Eeco cisisidwe cilubidwe!
Basicikolo
bana Juuda balazumina kuti Mujibelo
teesyi Nsabata yansiku ntaanzi mu Mangwalo pe.
Mark Twain, mulembi wazintu zisesya, cimwi ciindi wakati: “Kanjikanji citola mvwiki zyotatwe kuti ndibambe mulumbe wakupa bantu ndilyona lino.” Bantu babandikila nkamu balayiya kufwamba kubona kuti citola mizeezo akulibambila kunjaanji kutegwa mulumbe wabo uteelelwe akujata mizeezo yabamwi. Kuli nzila zyakweeta mulumbe eezyo bantu babandikila nkamu nzyobayiisyigwa kuti batazibelesyi nkaambo nokuba kuti zijata myoyo bantu, pele tazyikwe maanu pe. Aboobo eezyo nzila zyakwaambaula inga tiizya teelelwa amuntu naba ni.
Kumwi kukazya Nsabata iitobezya mwezi azuba, ooko kumvwugwa ziindi zinji nkwakuti: “Bama Juuda taakwe nobakalubila amakanaa Nsabata yakasimpe pe!” Ooku kwaamba boobu takupi bumboni bwacintu nociba buti pe! Kutyola buyo milazyo yobile yakujana kasimpe:
- Mukwaamba boobu nkusoleka
kujana nguzu mukwiimina akaambo aaka kakwiina kulangaula kumbi pe. Aawa, nkusoleka kwaamba kuti, bama Juuda
bamazubaano bacilaa nguzu akusyomeka nkaambo mbabazyi kabotu Nsabata iiluleme
niisika.
- Eeyi nzila ibelesya twaambo tupelengusya! Mumajwi amwi, ibelesya kaambo kutegwa kwaambwe kuti nkakaambo kapa bumboni kakunyina kuvwuntauzya twaambo tumwi pe! Mbuli boobu, A) Bama Juuda bakomba Mujibelo, aboobo B) Mujibelo nje Nsabata, nkaambo, C) mbobuzuba bama Juuda nobakomba.
Masimpe ngakuti, kunyina makani kufumbwa ncasyoma naa ncacita mu Juuda, pele Mujibelo teesyi Nsabata ya Bbaibbele pe. Basicikolo bana Juuda tiiyakaba “sweeka” Nsabata pe, pele bakalisalila lwabo beni kabakkwene maanu kucinca kkalenda eelyo lyaali kubelesyegwa kujanya Nsabata. Alimwi eeci caacitika kaindi loko cakuti bunji bwaba Juuda sunu tabakubwene kuti ninzi caatobela kupindaulwa kwa makkalenda ooko.
Muswaangano waku Nicea weelede kulangisyigwa nkaambo ndendilyo eelyo bukombi bwamituni nibwaanjila mu Cikombelo akumwaya lusyomo lusalala lwabaapositolo abana Kristu bataanzi. Muswaangano ooyu ulaa milimo amubu Juuda nkaambo niwaayinda, ndendilyo kupenzyegwa kupati nikwaasika ali boonse aabo bakacinamatide kubamba ciindi camu Bbaibbele.
