Tamezwarut:
Aṭṭas n yewdan ɣar-sen tigg°di zi Macina (akumpyuter, ṭṭunubin, tilifun, internet, Facebook…). Zeg yiwdan-a nettaf zzay-sen yinni yeɣrin, niɣ zeg yiwdan illan d aggagen (intellectuels). Tili ɣar-sen awal-nsen deg iyyar n tussna d uxarres d tfilusuft. D manaya war yelli ɣer-neɣ waha di Arrif niɣ di Lmuɣrib. Aqqa-t ula deg waṭṭas n wayduden d legnus i daneɣ-yudsen (a nessiwel danita x Wafriqiya). S uya ila rezzuɣ ma ad afeɣ ca n ḥedd yura x manaya marra deg Wafriqiya niɣ ula ɣar legnus n Waɛraben, war ufiɣ ca ca n ḥajet tettwari x manaya. Nniɣ ad iliɣ imken nec d amezwaru i xaf-s ɣa yarin s Trifiyt, waxxa tira n tussna tudrus s Trifiyt-nneɣ.
Tira-ya, usint-id zeg ijjen uxarres yekk-dd zi mindi tteggeɣ tirezzutin-inu di tesdawit (ljamiɛa). Mamec nessen illa legnus-nneɣ aqqa-yen ɛad war rriglan tiseɛɛet n tussna (science) ɣar-sen yellan, aked tiseɛɛet n tussna n umaḍal. Nexs a nini belli tiseɛɛet n tussna (Lɛilem) yellan jarkṭer di Lmuɣrib, day-s nnaqes aṭṭas mala nessemqudda-tt aked tenni n umaḍal.
Macina min teɛna ? Man-t ccɣel i tettirar di tudert-nneɣ ? Mamec i tt-nessxeddam di tudert-nneɣ? Ma ɣar-neɣ lḥeqq a zzay-s nagg°ed, niɣ tig°di zi macina d buɛbuɛ wahan?
A negg tizemmar bac a newwec lwajab x iseqsan-a i dd-nessers, maca s yijjen tebridt d taquḍaḍt, ɣir bac war ittili min danita ɣa nari yedqel x wenni yeqqaren. Maca min danita ɣa nari d ijjen trebbuht n waṭṭas n tɣuriwin n imussnawen d min urin deg yiger-a wanita (d wanita d iyyar i yellan d muḍa deg umaḍal di tesusyulujit, tapsikulujit, tafilusuft, tussniwin n ttarbyyet…) zi lweqt n 1980 qleb-dd awru-dd. Maca neccin war nettwili manawya ḥit war neqqar bu min yellan d aneggaru di tussna, sɣuran-aneɣ amezruy n tussna waha.
Amsawal x macina:
Zeg ixarrisen i daneɣ-dd-yiwḍen x macina, ixarrisen n ifilusufiyen (philosophes) n Uliman. Zzay-sen ameqqran-nsen: Martin Heidegger, Marx, Arendet Hana d yinneɣnit aṭṭas…. Heidegger i ttuɣa iruḥen di tebridt n tigg°di zi macina, mayemmi ttuɣa ittwala belli macina d lxaṭar x Bnadem d umaḍal marra. Nzemmar a das-newwec cwayt n tesɣart di min yenna x macina, mayemmi netta yedder di lweqt n girra tameqqrant n Hitler Adolf. S uya min ttuɣa ittegg Hitler d aɛeffan x umaḍal yekmel. Netta Heidegger tuɣa iqqar belli aɣembub aɛeffan n macina niɣ n tetiknit (technique), ad isiɣi aked legnus ig irebbḥen di girra.
Zi jjihet nneɣnit, nettaf ijjen Wefransis (war t-nessin ca aṭṭas), yus-dd deg uneggaru n iseggusa n 1950, ɣar-s ijjen array nneɣnit x Heidegger d imeddukal-nnes. Imxarres-a wanita niɣ afilusuf-a wanita qqaren-as Gilbert Simondon.
