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Mpedi, LG --- "Molao wa tšhireletso ya leago ka mo go ditšhaba tšeo di hlabologago tša borwa bja Afrika" [2011] DEJURE 4
Molao wa tshireletso ya leago ka mo go ditshaba tseo di hlabologago tsa borwa bja Afrika
Letlhokwa George Mpedi
Bluris LLM LLD
Profesa le Mothusamolaodi: Centre for International and Comparative Labour and Social Security Law (CICLASS), Fakhalithiya Molao, Yunibesithiya Johannesburg
SUMMARY
Code on social security in the Southern African development community
The Code on Social Security in the Southern African Development Community (Code) was approved by the Integrated Committee of Minister in June 2007 in Windhoek Namibia. This contribution critically examine: how the Code attempts to develop sound social security systems in th Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. It pays special attention to the approach adopted by the Code in its quest to address: pertinent issues such as the right to social security, social protection framework, and social risks as well as vulnerable groups and categories o persons protected. It concludes by observing that the ratification record o SADC member states of the officially current conventions in the field of social security is unsatisfactory. Accordingly, member states must be encouraged t( ratify these important instruments. Secondly, preventative and (re)integrative measures are a part and parcel of a social security system. Thus, the call b the Code for the introduction of these measures is to be welcomed Furthermore, social security coordination is an integral part of regional integration and the free movement of labour and persons. To this end, th provisions in the Code aimed at these matters are timely. Finally, the Code i not legally binding. Nonetheless, its adoption is commendable for it is a right step towards the improvement of social security systems in the SADC region which are largely undeveloped and, in some instances, underdeveloped.
1Matseno
Molao wa Tshireletso ya Leago ka mo go Ditshaba tseo di Hlabologagc ka mo Borwa bya Afrika o dumeletswe ke Komiti ya Ditona yeo e Kopanetswego (ICM) ka Phupu 2007 go la Windhoek Namibia1. Maikemisetso a Molao ke go fa dinagamaloko (mohl. Angola, Botswana Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Afrika Borwa, Seychelles, Swaziland Tanzania, Zambia le Zimbabwe) le (ge go lebelelwa(b) le (c)) Ditshab tseo di Hlabologago ka mo Borwa bya Afrika (SADC) ka:
(a) leano la tsela le ditlhahlo ka go tlhabollo le kaonafatso ya ditsela ts; tshireletso ya leago, gore o kgone go oketsa pabalelo ya batho ba selete se;
melawana le maemo ao a hlokegago a tshireletso ya leago, gammogo le tlhako ya tekolo go maemo a bosetshaba le a selete; le
sediriswa seo se somago gabotse sa kgohlaganyo, kopanyo le go swana ga ditsela tsa tshireletso ya leago ka mo seleteng se.2
Maikemisetso a pele a Molao wo, go fihla bokgole bjo itsego, a laetsa mathata a tshireletso ya leago le ditlhohlo tseo di lebanego le selete sa SADC. Mohlala, tshireletso ya leago ka mo SADC ka kakaretso, e fase ka tlhabologo.3 Go tlaleletsa, ditsela tsa tshireletso ya leago ka mo seleteng e fela e sa akaretse le go phaela thoko sehlopha sa batho ba bantsi bao ba diilago le magoro a batho bjalo ka bahudugi, basomi ba go tswa ka ntle le bafaladi.4 Go tswelapele, go na le hlokego e kgolo kudu ya kgohlaganyo ya ditsela tsa tshireletso ya leago ka mo seleteng.5
Sengwalwa se, se lekola ka tsitsinkelo gore Molao o leka bjang go hlama ditsela tseo di kwagalago tsa tshireletso ya leago ka mo seleteng sa Ditshaba tseo di hlabologago tsa ka Borwa bja Afrika. Se fa sedi ya go ikgetha go mokgwa wo o amogetswego ke Molao ka go nyaka go sogana le ditaba tse di lego maleba bjalo ka tokelo go tshireletso ya leago, tlhako ya tshireletso ya leago, le dikotsi tsa leago gammogo le dihlopha tseo di lego kotsing le magoro a batho ao a sireleditswego. Poledisano ka ga ditaba tseo go boletswego ka tsona ka mo godimo e tla latelwa ke kakaretso ya bofelo.