Mumuswaangano waku Nice [Nicea] kufumbwa coonse eeco cakajatenye Buna Kristu ankubwaazyila cakakosolwa. Pobwe lya Isita kusikila waawo lyakali kusekelelwa kanjikanji aciindi comwe apobwe lya Pasika lyaba Juuda, alimwi mumazuba aajanwa akugantwa aba Sanihedulini baku Judea kuti nolyeelede kusekelelwa; pele kuzwa waawo kuya kumbele lyakali kunoosekelelwa kakunyina kuyaama akkalenda lyaba Juuda.¹
Constantine Mupati, muleli wakaita muswaangano ooyo kutegwa atonkela kumbele nguzu zyabulelo bwakwe, wakalailila bana Kristu ncobakeelede kutobela. Wakali kuyanda kuti balyaandanye kubukombi bwamasimpe nkobaazyila. Walo wakabalailila kuti, mumazuba aazya kumbele, kunyina mapobwe aabupaizi aacinoojanwa kubelesya kkalenda lyaba Juuda, akupandulula kuti:
“Nkaambo tacilangiki kabotu aaniini pe kuti mubuzuba bwa [Isita] oobo bwiinda kusetekana amapobwe oonse, iswe katucitobela zilengwa zyaba Juuda. Kuzwa waano kuya kumazuba aacizya kumbele, tutabaa cintu ncotukonzyanya abantu bacima aaba; Mufutuli wesu wakatutondezya nzila imbi. Inga caba cintu cifubaazya kuti bama Juuda nibali kukonzya kulidunda kuti iswe tatukonzyi kusekelela pobwe lya Pasika kakunyina kubelesya nzila amilazyo yabo yakujanya [kkalenda].” ²
Ooku kulailila kwakaletelezya tunji, kujatikizya nzila yakubamba kkalenda lyansiku. Constantius, mwanaa Constantine, walo wakaindilizya caacita wisi. Constantine wakapa mulawo uukasya kubelesya kkalenda lyaba Juuda mukujana mapobwe aabupaizi. Constantius waabakasya ba Juuda abalo kubelesya kkalenda lyabo. “Mubuleli bwa Constantius (337-362) bama Juuda bakapenzyegwa cakuti bakasikila . . . mpobakali kusubulwa calufu kuti babelesya kkalenda lyabo.”³ Eeco caacitika kuciindi eeco ceelede kulangisyigwa. Nibakapenzyegwa kapati, bama Juuda abalo lwabo beni bakapindula nzila njibaali kujanya ciindi. Hillel Wabili, mupati waba Sanihedulini ucaalizya, walo lwakwe nguwaacinca nzila eeyo, akuzumina Mujibelo kuti ibe nje Nsabata.
Kupengesya kwaba Juuda kuciindi eeco ncicaapa kuti bakake kasimpe kwiinda mumicito ya Hillel Mupati nokuba kuti tikwaanazuminwa abantu banji. Cilengwa cakusisikizya kujana mwezi mupya amwaka uyungizya mwezi omwe, akuzyibya mikwasyi ziindi zya mapobwe mukubelesya batumwa, cakacili kuya kumbele kusikila waawo. Muciindi cakupenzyegwa, mubuleli bwa Constantius, eeci cilengwa cakabula mulimo, alimwi ticaacili kukonzyeka kucita. Ba Sanihedulini nibaakasyigwa kujana mazuba aamapobwe, bama Juuda banjaanji bakali mumasi amwi bakacaala kabacizyi ceelede kutobelwa mubupaizi. Kutegwa alesye kupenzyegwa ooku akutazyibya bantu banji caali kutola busena, Hillel Wabili wakabamba kkalenda licaalizya alimwi litacinci . . . Ajanza lyakwe Walo wakamwaya kufumbwa caajatenye akataa mikwasyi eeyo yakatanteene mubulelo bwa Loma a Pesiya aba Sanihedulini.4
Nkaambo kakuti eeci cakacitika kwamyaka yainda cuulu amyaanda cisambomwe, ncencico bantu banji sunu ncobaide kutobela Mujibelo kuti ni Nsabata yamasimpe alimwi nkaambo biyo kuti ba Juuda abalo bakomba Mujibelo. Nokuba boobo, basicikolo ba Juuda, balizyi kabotu kuti ooku kwakali kucinca kkalenda munzila iimaninide:
Kutalika mwezi mupya mukulangilizya mwezi mupya watalika kulibonya, akuboola kwamainza, ncintu cikonzya buyo kucitwa aba Sanihedulini. Muciindi ca Hillel Wabili, . . . ba Loma baakasya cilengwa eeci. Aboobo, Hillel Wabili, wakasinikizyigwa kuti abikke kkalenda litacincululwi, mukucita boobu wakazumizya ba Sanihedulini boonse kuti batobele kkalenda lipya eeli mumyaka iicizya kumpelaa mazuba.5
Inga tiitwaindilizya kwaamba cintu eeci: basicikolo baJuuda balizyi kabotu kuti kkalenda ndyobabelesya mazubaano liliimpene kapati akkalenda eelyo Yahuwah ndyaakaanzika mumulengalenga, akwiibalusya Muusa muciindi ca Kulonga. Eezi nzyotulemba mucibalo eeci zyizwa cigaminina kuzilembedwe mutwaambo twaba Juuda lwabo beni. Balo balaamba cakutazelazela kuti Mujibelo kuleka biyo kutaba Nsabata yamu Bbaibbele pele abalo lwabo balizyi kuti Mujibelo tiili Nsabata pe.
