So neɗɗo laaɓndanooma no foti liɗɗi ngoni e maayo walla no foti leɗɗe tawatee nder foonde, o jaggiratnoo ɗee laaɓnde ko gaanti payka, o ƴeewtindoo no feewi ko moggaa caggal majje. Ngati e nder payka ko ko moggaa koo jaabetee. Kono noon ɗoo, en mbaɗaani payka. Laaɓndal men ngal ko laaɓtungal, timmungal, hay huunde moggaaka e maggal ; no ngal fotiri nii ko noon ngal woori. Ngaan saanga noon, waɗɗiima en sakkude peeje ŋellitiiɗe ngam jaabtaade ngal no ɓuri laaɓtirde. E ndee winndannde maa en taf feere jaabtorde, njaltinen alkulal ɓurngal huutoreede he Pulaar. Maa en njawtu ɗoon nii, kolliten dewngal heen ngal. Njawten ɗoon gaa, ndokken doggol alkule ɗee fof gila ɓurɗe huutoreede haa e ɓurɗe famɗude ko kuutoraa. Maa en ndokku artere (Farayseere wiyata fréquence) kala heen alkulal. Artere ko ɓeto tolno kuutoragol alkulal e tonngol limoore.
Paamen laaɓndal ngal:
Ko adii fof paamen tigi rigi ko ndaartaten ko. En ngonaani e yiɗde anndude alkule ɓurɗe waawde taweede e kelmeendi Pulaar. So tawiino ko ɗum weeɓatno sanne. Ngati en mbinndatno kelme Pulaar ɗee fof, heddoo eɗen lima. So en kaljitii njerondiren, keɓen ko njiylatono-ɗen koo.
Alaa. Wonaa ɗum njiɗ-ɗen anndude. Njiɗ-ɗen anndude ko hol alkule ɓuri huutoreede. Ɗum noon ko laaɓndal ceertungal e gadanal ngal no feewi. Ƴeewiren ɗum ooɗoo yeru : mbiyen wonde won ɗemngal maaniwal, inniren ngal Mulaar, jogingal ɗee kelme joyi tan : aaɓaɗi, ŋaaɓaɗi, faaɓaɗi, ñekel, jekel.
So en njiɗii jaabaade laaɓndal gadanal ngal, hono hol alkule ɓuri waawde taweede e Mulaar, maa en keɓ ngolɗoo doggol: a(9), ɓ(3), ɗ(3), e(4), f(1), i(3), j(1), k(2), l(2), ñ(1), ŋ(1). Wadde alkule Mulaar ngonata ko 11. Alkulal “a” ɓuri taweede heen (laaɓi 9), rewa heen “e” (laabi 4), jokkira noon.
Jooni noon so en ngaranii laaɓndal ɗiɗmal ngal, woni goƴngal en he ndee winndannde ngal; so en njiɗii anndude hol alkule Mulaar ɓuri waawde huutoreede ; alaa e sago ngannden hol goowaaɗe Haal-Mulaar en. Hol fannuuji nguurndam ɓuri jaalaade to maɓɓe ? Hol golle ɓe ɓuri soobaade e mum en ? Nde tawnoo ɗum maa battin e kuutoragol kelme ɗee; so tawii ko ɓe wayluɓe, ɓe ɓurata ko huutoraade kelme mbayla. Wadde ko alkule taweteeɗe e ɗeen kelme ngonata ɓurɗe huutoreede to maɓɓe.
Njaggen wonde Haal-Mulaar en ko wayluɓe, etee kelme toɗɗiiɗe mbayla ko “ñekel” e “jekel”, tawi ɗeya tati toɗɗii ko awo. Oon sahaa, e nder renndo maɓɓe, ina hasii alkulal “e” ngal ɓura waawde huutoreede. Hay so noon e nder ɗemngal Mulaar hee fof ko “a” ɓuri taweede heen. So en ƴeewtiima nii keeweendi “e” e nder Mulaar wonaani hay ɗiɗaɓal keeweendi “a”!
En paamii wadde hol no laaɓndal goƴngal en ɗoo ngal siforii, e no ngal saɗtiri…
Kuule limoore ndee
Jooni noon njoñen ɗaa Mulaar oo, ngarten e Pulaar oo. Ɓayri en nganndii ko ƴeewaten, miijto-ɗen hol no ƴeewirten ɗum. Mate en njahat eɗen cunnoo goowaaɗe yimɓe, eɗen cuɓtoo kelme toɗɗiiɗe ɗeen goowaaɗe, limen alkule mum en ? So en mbaɗii ɗum, hol ko anndinta yimɓe hakkunde kelme ɗe ngoowaandi huutortoo ɗee, hol heen ɓurɗe huutoreede ? Ngol-ɗoon laawol nanndaani e jumtungol !
