Mvwiki ya Mazubaano aali Ciloba: Kuvwuntauzya Mukondo wa Lucengo
Kamwi kaambyo kaamba kuti aabo bantu baluba zintu zyaacitika mumisela yakainda musyule lyesu balisinganyidwe kwiinduluka zintu zyaalubide mumisela eeyo. Mbweenya buyo, abalo aabo bataninga teelede masimpe aamusela wakkalenda lyamazubaano, bayakide lusyomo lwabo atalaa musemo waandaukide: imusemo wakweezyeezya kuti mvwiki zyakali kuzinguluka lyoonse kakwiina kulekezya kuzwa ku Malengelo. Ncintu ciyandika kapati kubantu boonse, kufumbwa musyobo wabupaizi mobazululwa, kuti babale akuteelela musela wa kkalenda lina Juliyasi. Kuswaanganya zibeela zyamisela zyakasweekede inga kwayubunuka aawo mpiyaatalikila kubeleka mvwiki iilaa mazuba aali ciloba, iizinguluka lyoonse kakwiina kusimpa – eeco ciindi tiikwakali ku Malengelo pe.
Kubamba kkalenda lina Juliyasi
Kkalenda lya Bulelo bwa Loma lyakali kubalwa kweendelanya azibeela zya mwezi uubonwa ameso. Bapaizi baku Roma bakomba mituni, baitwa kuti bapoopo, mbabakalaa mulimo wakubamba akweendelezya kkalenda. Nkaambo kakuti aabo bapaizi bakali kukonzya akunjila milimo mu mfulumende, eeco cakabapa ciindi cibotu cakuti babaa bumpelenge. Kuyungizya1 mwezi omwe mu kkalenda bakalampya ciindi cakuti umwi simapolitikisi ngobayandisya alele kwaciindi cilamfu mumfulumende, kumwi kujanza kuti tiibakayungizya mwezi omwe mumwaka, eeco cakali kufwiinsya ciindi camuntu ngubakali kulwana kuti abeleke kaindi kasyoonto mumfulumende. .
Kusikila mubazuba aa Julius Cæsar, myezi yakaligwalangene kapati kiiteendelani aziindi zyamwaka. Julius Cæsar wakabelesya nguzu zyakwe2 mbuli silutwe muleli3 (mupaizi mupati) akubambulula kkalenda eelyo lyakapilingene akukatazya kutobelezya.4
Akataa musela mutaanzi-1st katanazyalwa Kristu, Julius Cæsar wakatamba syaazyibwene wanyenyezi, Sosigenes waku Alexandria, kuti amugwasyilizye kubambulula kkalenda; nkabela Sosigenes wakakosozya makani kuti ilikke nzila iilaa maanu yakuleka kkalenda litobelezya zibeela zyamwezi uubonwa ameso, njakusiila limwi kkalenda lyoonse eelyo. Myezi yakabunganyigwa kiiyendelana aziindi zyamwaka, mpoonya mwaka uutobezya bweende bwazuba wakatalika kubelesyegwa, mbweenya mbuli kkalenda lina Ijipita . . . . 5
Amuteelelesye kuti mulimo wini mupati ookwa Sosigenes wakali wakusulaika kkalenda litobelezya zibeela zya mwezi uubonwa ameso:
Icintu cikatazya ncaakaswaanganya kufumbwa muntu wakali kuyanda kubambulula [kkalenda] eelyo cakali cakuti, kwakalibonyaanga kunyina nzila iinga yeendelanya myezi antoomwe azibeela zya Mwezi uubonwa ameso antoomwe a mwaka kuti weendela antoomwe aziindi zyamwaka. Cakali cintu ciyandika kapati kulekela limwi tunsiyansiya twakubalila kkalenda akutalika kkalenda lipya libeleka kakwiina kujatikizya cintu cimwi kumbali pe.6
Mukusoleka kuswaanganya kkalenda lipya kuti lyeendelane aziindi zyamwaka, kwakali kuyandika kuyungizya mazuba aali 90 mumwaka omwe omwe. Eeci ncecaacitigwa mu 45 B.C katanazyalwa Kristu, mpoonya mwaka wakabaa mazuba aali 445. "Ooyu mwaka wamazuba aali 445 kanjaanji wiitwa kuti ngomwaka walupyopyongano abaabo batobelezya bweende bwaciindi; pele Macrobius, wakaamba bweelede kuti, ooyo wakali mwaka uucaalizya wakupyopyongana."7 Icintu citaanzi kuti muntu kayanda kuzyiba naa kkalenda lililuleme, ncakuteelela kuti imvwiki iina Juliyasi yamu 45 B.C., tiiyakakonzyene amvwiki iina Juliyasi eelyo Poopo Gregory XIII naakabambulula mvwiki eeyo, aboobo kunyina niyakali kulangika mbuli mvwiki yamazubaano iina Gregory. Ooku nkokweezyeezya kutaanzi bamaJuuda abana Kristu nkobajisi mumizeezo yabo, kakwiina kubikkila maanu kufumbwa buzuba nobakomba. 8
Kkalenda lina Juliyasi, mbweenya mbuli kkalenda lya Bulelo bwakainda musyule lya Juliyasi, lyakalaa mazuba aali lusele aayinduluka kuzinguluka.