Kucinca Kkalenda
Basicikolo baJuuda balizyi kuti nkucinca kkalenda ooko kwaacincilizya Nsabata yamasimpe ayalo. Mwiyi Louis Finkelstein wakali Sicikolo muna Juuda waazyibidwe kabotu akulemekwa. Mikwasyi yaba Juuda kuzinguluka nyika yakasala Finkelstein kuti abe umwi waba Juuda bali mwaanda amakumi obile aabo baiminina “lambe lyabu Juuda” anyika. Mulugwalo lwa Mulumi 20, 1939, Finkelstein wakazumina kuti, “Ikkalenda lyabu Juuda lyamazubaano lyakabambwa mumusela wane kazyedwe Kristu.”6
Heinrich Graetz, mumalembe aakwe aayo aakalembwa a Mbunga yabu Juuda ku Amelika, wakazumina kuti, “ Nokuba kubelesya kkalenda naa kuulisya zintu zilembedwe zijatikizya zyabupaizi, akwalo kwaakasyigwa” mumusela wane kazyedwe Mufutuli.7
Bantu banji beezyeezya buyo kuti nkaambo kkalenda lya poopo Gregory lyamazubaano lilaa mvwiki zyizinguluka kakwiina kuyozya ijisi mazuba aali ciloba , eeyo mvwiki ibelesyegwa mazubaano, yakasekkwa mumvwiki ya CiHebulayo yamazuba ali ciloba munzila iitaluleme. Nkaambo kaboobu, balo baamba kuti Mujibelo nje Nsabata ya Mangwalo. Ooku kweezyeezya boobu, takuli kuteelela kululeme kuti kkalenda lizinguluka zuba mumwaka omwe akkalenda lya Bbaibbele litobezya mwezi azuba kuti mbulyaali kubeleka.
Nsabata Yansiku Yakalaandeene
Basicikolo baJuuda balizyi kuti Nsabata eeyo yaali kubambwa abaluleme kuzwa mumusela wane kujoka musyule kusikila Kumalengelo, tiiyakali Nsabata iitobela mvwiki yamazubaano iizinguluka kakwiina aakutalikila pe. Pele, myezi yakali kutobela zibeelabeela zya mwezi mbuulibonya. Mulongo wamvwiki awalo wakali kwiinduluka kutalika liya mwezi mupya watalika kulibonya. Aboobo, Nsabata yabuzuba bwa ciloba tiiyakali cibeela camvwiki iizunguluka kakwiina aakutalikila mbweenya mbuli Mujibelo mazubaano
Mwezi Mupya ucili, alimwi Nsabata ayalo kumatalikilo yakayeeme abweende bwa mwezi . . . Kumatalikilo, Mwezi Mupya wakali kusekelelwa mbubwenya mbuli Nsabata; mukuya kwa ciindi wakaleka kuyandika pele Nsabata yakaya kumbele kuba buzuba bwabantu abupaizi, bwakulizeeza mubupaizi akulaililwa, bwa luumuno akukkomana kwa muuya.8
Ba Juuda bamazubaano bacijana mazubaa mapobwe aabo amwaka kababelesya nzila yakubala ciindi iitobezya mwezi azuba antoomwe. Nkakaambo aaka Pasika (Pascha) aBuzuba bwa Kunununwa (Yom Kippur) ncobusensela kuzwa kubuzuba oobu kuya kubuzuba bwa kkalenda lina Gregory lilaa mvwiki iizinguluka kakwiina kuyozya. Nsabata amvwiki zyabo, nokuba boobo, tazyiceendelani antoomwe azibeela zya mwezi pe.