Zi lesbab i t-yejjin war t-nessin neccin aṭṭas, d abrid i teksi tpulitikt n ddewla di Lmuɣrib, d tabridt i teksi tɣuri n tfilusut di tesdawit tameɣrabit ula d tabridt n usenneɛ i yegga Lmuɣrib (asenneɛ di lmuɣrib yebna x tmesɣiwt walli x usellwi (innovation). Ixarrisen n Simondon nhar-a nzemmar a ten-nessexdem ura deg ufessel n ddewla mamec tebna d mamec txeddem, nzemmar ula a zzay-s negg ibriden mamec i d ɣa nawi lḥeqq-nneɣ di tmurt-nneɣ i di nettɛic. Zi jjihet nneɣnit nzemmar ula a nefhem bnadem d wamun (la société) i di yettɛic.
Simondon yeqqar-aneɣ belli tigg°di zi macina ixessa war tettili. Ittraḥ yigg°ej netta deg wxarres-nnes, yeqqar belli macina ixess-aneɣ akid-s nemsurruf am ca n ḥajet tedder, ittsemma am ca n ddat day-s tudert. S uya nettaf Simondon isrusa-aneɣ-dd awal x macina ddarjet s ddarjet ar ɣa nefhem mayemmi ig yeqqar awal-a wanita. Netta ttuɣa-t zeg imezwura i dd-yejjin abrid ɣer internet, nnimirik, virtwal, iliktrunik i yellan mṭewwar nhar-a, rni-d x-as imucan n umsagar (réseaux sociaux) zzay-sen Facebook, Twiter, manaya aked imxarrsen nneɣnit i d-yusin awern-as (Mumford).
Yina teffeɣ-dd x-asen ijjen tebridt nhar-a qqaren-as “L’Affordance” awal-a uca ataf a ɣer-s dd-nedwel a t-nfessel ad nessen min yeɛna. Netta yeqqen aked usexdem n macina di tudart-nneɣ. Asexdem-a i yellan “Psycho-inthro-écosocil”. Asexdem n macina nhekk°a-dd ɣar-s zi mamec i t-ittwama wamun d min day-s tetteg macina, d usexdem n macina di tmurt d min ɣar-s yeqqnen (ecologie et nature). Nhekk°a-dd ɣar macina d mamec i d-tettusa ɣer bnadem d mamec i tejja bnadem ad iṭewwar (zi flitca ɣer ccercura ɣer sswarex ɣer girra tabyulujit…), aneggaru ɣar usexdem n macina di ddat n bnadem d tepsikulujit-nnes d min day-s tettbeddal.
tabridt n ufabriki n macina (Approche anthologique)
Simondon deg udlis-nnes « Du mode d’existence des objets technique », ittic-aneɣ-dd umi qqaren macina, yeqqar belli nettat d ijjen ddat n ttiknik. Ddat-a tanita nettat tetwasettef di umi qqaren s tefransist (Artefact, niɣ Artifice) zeɛma ijjen ddat ig ifabrika (isenneɛ) bnadem zeg ijjen lḥajet d tagamant (tabiɛi). Yeqqar ɛawed belli nexs niɣ war nexs qa leḥwayej-a n titikniyin llant di ddat-nsent d amezwar, maci ulabudda ḥuma yella bnadem. Ccaqur yella netta waxxa war t-nessexdem, yella d axarres di leɛqel-nneɣ beɛda.
Simondon, ig ittraḥen zzag-neɣ yegg°ej di manawya, yeqqar-aneɣ nettat lḥajet ig itteḥwajan bnadem marra tettadef di umi neqqar « Artifact » (zeɛma min ifabrika/isenneɛ bnadem), mamec ?
Melmi tettili ḥaja d tagamant (naturelle) tettɛaqqab tettwasenneɛ ?
Simundon, ireẓm-aneɣ tiṭṭawin ɣer ijjen tmeslact tecna aṭṭas zzay-s ɣa nefhem dduniyt-nneɣ, a nessuyur tudert-nneɣ d tammurt-nneɣ ɣer tcuni d sseḥḥet d lehna, itticc-aneɣ tnayen n tebridin ggurent icten kuntra i tenneɣnit maca war ttemselqint war tteggent laksida :
Mamec iddakk°al usellwi agaman ɣer usellwi atikni?
