Nelson Manndelaa
Nelson Rolihlahla Manndelaa lollirɗo Madibaa mo winndere ndee kala woyata hannde oo, pollunooɗo laamuyel paltoor to Afrik worgo, welditini ɓesngu mum, jibinaa ko ñalnde 18 sulyee 1918; o faatii ko ñalnde 5 desaambar 2013 to Johanesburg, woni o wuurii duuɓi 95 (heen 27 e lebbi 6 e balɗe 6 ko e kasoo.) O ɓuri lollirde ko darnde makko ngam rimɗinde e haɓaade senndindiral leƴƴi to Afrik Worgo hono ko anndiraa apartaayd woni njuɓɓudi politik tuugiindi e ceerndugol eddaaji leƴƴi.
Nelson Manndelaa naati e parti biyeteeɗo African National Congress (ko anndiraa ANC) ko e hitaande 1944. Naatni mo heen ko yiɗde haɓaade njiimaandi e senndindiral leƴƴi anndiraangal innde apartayd ngal raneeɓe tabitintunoo toon e leydi hee.
Caggal nde o janngi haa o woni awokaa, o tawti hare yamyamre luundiinde doosɗe apartaayd lelnunoo tuggude hitaande 1948. E hitaande 1951 ko Olivier Tambo e Nelson Manndelaa ngoni ɓaleeɓe idiiɓe wonde awokaaji e Johanesburg. E hitaande 1952 Manndelaa noddi ‘’defiance campaign’’, woni ‘’kampaañ salaare’’ laabi sariya senndindiral leƴƴi, keɓɗo kaaɗtudi ñalnde 6 abriil 1952, ñalngu ngu raneeɓe Afrik worgo cosnoo wuro Cap ngoo ; ko ina tolnoo e ujunnaaje jeetati ceppoowo nanngaa (ina heen Manndelaa ). Laamu nguu wayli sariya jowitiiɗo e kisal yimɓe (public safety act mo 1953) ngam yamirde jowgol wellitaare heeriinde e ardoraade leydi ndii jamirooje, Manndelaa fawaa kuugal jowal (sursis) lebbi jeenay kasoo, haɗaa tawtoreede batuuji e yaltude galle mum to Johanesurg. Nii woni o yaaɓani yuɓɓinde goomuuji ANC e suuɗaare. Ooɗoo kampaañ addani ANC faggaade terɗe kese, ɓaleeɓe e Iñnjee'en e raneeɓe, nde tawnoo dillere ndee tuugaaki e leñamleñamaagal. Ko e ngaal ɗoo daawal Albert Lutuli ardinaa ANC, mooɓondiral jooɗii ngam lelnude dabi dillere luundiinde apartaayd. Oon sahaa Manndelaa e Olivier Tambo ina ngardii kabine awokaaji Manndelaa & Tambo ngam heedande ɓaleeɓe ɓe mbaawaa yoɓde fereeji awokaaji.
Ɓe ndaranii kadi renndinde doole maɓɓe e ɗe parti kominist leydi ndii. Oon sahaa noon ko sariya biyeteeɗo «Suppression communist act » ko nii siforii kominist : “kala jiyliiɗo waɗde mbayliigu politik walla faggudu, walla renndo rewrude e peeje ɗe ndewaani laawol”. Ndaa laawol toon e oon sahaa ko laawol senndindiral leƴƴi e kiiɗal ɓaleeɓe. Kamɓe fof haɓtoraade ndeen fenaande peeje jamyame, haɗaani Manndelaa e capanɗe njoyo e jeegomo woɗɓe nanngeede ñalnde 5 desaambar 1956 e takkeede jamfa. Caggal ñaawoore juutnde (1957-1961), ɓe ngoppitaa, caggal ɗuum ɓe laɓɓinaa.
Tuggi 1952 haa 1959, ANC, e gardagol Albert Lutuli e Olivier Tambo e Walter Sisulu, ngam arditaade dille leñameeje ɓaleeɓe, tiiɗtinii jokkondiral mum e pellon politik raneeɓe, e leƴƴi goɗɗi ko nanndi e iñnjee'en. Yoga e ɓeen leñameeɓe njalti ANC e hitaande 1959 ngam sosde fedde wiyeteende Congrès panafricain (PAC) e gardagol e Robert Sobukwe.