2 Tokelo go Tshireletso ya Leago
2 1 Tokelo ya Kakaretso go Tshireletso ya Leago
Molao o fa 'o mongwe le o mongwe ' yo a lego ka mo SADC tokelo go tshireletso ya leago.6 Ka go dira bjalo, o tsenela ka boati didiriswa tsa boditshabatshaba7 le melaotheo ya bosetshaba8 yeo e hlokomelago tokelo go tshireletso ya leago bjalo ka tokelo ya motheo yeo e swanelwago ke go hwetswa ke o mongwe le o mongwe.9 Go ya ka Molao wo, kgopolo ya 'tshireletso ya leago 'e bolela ka mekgwa ya mmuso le poraebete, goba mekgwa yeo e kopantswego ya mmuso le ya poraebete yeo e hlamilwego go sireletsa batho le malapa kgahlanong le go se sireletswe ga letseno mo go hlolago ke tseo di bego di se tsa emelwa bjalo ka go se some, kgobalo ya mosomong, botswetsi, bolwetsi, bogole, botsofadi le lehu. Maikemisetso a magolo a tshireletso ya leago ke: (a) go boloka letseno, (b) go fana ka tlhokomelo ya maphelo, le (c) go fana ka mehola go malapa (matseno). Go tswa go tebelelo ya kgopolo, Molao o tiisetsa gore tlhaloso ya wona ya tshireletso ya leago o akaretsa insorense ya leago, thuso ya leago le diputseletso tsa leago10. Le ge go le bjalo, go swanetswe go bolelwa gore Molao, ka tlaleletso go tshireletso ya leago, o bolela ka 'tshireletso go leago'. Tshireletso go leago, go ya ka Molao, "o akaretsa tshireletso ya leago le ditirelo tsa leago, gammogo le pabalelo yeo hlabologago ya leago. Tshireletso ya leago ka gona e ra gore mekgwa ya mmuso le ya poraebete, goba mekgwa yeo e kopantswego ya mmuso le ya poraebete yeo e hlamilwego go sireletsa batho kgahlanong le mathata a bophelo ao a fokotsago bokgoni bja bona go ka fihlelela dinyakwa tsa bona. Maikemisetso ke go godisa pabalelo ya motho."11 Ge e bonwa go tswa ka kgopolong, ka gona Molao o laetsa gore, tshireletso ya leago (a) e akaretsa dibopego ka moka tsa tshireletso ya leago, (b) e akaretsa ditirelo tsa leago le pabalelo ya leago yeo e hlabologago e bile ga e ganetswe go tshireletso kgahlanong le tshireletso ya letseno yeo e hlolago ke dikotsi tseo di itseng.12 Ka lebaka leo, pabalelo ya leago e feta tshireletso ya leago.13
2 2 Go Hloma le go Hlokomela Mokgwa wa Tshireletso ya Leago
Molao o nyaka gore dinagamaloko di hlome le go hlokomela tsela ya tshireletso ya leago go ya ka bopaki bya ona le tsa temana ya semolao ya 10 ya Tshata ya Tokelo ya Motheo ka go SADC (2003) (Tshata).14 Temana ya semolao ya 10 ya Tshata e hlagisa gore: "Dinagamaloko di tla hlola tikologo yeo e kgontshago gore mosomi o mongwe le o mongwe ka mo Seleteng a be le tokelo go pabalelo ya leago yeo e lekanego e bile, go sa lebelelwe maemo le mohuta wa mosomo, a tla hwetsa diputseletso tseo di lekanego tsa tshireletso ya leago. Batho bao ba bego ba sa kgone go ka tsena goba go tsena gape mo mesomong e bile ba se na mekgwa ya go iphedisa ba tla ba le maswanedi a go hwetsa methopo yeo e lekanego le thuso ya leago." Go bohlokwa ka nnete gore dinagamaloko di hlome le go hlokomela ditsela tsa tshireletso ya leago go mabaka a tokelo go tshireletso ya leago, bjalo ka ge e hwetswa ka gare ga temana ya semolao ya 4(1) ya Molao, e tla hloka mohola ge go se na (tshomo e botse) ditsela tsa tshireletso ya leago.
Go tswelapele, Molao o bea tlamo ya kgapeletso go dinagamaloko ka moka go boloka ditsela tsa bona tsa tshireletso ya leago go maemo ao a kgotsofatsago ao a nyakegago gore a tle a tiisetse ke Kwano ya
Tiisetso ya go fihla ga bjale ya dikwano tsa tshireletso ya leago ke dinaga tsa SADC
Boditshabatshaba ya Mokgatlo wa Basomi (ILO) ya Tshireletso ya Leago ke (Kwano 102 ya 1952)15. Go ya le ka tebelelo ya dikgoeletso tseo di fetilego, go maleba go laetsa gore palo ya tiisetso ke dinaga tsa SADC tsa kwano tsa bjale tse seswai tsa semmuso ka go lefapha la tshireletso ya leago(mohl. Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, Equality of Treatment (Social Security) Convention, Employment Injury Benefits Convention, Invalidity, Old-Age and Survivor's Benefits Convention, Medical Care and Sickness Benefits Convention, Maintenance of Social Security Rights Convention, Employment Promotion and Protection against Unemployment Convention le Maternity Protection Convention)
Tiisetso ya go fihla ga bjale ya dikwano tsa tshireletso ya leago ke dinaga tsa SADC
Mothopo: ILOLEX (go tloga ka la 2 Mopitlo 2011)
ga e kgotsofatse. Go dinagamaloko tse lesome hlano tsa SADC, go tloga ka la 02 Mopitlo 2011, the Democratic Republic of the Congo e tiiseditse tse tharo tsa kwano tsa bjale (mohl. Social Security (Minimum Standards) Convention, the Equality of Treatment (Social Security) Convention le Employment Injury Benefits Convention). Madagascar, go tloga ka la 02 Mopitlo 2011, e latetse Democratic Republic of the Congo ka tiisetso e tee ya dikwano tsa bjale (mohl. Equality of Treatment (Social Security) Convention). Ka nnete go bohlokwa kudu go dinagamaloko tsa SADC go tiisetsa dikwano tse bohlokwa tse, e sego fela go mohola wa tsona ka go lefapha la tshireletso ya leago, eupsa gape le go mabaka a gore maemo a boditshabatshaba a maswa a tshireletso ya leago ga bjale a swanetse go tseela hloko diteng tsa dikwano tsa bjale tse seswai pele di ka amogelwa.16
2 3 Tswetso Pele ya go Godisetsa Godimo Tsela ya Mokgwa wa Tshirelotso
Ka ntle le mosomo wa go hloma le go boloka ditsela tsa tshireletso ya leago, Molao o gapeletsa tlamo go dinagamaloko go godisa gannyane ga gannyane ditsela tsa tshireletso ya leago go ya go maemo a godimo ao a ka akaretsago go fihlelela kakaretso yeo e nago le mohola go motho yo mongwe le yo mongwe ka fase ga tsela ye.17 Le ge go le bjalo, mosomo o tla laolwa ke dinnete le maemo a tlhabollo ka go nagaleloko.18Tlhagiso ye e sepelelana le tumelo yeo e akaretswago ke Molao wa dipalo tsa dibopego tsa go fapana, moo e lego gore sehlopha sa dinagamaloko seo se ka sepelago ka lebelo la mmutla ka go ditiro tse itsego le maitemogelo ao go ithutilwego go tswa go wona ao a tla go somiswa go dinagamaloko tse dingwe.19