Yeqqar-aneɣ Simondon, qa tanewwact nettat war teqqim ca d tagamant (naturelle), ḥit nnewwac yellan d agaman war itteḥwiji bnadem a das-dd-yerr taynit. Netta nnewwac i netteẓẓu di teḥwicin-nneɣ, niɣ deg iqedduḥen, war yeqqim ca d agaman di ddat-nnes, yedwel d atikni, am ca n ḥajet i i yettfabrika bnadem (taɣenjayt niɣ tsappa…). Maca nnewwac i yellan deg iɣezran d leɣwabi niɣ di ddmani, wenni ig yellan d agaman minzi war itteḥwiji i bnadem bac ad yedder, bac ad yaru.
Ssanita, Somondon yeqqar-aneɣ belli asellwi n leḥwayej war yedji ca d lweqt-nni mani nettkemmal asellwi (asenneɛ) n yijjen lḥajet, ula netta asmelẓey (Artificialisation) d ijjen tecli (processus) tettemɛawad lebda war tettkemmil, mara tbedd tecli-nni ad temmet lḥajet-nni i netteg (tinewwacin-nni ad aẓɣent ad tent-tecc jjriḥect, ula d tarwa war ttirwent, minzi bnadem yenɣa-as tizemmar bac a tegg zzarriɛet, d nnetta i das-itticcen awardi a taru s taẓẓut n ikecwaḍ-nnes niɣ n rfas-nnes. Nzemmar a nini manawya ula x rmar ig ittarebba bnadem war yeqqim ca d agaman, minzi yekkes-as jjihet-nni day-s i t-ittejjan ad yedder yigg°ej x bnadem.
Mamec iddakk°al usellwi atikni ɣer usellwi agaman ?
A nessiwel x ijjen ḥajet aqqa-t ɣar-neɣ s waṭṭas di tudert-nneɣ. Tilifun, nhar-a tilifun d ijjen usellwi d atikni idwel nurmal ɣer bnadem. yeqqar-aneɣ Simondon, qa mala ijjen zi ṭṭarf izemmar ad yeẓẓu tanewact niɣ tassejjart, qa war yelli ijjen zi ttarf izemmar ad ifabrika tilifun. Tilifun d marra macinat i ɣar-neɣ tteḥwajant i yijjen weḍbib-nsent, am bnadem ulabudda zi yemma-s d baba-s i t id ɣa yejjen.
S uya tilifun yegg-it wenni i t-id-yextarɛen, maca aɛeddel d uḍbib-nnes. Mala ibedd-aneɣ tilifun, ittxessa a nraḥ ɣa wenni ig ifehmen awal-nnes bac a t-id-yerr ɣer sseḥḥet-nnes. D manawya ig yejjin Simondon ad yessiwel x ddat tatiknit am ddat n bnadem. Iruḥ ktar di manawya yeqqar-aneɣ ittxessa ad as-newwec lḥeqq-nnes am i t-nettic i bnadem. S uya iddakk°al tilifun (ddat tatiknit) d ijjen ḥajet nurmal bla ma akid-s naca.
S uya di min dd-yegguren, a nessiwel x jjihet n tcuni n macina niɣ jjihet n tcuni di ddat n tatiknit.
(ad ittwaḍfar di min dd-yusin).
Bibliographie:
- Gilbert Simondon. (2012). Du mode d’existence des objets techniques. Aubier Philosophie (première édition 1958). Paris.
- Jeanne Guien& Hélène Vuillermet. (2018) .La Technique. Flammarion. Paris.
- Irlande Saurin. (2017). Comprendre la technique, repenser l’éthique avec Simondon. Esprit revue. Mars-avril 2017. N° 433, P : 39-172.
- Jean-Hugues Barthélémy. (Traducción: Marcelo Starcenbaum. Participó en la revisión: ZetoBórquez). (2016). « De lo muertoque invade lo vivo”: sobre la actualidad de la ontologíasimondoniana.DEMARCACIONES. N° 4, p : 48-56.
- Philippe Paolucci. (2015). La ludicisation dunumérique :vers une subversion desarchitextes informatiques ?Étude de cas d’un blog-BD. ELICO, Université Lumière Lyon 2. Interfaces numériques. Volume 4 – n° 1/2015.
- José PinheiroNeves. (2011). POUR COMPRENDRE LES NOUVELLES LIAISONS DIGITALES : LECONCEPT D’INDIVIDUATION CHEZ CARL JUNG ET GILBERT SIMONDON. Revue « Sociétés ». n°111 | pages 105 à 114.https://www.cairn.info/revue-societes-2011-1-page-105.htm.
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