Ko ndeen Fedde PAC noddunoo diinno ngam salaade jaajtingol kuule « paaspoor nder leydi » e rewɓe. Poliseeji pelli ɓe, mbari 79 neɗɗo, ngaañi ko ina ɓura 140 neɗɗo. Woni ko anndiraa warngo Shaperville. Ɗum waɗnoo ko ñalnde 21 marse 1960. Ko ndeen laamu apartaayd felliti haɗde ANC e PAC.
Caggal nde hare yamyamre ndee ronki jibinde huunde memotoonde, Manndelaa sosani fedde ndee konu (catal koninkeewal) hono Umkhonto we Sizwe (Labbo Ngenndi) e hitaande 1961. Ndeen fedde waɗii golle sabotaas mahaaɗe buur walla koninkooje, bonni ɗum en.
Manndelaa jagga ñalnde 5 ut 1962. Jaggi mo ko polis leydi ndii, e dow jamminoore CIA. O ñaawaa kasoo gonduɗo e golle mbaawnoor kaaɗdi nguurndam, ñaawoore yannde ñalnde 12 suwee 1964. Ndeen ñaawoore anndiraa ko ñaawoore Rivonia. Ko ndeen Manndelaa wiynoo : « Mbaɗ-mi nguurndam am fof ko e haɓanaade ɓesngu Afrik. Mi haɓii e njiimaandi raneeɓe, mi haɓii e njiimaandi ɓaleeɓe. Yiɗde am ɓurnde tiiɗde ko renndo rimɗungo, demokaraasiiwo ɗo yimɓe nguurdi e mbelemma tawa ina poti fartaŋŋeeji. Miɗo ɗaminii wuurde ko juuti ngam yottaade ɗoon. Kono, miɗo heɓanii waasde nguurndam am ngam yottaade ndeen yiɗde so ina jojji. »
Ko tuugi ndeen o fuɗɗii lollude, hare maɓɓe fuɗɗii anndeede e winndere ndee kala, yimɓe e leyɗe mbaɗti wallitde ɓe.
Ñaawoore Rivonia waɗi ko hakkunde oktoobar 1963 e suwee 1964. Ko hoohooɓe ANC 10 ñaawetenoo ɗoon : Nelson Manndelaa, Walter Sisulu, Ahmed Kathrada, Govan Mbeki, Dennis Goldberg, Raymon Mhlaba, Lionel Bernstein, James Kantor, Elias Motsoaledi e Andrew Mlangeni. Ina jeyaa e ko ɓe njooɓtoranoo kadi jaɓɓugol sariya kaɗɗo marucaagu. Caggal kasoo muusɗo, juutɗo, sibu ko duuɓi 27 e lebbi 6 e balɗe jeegom haa njahdi e naange. O woppitaa, no nganndir-ɗen ko ñalnde 11 feebariyee 1990.
Manndelaa sokanoo ko e duunde ina wiyee Robben Island. Tonngoode makko kasoo ko 46664. O waɗii toon duuɓi 18, omo gollinee e kariyeer lasoo, aɓe kela kaaƴe… Heewɓe e maɓɓe ñawii toon sabu punndi e naange. Nguurndam toon ina muusnoo sanne. Hay e nder kasoo hee, raneeɓe ko bannge, ɓaleeɓe ko bannge mum en mbaɗaa. Sokaaɓe ngam miijooji mum'en, hono Manndelaa'en, ko seerndaaɓe e sokaaɓe ngam warhoore.
