Fulfulde
Fulfulde walla pulaar maa pular ko ɗemngal Fulɓe e Haalpulaar'en. Ɗemngal ngal no haalee e leyɗe keewɗe e Afirik. Haalooɓe fulfulde-pulaar ina kawra miliyonji 60 haa 80. Ɗemngal ngal ina jeyaa e suudu ɗemɗe Hiirnaange Atlantik, taweteendu kanyum duu e nder suudu ɗemɗe afirikankeeje ɓurndu yaajude wi'eteendu Niiser-Konngo. Ɗemɗe goɗɗe jeyaaɗe e ndun suudu ngoni: ce'aar (ɗemngal seereero) e njolfo. E ɗeen ɗiɗi ko seereero ɓuri ɓadondirde e pulaar.
Caltuɗe[taƴto | modifier le wikicode]
1. Caltuɗe: Ko ɓuri heewde koo, pulaar ina feccee waɗee caltuɗe jowi mawɗe kawrooje e dawlaaji Fulɓe taariikayankooji (dawlaaji Fulɓe adiiɗi laamu kolonaaku). Kannje ngoni:
Pulaar Fuuta Tooro (no gasa ko e ngal diiwal ɗemngal ngal yalti), leydi Senegal Pular Fuuta Jaloo, leydi Gine, Fulfulde Maasina, leydi Maali, Fulfulde Liptaako, leydi Burkinaa Faso, Fulfulde Adamawa, leydi Niiseriya e Kamarun. Feccoore go'o no waawa wonirde nii:
- Pular Fuuta Jaloo (Gine, Sarliyon, e Gine-Bisaawo)
- Pulaar Fuuta Tooro Senegaal, Muri
- tani, e Maali hiirnaange
- Pulaar Firdu (maa Fulaadu maa Fulakunnda)
- Fulfulde Maasina (ana wiyee "Maasinaŋkoore" ; Maali)
- Fulfulde Liptaako (Burkina Faso)
- Fulfulde Borgu (Benen e Togo)
- Fulfulde Hakkundeeri Najeeriya (laamu Usmaani Ɓii Fooduyee, wano Sokoto)
- Fulfulde Adamaawa (ana wiyee "Adamawaare" ; Niiseriya e Kamarun)
Ko ɓuri kon e Fulfule ɗen hino humii e gootal e diiwe limtaaɗe ɗoo, e piide misal si en ƴettii Fulfulde Bagirmi, ɗum ko leydi e nder Caad, ko e Adamaawankoore nden jeyaa. Fulfulde Funnaange Niijer ko e Fulfulde Hakkundeeri Najeeriya ɓuri jeydude, Fulfulde Hiirnaange Niijer ko e Liptaakuure e Maasinankoore jeyaa.
So en teskiima, ma en taw ina heddii fahin caltuɗe ɗalaaɗe hono pulaar Fulaadu (ɓaleeri Senegal e Gammbiya), Fulfulde Borgu e nder leydi Benen, fulfulde diiwaanuuji hakkunde Niiseriya. Kono ɗeen pulfule na ɓadii goɗɗe e ɗee ɗe adi-ɗen limtude yeru Borgu no ɓadondiri e Maasina, Fulaadu no nanndi e Fuuta Tooro no nanndi e Fuuta Jaloo, e maanaa no hakkunde maa fulfulde Caad walla Sudan ko e Adamawa jeydi.
Alkule[taƴto | modifier le wikicode]
2. Alkule: gila teemedannde sappo e jeetataɓere nden, pulaar-fulfulde no winndiree alkule aarabe. Haa hannde no fellitaa wonnde e leyɗe goɗɗe yeru Fuuta Jaloo maa Adamawa Fulɓe ko alkule aarabe ɓuri doolnoraade. Kono gila hitaande 1966 bensondiral Bamako ngal fewjanno ɗemngal ngal mbinndudi tuugiindi e abajada laten. Ndiin mbinndudi inndiraa abajada UNESCO maa alkule UNESCO. Alkule mayri ngoni:
a,b,mb,ɓ,c,d,nd,ɗ,e,f,g,ng,h,i,j,nj,k,l,m,n,ŋ,ñ(ny),o,p,q,r,s,t,u,w,x,y,ƴ,z
Sincugol ndiin mbinndudi ponndaandi haɗaali faa jooni Fulɓe ndonka fottude e alkule yogaaje, e fiide misal Haal-Pulaar'en senegal wo ñ mbinndirta alkulal ny. Fulɓe Mali e Gine nii mbinndirta ɗum: ɲ. Kadi lurre ina ngoodi to baŋŋe winndugol alkule denndaaɗe (renndaaɗe) yeru ŋg (hade ng), ɗum e wonnde ndin mbinndudi yamiranooka to bensondiral Bamako. Winndooɓe Gine woɓɓe mbinndan nb hade mb jamiraaɗo Bamako oo.