3 Motheo wa Tshireletso ya Leago
Molao o na le diritlha tseo di ka tsewago ele ditshupo tseo dinagamaloko di swanetsego go hlahlwa ke tsona mo phegelelong ya tsona ya go hlabolla goba go kaonafatsa metheo ya tsona ya tshireletso ya tsa leago. Temana ya20 ya Molao e gapeletsa dinagamaloko: go ela sedi dikgokagano magareng ga tlhabollo ya leago le ya ekonomi e bile di swanetse gore ka maleba di kgonthise gore melao ya tshireletso ya leago le tlhabollo ya ekonomi e hlangwa ka mokgwa wa go nyalelana, wo o kopantswego le wo o tiiswago mmogo;20 di lemoge gore tshireletso ya leago e soma ka gare ga motheo wwo o akaretsago wa tshireletso ya leago woo o ka bago ka mokgwa wa go ba thwii le wa go se be thwii, le gona o swanetse gore o netefatse gore, mekgwa ya go se be thwii, e thekga le go tlaleletsa mekgwa ya go ba thwii;21 di lemoge go ba gona ga mehuta yeo e sego ya semmuso ya tshireletso ya leago le gore ba nyake go di tiisa le gore di kwagale (ka go, mohlala, fana ka tlhahlo ya bokgoni le dibopego tsa maleba tsa thekgo) le go di kopanya le mehuta ya semmuso ya tshireletso ya leago22le go lebelela kudu go hlabolla pabalelo ya tshireletso ya leago yeo e kopantswego e bile e le yeo e akaretsago yeo e nago le mehuta ya semmuso le yeo e sego ya semmuso yeo e kgohlagantswego le dibopego tseo di lego thwii le tseo di sego thwii tsa thekgo ya leago.23
Ge o bala go tswa go ditlhagiso tsa temana ya 20 (le ditemana tse dingwe tseo di lego ka gare ga Molao), go molaleng gore Molao o lemoga dibopego tse di latelago tsa tshireletso ya leago, mohlala: tshireletso ya leago yeo e lego thwii goba ya semmuso, tshireletso ya leago yeo e sego thwii le tshireletso ya leago yeo e sego ya semmuso.
(a) Tshireletso ya leago yeo e lego thwii goba ya semmuso: Tshireletso ya leago ya thwii goba ya semmuso e ra gore tshireletso ya leago bjalo ka ge e hlalositswe ka gare ga Molao. Tshireletso ya leago e ka aroganywa ka mananeo goba ditsela tsa tshelete tsa lekgetho le mananeo a go ithekga ka thuso ya maseleng. Mekgwa goba mananeo a tshelete ya lekgetho bogolo a bopilwe ke thuso ya leago, ditirelo tsa leago le diputseletso tsa leago. Go ya le ka Molao motho o mongwe le o mongwe ka mo SADC yo a se nago ditsela tse di lekanego tsa go iphedisa le bafepsa ba bona ba swanetse go ba le maswanedi a go hwetsa thuso ya leago, go sepelelana le maemo a tlhabollo ya leago le ya ekonomi ya nagaleloko leo le itsego. 24 Sa bobedi, Molao o gapeletsa dinagamaloko go fana ka tikologo yeo e kgontshago kabo ya ditirelo tsa leago go batho le dihlopha tseo di nyakago thekgo ka pabalelo le ka tlhabollo ka mo setshabeng25. Ge re tlaleletsa, go nyakega gore dinagamaloko di hlohleletse go tseakarolo ga batho, mekgatlo ya setshaba, bakgathatema bao e sego ba mmuso le mekgatlo yeo e sego ya mmuso gore di kgone go hloma le go hlokomela ditirelo tse bjalo.26 Kgopolo ye e laeditswego, e sepelelana le tumelo ya boikarabelo bja batho ba bantsi yeo e lego ka gare ga temana ya 2(2)(c) ya Molao. Go ya ka tumelo ye, "kabo ya tshireletso ya leago ke mosomo wo o hlakanetswego ke mebuso, ditheo tsa setshaba tsa tshireletso ya leago le bakgathatema ba poraebete, re beile ka mogopolong gore mmuso ke wona o rwelego maikarabelo ka botlalo."27Go tswela pele, Molao o hlohleletsa dinagamaloko "- moo go kgonegago ka ekonomi - go aba diputseletso tsa leago go batho bao ba welago ka go magoro ao a kgethilwego gore di kgone go ba thusa ka go fihlelela bokgoni bja bona ka botlalo."28 Mabapi le mananeo a go ithekga ka thuso ya ditshelete, a ke mananeo ao bontsi e lego mananeo a insorense ya leago. Ka mo go legoro la insorense ya leago, Molao o nyaka gore dinagamaloko di hlome mananeo a insorense ya leago e bile di re gannyane le gannyane di katolose kakaretso le khuetso ya mananeo a.29 Se se bohlokwa kudu, kudu kudu ge motho a ela hloko go hwa ga didiriswa tsa insorense ya leago yeo e lebisitswego go tshireletso ya kgahlanong le dikotsi tsa leago bjalo ka go se some. Mo e lego gore di gona, bogolo bja kakaretso ya tsona e ba bjo bo lekaneditswego. Afrika Borwa ke mohlala wa ntlha ye.30 Go tswela pele, Molao o laela dinagamaloko go amogela tlhakamolao ya maleba le mekgwa e mengwe gore di kgone go dira bonnete bja gore go ba le taolo le tshepediso ya maleba ya mananeo a insorense ya leago;31 le go fana ka mehola ya insorense ya leago yeo e kwagalago le yeo e lekanego, yeo e lekanago le seo se sireleditswego seo se tla go hlaga ka moso le mohuta wa bogolo bja tahlegelo yeo e tla go ba e diregile32. Go tlaleletsa, e supetsa dinagamaloko gore di katolose bogolo bja insorense ya leago go setshaba ka moka seo se somago;33go fana le go sepedisa ka molao mekgwa ya insorense ya leago ka mo go lefapha leo e sego la semmuso; 34 le go hlohleletsa le go sepedisa ka molao bokgathatema bja lefapha la poraebete le la mmuso go insorense ya leago, mabapi le kabo le taolo ya insorense ya leago, gammogo le tefo ya mehola ya insorense ya leago.35 Se se tla amogelwa, ka lebaka la gore gantsi ka mo seleteng ga se batho ka moka bao ba somago bao ba sireleditswego ke mananeo a insorense ya leago. Mabaka ao a hlolago maemo a ke a go swana le go hloka melao yeo e fetisitswego ya go tseakarolo ka lebaka la nnete ya gore basomi ba bangwe ga ba wele ka go tlhaloso yeo e sesefaditswego ya mosomi bjalo ka ge e hwetswa ka gare ga melao ya basomi. Ka tlaleletso, ka maatla a ditlhagiso tseo go boletswego ka tsona pele, batho ba bantsi ka mo seleteng bao ba dulago go ekonomi yeo e sego ya semmuso ba tla hwetsa kimollo go mananeo a insorense ya leago a dinaga tsa bona moo ba somago gona. Se se bohlokwa ge go lebeletswe nnete ya gore bontsi bja basomi ba bjale ba tlogetswe e bile ba phaetswe ka thoko go tswa go mananeo a mantsi a insorense ya leago.