Kasoo Robben Island waɗiraa kadi ko helde gerñe dummbaaɓe toon ɓee. Kono, ɗum ɓeydi ko tiiɗtinde fiɓnde Manndelaa. E wiyde Ahmed Kathrada mo o sokdanoo toon, Manndelaa, ko woni toon koo fof, meeɗaa jaɓde ɓurnaneede : wonaa to bannge golle, wonaa to bannge comci, tee, kala ko heddiiɓe ɓee ummanii, ko e mum'en o wondi, ko wayi no geddude (riiwtude) ñaamde. O meeɗaa jaɓde ɗooftaade yiɗde gardeeɓe wonduɓe e maɓɓe ɓee noddireede “baas”, woni “patroŋ”. Yoga e jagge ANC ɓurɓe mawnude, jaɓataano haaldude walla nii ƴeewde reenooɓe ɗum'en ɓee, kono Manndelaa kañum ƴeewatno ɓe, ina sunnoo jikkuuji maɓɓe. Ko ɗum addani mo faamde Afrikaaneer'en ɓee ina ngondi e kulol ɓaleeɓe ɓee salaade renndeede laamu so ngu artii e juuɗe mum'en, mbiya ina njoftoo e maɓɓe kamɓe e ɓesnguuji maɓɓe. Ko e kasoo o janngi ɗemngal Afrikaan, ngam ɓeydaade waawde faamde hakilantaagal maɓɓe e waawde haaldude e maɓɓe. To oon bannge omo luurdi e ANC jaggirɗo Afrikaneer'en no koloñaal'en nii. E miijo makko ɓeen ko afriknaaɓe no heddiiɓe ɓee fof nii ; ɗee jiile ina njeyaa e ko addani mo jogaade hakkille maslahaa, naftuɗo no feewi e kaaldigal dewngal heen ngal.
Ko Alla e hare maɓɓe e tiiɗgol fiɓnde maɓɓe, yantude e ballal winndere ndee, addani ɓe dañde poolgu. Eɗen mbaawi siftinde joljole maantinɗe e nder ɗuum :
Ñalnde 6 desaambar 1971 batu kuftodinngu Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe yaltini hawraande jaggitoore Apartaayd no war-hoore neɗɗaagu. E darorɗe 1976 laamu nguu wiyi ina woppita mo e sarɗi omo hoɗoya Transkei. O salii.
16 suwee 1976 sukaaɓe Sowetoo pinni ngam salaade waawneede janngude ɗemngal Afrikaneer en, konu apartaayd soori e maɓɓe kure, sukaaɓe heewɓe colɓitii ñalnde heen. Steve Biko mawɗo fedde « conscience noire » sankii e septaambar 1977 Alla e piggal polis.
E oktoobar ndeen hitaande Goomu Kisal Fedde Ngenndiije ƴetti hawraande 417 « seyfitoore laamu añamngureewu Afrik worgo », ɗaɓɓi kadi goppitgol denndaangal « yimɓe sokraaɓe sabu laabi fenaande kisal Dowla », hollitoore « luundagol mum apartaayd ».
Hawraande 418 ƴettaande e lewru noowammbar haɗi njeeygu kaɓirɗe feewde Afrik worgo (ammbargo).
Nelson Manndelaa e huunde e yahdiiɓe njoñaa, hay gooto yottotaako ɗum'en, wonaa hay jaaynde, kala kaalɗo ko faati e maɓɓe, haɗee yaltude. Gila o naati kasoo, ko e 1979 (duuɓi 15 caggal nde o nanngaa) yitere fawtii e jom-suudu makko, hono Winnii naatnooɗo kasoo kam ne.
E lewru marse 1982 Manndelaa faatinaa kasoo gooɗo (Pollsmoor), saraaji wuro CAP. Ina wiyee ko ngam woɗɗitinde mo sukaaɓe hesɓe soketeeɓe toon ɓee, sibu tawi kasoo waɗtii noddireede « iniwersitee Manndelaa » . Kono ardiiɓe laamu apartaayd e oon sahaa mbiyi, waɗi mo ɓallitineede ɗoon ko mbele ina newna jokkondiral cuuɗingal (kaaldigal) e makko.