Imvwiki yaba Loma yamazuba aali lusele yakali kwiitwa kuti internundinumu tempusi naa kuti "ciindi cilaakati kamazuba aali fuka." (Ooku munzila imwi kwakali kwaamba boobo kweendelanya acilengwa cakubalila nsaamuzi mumunzi wa Loma wansiku oomo mubakali kusanganya mazuba aayinda musyule, ibuzuba butaanzi muvwiki iitobela bwakali kubalwa kuti mbuzuba bucaalizya muvwiki yakainda musyule.9) Eeco "Ciindi cilaakati kamazuba aali fuka" caambwa mumvwiki eeyi cakali ciindi camakwebo, kwakali buzuba bwamakwebo lyoonse mumvwiki yomwe-yomwe kuti kwainda mazuba aali lusele. 10
Makkalenda mataanzi aana Juliyasi taakeengedwe mbuli mbotucita kweenga kkalenda lyamazubaano pe, pele mazuba akali kubikkwa mumilongo, mazuba aamvwiki akapedwe mabala A kusikila ku H.11 Ngooyu mukonzyanyo, mwezi wa Mukazi Maziba wakali kutalikila mubuzuba bwa "A", mpoonya wakali kuzumanana kusikila mazuba aali lusele ayinda, kusikila kubuzuba bucaalizya bwamwezi bwa "E." Kutali mbuli kkalenda lyaba Hebulayo, kkalenda lyaba Loma lyakalaa mvwiki iizumanana kuzinguluka kakwiina kuyozya pe. Lino nkaambo kakuti mwezi wa Mukazi Maziba wakali kumanina mubuzuba bwa "E", mwezi wa Mulumi wakali kutalikila mubuzuba bwa "F". Mbweenya buyo, awalo mwezi wa Mulumi wakali kumanina mubuzuba bwa "A" akutalisya mwezi wa Miyoba mubuzuba bwa "B":
Nceeci citobela citondezya mbulyaabambululwa13 kkalenda litaanzi lya Fasti Antiatesi, eelyo ndekkalenda lilikke liciliko mazubaano lyakasolweda lina Juliyasi 14 kuzwa muma 60 B.C. Lyakajanwa mumatongo aamunzi wa Nero kuti Antium.
Fasti Antiatesi – kubambulula kkalenda liciliko eelyo lyakasolweda lina Juliyasi.
Eeli kkalenda lyakalembedwe bbala lya A uusubila akutondezya matalikilo aamvwiki. Myezi yakabikkidwe mumindando iili 13. Mukazi Maziba, kulumwesyi, utalikila mubuzuba bwa "A" akumanina mubuzuba bwa "E". Kunsaa mundando omwe-omwe kuli mabala mapati aaci Loma kaatondezya mazuba aamvwiki mumwezi ooyo. Kumundando uuli kulaale kujanza lyalulyo kuli mwezi uuyungizyidwe wa 13th. Aamwi mabala alalibonya kaalembedwe munsaa mabala aayiminina mazuba aamvwiki. Aayo mabala aambilizya musyobo wamakwebo wakeelede kuzumizyigwa nokuba kulesyegwa mubuzuba oobo.