Tshireletso yeo e sego thwii ya leago: Tshireletso ya leago yeo e sego thwii e ra gore "ditirelo tseo di sa bopego karolo ya tshireletso ya leago yeo e sego thwii goba yeo e sego ya tlwaelo, eupsa le ge go le bjalo e bohlokwa kudu ka go thibelo ya tshenyo ya motho , le go nyakega go thusa batho gore ba kgone go phela maphelo ao a tlotlegago36. Tshireletso ya leago yeo e sego thwii le tshireletso ya leago yeo e lego thwii di nyalelana kudu. Kamano ya kgauswi ya magareng ga dilo tse pedi e swantshitswe ka tsela ya mohlala wo o bonalago ka tsela ye e latelago: "Kabo ya ditirelo tsa tlhokomelo ya maphelo tsa go se lefelwe go basadi bao ba ithwelego le bana ba ka fase ga mengwaga e tshela , mohlala, e ka fokoletswa go ba toro ya go se fihlelelwe ge, magareng ga tse dingwe, go se na phihlelelo go: meetse a go hlweka le ao a lekanego le tlhwekiso (go boloka bomme bao ba ithwelego le bana ba mengwaga ya ka fase ga ye tshela kgole le go nwa meetse ao a tsenwego ke kholera); senamelwa sa ka mehla, sa go bolokega le seo se fihlelelegago (go sepedisa basadi bao ba ithwelego le bana ba ka fase ga mengwaga e tshela go ya go disenthara tsa maphelo); ntlo le bodulo (go fokotsa dikgonagalo le tshilafalo ya dijo ka lebaka la didiriswa tseo di sego tsa lekana tsa polokelo); le dijo le phepo (go boloka basadi bao ba ithwelego le bana ba ka fase ga mengwaga e tshela ba tiile e bile ba phedile gabotse)37
Tshireletso ya leago yeo e sego ya semmuso: Dikelotlhoko tse dintsi di hlalositse ka seo se (swanetsego) go bopa tshireletso ya leago yeo e sego ya semmuso.38 Go makatsa kudu gore ga go na tlhaloso ya nnete ya tshireletso ya leago yeo e sego ya semmuso.39Ka ntle le seo, dibopego tse pedi tsa dipeakanyo tsa tshireletso ya leago yeo e sego ya semmuso di a bonagala. Tse di ithekgile ka malapa a poraebete goba kamano ya batho (mohl. Phetisetso ya go tsenelelana ga moloko) le mekgatlo ye e ithekgilego ka boleloko goba maano a go iphedisa ao a ithekgilego ka kamano yeo e sego ya lesika (mohl. mekgatlo ya polokano). Tshireletso ya leago yeo e sego ya semmuso ke karolo ye bohlokwa ya tshireletso ya leago. Go tswelapele, bontsi bja batho le malapa a bona bao ba tlogetswego e bile ba phaetswe ka thoko ke mananeo a tshireletso ya leago a semmuso ba phefa dikotsi tsa leago ka mekgwa ya tshireletso ya leago yeo e sego ya semmuso. Go ya ka maleba, kgoeletso ya Molao go dinagamaloko gore di ele hloko go ba gona ga mekgwa ya tshireletso ya leago yeo e sego ya semmuso le go katanela go tiisa le dira gore di kwagale le go di kopanya le dibopego tsa tshireletso ya leago ya semmuso gore di amogelwe.40
4 Dikotsi tsa Leago tseo di Sireleditswego
Molao o sireletsa tseo di sego tsa emelwa tseo di ka hwetswago go Kwano ya 102 ya 1952 ya ILO ya Tshireletso ya Leago (Bonnyane) tsona ke maphelo,41 botswetsi le go ba ntate42, lehu le baphologi,43go rola modiro le botsofadi,44 go se some le mosomo wo o sego wa lekana45 le dikgobalo le malwetsi a mosomong.46 Go a bonagala kudu gore Molao o lekile go sireletsa dikotsi tseo go boletswego ka tsona pele ka tsela yeo e elago hloko dinnete tsa leago, ekonomi le politiki ka mo seleteng sa SADC. Go fa mohlala, Molao o nyaka dinagamaloko gore, ge di sogana le ditaba tsa maphelo, di lebelele HIV/Aids.47Go tsw elapele, e gapeletsa dinagamaloko go amogela melao le mekgwa ya go laola seemo go lebilwe go tlhabollo ya kakaretso ya ekonomi le leago gore di kgone go fedisa bodiidi48 le jgo kopanya mahlakore a ekonomi a semmuso le ao e sego a semmuso.49 Ka tlaleletso, Molao o bolela ka dikotsi tse itseng tseo di tlwaelegilego ka mo seleteng bjalo ka dikhuduego tsa dipolitiki le masetlapelo a tlhago. Temana 18(1) e bolela gore dinagamaloko di swanetse go dira bonnete bja gore mananeo a bona a tshireletso ya leago a fana ka pabalelo kgahlanong le dikotsi tsa sgo ikgetha le tsa mohlakanelwa, go akaretsa dithulano tsa dipolitiki50 le masetlapelo a tlhago.51
5 Dihlopha tseo di Lego kotsing le Magoro a Batho ao a Sireleditswego
5 1 Batho Bao ba Sego ba Itekanela Mmeleng