Ko waawnoo heen wonde fof, e lewru feebariyee 1985, Pieter Willem Botha, felliti yaltinde Manndelaa wondude e sarɗi ANC ina woppa hare njogitaari. Kono ndeen, ministeruuji makko ɗii fof calinooma ɗuum. Kono ɓe mbonnii Pulaar maɓɓe, sibu Manndelaa wiyi yiɗaa. E ɓataake mo o rewni e juuɗe ɓiyiiko debbo biyeteeɗo Zindzi o wiyi heen “Hol ko firti ndee wellitaare ndokketee-mi so tawii fedde ɓesngu ina lutti haɗeede”. Ko e ndeen hitaande Botha firti sariyaaji jowitiiɗi e leseepaasee kam e kaɗgol dewle hakkunde ɓe njiidaa leƴƴi. Kono Manndelaa ina yawnoo ɗuum, o jokki, kanko e ANC (gonnooɗo e suuɗaare), ɗaɓɓude “neɗɗo gooto daande wootere” (un homme, une voix).
Jokkondiral gadanal hakkunde Nelson Manndelaa e guwarnama apartaayd waɗi ko e lewru noowammbar 1985. E duuɓi nay dewɗi heen ɗii kadi jokkondire goɗɗe mbaɗii hakkunde maɓɓe, jogorɗe wonde ndaɗɗudi jeewte paaɗe, kono ronkaa yo geɗe ɗee ɓos. E hitaande 1986 Manndelaa egginaa oon kasoo, sokaa e galle (wilaa) e nokku gonɗo 60 kiloomeeteer saraaji CAP.
Ko Manndelaa sokaa koo fof, winndere ndee ina ɓeydoo daranaade goppitgol makko kam e ittugol apartaayde. Kaaɗtudi majjum ko hiirde waɗnoonde e suwee 1988 to Wembly, nde naalankooɓe heewɓe winndere ndee tawtoraa, nde fotde teemedere miliyoŋ njeeɓi e teleeji mum en, nder 67 leydi ; hiirde hollittunoonde kasoo Manndelaa e kiiɗal pawingal e ɓesngu Afrik worgo. E miijo ANC nii ko kayre yaawni goppitgol Manndelaa , sibu, ñalnde 7 desaambar 1988, o yamiraa hootde galle makko, kono tawa o yaltataa ɗum. E 1989 o winndi Pieter Botha, o wiyi ɗum : « wonaa goppitgol am ɓuri himmude », « musiiba oo ko leydi pecciindi pecce ɗiɗi gañondirɗe, barondirooje », o wiyi « njiɗ-mi ko yo pelle ɗiɗi ɓurɗe mawnude e leydi ndii kaaldu », ɗeen ngoni ANC e laamu Apartaayd. O haali toɓɓe ɓurɗe teeŋtude potɗe yeewteede ɗee : « go’o, tabintingol doosgal keewndi e nder dowla gootiɗɗo ; ɗiɗi, kulhuli raneeɓe leydi ndii mbaawi jogaade e ɗuum ». Ñalnde 5 suwee 1989 ɓe potti to galle Botha. Kono e daawal hakkunde ngal, o rafaa, de Klerk lomtii mo e ngardiigu laamu nguu.
Ñalnde 15 oktoobar 1989 de Klerk yaltini hoohooɓe ANC njeeɗiɗo, waɗɓe, gooto heen fof, duuɓi 25 e kasoo. Ina e ɓeen biyeteeɗo Walteer Sisulu. E noowammbar Manndelaa wiyi “e hoohooɓe raneeɓe ɓe o meeɗnoo yeewtidde ɓee fof, ko de Klerk ɓuri hellifeede e nuunɗude”. De Klerk ne habri goppitgol Manndelaa ñalnde 2 feebariyee 1990. e konngol ƴettunoo to parlamaan. O habri keɓtingol ANC kam e pelle goɗɗe luundinooɗe Apartaayd.
E konngol makko ñalnde o woppitaa ndee, o hunii gollanaade jam e deeƴre e beldital e raneeɓe leydi ndii, kono o wiyi ɓe njoɗɗinaani petelaaji. Sibu o wiyi "waɗi min ƴettude fetel e hitaande 1960, nde min cosi catal konu ANC ko yiɗde dartaade Apartaayd. Ndaa geɗe gaddannooɗe min ƴettude fetel ɗee, ina lutti woodde haa hannde. Alaa no min mbaɗata so wonaa jokkude hare. A min njaakorii noon maa weeyo henaniingo maslahaa dañe ko ɓooyaani. Oon sahaa jogaade fetel alaa ko firtata”.
