Njeenaari ɓurndi anndeende ndii ko njeenaari Nobel wonande ganndal fisik. Hikka, ndi rokkaa ko ñalnde talaata 7 oktoobar 2014. Rokkaa ndi ko Sapponnaaɓe tato, sosɓe ko wiyetee « diode électroluminescente », ɓurnde lollirde « ampoule LED ». Njeenaari ganndal ngoɗndi ndii, ko njeenaari wonande ganndal hiisa, hono “Galaŋ Fields”.
Njeenaari ɓurndi anndeende ndii ko njeenaari Nobel wonande ganndal fisik. Hikka, ndi rokkaa ko ñalnde talaata 7 oktoobar 2014. Rokkaa ndi ko Sapponnaaɓe tato, sosɓe ko wiyetee « diode électroluminescente », ɓurnde lollirde « ampoule LED ». Njeenaari ganndal ngoɗndi ndii, ko njeenaari wonande ganndal hiisa, hono “Galaŋ Fields”.
To ngalɗoo banngal, huunde teskinnde waɗii hikka, sibu go’o debbo ina heɓa njeenaari matematik mbiyeteendi « Galaŋ Fields ». Oon debbo ko irannaajo, biyeteeɗo Maryam Mirzakhani, jahroowo e duuɓi 37, jannginoowo to duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Stanford, to Dowlaaji Amerik Dentuɗi.
- Nobel ganndal fisik
Njeenaari ɓurndi anndeende ndii ko njeenaari Nobel wonande ganndal fisik. Hikka, ndi rokkaa ko ñalnde talaata 7 oktoobar 2014. Rokkaa ndi ko Sapponnaaɓe tato, sosɓe ko wiyetee « diode électroluminescente », ɓurnde lollirde « ampoule LED », woni ampul LED. Ɗum noon ɓe ndokkiraa njeenaari ndii ko sabu maɓɓe « yiytude sewnde leer hesere, yuumtunde to bannge semmbe, moƴƴunde kadi e sato ». Hannde, alaa ɗo oon leer tawetaake e taariindi men, yeru e telefoŋaaji cinnde, e teleeji, e nder birooji e koɗorɗe. Eɗen mbaawi nii wiyde wonde ɗi lomtiima ampulaaji gulooji ɗii, e ampulaaji juutɗi ɗii (ampulaaji filiyoor). Waɗi noon ko ɓure majji ina keewi. Ina jeyaa heen : Kañji ɓuri, to woɗɗi, famɗude ko ñaamata e kuuraa, ko ɗum tagi aɗi njaha no moƴƴi e « soleer » mo tiiɗaani no feewi. Kañji ɓuri waawde ɓooyde kadi, tee ɗi pinataa tan ɗi natta huɓɓude, no ɗiya mbaɗatnoo nii ; leergol majji wonata ko e ustoraade seeɗa seeɗa. Aɗi mbaawi yaynaade fotde 30 000 waktu. Ɗi ngulataa no feewi, ɗi njaltintaa won ɗeen caafe ɗe moƴƴaani e sato, ko wayi no caafe biyeteeɗe UV.
E ñalngu hannde nguu, yoga e nokkuuji njaynortee ko lampaaji LED, sewnde leer ɓurnde famɗude njaru. 300 lumen wonande watt kuuraa gooto (lampaaji gulooji ɗii ko 16 lumen wonande watt ; lampaaji filiyoor ɗii, woni juutɗi ɗii, ko 70 lumen wonande watt kala). Ɗum jiidaa e ɓooygol majji : fotde 100 000 waktu (kañji ɓuri lampaaji gulooji ɗii laabi 100, ɗi ɓuri lampaaji filiyoor ɗii laabi 10).
LED yiytaama nii ko ɓooyi, sibu ko gila kitaale 1960, kono ko leer haako-ñebbe oo, e leer boɗeejo oo tan. Ɗum noon ina ŋakkunoo noordi ngootiri, woni leer baka oo (bulo oo). Hono paamraten, leer daneejo (woni leer naange, woni leer gaadoraaɗo, mo ngoow-ɗen oo) ko dental noorɗe (goobuuji) tati : mboɗeeri, haako-ñebbe e baka ; ɗum woni RVB (Rouge, Vert, Bleu) e Farayse, walla RGB (Red, Green, Blue) e Engele. Ina wayi no manoore ɓeeɗoo heɓɓe njeenaari hikkaa ndii, ko yiytude LED bulo oo e hitaande 1992, nde tawnoo oon ɓuri mettude heɓde.