So en njiɗii anndude kelme ɗe ƴeewaten ɗee, en kuutorto mbinnditaari (litterature) Pulaar ndii, hono kuuɓal binndi binndiraaɗi ɗemngal Pulaar. Nde tawnoo ndiin mbinnditaari ko daarorgal ngoowaandi nguuraandi renndo ngoo, wadde ina hoolnii tuugnaade e mayri. E yeru, nde yimɓe njiɗnoo anndude kelme ɓurde huutoreede e Engeleere, ƴettaa ko kala ko Ceksipiir winndunoo, limiraa ɗum. Nde tawnoo mbinnditaari Ceksipiir ko njaajndi, huuɓnundi ngoowaandi renndo ngoon ɗoon.
En paamorii kisa wonde, eɗen mbaawi tan suɓtaade e mbinnditaari Pulaar ndii binndi seeɗa jonɗo ɗi kuutoroyto-ɗen. Won kuule Hiisiwal (nder senngo Denrentiwal, hono Statistiques) gaddatooɗo kisgol golle ɗee, so tawii oon seeɗa suɓiraama no haaniri nii. Ko ndeen feere ƴettaten ɗoo.
En cuɓiima wadde e nder mbinnditaari Pulaar binndanɗe jeetati ɗeeɗoo :
1. Deftere “Doosɗe Pulaar” nde Abuu Sih ;
2. Winndannde “Won ko en keɓaano haalde e Alhajji Maamuudu Bah” nde Njaay Saydu Aamadu ;
3. Ngardiindi deftere “Wullaango Boolumbal” nde Murtuɗo Joob
4. Winndannde “Baydi Kacce Paam e Abel Sander (2)” nde Aamadu Umaar Jah ;
5. Yimre “Lenngi Goonga” nde Bookar Aamadu Bah ;
Pawtu-mi e ɗee joyi, binndanɗe am tati :
– Konngol ommbitirgol lowre enternet “Njanngen, Njannginen” ;
- Winndannde “Muritani kam ko nii tan ɗaccirtee? ”
- Winndannde “Limoral faruwal”.
E nder ɗee binndanɗe jeetati, ina tawee ɗemɗiwal, nganndineeje, dawrugol, joljole, coñce, daartol, diine, ko jiidaa e jubbanɗe mooltotooɗe e binndi hee tawa ɓuri heeroreede ko e fannuuji goɗɗi. Ko ɗee binndanɗe limaten alkule mumen, alkulal fof dardoo e artere mum, mbaawen yerondirde ɗee garte, njaltinen heen jaabtawol laaɓndal ngal. Ngati ngannden hol alkule ɓuri huutoreede he Pulaar, e hol no foti ɗe kuutortee.
Artere alkulal hiisotoo ko keeweendi peeñgol alkulal ngal, hono gartal maggal e nder binndi hee.
Ƴetten yeru helmere “Winndannde” ndee. Ende loowi alkule joyi “a,d,e,i,n,w”. Njuuteendi mayre ko keeweendi alkule tafɗe nde ɗee : wadde njuuteendi ndii ko 10. Alkulal “a” ngal arti heen ko lawol gootol, wadde artere “a” nder helmere he ko 1/10. Ɗum ina waawi tonngeede e mbaadi nderteemeyri (nderteemeere = pourcentage), keɓen 10 %. Mbiyen wadde artere “a” ko 10 %. So alaa luural eɗen mbaawi tan winndude 10. Hono noon ne artere “d” ko 20%, artere “e” ko 10%, artere “i” ko 10%, artere “n” ko 40%, artere “w” ko 10%. Fofof so renndinaama keɓen ko tijjaa koo, hono 100%.
Ko hono ngooɗoo silo mbaɗanten faandu-almuudu loowndu binndanɗe jeetati limtu-ɗen dow ɗee. Ɗum noon potndee toni mon, keblon gite mon, hoto mo maji saka telɓa, ko en limooɓe ɗee capanɗe ujannaaje alkule loowiiɗe e nduu faandu fattamlamiiru.
Feere limgol ngol:
En kebinooma limde alkule, cuɓen ceernden gootal kala dardoo e artere mum mbele goonga oo ina feeña tawa alaa guli. Kono noon won caɗeele ngoni ɗoo : keeweendi alkule nder faandu men nduu ɓurii teemedere ujunere ! Wadde limtaade heen alkule ɗee tawa ina seerndi ɗe ko golle keewɗe, laaɓndiiɗe yaajeende mawnde, etee juume njommbaani, teeŋti noon caggal nde njetti-ɗaa hedde alkulal battowal capanɗe jeeɗiɗi e tati ujunere e teemedde jeenay e capanɗe jeetati e jeegom ngal ! E ndaɓɓa, ko ɗum gagga mawɗo!