Molao o hlohloletsa dinagamaloko go hlola tikologo yeo e kgontshago yeo e tla go dira bonnete bja gore batho bao ba sego ba itekanela mmeleng ba na le maswanedi go tshireletso ya leago.52 Ka tlaleletso, di nyakwa gore di dire bonnete bja gore didiriswa tsa bona tsa tshireletso ya leago di netefatsa gore di tla ba le phihlelelo ya go lekana le go kakaretso ya batho bao ba sego ba itekanela mmeleng.53 Go tswelapele, Molao o gapeletsa dinagamaloko go tswetsapele kopano ya leago le ya seprofesenale ya batho bao ba sego ba itekanela mmeleng.54
5 2 Basadi, Bana le Baswa
Molao o amogela maemo ao a lego boima a basadi, bana le baswa. Magareng ga tse dingwe, o nyaka dinagamaloko go dira bonnete bja gore go ba le tekatekano magareng ga banna le basadi mo ditikologong tseo di akaretswago le phihlelelo go tshireletso ya leago.55 Mabapi le bana le baswa, Molao o gapeletsa dinagamaloko gothibela go soma ga bana le tlaiso ya bana, magareng ga tse dingwe, 56 go dira bonnete bja gore tshireletso ye ntsi e katolosetswa go bana bao ba fiwago mosomo ka tsela ya maleba, 57go tiisetsa gore go na le phepo ya maleba yeo e lekanego ya bana,58go fana ka thekgo go ditshiwana le malapa ao a hlokometswego ke bana59 le go hloma mekgwa yeo e somago gabotse le go fana ka tlhokomelo ya kgodiso le dipeakanyo tsa go fepa.60
5 3 Lapa
Lentswana le 'lapa' bjalo ka ge le hwetswa ka go didiriswa tsa tshireletso ya leago gantsi le a solwa gore le na le magomo ka kgopolo ya gore ga le bonale le akaretsa le go ela hloko kgopolo ya Seafrika ya lapa yeo e hwetswago ka mo seleteng. Lentswana la 'lapa' ka mogopolo o mosese le akaretsa tate, mme le bana.61 Lentswana la Yuropa la lapa 62 le elwa hloko ka go melao e mengwe ye itsego ya tshireletso ya leago ya dinagamaloko tsa SADC.63 Ka go setshaba sa setso sa Seafrika 'lapa' ke leinakakaretso go feta seo: "le bopilwe ke sehlopha ka moka sa batho: hlogo ya lapa le basadi ba gagwe le bana ba gagwe, le ditlogolo, gape le bagolle ba gagwe le dikgaetsedi tsa gagwe le basadi ba bona le bana, batlogolo ba gagwe le batlogolo ba banenyana, ka lentsu le tee, batho bao ka moka ba tswago go mogologolo o tee yo a swanago."64 Ge re lebelela seo re setsego re boletsego ka sona, lentsu le 'leloko leo le katolositswego' gantsi le somiswa sebakeng sa 'lapa' ge re bolela ka lapa la Seafrika.65 Ka dikgoeletso tseo go boletswego ka tsona ka mogopolong go a thabisa gore ela hloko gore Molao o supetsa dinagamaloko go dira bonnete bja gore lapa, bjalo ka lekala la motheo la setshaba, le sireleditswe ka tsela ya maleba.66 Ka tlaleletso, e gapeletsa dinagamaloko go tiisetsa gore ditsela le mananeo a tshireletso ya leago a laetsa nnete le bohlokwa bja lapa leo le katolositswego.67 Dinagamaloko di laetswe gore di setse le go tiisa mekgwa ya thekgo ya lapa leo le katolositswego.68
5 4 Bahudugi, Basomi ba go Tswa Ntle le Bafaladi
Molao o ipiletsa go dinagamaloko go katanela tokologo ya mosepelo wa batho le phokotso yeo e tswelago pele ya ditaolo tsa phalalelo.69 Ka tlaleletso, o nyaka dinagamaloko gore di katolose phihlelelo go tshireletso ya leago go bafaladi bao ba filwego mosomo mo mellwaneng ka metheo ya kgohlaganyo ya tshireletso ya leago yeo e swanetsego go hwetswa ka gare ga melao ya bosetshaba ya dinagamaloko le ka gare ga dipeakanyo tsa dinaga tse pedi goba tse tharo magareng ga dinagamaloko. Metheo yeo go boletswego ka yona ke ye e latelago: basomi bao e lego bahudugi ba swanetse go tsea karolo ka go mananeo a tshireletso ya leago a dinaga tseo ba lego go tsona; basomi bao e lego bahudugi ba swanetse go fiwa tshwaro ya go lekana le ya badudi ba naga yeo ba lego ka yona ya mananeo a tshireletso ya leago e bile, go swanetse go ba le palomoka ya dipaka tsa insorense le tlhokomelo ya ditokelo le mehola yeo e hweditswego ya magareng ga mananeo ao a swanago le a ka mo go dinagamaloko tsa go fapana; dinagamaloko di swanetse go dira bonnete bja gore go ba le nolofatso ya thomelontle ya mehola, go akaretsa tefelo ya mehola ka go naga yeo ba lego ka go yona; dinagamaloko di swanetse go laetsa melao yeo e lego maleba go mabaka a phethagatso ya metheo ye e lego ka mo godimo, e bile dinagamaloko di swanetse go dira bonnete bja gore basomi bao e lego bahudugi bao ba nago le dikgwebo tsa bona ba a akaretswa ka mabaka a go swana le a bahudugi bao ba somago.70 Tlhagiso gape e dirilwe go badudi bao e sego ba semolao, bahudugi le bafaladi bao ba se nago mangwalo a bohlatse. Badudi bao e sego ba semolao le bahudugi bao ba se nago mangwalo a bohlatse ba swanetse go fiwa tshireletso ya nnyane ya motheo le go ipshina ka go akaretswa go ya ka melao ya selegae71. Mabapi le bafaladi, Molao o laetsa gore tshireletso ya leago e swanetse go katolosetswa go legoro le la batho go ya le ka ditlhagiso tsa didiriswa tsa boditshabatshaba le tsa selete.72