Yoonse mikonzyanyo ya kkalenda lina Juliyasi, ijisi mazuba aatalikila kuciindi ca Augustus 15 (63 B.C. – 14 A.D.) kusikila kuli Tiberius (42 B.C. – 37 A.D.) Kuti muntu kaluleme kweezyeezya kuti Mujibelo nje Nsabata yamu Bbaibbele nkaambo buyo kakuti mvwiki tiiyakacinca eelyo kkalenda nilyakasandulwa kuzwa kuli lina Juliyasi kuti libe lina Gregory, eeci inga capandululwa kubelesya makkalenda mataanzi aana Juliyasi aayo aaciliko mazubaano. Umwi mukonzyanyo wa kkalenda lina Juliyasi uuyobwedwe atalaa makomwe aamabwe aaya, ngokamboni wabili, uupandulula masimpe aamisela ya kkalenda. Imvwiki yamazuba aali lusele ilalibonya kiitondezya kuti mvwiki yamazuba aali lusele yakacili kubelesyegwa aba Loma mubuumi bwa Kristu alimwi anaakayindide
Ncintu ciyandika kwiibaluka kuti mvwiki yamu Bbaibbele mbuli cibeela cakubalila ciindi cilembedwe mu Matalikilo 1, yakajisi buyo mazuba aali ciloba: mazuba aali cisambomwe aakubeleka kaatobelwa abwa Nsabata bucaalizya muvwiki. Imvwiki iilaa mazuba lusele yakacili kubelesyegwa mumazuba aa Kristu. Nokuba boobo, bana Isilayeli tiibakali kukonzya kubamba buzuba bwa Nsabata bwaciloba kababelesya kkalenda lilaa mazuba aali lusele lina Juliyasi. Ooko nokwakaba kukomba mituni kuli mbabo. Nokuba leelyo mvwiki iina Juliyasi niyakafwiinsyigwa kubaa mazuba aali ciloba, tiiyakacili kweendelana abweende bwa mvwiki yamu Bbaibbele nokuba kukonzyana amvwiki iibelesyegwa mazubaano.
Mvwiki ya Mituni yamazuba aali Ciloba
Kuyabaila kwa mvwiki yamazuba aali lusele yaba Loma kwakacitwa nkaambo kazintu zyobile: A) kukomena kwa Bulelo bwa Loma16 , eeco cakasolweda ba Loma kuswaanganya bupaizi bwiimpene, mpoonya akubasolweda ku B) kuyambukilwa masabe aabupaizi bwa Mithrasi.17 Bupaizi bwa Mithraizimu bwakabambulula mvwiki iina Juliyasi akuyeendelanya a BunaKristu.18
Kulangikaanga kwakali musangu umwi wakali kweendelezya bakomba mituni munyika yoonse, cakuti wakajuzya mvwiki yamituni aciindi ceelede eelyo ciyanza cakupailila Zuba nicakalibonya akusumpula buzuba bwaZuba kuti busumpuke atalaa mazuba woonse akubusetekana kwiinda woonse. Ncobeni eeci tacili cintu caalicitikila buyo cilikke.19
Munzila zyobile eezi mvwiki iina Juliyasi yakatalika musinzo wakupandaulwa mumisela minjaanji kusikila yaba mvwiki iizyibidwe mazubaano. Imvwiki yansiku yamituni iilaa mazuba aali ciloba, oobo mbobumboni bwatatu butondezya kuti Mujibelo teesyi Nsabata yamu Bbaibbele, nokuba Nsondo kuti mbuzuba butaanzi bwa mvwiki yamu Bbaibbele. Ooku kusandula zintu kwakatola myaanda yamyaka minjaanji. Franz Cumont, ooyo wakazyibidwe kapati mumakani aabupaizi bwa Mithraizimu, ujatanya ciindi cakutambula mvwiki yamazuba aali ciloba akataa Bukuwa antoomwe aciindi ca kuyambukila kwa Mithraizimu mumunzi wabakomba mituni wa Loma:
Takweelede kudonaikwa kuti kumwaikizyanya kwa maseseke aaku Irani [Persia] kwakatola busena kanjaanji kwiinda mukukomba mituni, mumvwiki iijisi Nsondo mbuli buzuba busetekene. Aayo mazina aawulikidwe mazuba ngotubelesya mazubaano notutakubwene, mazuba aali cisambomwe muvwiki yamazubaano, akatusikila aciindi eelyo bupaizi bwa Mithraizimu nibwaajana batobeli muzyooko zya Kumbo, nkabela muntu inga taabinda kubona cilongwe akataa kuzwidilila akumwayikizyanya kwa bupaizi oobo.20
Mu bulozi bwakusonda kubelesya nyenyezi a Bupaizi bwaba Giliki aba Loma, Cumont wakabbukizya kuti mvwiki yakazyila kukukomba mituni akupindudwa kumvwiki yamazuba aali ciloba kiijisi Nsondo kuti mbobuzuba bustekene:
"Bulemu bwakapedwe buzuba bwakukomba Zuba [dies Solis] abwalo bwakayungizya kugwasyilizya kuti Nsondo ibe buzuba bwakulyookezya. Eeci ciliswaangene akaambo kamwi, ikaambo kakutambula mvwiki eeyo mumasi aa Bukuwa.21
Bupati bwacintu eeci ku Bana Kristu, bujanwa mukasimpe kakuti Nsondo tiikonzyi kuba buzuba oobo Kristu naakabuka kuzwa kubafu, nkaambo Nsondo tiiyakaliko pe mu kkalenda lina Juliyasi muciindi ca Kristu. Amwalo Mujibelo tabuli buzuba bwaciloba bwa Nsabata yamu Bbaibbele nkaambo mvwiki yamituni yansiku yakali kutalikila Mujibelo.