O wiyi kadi faandaare makko rowrowre ko ɓaleeɓe ɓurɓe heewde e leydi hee ɓee, keɓ hakke woote. Ñalnde 26 feebariyee 1990, o wiyi yimɓe makko « Mberlo-ɗee petelaaji mon, laɓe mon, jaasiiji mon e jammbe mon nder geec », ɗum ko yiɗnoode deeƴnude hakkunde ANC e Guwarnama oo, kono kadi hakkunde ANC e Linkataa mo Butelesi.
Caggal ɗuum, nde jeewte mbaɗaa ngam lelnude doosɗe leydi kese, ANC joɗɗini petelaaji e hitaande 1994 caggal nde nanondiral dañaa. E daawal hakkunde ngal, e sulyee 1991, Manndelaa ardinaa ANC, lomtii Oliwiyee Tammboo gardinooɗo ɗum gila 1969. Ko e ngaal daawal o yahi Kubaa (sulyee 1991) ngam salminde Fidel Kastroo. Ko oon wiynoo “Nelson Manndelaa ko ganndaaɗo, kormaaɗo, mo miliyoŋaaji limlimtinɗi neɗɗo e winndere ndee korsini”. “so oɗon njiyloo neɗɗo nuunɗuɗo, on mbaawaa dañde ko ɓuri Manndelaa . So oɗon njiyloo neɗɗo ŋeerɗo fiɓnde, jaambaaro, teeyɗo, peertuɗo, ƴoƴɗo, kattanɗo, on ndañataa ko ɓuri Mandelaa”. “Miɗo goongɗini o jeyaa ko e maaɗe ɓurɗe haawnaade yonta men oo”.
Ñalnde 17 marse 1992, De klerk heɓi hoolaare raneeɓe, ko ndeen o wiyi raneeɓe ɓee e koye mum « pellitii uddude deftere apartaayd».
Jeewte ina njokki, haa nde Manndelaa e De klerk ndokkaa njeenaari Nobel e hitaande 1993, sabu winndere ndee heɓtinde ko ɓe ngollantoo yo jam dañe koo. Hay so noon sahaa e sahaa fof won geɗe telɓinooje darnde maɓɓe, ko wayi no boneeji baɗnooɗi toon e sulyee 1992 walla warngo Chris Hani, gooto e ardiiɓe parti maruceewo leydi ndii, ñalnde 13 abriil 1993. Ɗum fof e wayde noon nanondiral dañaa yo woote kuɓtodinɗe gadane njuɓɓine ñalnde 27 abriil 1994.
Heddii noon waɗde feere mbele seɓɓitiiɓe banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii fof (raneeɓe rasiste'en ɓe njiɗaa jam, e ɓaleeɓe huutorteeɓe ɓe njiɗaa jam hono Inkata mo Gatsa Butelesi). Haa teeŋti noon e Butelesi mo ɗeɓaani yortaade, sibu o jaɓi jeytoreede e woote hee tan ko tawi heddiima balɗe 7, tawi Manndelaa wiyi ina heɓii e sujjande mo, mbele jam na dañee.
Nde woote mbaɗaa, Manndelaa toɗɗaa yo ardo leydi ndii (62,6%). Nii woni o sompi guwarnama gootaagu ngenndi denndinnooɗo ANC e Parti Nasiyonaal e Inkata Freedom Party. Tabo Mbekki e Frederik De klerk ngoni sukkuɓe. E nder diskuur piilngal makko Manndelaa hoolliti weltaare mum e pirtagol apartaayd e « jibenegol renndo ngo winndere ndee fof weltanii » kam e « ngenndi timtimol mbelditndi e hoore mum, mbelditndi e aduna ». O holliti heen geɗe garwaniije manndaa makko so haɓde e baasal e paltooraaji. Hankati heddii Manndelaa ina ɓooroo seeɗa seeɗa laamu sibu tuggi 1996 ko Thabo Mbekki o woppiri ngardiigu fiyakuuji leydi ndii; e hitaande 1997 o woppi ngardiigu ANC. Nde o joofni manndaa makko gadano, o woppi laamu. Ko e hitaande 1999. O ƴetti altered kono o jooɗaaki, sibu o naati ko e gollanaade renndo ngoo haa arti e haɓde e ñawu SIDA tee omo rokkaa faayiida mawɗo e fiyakuuji winndere ndee.
