
- ↑ Yettwasseɣret aselway ar tudert sɣur Taxxamt n imazanen ass n 18 meɣres 1975, asaḍuf agi yettusemmet ass n 25 yulyu 1988 (sakkin tuẓẓɛa ines).
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Michel Camau d Vincent Geisser, Ḥabib Burgiba. Adriz d tukkest, éd. Karthala, Paris, 2004, p. 241 (ISBN 2845865066)
- ↑ Encarta yessuffɣred azwil n 99,80 %.
- ↑ (en) Anthony H. Cordesman, A Tragedy of Arms. Military and Security Developments in the Maghreb, éd. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002, p. 250 (ISBN 0275969363)
- ↑ Encarta yessuffɣred azwil n 99,44 % dɣa Le Canard enchaîné n°4581 (« Carthage n ses artères », 13 ɣuct 2008, p. 8) win n 99,40 %.
- ↑ Igmaḍ n tafrent taselwayant n 2004 (Taselwit n Tagduda tatunsit)
- ↑ Aselway Ben Ɛli yerbeḥ tafrent taselwayant 2009 s 89,62 % (Tifernin 2009)
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 « Tunes : amazwar alayki Bejji Lqayed Ssebṣi yerrbeḥ taselwayant s 55,68 % n tuɣac », Francetv info, 25 wamber 2014
- ↑ « Bejji Lqayed Ssebṣi yeṛeggemed ad yili « aselway n akkw itunsiyen » », Le Monde, 22 dujamber 2014
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
tag; no text was provided for refs named
realites1
- ↑ Dominique Lagarde, « Tagtaẓri am tatunsit », L’Express, 21 tuber 1999
- ↑ « Ɣef mraw imazwaren ar taselwayant, tẓa ur sɛan ara tiwtilin », Business News, 12 dujamber 2011
- ↑ [http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jFkstX87Y3lZ8dkKxatCvDmzZS1g?docId=CNG.c308896bde5e526dcc69ea141f153630.7d1 Hamida Ben Salah d Kaouther Larbi, « Tunes : Munsef Marzuqi yesmezri ar Ben Ɛli am aselway « n tagduda 1rut   taɛrabt tilellit » », Agence France-Presse, 12 dujamber 2011]
- ↑ « Tunes : timsuḍaf ttwahelent ar 26 tuber dɣa taselwayant ar 23 wamber », Jeune Afrique, 25 yunyu 2014
- ↑ Charlotte Bozonnet, « Bejji Lqayed Ssebṣi, aẓɣuɣ yuɣalen d aselway », Le Monde, 23 dujamber 2014
- ↑ Aneɣlaf amezwaru Muḥemmed Ɣennuci yennegmi iman-is d aselway n Tagduda s imedzi seg 14 ar 15 yennayer 2011 ɣef leḥsab n « Ben Ɛli yeffeɣ si Tunes, Aneɣlaf amezwaru yebeddel-it », Le Figaro, 14 yennayer 2011
Adriraw[beddel | edit source]
- Michel Camau d Vincent Geisser, Aṭṭan amdabu. Tasertit di Tunes seg Burgiba ar Ben Ɛli, éd. Presses de Science Po, Paris, 2003 (ISBN 2724608798)
Izdayen uffiɣen[beddel | edit source]
Taɣbalut[beddel | edit source]
- Amagrad agi yettwasseḍru s umuran neɣ akkw seg umagrad n Wikipedia s taṛumit yettwasemmen « Président de la République tunisienne » (ẓer umuɣ n imeskaren)
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