Aaka kasamu katobela ansi aawa aako kakajanwa ku Mazyiba ookwa Titus (aakayakidwe mu A.D. 79 – 81), katondezya kuti Nsabata yamu Bbaibbele nokuba buzuba mbwaakabuka kuzwa kubafu Kristu tabukonzyi kujanwa nokuba asyoonto pe kubelesya kkalenda lina Juliyasi. Akataa cifwanikiso kuli zitondezyo zili kkumi azibili ziiminina myezi iili mumwaka omwe. Myeelwe yaci Loma kulumwesyi akululyo yiiminina mazuba aali mumwezi omwe. Mpocili atala cifwanikiso, kulibonya baleza bamituni bali ciloba babupaizi bwaku Loma.
Mujibelo, (naa buzuba bwa Saturni – muci Latini ategwa dies Saturni), bwakali buzuba butaanzi bwa mvwiki, kutali bwaciloba. Mbuli mbwaakali leza wabulimi, walo ulalibonya kabikkidwe kumbelaa baleza boonse, kajisi citondezyo cakwe ca sikela. Mu buzuba butobela bwa mvwiki yamituni, kulibonya leza wiitwa kuti Zuba kalaa mumuni uumweka kumutwe wakwe. Nsondo mumvwiki yansiku bwakali buzuba bwabili mubupaizi bwamituni alimwi bwakazyibidwe kuti mbuzuba bwa Zuba. Buzuba bwatatu bwamvwiki yamituni bwakali buzuba bwa Mwezi (muci Latini nkokuti dies Lunæ - Muvwulo). Leza mwezi ulitondezyedwe kasamide kapapa kamwezi amutwe wakwe. Bamwi baleza balatobela musyule mumulongo uutobela ooyu: (dies Martisi- buzuba bwa leza Mars); (dies Mercurii- buzuba bwa leza Mercury); (dies Jovis- buzuba bwa leza Jupiter); abwa (dies Venerisi- buzuba bwa Venus), oobo mbobwaali buzuba bwaciloba mu mvwiki yaci Loma.22
Eelyo kubelesya kkalenda lina Juliyasi amvwiki yamituni nikwaayambukila kunyika lya Bukuwa, mazina aakuti (dies Martisi kusikila kuli lya dies Venerisi, akacincwa akubikka mazina aabaleza bamilaka yabukuwa.23 Buzuba bwa Mars bwakaba buzuba bwa Tiw (oobo sunu bwiitwa kuti Tuesdayi); buzuba bwa Mercury bwakaba bwa Wodeni ( sunu butegwa Wednesdayi); Bwa Jupiter bwakaba bwa (Thursdayi); alimwi buzuba bwa Venusi bwakaba bwa Friga (Fridayi.)24 Impuwo yakukomba mituni icilibonya asunu mumazina aamazuba ngotubelesya sunu. Milaka yaci Latini, mbuli ci Spanishi, icijisi mazina aakukomba mituni mbuli zina lya Mondayi kusikila kuli lya Fridayi, kumwi mpuwo yabuna Kristu kiilibonya mumabala aa Nsondo (Domingo, naa buzuba bwa Simalelo) abwa Saturdayi (Sabado, naa Nsabata.)