Mpampawo aawa banji mpobasolekela kutondezya kuti Mujibelo ni Nsabata yamu Bbaibbele mpobaide kulubizya. Beezyeezya kuti nkaambo ba Juuda bakomba Mujibelo, ayalo mvwiki ya Bbaibbele yakali kuzinguluka kakwiina kuyozya, pele mapobwe alikke ngaakayeeme azibeela zya mwezi. Ooku takuli kweezyeezya ooko kwaaswaangenye basicikolo ba Juuda pe. Balo balizyi kabotu kuti Nsabata yansiku tiiyakali kukonzya kuba cibeela camvwiki izinguluka kakwiina kuyozya pe nkaambo ayalo Nsabata yamasimpe yakayeeme azibeela zyamwezi. Aaka kaambo kakankamya, kalizyibidwe mucilembedwe mubbuku lyabu Juuda, Universal Jewish Encyclopedia: “ Mbuli buzuba bwa Nsabata mbobuyandika kapati kuti mbuzuba bwa kulipa kumulengi alimwi kuti buyeeme amweelwe uuyandika wa ciloba, nkabela mvwiki yakayaamuka zibeela zyamwezi aawo mpuyaali kujaninwa. . . .” 9
Kulangikaanga ooku kucinca Nsabata kuzwa akuyaama zibeela zya mwezi kuya ku Nsabata ya Mujibelo iizinguluka kakwiina kuyozya, kwaacitika muciindi Hillel wabili eelyo “naakapindula” kkalenda. Taakatondezya buyo milazyo yabo yakubamba kkalenda. Kulangikaanga walo nguwaaleta Nsabata ya Mujibelo eelyo naakapindula kkalenda, aboobo wakabikkilizya “mulawo wakugwisya mazuba.” Kusikila aciindi eeco, eeyi milazyo tiiyakali kuyandika nkaambo mapobwe aamwaka aNsabata zyamu mvwiki zyakali kusekelelwa akkalenda ndeenya lyomwe litobezya mwezi azuba antoomwe. Pele eelyo mapowe aamwaka naakali kujanwa kubelesya kkalenda lyamwezi azuba antoomwe, Nsabata yabuzuba bwa ciloba yakali kujanwa munzila yaandeene, nzila yakkalenda litobezya zuba lilikke buyo, mpawo aawo mpukwaabeda kwiimpana. Aboobo ncencico eeco ncaakabikkila “milazyo yakusotauka mazuba” kutegwa asise kwiimpana ooku akuswaanganya nzila zyakubala ciindi.
Ba Sadyusi: Balaa Nguzu atalaa Kkalenda
Muziindi zimwi muntu uuyandisya kasimpe inga watalika kukazya kuti “Pele tee kayi kuti kkalenda nilyakalilubide muciindi ca Yahushua, walo naakalulamika kulubila ooko!” Eeco cili masimpe, alimwi ciyubununa kuti kkalenda lyaali kubelesyegwa abana Isilayeli mumusela mutaanzi kazyedwe Mufutuli, lyakacili kkalenda lyaku Malengelo. Kuciindi eeco, Mupaizi Mupati nguwaali kweendelezya kkalenda. Wakali mulimo wakwe kwaambila bantu kuti Myezi Mipya yasika, akubaambila nokwaali kuyungizyigwa mwezi wakkumi aayitatu ooyo wakali kubikkilwa kweelanya bweende bwa myezi azuba. Bapaizi bapati lyoonse bakali kuzyila kunkamu yaba Sadyusi. Eeci ncintu ceelede kubikkilwa maanu. Nokuba kuti ba Sadyusi eezyo nzyibakali kusyoma zimwi tiizyakaluleme, balo, mbuli Yahushua, baali kakide milawo yazilengwa zyaba Falisi. Bakaimvwi amilawo ya Muusa, kuti mpaazyila nguzu zyabulemu.
Yahushua wakali bwene cakusalala akataa “zilengwa zyabantu” eezyo ba Falisi nzyobaali kukulaika banamaleya, akwaandaanya mukowa wabantu kuzwa kuli Sikabumba wabo. Walo wakainduluka akulomya kubakalalila nkaambo kamilwi yamilazyo azilengwa eezyo ba Falisi nzyobaali kusinikizya bantu. Eezi zilengwa zyakali mikuli iilema alimwi zyakaba cintu cakulinontola kuti muntu atasiki kukasimpe. Kaindi kasyoonto katana fwa, Yahushua wakasoleka ciindi cicaalizya kujata mizeezo ya basikuupaupa ameso aaba. Mumulumbe wakwe, uulembedwe muli Mateyo 23, kuli kusoleka kutyompya moyo kuti anyonene myoyo miyumi aanga mabwe, kuti igame kukasimpe.