6 Ditabana tse Dingwe tsa go Hlamatsega tsa Ditumelo tsa Motheo go Kabo ya Tshireletso ya Leago
6 1 Mekgwa ya Thibelo ye e Kopantswego
Molao o hlohleletsa dinagamaloko go dira bonnete bja gore ditsela tsa bona di kopanya mekgwa ye e lekanego ya thibelo le ya kopanyo e bile ga se ya lebelela feela tefelo.73 O fana go tswelapele ka gore kopanyo e swanetse go ba ya leago le ka go mebaraka ya mosomo gore o kgone go hlohleletsa go ipota le go thekga serithi sa motho.74 Se, go ya ka kgopolo ya ka, ke kgato ya maleba go ya go tshireletso ya leago yeo e nyakegagago kudu ya kakaretso. Ka go fana ka mekgwa ya thibelo le ya kopanyo, Molao o tlogela setlwaedi sa gore mananeo a tshireletso ya leago (kudu kudu mananeo a insorense ya leago) a lebeletse fela ditefelo tsa mehola. Ka go tlaleletsa, se se sepelelana le maemo a boditshabatshaba - kudu ao e lego a ILO.
6 2 Phethagatso le Tlhokomelo
Temana ya 21(1) ya Molao e gapeletsa dinagamaloko go katanela go hloma taolo le metheo ya taolo tsa nnete. Mabaka a metheo ya taolo a swanetse "go dira bonnete bja gore go na le kabo ya mehola ya tshireletso ya leago yeo e kgontshago le yeo e somago gabotse, kudu kudu: (a) dibopego tseo di kopantswego, tshomisano ya dikgoro le tshomisano ya mafapha tseo di nago le thekgo ya tshelete ye e lekanego e bile e le ye ntsi; (b) phihlelelo go o mongwe le o mongwe go ditheo tseo di ikemego tsa kahlolo tseo di nago le maatla a mafelelo a go ahlola dingangisano tsa tshireletso ya leago, ka ditsela tsa go se bitse tshelete ya godimo, ka potlako le gona ka tsela e botse le gona ka ditshepediso tse dinnyane tsa semmuso; (c) kabo ya go se fele ya tshireletso ya leago yeo e kopantswego le molao wa ekonomi; (d) dihlopha tseo di lego kotsing di tla bewa pele ka go kabo ya mehola ya tshireletso ya leago; (e) ka ntle le tshomiso ya dibopego tse tharo tsa bosetshaba le tsa selete, maitapiso a mangwe le a mangwe a swanetse go dirwa go akaretsa setshaba le ditho tseo e sego tsa mmuso bjalo ka NGO's le CBO's ka go tlhamo, phethagatso le tlhokomelo ya dipholisi tsa tshireletso ya leago; le (f) tlhokomelo yeo e kaonafaditswego le taolo ye botse ya dibopego tseo di ikemego go tswa go baabi ba tshireletso ya leago go dira bonnete bja gore go na le tshireletso ya maloko, go tsea diphetho ka go ikema le peeletso e botse, magareng ga dinyakwa tse dingwe."75
Go tswelapele, Molao o nyaka dinagamaloko le dibopego tsa maleba tsa SADC go hloma mekgwa ya tshepediso mo maemong a bosetshaba le a SADC go hlokomela kobamelo yeo e tswelago pele ya ditlhagiso tsa yona.76 O laetsa ICM go hloma Komiti ya go Ikema ya Ditsebi (komiti) ka mo go dibopego tsa maleba tsa SADC77 . Mosomo wa komiti ke go "hlokomela kobamelo ya Molao le go dira ditigelo go dibopego tsa maleba tsa SADC le dibopego tsa go swana le tsona tsa bosetshaba go phihlelelo ya ditlhagiso tsa wona tseo di tswelago pele."78 Komiti e swanetse go bopa maloko ao a sego ka fase ga a supa e bile ao a sa fetego a lesomepedi79. Maloko a yona a bewa ka bowona e bile e swanetse go ba batho bao ba nago le botshephegi le botsebi bjo bo bonalago bja maleba.80 Ba swanetse go bewa gatee mo sebakeng sa mengwaga e tshela seo se ka mpshafatswago.81 Ge go bewa maloko, go swanetse go tlhokomelwa dirwa go dira bonnete bja gore go na le kemedi ya go lekana ge go lebelelwa mabaka a bong, go se itekanele mmeleng, lefapha la tsebo le phatlalatso ye e katologilego go ya le ka lefelo.82
Kgopolo ya Komiti ya go Ikema ya Ditsebi ga se ya moswananosi mo go Molao. E ka hwetswa gape ka go Lengwalo la Tumelelo ya Leago la Yuropa (1961). Molao ga o bolele ka ditlamorago tsa tlamo tsa dikutollo tsa komiti. Go tswela pele, ga go molaleng gore magato afe goba afe a kgalemo a ka bewa kgahlanong le nagaleloko yeo e palelwago ke go latela dikobamelo tseo di bewago ke Molao. Le ge go le bjalo, go a belaetsa gore go ka ba le magato afe goba afe a kgalemo ao Molao o nago le ona bjalo ka ge e le molao o boleta.