Kweendelanya mbwaamba Rabanus Maurus (A.D. 776-856), mupaizi silutwe waku Mainz, Germany, Poopo Sylvester I wakasoleka kuulika mazuba aamvwiki mazina mapya aayendelana amazuba aamvwiki yamu Bbaibbele: Buzuba Butaanzi (feria mutaanzi), Buzuba Bwabili (feria wabili ), mbweenya oobo kuya kumbele25. Umwi muntu uutegwa Bede, "Uulemekwa", (A.D. 672-735), mupaizi asicikolo wakazyibidwe ku Bukuwa, awalo wakaambilizya kuti Sylvester wakasoleka kucinca mazina aamituni aawulikidwe mazuba aamvwiki. Mucibalo cilaa mutwe wakuti 'De Temporibus,' walo wakati: "Pele Sylvester musaante wakabalailila kuti aayo mazuba ayitwe kuti feriæ, akwiita buzuba butaanzi kuti '[buzuba] bwa Mwami]'; katobelezya ba Hebulayo, aabo bakaulikide [mazuba aayo] kuti butaanzi bwamvwiki, bwabili bwa mvwiki, mbweenya oobo kusikila woonse apegwa mazina."26 Mazina aamituni, nokuba boobo akacilaa mpuwo kapati. Nokuba kuti bbala lizumizyidwe mu Cikombelo ca Katolika caku Loma licili lyakuti Buzuba bwa Mwami, Buzuba Bwabili, kuya kumbele, bunji bwamasi akabunganya antoomwe nokuba kuzandula cibeela camazina aamituni kuti bawulike mazuba.
Kukomba mituni kwakalaa mpuwo kapati mumbalaa bulelo bwa Loma, ooko buna Kristu nkubwaatobela kusika aakale. Eeyi milaka ya Cikuwa, ci Datchi, ci Bretoni, ci Welshi, aci Cornishi, nje milaka ilikke ya Bukuwa yakacaazya icibelesya mazina aamituni yansiku aali ciloba akuulika mazuba aamvwiki njotubelesya iino, yoonse milaka eeyi yakali kwaambaulwa mumasena aatakwe mpuwo ya buna-kristu mumisela mitaanzi yamazyalane eesu, eelyo mvwiki yamituni niyakacili kuyaa kumwaikila mu Bulelo boonse.27
"Ciyanza cabupaizi cakuulika mazuba aamvwiki tiicakatobelwa acisi nociba comwe pele buyo ba Portuguesi balikke mbibakali kubelesya mabala aakuti Segunda Feria, amabala mbuli yaayo."28
Masimpe kuti kkalenda lina Juliyasi amvwiki yamituni zyakatambulwa akubelesyegwa akataa bana Kristu, eeco ncintu ciyubununa lukamantano akataa Buna Kristu akukomba mituni ooko mwaapositolo Paulu nkwaakacenjezya naakalemba kuti:
Noliba lino busofwaazi bwabumpelenge nkobuli, pele cakusisikizya. Ooyo Uusofweede takonzyi kuyubununwa mane akazwe ooyo uumukasya-kasya.29 Kuzwa waawo nayooyubununwa Mubyaabi ooyo uunyina mulawo. Nkabela Mwami wesu Yahushua uyoomunyonyoona amuuya uuzwa mumulomo wakwe akumulobya aakulibonya mukuboola kwakwe. Lino uunyina mulawo ooyo uyooboola anguzu zya Saatani. Uyoocita zitondezyo amaleele aakubeja. Munzila zyoonse uyoocenga citaambiki aabo bayoonyonyoonwa nkaambo tiibakayanda kutambula akutobela zyabwini zyali kunga ziyoobafutula. Nkankakaako Mwami Yahuwah ncayoolekela kuti zibaboolele zyabucengi zipati akuti basyome zyabubeji.30 Nkaako bayoosubulwa boonse batasyomi zyabwini, aabo bakkomanina zitaluleme.31
Imvwiki iila mazina aamituni, mbweenya mbuli kalenda lina Juliyasi libelesya mvwiki eeyo, zyoonse antoomwe nkukomba mizimo abaleza bamituni bakafwalwa. Tusimpe twa misela tuyubununa kuti Nsabata yamu Bbaibbele, nokuba Buzuba Butaanzi bwamu Bbaibbele, tabukonzyi kuzyibwa kubelesya kkalenda lyamazubaano. Kuti kacili cintu ciyandika kukomba mubuzuba bugaminide, nkokuti ncintu ciyandika kapati akwalo kuzyiba kkalenda ndyobelesya, aciindi cini nolyakacinca kkalenda eelyo. Lyoonse kweelede kwiibalukwa kuti oobo buzuba muntu napaila mbobuyubununa yooyo ngwakomba: Eloah wa Malengelo woonse, nanka leza wanyika eeyi ooyo uuzangila Mulengi. Leza/leza omwe-omwe ulaa kkalenda lyakwe ndyobatobela bantu bapaila nguwe. Mujibelo amu Nsondo (antoomwe amuli Bwasanu [Fridayi]), aayo mazuba aabakomba mituni.