Kamɓe heɓɓe njeenaari ko ɓeeɗoo : saponnaaɓe wiyeteeɓe Isamu Akasaki (duuɓi 85), e Horoshi Amano (duuɓi 56) e ameriknaajo biyeteeɗo Shuji Nakamura (duuɓi 60), kono jibinaaɗo kam ne to Japon. Kamɓe tato peccata njeenaari ndii, tolniindi e 353 miliyoŋ ugiyya.
- Nobel selliyaagal
Rokkaa njeenaari Nobel ganndal selliyaagal (safaara) ko ameriknaajo ina wiyee John O’Keefe kam e norweesnaaɓe (debbo e gorko mum) ina mbiyee May-Britt Moser e Edvard Moser, sabu maɓɓe « yiytude celule ngaanndi jamminorɗe ».
Ɗum ɗeɓata waade ko no hettere jamminirde nii, waynde no ko wiyetee GPS koo nii. Ɗum noon ko kamɓe njiyti wonde aadee ina jogii, e nder ngaandi mum, tippudi ngaddanoori ɗum anndude ɗo woni, waawde yiytude laawol walla yiytude huunde nder suudu ; ɗum noon, geɗe gaddanooje gooto e men kala waawde jaabaade ɗeeɗoo naamne : « hol no nganndirten nokku ngon-ɗen ? Hol no njiytirten laawol ummaade nokku faade goɗɗo ? Hol no mooftirten ɗiin kabaruuji haa mbaawen yiytude ɗoon e ɗoon laawol ekn… Kamɓe ne ma ɓe peccu fotde 352 miliyoŋ, John O’Keefe feccere, feccere heddiinde ndee, debbo oo e gorko mum.
- Nobel jam
Hikka, rokkaa njeenaari Nobel jam ko suka debbo pakistaannaajo jahroowo e duuɓi 17 fat, ina wiyee Malala Yusafsay kam e iñnjee gooto ina wiyee Kaylash Satyarti. Ɓe keɓi njeenaari ndii ko ñalnde aljumaa 10 oktoobar 2014 to Duɗal Nobel to Oslo (Norwees). Suka debbo oo noon ko sabu mum daranaade hakkeeji jaŋde sukaaɓe rewɓe. Ko idii hannde, hay gooto meeɗaa heɓde ndii njeenaari ina yahra e duuɓi ɗi o yahrata ɗii. Ngol woni jeegoɓol debbo ina heɓa ndii njeenaari.
- Njeenaari ganndal hiisa “Galaŋ Fields”
Ma on tesko wonde Matematik (ganndal hiisa) alaa ɗoo : ina haawnii sibu Matematik woni yummum gannde siyaas. Haala ina heewi heen, hay so tawii Alfred Nobel alaa ko wiyi heen. Won wiyɓe wonde joopaa e njeenaari hee, ko gannde « kuutorɗe », woni baawɗe huutoreede e nguurndam ; won wiyɓe ko sabu kiram hakkunde Alfred Nobel e ganndo matematik biyeteeɗo Gosta Mittag Lefleer, mo o yiɗanaano njeenaari ndii, sibu mum ɗaftu mo debbo biyeteeɗo Sofii Hess (Sophie Hess) … Kono heewɓe ngoongɗinaani kaaɗoo haala.
Ɗum addani matematik sosaneede njeenaari keeriindi mbiyeteendi « Galaŋ Fields » e hitaande 1936, ndokketeendi duuɓi nay kala yimɓe nayo. E hitaande 2003, laamu Norwees sosanii matematik njeenaari kesiri mbiyeteendi Abel (ngam mawninde hiisiyanke mawɗo biyeteeɗo Niels Henrik Abel (jibinanooɗo e hitaande 1802)). Ko laamɗo Norwees rokkata ndi e lewru Noowammbar, njaru mayri ko miliyoŋaaji 6 kaalis Norwees. To ngalɗoo banngal, huunde teskinnde waɗii hikka, sibu go’o debbo ina heɓa ndiin njeenaari matematik mbiyeteendi « Galaŋ Fields ».