Ko ɗoon pooɗaten ordinateer, oon daabaa ina heewi doole no feewi. So o famminaama gollal jiɗangal waɗeede ngal, o gasnata ɗum ko e majaango yitere. Ina woodi noon ɗemɗe ɗe ordinateeruuji nanata, heen gootal ne wiyee Python. Ko e ngaal ɗemngal mbinndu-mi nelal ngal. Mi holla on ɗoo no ɓatakuru ndu siforii :
E ko ɓuri raɓɓiɗde, mi loow heen faandu men binndi ndu, koolkisii-mi ittude heen kala ko wonaa alkulal (hono jelirɗe goɗɗe, picce, toɓɓe e hono ɗum). Mbaɗ-mi pinndol ganndinoowol kelme jiilateeɗe, limowol garte ɗe, hiisoo ɗum, kadi feññina ɗum e mbaadi doggol. Woni les-ɗoo ko njeñtudi ndii. E nder ɗee kaatumeeje ko alkule ɗee mbinndaa, waɗaa e les kala alkulal artere mum.
Tesko-ɗen wonde mi hiisaaki alkule ɗeeɗoo “mb, nd, nj, ng”; nde tawnoo heen fof ko alkule ɗiɗi goodɗe cosi ɗum. E nder ciyni baawɗi tijjaneede golle ɗeeɗoo ko alkule gootoline ɗee tan katojinaa, ɗeya njiyratee ko hono ɗiɗi e majje nii. Haa mbaɗen sirlisilowal (hono Cryptanalyse, ganndal coƴƴugol pinle e sirluuji), maa ɗum ɓur laaɓtude !
Wadde en njiyii ko “a” ardii, artere mum ko 14,33%. Rewi heen “e”, 11,32%. Jokkiri noon.
Woni les-ɗoo ko pataral (hono, histogramme). Pataral ina ɓura waawde feññinde jerondiral hakkunde garte ɗee. Eɗen mbaawi kadi huutoraade kofol les-ɗoo ngol, ngam ɓuren heɓindaade jippo-ŋabbo ngoo, hono mbaylaandi ummaade e alkulal faya e dewooje heen ɗee. Ko ɓuri toowde fof ɓuri huutoreede !
Faandu men nduu loownoo ko alkule 125 078 (teemedere e noogaas e joy ujunere e capanɗe jeeɗiɗi e jeetati).
Won ko mi haalaani tawo. ɗee-ɗoo garte jaltuɗe, eɗe njogii tiiɗndam cattuɗam. Hay so ɗe ndimmbinaama ɗe njanataa! Ngati nde ceerndu-mi binndanɗe jeetati ɗee, mbaɗ-mi binndol fof bannge, ƴeewndii-mi ɗum, yalti kadi ko garte tolniiɗe ɗoon. Etee kala heen winndannde ina seerti e woɗnde ndee njuuteendi e fannu yeewtere. Ɗum heɓii haawde mi no feewi. Ko tiiɗndam teskiniiɗam woni ɗoon!
Teskuya ngoɗka ka mbaaw-ɗen waɗde ko dow alkule tati ɓurɗe waasde huutoreede ɗee: ñ (0,40%), ŋ (0, 30%) e ƴ (0,19%). Ɗoon ɗo nder ujunnaaje sappo (10000) alkulal kuutorangal fof, alkulal “a” ina yalta heen laabi 1433, alkulal “ƴ” yaltata heen tan ko laabi 19, ŋ yalta heen laabi 30, ñ yalta heen laabi 40. Ɗee-ɗoo kelme tati mbayi kono kuutoraaka nii e Pulaar, so yerondiraama e kelme goɗɗe ɗee. Kono kadi alkule “c, p, f, b” ina mbetti-mi no feewi e pamaram kuutorogol mumen.
Jooni noon, en njaabtiima laaɓndal men. En kollii heen hay goɗɗum. Tesko-ɗen tan wonde so en ƴettii kuuɓe goɗɗe binndi ina waawi limoore garte ɗe ndirta seeɗa, kono fakittaa haa ko ina wayla doggol ngol no feewi. Kelme ɗe garte mumen ɓadondiri ɗoo no feewi ina mbaawi waamtondirde so binndi goɗɗi ƴettaama; sabu eɗe mbaawi waawotirde. Kono kam waɗataa heen ko ina waklita miijo ngo keɓ-ɗen e silo hee ngoo. Ngoon ko ko fanndi.
Muhammadu Faalil Sih
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