Ndilili kkalenda webo ndyonoobelesya kujana buzuba bwako bwakupaila?
Azimwi zilembedwe zyeendelana aacibalo:
1 Kweelanya myaka: kusekkelela mazuba nokuba myezi kutegwa yeelane myaka amusinzo weenda zuba mumwaka omwe. Nkaambo kakuti kweelanya myaka cakali kulanganyigwa kuti “malweza”, mu Nkondo Yabili ya Punic (218-201 B.C.), bapaizi bakeenkela kubambula myaka munzila eeyi, aboobo kkalenda tilyakeendelana aziindi zya mwaka
2 Julius Cæsar wakasalidwe kuba silutwe mupaizi mu 63 B.C. (James Evans, "Calendars and Time Reckoning", The History and Practice of Ancient Astronomy, Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 165.)
3 "Pontifex Maximus" lino ndibbala libelesyegwa buyo a poopo alikke luzutu. Eeci ncintu ciluleme nkaambo kkalenda lina Gregory libelesyegwa mazubaano ndya kukomba mituni alimwi ndilya poopo, nkaambo lyakabambwa kuzwa mu kkalenda lya mituni lina Juliyasi, eelyo lyakabambululwa akuulikwa zina lya poopo.
4 Kutegwa myaka yeelane, silutwe mupaizi wakeelede kuba mumunzi wa Loma mumwezi wa Mulumi. Nkaambo kakuti Julius Cæsar wakali jatikene mu nkondo zinjaanji, kwakali buyo ciindi comwe cakweelanya myaka kuzwa naakanjila mulimo wa bupaizi. Mulugwalo ndwaakalembela Atticus, lwa buzuba bwa Mulumi 13, 50 B.C., Cicero wakatongooka kuti taakazyi kuti naa kucili kweelanya myaka kuceelede kucitwa mumwezi ooyo.
5 "The Julian Calendar," Encyclopædia Britannica.
6 Ibid., kusinizya kwa mulembi .
7 A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, William Smith LL.D., William Wayte, M.A., George E. Marindin, M.A., eds., London, William Clowes and Sons, Ltd., 1890, Vol. I, p. 344. Digitized by Google.
8 Ooku kusendekezya tiikwakaliko akataa basicikolo. BaJuuda balazuminizya kuti kkalenda lya bamayi liliko lino talili kkalenda ndyaakali kubelesya Mozesi, alimwi basicikolo BanaKristu balazumina kuti kkalenda lya Bbaibbele lyakali kubeleka munzila yaandeene. Bamwi balazumina akuti eelyo Nsabata yabuzuba bwa ciloba niibalilwa kubelesya kkalenda lya Bbaibbele, tiikonzyi kweendelana a Mujibelo.
9 J. P. V. D. Balsdon, Life and Leisure in Ancient Rome, (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969) p. 59; P. Huvelin, Essai Historique sur le Droit des Marcheés et des Foires (Paris: Aruthur Rousseau, 1897), p. 87; Ovid, Fasti (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1951), p. 6; Alan E. Samuel, Greek and Roman Chronology (Munich: C. H. Beck'sche Verlagbuchhandlung, 1972), p. 154.
10 Eviatar Zerubavel, The Seven Day Circle: The History and Meaning of the Week, (University of Chicago Press, 1985), p. 45.
11 Zerubavel, op.cit.,158; Balsdon, op.cit., p. 60; Francis H. Colson, The Week, (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1926), p. 4; W. Warde Fowler, The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic (Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press, 1969), p. 8; P. Huvelin, op.cit., p. 88; Alan E. Samuel, op.cit., pp. 153-154; Ovid, op.cit.; Hutton Webster, Rest Days, (New York: MacMillan) p. 123; W. E. van Wijk, Le Nombre d'Or (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1935), pp. 24-25.