Oon debbo ko irannaajo, biyeteeɗo Maryam Mirzakhani, jahroowo e duuɓi 37, jannginoowo to duɗal jaaɓi-haaɗtirde Stanford, to Dowlaaji Amerik Dentuɗi. Ɗum waɗnoo ko ñalnde 13 ut 2014 to Sewul (Koree worgo), e tawtoreede ko ina abboo e 5 000 neɗɗo. O rokkidanoo ndiin njeenaari ko e beresiilnaajo (faraysenaajo heen) biyeteeɗo Artur Avila e biyeteeɗo Manjul Bhargava (Kanadaanaajo heen, Ameriknaajo heen) e Ostirisnaajo biyeteeɗo Martin Hairer.
Gila njeenaari ndii (15 000 dolaar Amerik) waɗti rokkeede e hitaande 1936, capanɗe njoyo e ɗiɗo (52) gorko ɓe ndañaani duuɓi 40 (ɗuum na jeyaa e sarɗiiji hee) keɓii ndi. Ko ngolɗoo laawol tan debbo dañi soɗaade heen, hay so tawii noon, e ooɗoo sahaa (gila 2010), ardii Dental winndereewal annduɓe hiisa ko debbo belsiknaajo ina wiyee Ingrid Daubechies, jannginoowo to duɗal jaaɓihaaɗtirde Duke (to Durham Karolin rewo, to Amerik).
Ɗum fof ittaani wonde oo fannu heewaani rewɓe, so ƴeewdaama e fannuuji gannde goɗɗi ɗii. Ɗumɗoo noon ina semmbina miijo wonde « hiisa waɗanaa ko worɓe », hay so tawii wonaa miijo sellungo. Ɗum noon ina gasa haŋkadi rewɓe mbaɗta ñemmbude Maryam Mirzakhani.
LED ko tonngol konngol “Light-Emitting Diode”, woni “Jod jaltinoowo leer”. So aɗa yiɗi faamde ko woni Jod, ƴeew telekomaade tele maa, ɗo hoore ɗoo, ina waɗi ko wayi no lampayel boɗewel nii. So a ñoƴƴii telekomaande ɗee, ko kanngel yaltina leer (nde en njiyataa) feewde e tele hee, loownde yamiroore … Wooɗɗaani ɗoon.
lumen ko ɓetirgal leergol (ɓetirgal leer).
GPS ko tonngol konngol “Global Positioning System”, woni “Njuɓɓudi Kuɓtodinndi Ngonka”. Helmere “ngonka” ndee firata ɗoo ko nokku ɗo huunde woni e leydi men ndii walla faru men oo. Ɗum noon ko karallaagal jammingol. Ko njuɓɓudi adunaari joopagol nokku. Ndi tuugii ko e satelitaaji. Ko famɗi fof 24 satelit taarotooɗi leydi men ndii ina kuutoree heen. Hakkunde men e majji ko hedde 20 200 km. Kañji portilta leydi ndii, ɗi nelda kabaruuji ɗii masiŋaaji kiisotooɗi jolɗe (récepteurs GPS), ɗiin toɗɗoo nokku oo tawa ina kuutoroo kartal winndere men ndee. GPS ina huutoree ngam anndude nokku mobelaaji, laaɗe ndiyam, laaɗe diwooje, misilaaji walla kadi satelaaji ɗi toowaani. Fuɗɗi ɗum ko konu Amerik. Ina waɗi e majji baawɗi joopaade huunde e dow leydi tawa njuumaani ko ɓuri milimeeteruuji seeɗa. E ko ɓuri heewde, satelitaaji tati ina njona ngam joopaade nokku huunde yahoore e nokkuuji ‘bertiiɗi’ (laaɗe diwooje walla ndiyam) : heen gooto hiisoo tooweeki, gooto hiisoo yolnde ummoraade e ŋorol peccol (yolnde ŋoriire : latitude), tataɓo oo, hiisoo yolnde jurol (longitude). Woni ko anndiraa ɓete tati faru ɗee (X, Y, e Z). So tawii noon ko e dow nokku mo wertaaki, alaa e sago wona ko famɗi fof satelitaaji 4, nde huunde ndee moƴƴa.
Bookara Aamadu Bah
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