7Morumo Kakaretso
Temana e sekasekile ka tlhokomelo gore Molao o leka bjang go hlama ditsela tsa go kwagala tsa tshireletso ya leago ka mo seleteng sa SADC. E file sedi ya go ikgetha go mokgwa wo o amogetswego ke Molao ka go maitapiso a yona a go nyaka go sogana le ditaba tsa maleba bjalo ka tokelo go tshireletso ya leago, tlhako ya tshireletso ya leago, le dikotsi tsa leago gammogo le dihlopha tseo di lego kotsing le magoro a batho bao ba sireleditswego. E ile ya ela hloko gore rekoto ya tiiso ya dinagamaloko tsa SADC a dikwano tsa bjale tsa semmuso ka go lefapha la tshireletso ya leago ga di kgotsofatse. Go ya ka maleba, dinagamaloko di swanetse go hlohleletswa go tiisetsa didiriswa tse bohlokwa tse. Sa bobedi, magato a thibelo le kopanyo ke setho le karolo ya tsela ya tshireletso ya leago. Ka gona, boipiletso bja Molao gore go tsenywe dikgato tse bo swanetse go amogelwa. Go tswelapele, kgohlaganyo ya tshireletso ya leago ke karolo e bohlokwa ya kopanyo ya selete le tokologo ya mosepelo wa basomi le go batho. Go fihla mo, ditlhagiso ka gare ga Molao tseo di lebisitswego go ditaba tse di tlile ka nako e botse. La bofelo, Molao ga o tleme motho ka semolao. Le ge go le bjalo, kamogelo ya wona e a retwa ka lebaka la gore ke kgato e botse go kaonafatso ya ditsela tsa tshireletso ya leago ka mo seleteng sa SADC seo bogolo bja sona tlhabollo e lego fase e bile, go maemo a mangwe, tlhabollo e fase kudu.
1 Lebelela Post-ICM Media Briefing Statement 2007-06-16 Windhoek, Namibia - e hweditswe mo go http://www.sadc.int.
2Temana ya 3 ya Molao wa Tshireletso ya Leago ka mo go Ditshaba tseo di Hlabologago ka mo Afrika ya ka Borwa.
3 Olivier le Mpedi "Co-ordination and integration of social security in the SADC region: Developing the social dimension of economic co-operation and integration" 2003 Journal for Juridical Science 10 mo go 12.
4Idem mo go 13.
5 Ibid.
6Temana ya 4(1) ya Molao.
7Bjalo ka Income Security Recommendation (1944), Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) le International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966).
8 Lebelela, mohlala, s 27(1) (c) ya Molaotheo wa Repabliki ya Afrika Borwa, 1996.
9Lebelela Eichenhofer Social Security Reform and the Law ka mo go Pieters (ed) Confidence and Changes: Managing Social Protection in the New Millennium (2001) 237; Schulte Legal Protection of Social Benefits and Expectancies - Social Rights under International and National Lawka mo go Kremalis (ed) Simplification and Systematisation of Social Protection Rules continued on next page (1996) 137; Craven The International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights: A Perspective on its Development (1995); Van Langendonck The Right to Social Security and Allied Rights ka mo go Ruland et al (eds) Verfassung, Theorie und Praxis des Sozialstaats (1998) 477; le Perrin "The recognition of the right to social protection as a human right" 1985 Labour & Society'239.
10 Temana ya 1(5) ya Molao.
11 Temana ya 1(4) ya Molao.
12 Ibid.
13 Ibid.
14 Temana ya 4(2) ya Molao.
15 Temana ya 4(3) ya Molao.
16 Javillier J-C "The impact of international social security standards" Letlakala leo le abilwego mo go Conference on the ISSA Initiative, Vancouver, Canada 2002-09-10 to 12.
17 Temana ya 4(4) ya Molao.
18 Ibid.
19 Temana ya 2(2)(b) ya Molao.
20 Temana ya 20(1) ya Molao.
21Temana ya 20(2) ya Molao.
22 Temana ya 20(3) ya Molao
23 Temana ya 20(4) ya Molao.
24 Temana ya 5(1) ya Molao.
25 Temana ya 5(2) ya Molao.
26 Ibid.
27Ibid.
28Temana ya 5(3) ya Molao.