Ooku kusumpula zilengwa zyabantu kuti zyeelane amulawo wabulemu kwakajosyelwa ansi mumoza. “Maawe kulindinywe nobalembi aba Falisi, nobasikuupaupa ameso! Nkaambo muleenda mulwizi aanyika kutegwa musandule muntu omwe, kumane aba umwi wanu mumupa kweelela kunyonyoonwa mu Gehena ziindi zyobilo kwiinda ndinywe.” (Mateyo 23:15)
Kumamanino, ba Falisi bakazwidilila. Mbunga yaba Sadyusi aabo bakali kweendelezya kkalenda lya Bbaibbele, yakamwayika Jelusalema niwaadilisyigwa.
Nilyaadilisyigwa Tempele (myaka makumi ciloba kazyedwe Mufutuli), ba Sadyusi bakazimaanina limwi, akusiya bweendelezi bwa makani aabu Juuda mumaanza aaba Falisi. Kuzwa waawo, buumi bwaba Juuda bwakali kweendelezyegwa aaba Falisi; woonse musela waba Juuda wakalandabikwa munzila zyabweende bwaba Falisi, alimwi cintu cimwi cakapegwa eeco cijatikizya musela waba Sanihedulini. Mundando wazilengwa mupya wakaatula zilengwa zyabupaizi (Abot 1:1). BuFalisi bwakeendelezya ciimo cabu Juuda, alimwi abuumi amizeezo yaba Juuda mumisela yakacili kuzya kumpelaa mazuba.10
Ba Falisi balikke bakacaala kabaliibide kubikka milawo amilazyo yabo. Zyoonse zilengwa zyaba Falisi zyaambaulwa kumulomo, lino zyakalembwa mubbuku lya Talmud, akuba zya Bwiiyi buna Juuda. Kkalenda libelesyegwa mazubaano aba Juuda, lyakazyila mukupindulwa kwa kkalenda lyakumatalikilo. Lyakasofwaazyigwa azilengwa zyaba Falisi eezyo zyakalembwa mubbuku lya Talmud! Mwiiyi Louis Finkelstein, ooyo ngutwaamba kale, walo wakati:
Bu Falisi bwakaba bbuku lya Talmud . . . [pele] muuya waba Falisi bansiku ulazwidilila kuutapindaudwe pe. Eelyo mu Juuda . . . nabala bbuku lya Talmud, ubala mizeezo iibelesyegwa muzikolo zyaku Palesitaini. . . . Muuya wa lusyomo lwaba [ba Falisi] uciliko alimwi ucilaa nguzu. . . . Kuzwa ku Palesitaini kusikila ku Bbabbuloni; kuzwa ku Bbabbuloni kuya ku Nyika lya Afulika, Italy, Spain, France, aku Jelemani; kuzwa kumasi aaya kuya ku Polandi, ku Russia, akuzisi zyakujwaa bukuwa, bu Falisi bwansiku bwakabanda. 11
Zilengwa zyamu Talmud ziyiisya kuti, kuti umwi walubila kujana nokweelede kuba Nsabata, coonse ncayelede kucita nkukomba buyo kufumbwa buzuba bwa ciloba. Aaka nkakaambo keni ncokutamininwa kuti Mujibelo ni Nsabata yabuzuba bwa ciloba.