Mbaawka haaldeede e welditeede
Mandelaa, gila ina woni nder kasoo yaltaani tawi yenanaama wonde feere wootere waawnde daɗndude leydi ndii ko kaaldigal e beldital. Oon sahaa noon, ñalnde kala ko maayɓe sabu pelɓondire hakkunde laamu apartaayd e terɗe ANC. E miijo Manndelaa « ngam ñifde hare hakkunde neɗɗo e gaño mum, alaa e sago neɗɗo jaɓa haaldude e oon gaño, ɓe ngollodoo ngam waɗde jam ».
E nder joɗnde teeŋtunde hakkunde ANC e senerooji konu Afrik worgo kam e sarwisaaji ñukkintooɗi, Nelson Mandelaa wiyi ɓe « So tawii ko wolde njiɗ-ɗon, mi suuɗataa on nii wonde min mbaawaa dartaade on. Min ngalanaa ɗum hattan. Kono, maa wolde ndee juut, nde metta, maayɓe keewa, tee leydi ndii ina waawi wontude mboorndi, yiƴƴa heen. Kono, woto njejjitee geɗe ɗiɗi : On mbaawaa foolde min sibu a min keewi : on mbaawaa warde min minen fof. On mbaawaa foolde min sibu aduna oo jaɓataa ɗum. Ma ɓe njantu e amen kamɓe fof, ɓe mballa min ». Ndeen o haalii ɗum, o ƴeewondiri e seneraal Constand Viljoen, gooto e maɓɓe fof faami wonde ina hatojini e goɗɗo oo. E wiyde binndoowo gooto Afrik worgonaajo biyeteeɗo Njabulo Ndebele, ko ngalɗoo gostondiral miijo woni sabaabu cosgol Goomu Goonga e Beldital. O tonngi, o wiyi « Kala ɗo maslahaa dañaa, tawata ko waɗdooɓe ɓee, gooto heen fof ina heɓii e woppude paandaale mum ɗe ngaaɓnotaako, gooto e maɓɓe fof gollanoo nanondiral naftowal ɓe kamɓe fof ».
E miijo Manndelaa , ndimaagu ɓaleeɓe fotaani wontude njiyaagu hiiɗnooɓe ɓee, sibu nguun ndimaagu alaa nafoore, nde tawnoo « ndimaagu am timmaataa so tawii mi haɗii goɗɗo rimɗude. Kiiɗaaɗo e kiiɗɗo fof ngonaa rimɓe ». Alaa e sago raneeɓe ɓee njenanee kiiɗetaake so tawii ɓaleeɓe ɓee laamiima. Ko e oo sifaa tan kaaldigal ngal waawirta yuumtude. « Goonga oo, ko en cuwaa tawo rimɗude, en njettiima noon ndimaagu rimɗude, en keɓii hakke waasde hiiɗeede… Waɗi noon, « Ndimaagu wonaa tan seertude e ɓoggi, kono ko wuurde tawa ina hormii, ina tiiɗtina ndimaagu woɗɓe. »
Kaaldigal wonaa tan termondirde e gaño mum, kono kadi ko waasde taƴondirde e sehilaaɓe mum ɓooyɓe ɓe winndere ndee ñiŋatnoo. Yeru, nde Bil Kilinton ari Afrik worgo e hitaande 1998, Nelson Manndelaa siftinii mo wonde Dental Amerik wallittunoo ndeen ko Apartaayd, tawi woɗɓe ina mballita hare luulndiinde apartaayd. Manndelaa wiyi « gooto e hooreeɓe leyɗe mo ngadii-mi bismaade ɗoo ko Fidel Kastoroo … mi bismii ma kadi Muammaar Kaddaafi. Waɗi mi waɗde ɗum, ko e aada amen, woppude wallitnooɓe ma e saanga nde ngon-ɗaa e caɗeele ɓurɗe mawnude e nguurndam, ko huunde soofnde ».
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