29 Temana ya 6(1)) ya Molao.
30 Lebelela Mpedi Redesigning the South African Unemployment Protection System: A Socio-LegalInquiry (2006) 61-147.
31 Temana ya 6(2) ya Molao.
32 Temana ya 6(3)) ya Molao.
33 Temana ya 6(4) ya Molao.
34 Temana ya 6(5) ya Molao.
35 Temana ya 6(6) ya Molao.
36 Mpedi "Indirect social security" ka mo go Olivier et al (eds) Social Security: A Legal Analysis(2003) 537.
37 Ibid557 n 106.
38Lebelela, mohlala, Olivier le Dekker "Informal social security" ka mo go Olivier et al (2003) 562; Kaseke "Informal social security in Eastern and Southern Africa" Letlakala le abilwe go SADC Social Security Conference, Johannesburg, Afrika Borwa, 17-19 Diphalane 2001; Freiberg-Strauss Social Security for the Poor - Options and Experiences (1999) 3; le Gsanger "Linking informal and formal social security systems" Deutsche Stiftung fur Internationale Entwicklung- e hweditse mo go http://www.dse.de/ef/social/ gsaenger.htm. Lebelela, go tswela pele ka go bala ka ga kgopolo ya tshireletso ya leago yeo e sego ya semmuso, Van Ginneken (ed) Social Security for the Excluded Majority: Case Studies of Developing Countries (1999); Devereux S 'Making Less Last Longer': Informal Safety Nets in Malawi (Institute of Development Studies Discussion Paper 373 (1999)); Dercon "Safety nets, savings and informal social security systems in crisis-prone economies" Letlakala le abilwe mo go Annual Bank Conference on Development Economics in Europe, Paris, 21 - 23 Ngwatobosego 1999; Subarro Namibia's Social Safety Net: Issues and Options for Reform (Policy Research Working Paper (1996)); McDonald et al Income Distribution, Informal Safety Nets, and Social Expenditures in Uganda (International Monetary Fund Working Paper (1996)); Clu le Gupta "Social safety nets in economic reform" ka mo go Clu le Gupta (eds) Social Safety Nets: Issues and Recent Experiences (International Monetary Fund (1998)) 7 mo go 27; Ahmad "Protecting the vulnerable: Social security and public policy" ka mo go Lipton le Van der Gaag (eds) Including the Poor(World Bank (1993)) 359 mo go 364-366; Platteau "Traditional systems of social security and hunger insurance: Past achievements and modern challenges" ka mo go Ahmad et al (eds) Social Security in Developing Countries (1991) 112; Von Braun "Social security in sub-Saharan Africa: Reflections on policy challenges" ka mo go Ahmad et al(1991) 395 mo go 406-410; Ahmad "Social security and the poor: Choices for developing countries" (1991) 6 World Bank Research Observer105 mo go 111-112; le Von Benda-Beckmann et al(eds) Between Kinship and the State: Social Security and Law in Developing Countries
(1988).
39 Olivier et al "Formulating an integrated social security response -Perspectives on developing links between informal and formal social security in SADC region" Letlakala le abilwe mo go EGDI-WIDER Conference on Unlocking Human Potential Linking the Informal and Formal Sectors, Helsinki, 2004-09-17 to 18.
40 Temana ya 20(3) ya Molao.
41 Temana ya 7 ya Molao.
42Temana ya 8 ya Molao.
43 Temana ya 9 ya Molao.
44 Temana ya 10 ya Molao.
45 Temana ya 11 ya Molao.
46 Temana ya 12 ya Molao.
47 Temana ya 7(8) ya Molao.
48 Temana ya 11(2) ya Molao.
49Temana ya 11(3) ya Molao.
50SADC ka kakaretso ke selete seo se homotsego kudu. Le ge go le bjalo, go no le karolo tsa dintwa tseo di itemogelago ke dinagamaloko tsa go swana le Democratic Republic of the Congo le seemo sa ka Zimbabwe (seo se hlotsego ke lenaneo la kabolefsa ya naga leo le bego le tletse ka dingangisano leo le phethagaditswego ka 2000) se sa tekateka. Lebelela Olivier le Kalula "Regional social security" ka mo go Olivier et al (eds) Social Security: A Legal Analysis (2003) 655; Centre for International and Comparative Labour and Social Security Law le Institute of Development and Labour Law Developing and Integrated and Inclusive Framework for Social Protection in SADC (Centre for International and Comparative Labour and Social Security Law le Institute of Development and Labour Law (2003)); Taylor "Social protection challenges in southern Africa" (2001) 2 Cooperation South 49; Fultz le Pieris Social Security Schemes in Southern Africa: An Overview and Proposals for Future Development (ILO/SAMAT (1999)); le Von Benda-Beckmann le Kirsch "Informal security systems in Southern Africa and approaches to strengthen them through public policy measures" - yeo e hweditswego mo go http://www.gtz.de.
51SADC e hloile ke dikotsi tsa tlhago bjalo ka mafula le komelelo.
52Temana ya 14(1) ya Molao.
53Temana ya 14(2) ya Molao.
54Temana ya 14(3) ya Molao.
55Temana ya 13(1) ya Molao.
56 Temana ya 16(2) ya Molao.
57 Temana ya 16(3) ya Molao.
58 Temana ya 16(6) ya Molao.
59Temana ya 16(8) ya Molao.
60Temana ya 16(9) ya Molao.
61 Songuemas "Social security and indigenous institutions in African societies" (1967) 3 African Social Security Series 18 ka mo go 20; le Isizoh "African traditional religions: One stereotype less" (2003) 4 African Societies - e hweditswe mo go http://www.africansocieties.org/n4/eng/chidi.htm.
62 Folbre Women and Social Security in Latin America, the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan Africa (International Labour Office (1993)) 6.
63Lebelela, mohlala, Unemployment Insurance Act 63 of 2001 (Afrika Borwa). Lebelela gape, go bala go tswelapele,
64 Isizoh (2003) 4 African Societies - e hweditswe mo go www.africansocieties.org/n4/eng/chidi.htm.
65 Lebelela, mohlala, Ijere "Indigenous African social security as a basis for future planning - the case of Nigeria" (1967) 2 African Social Security Series 11 mo go 27. Lebelela gape Segre "Family stability, social classes and values in traditional and industrial societies" 1975 Journal of Marriage and the Family431 mo go 431-432.
66 Temana ya 15(1) ya Molao.
67Temana ya 15(2) ya Molao.
68 Ibid.
70 Temana ya 17(2) ya Molao.
71Temana ya 17(3) ya Molao.
72 Temana ya 17(4) ya Molao.
73Temana ya 19(1) ya Molao.
74 Temana ya 19(2) ya Molao.
75 Temana ya 21(1) ya Molao.
76Temana ya 21(2) ya Molao.
77Temana ya 21(3) ya Molao.
78Ibid.
79Temana ya 21(4) ya Molao.
80Temana ya 21(5) ya Molao.
81Temana ya 21(7) ya Molao.
82 Temana ya 21(6) ya Molao.
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