12 Kalendæ: buzuba butaanzi bwa mwezi.
13 Palazzo Massimo Alle Terme, ed. Adriano La Regina, 1998.
14 Kutegwa umvwe makani manjaanji, langa mu 'The Calendar of the Roman Republic' ndyaakalemba A. K. Michels (Princeton, 1957).
15 Augustus Cæsar, ngo Muleli mutaanzi waku Loma, waambwa mu Bbaibbele. Mulawo wamitelo wakwe wakapa kuti Maliya a Josefa baunke ku Betelehema kaindi kasyoonto munsaa kuzyalwa kwa Kristu. (Langa Luka 2:1.) Nkaambo kakuti inzila yakubalila ya baLoma yakali yakusanganya ciindi cakainda , myaka yakalaa mwezi omwe mufwaafwi yakali kuyungizyigwa mazuba mumyaka yotatwe. Kutegwa beelanye ciindi ciyungizyidwe mumyaka eeyo, Augustus wakabikka mulawo wakuti kunyina myaka yeelede kweelanyigwa kuzwa mu 8 B.C. kusikila mu 8 A.D. Mpoonya mwaka wa lusele wakaitwa kuti August mukulemekezya nguwe.
16 Zerubavel, op.cit., p. 46; Huvelin, op.cit., pp. 97-98.
17 R. L. Odom, Sunday in Roman Paganism, (TEACH Services, Inc., 2003; cilembedwe citaanzi mumulawo: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1944), p. 157.
18 Bunji bwa buna Kristu bulakonzyana abupaizi bwa Mithraizimu. BunaKristu bwiitwa kuti mukonzyanyo wakubbidikizya kuzwa kubupaizi bwa Mithraizimu. Aabo balangila kusampaula BunaKristu kanjaanji batondeka zintu zikonzyana akataa misyobo yabupaizi yobile eeyi.
19 Odom, op.cit.
20 Franz Cumont, Textes et Monumnets Figures Relatifs aux Mysteres de Mithra, Vol. I, p. 112, mbokulembuludwe mu, p. 156.
21 Peeji 163
22 "Bupaizi bwakusonda aanyenyezi, mbupaizi bwakapindulwa kuzwa ku lwiiyo lwa zilengwa leza zya mumweenya; bwakapa lyomwe-lyomwe akataa mawoola aali 24 izina lya leza mutuni kweendelanya abulemu bwabo mumweenya wakujulu atalaa nyika . . . Aboobo, kuti Saturn keelede kupegwa bulemu bwa woola litaanzi lyabuzuba, oobo buzuba bwakeelede kwiitwa kuti buzuba bwa Saturn . . . Nkaambo kakuti woola licaalizya mubuzuba bwa Saturn lyakapedwe ku mutuni Mars, mpoonya woola litaanzi lyabuzuba butobela lyakeelede kuba lya Zuba, leza wamituni uutobela mumulongo wamituni. Eeci caambilizya kuti Zuba ngo leza wabuzuba oobo, aboobo bwiitwa kuti 'mbuzuba bwakupaila Zuba' (Nsondo)" R. L. Odom, How Did Sunday Get Its Name? (Nashville, Tennessee: Southern Publishing Assoc., 1972), p. 10 & 11. Ibid., p. 5.
23 Ibid., p. 5.
24 J. Bosworth and T. N. Toller, "Frig-dæg", An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary, 1898, p. 337, cakapegwa mumulimo wa Germanic Lexicon Project; Odom, How Did Sunday Get Its Name? op.cit. See also "Friday" in Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1983.
25 Langa Rabanus Maurus, De Clericorum Institratione, Book 2, ch. 46, in J. P. Migne, Patrologia Latina.
26 Langa Bede, Patrologia Latina, Vol. 90, op. cit.
27 Zerubavel, op.cit., p. 24.
28 "Feria", Catholic Encyclopedia, see Vol. 6 p. 43, or www.newadvent.org.
29 "Letteth": #2722 – kudyaaminina, kulela nokuba kuvwuba; "Eeli bbala liiminina ‘kusinkilila' . . . bantu bataluleme balesya kumwaya kasimpe nkaambo kabusofwaazi bwabo" (The New Strong's Expanded Dictionary, Thomas Nelson Publ. 2001.) Eeli ndibbala lyeelela kwaamba cintu cicitika nokuswaangana kukomba mituni a Buna-Kristu.
30 (#2929): Kwaandula akati naa kwaandaanya; kwaandaanya nokuba kukosweda kaambo. "Kubeteka" (ibid.)
31 II Batesalonika. 2:7-11
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