Ibbuku lya Talmud lyeelela nguzu zijisi zikolo zyansiku (zyaba Falisi). Bamayi bazikolo eezyo, baku Bbabbuloni aku Palesitaini, bakali kulangwa kuti mbabaakona mulimo waba Sanihedulini. . . . aciindi cino, ba Juuda tabajisi nguzu zipona zibeendelezya mbuli ba Sanihedulini bansiku nokuba zikolo zyaatobela mbabo. Aboobo, kufumbwa kaambo keelede kucitwa kajatikizya bupaizi bwaba Juuda keelede kuyaama buuku lya Talmud kuti mpaazwide kuyiisya koonse kwa nguzu zyaba [Falisi] nibaacili bazumi.”12
Amubikkile maanu kuti Finkelstein lwakwe waamba kuti bbuku lya Talmud ndya zilengwa zyaba Falisi. Eezyo nzye “zilengwa zyabantu” zyalo Kristu nzyaakakalila muciindi camulimo Wakwe. Eeci ncintu cipati nkaambo nzilengwa zyaba Falisi zyakapa kuti Nsabata yakumatalikilo ibikkwe ambali. Caandaano 7 aawo aalembedwe bbuku lya Talmud kujatikizya Nsabata lyaamba kuti: “Umwi uuli mumusinzo munkanda alimwi katazyi kuti mbuli buzuba bwa Nsabata, weelade buyo kubala mazuba aali cisambomwe kuzwa abuzuba (oobo naayibaluka kuti) waimpya Nsabata, akukomba muli bwaciloba butobela.” 13
Kuzeka kuti basyomi beelede kukomba Mujibelo nkaambo abalo ba Juuda nobakomba, nkweezyeezya kulubide mukuyeeya kuti ba Juuda tabakonzyi kukomba mubuzuba bumbi pele mu Nsabata yamasimpe. Twaambo tuzyila kuba Juuda beni, tutondezya kuti ooku nkuyeeya kunyongene kapati. Balo bakakiicinca ncobeni Nsabata liya nibaacinca kkalenda eelyo lyaali kubelesyegwa kujanya Nsabata yamasimpe.
Insabata tiili cintu caabikkwa amuntu pe. Yakabikkwa mubulemu a Mulengi Lwakwe Mwini. Aboobo, taakwe nguzu zyaanyika, nokuba poopo, naa muJuuda, ulaa nguzu zyakubikka buzuba bumbi kuti mbobuzuba bwa kukomba akubelesya kkalenda limbi lyakujanya buzuba oobo. Insabata yeelede kuba citondezyo citeeli akataa Mulengi azilengwe Zyakwe zimutobela. “Ncobeni Nsabata zyangu inywe mweelede kuzyibamba: nkaambo ncitondezyo akataa ndime andinywe mumisela yenu yoonse; kutegwa mukazyibe kuti Ndime Yahuwah ooyo uumusalazya. Inywe aboobo mweelede kubamba Nsabata; nkaambo ilisetekene kuli ndinywe.” (Kulonga 31:13-14)
Boonse bayandisya
kulemeka Sikabumba wabo bayoomutobela Walo akumukomba mu Nsabata Yakwe,
akutalanganya zilengwa zyaba Juuda nokuba kkalenda lyaba Katolika. Pele balo
bayookomba Nguwe mu Nsabata iisetekene eeyo iijanwa mukubelesya kkalenda
lyakumatalikilo litobela mwezi azuba antoomwe, eelyo lyaabikkwa ku Malengelo.
1 Heinrich Graetz, History of the Jews, Vol. 2, p. 563, emphasis supplied.
2 Graetz, Vol. 2, pp. 563-564.
3 Excerpted from The Jewish Encyclopedia,“Calendar.”
4 Graetz, Vol. 2, pp. 572-573, emphasis supplied.
5 "The Jewish Calendar and Holidays (incl. Sabbath): The Jewish Calendar: Changing the Calendar," http://www.torah.org/, emphasis supplied.
6 Box 6, Folder 4; Grace Amadon Collection, (Collection 154), Center for Adventist Research, Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan.
7 Graetz, Vol. 2, p. 571.
8 Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, "Holidays," p. 410.
9 Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. X, "Week," p. 482.
10 "Pharisees,"The Jewish Encyclopedia, Vol. IX, (1901-1906 ed.), p. 666.
13 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Talmud/shabbat7.html
bem_Latn umb_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn wol_Latn bem_Latn kin_Latn kon_Latn nya_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn kon_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn run_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn wol_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn nya_Latn bem_Latn bem_Latn kmb_Latn bem_Latn eng_Latn vec_Latn eng_Latn vec_Latn eng_Latn zho_Hans vec_Latn eng_Latn afr_Latn kor_Hang zho_Hans