"Pulaar/fulfulde ko ɗemngal maanaa, woni ɗemngal keeringal to bannge innude geɗe e rokkude ɗumʼen maanaa. Paygol maggal ina fawii he toɓɓe keewɗe, ko wayi no heewde alkule e mbaadi pirligol golle e firo kelmeendi…
Alkule : pulaar/fulfulde ɓuri heewde alkule e farayse e arab e enngele… (33 alkulal). Won alkule ɗe ɗemngal ngal jogii weeɓaani tawde he ɗemɗe goɗɗe, ko wayi no alkule ɗ, ƴ, ŋ…
Pirlitgol golle : pulaar fulfulde ina jogii lomto gollooɓe 7ɗo so en limtii heen lomto golloowo naattinoowo : enen, ko noon ne so en ƴeewii gollal jogorngal, to bannge sahaa, angal firlitiree he mbaadiiji keewɗi : maa o ar, omo ara, o arat, o aroyat, o aratno, o aratnoo…
Firo kelme : kelmeendi pulaar/fulfulde ina heerorii fayde mum, cañki pulaar fulfulde ina ɗelñira karallaagal timmungal e ñeeñal baydungal : ina holla en ɗuum mahdi helmere pulaar
- Pelle inɗe : ɗemngal ngal ina jogii pelle inɗe hedde 20 tawi heen fedde kala ina jogii hattan kaawniiɗo ngam sifaade innde toɗɗii nde. En njuutnotaako ɗoon sabu ɗuum ɓooyii yimeede
- Ceekirɗe : ɗoon ne kadi en njuutnotaako sabu jooni kala janngoowo ɗemngal ngal anndii wonde e nder helmere wootere eɗen mbaawi dañde ceekirɗe keewɗe haa helmere nde metta wowlude yeru : naftondiroyde, walla jiiɓoo wowlude jiiɓoo faamde, yeru : ɓamtinondiriroroyatno ; te
seekirde heen kala arda e maanaa mum.
Ngam añde woɗɗinoyde, sabu en mbaawaa te en kattanaani haalde fof, njahen he toɓɓere sakkitiinde he ndee ɗo lowre, ɗum woni maanaa ɓesɗo.
_ Kelme keewɗe ngam maanaa gooto: pulaar/fulfulde ina jogii hattan seɗde maanaa helmere yaltina firoyon mum tokoson ngonkon nder mum. Aɗa waawi yiyde kelme sappo walla ɓura tawi ko he maanaa gooto. Ngam newnude golle men ƴeften yeru he kelme ɓurɗe baɗtinde he nguurndam fulɓe:
a/ toɓo: jannja, ngatamaare, maamaare, wis_wis, yaral (jaral), juko, Demmba diŋaare, hokkitere, mbayritam, bowte…
b/ laawol: burdubujol(walla ballaŋaawol), mosol, jurol, lappol, bolol, celol, codol,perol, kallu(walla kallol…), mbedda(walla mbeddawol)…
c/ haɓɓude: fiɓde, jomde, ŋaaŋde,ŋeeŋde, raɗaade, wajde, humde, saande (saanaade), worsude, dokkaade…
d/ ndiyam: maayo, caanngol, weendu, fetere (feto), deedal, berjal, reebelde, njarka, sewnde, laddungol…
e/ leydi: ceenal(seeno),mbaalwaaldi, jehjegol, hollalde, jakre, waka jiiju, jaaka maka, wallere, haraawo(karawal, taccoonde), karhaaƴol(woojeere, tiŋaale)… Eɗen mbaawi teskaade ɗo kelmeendi mbaawndi wallitde gannde kese; eɗen teskina wonde Tafsiiru JIGGO (yoo GENO yurmo ɗum), gooto he sanɗaaji Misira won ko waɗnoo heen ko faati he ganndal ndema
Eɗen mbaawi raɓɓiɗinaade ɗo, tawi kadi eɗen nganndi en memaani fannuuji goɗɗi bayɗi no inɗe kuɗi e leɗɗe, sifaaji jawdi, poñndi (he ɗemngal waañooɓe e awooɓe) e nehaandi (he ɗemngal aynooɓe), keneeli, koode, ekn…
Eɗen mbaawi wiyde ɗo waɗde pulaar/fulfulde ko ɗemngal maanaa, ŋarɗungal. Maa a taw ko ɗuum addani won heen (Bookar Tijjaani Njaay) wiyde ko GENO tellini ngal he ŋarɗeende maggal, wiyi yimɓe maggal “ko MIIN tagani on ngal mbele oɗon ngona ɓe AM”. Eɗen mbaawi wiyde kadi ko ngal ɗemngal ɓooyngal , Bookar Tijjaani hollitii wonde Fulɓe koɗdiino he israa’iilanaaɓe, o hollitii haatumeere kelme teemedere he hebroore walla ɓura, tawi kañje kala eɗe nanndi he kelme pulaar/fulfulde to wowlaango e to maanaa (en njiɗaani addude ɗo laaɓndal to Fulɓe ngummii, holi mo ɓe njiidi).
Kono kadi eɗen poti ustude bakkooji ha ngannden so ɗemngal men ngal ina jogii hattan wuurde haa yeeso e daɗde e gaatuleeje aduna keso o. mbele ɗemngal men ngal ina jogii hannde nduun fittaandu haa waawa ɓamtaade no ɗemɗe koɗdiiɗe ɗe ni. Sabu wonde ɗemngal men ngal limtaaka e ɗemɗe daɗooje ɗo e 2036 ina miijtinii hay so en kulaani.
Kañum ni, wondi ko, hay sinno ɗemngal men ngal wonii ɗemngal maanaa, ko gila hanki, he nder nguurndam mawɓe men keeriɗam. Ko mawɓe men ngollii haa ngal wayi noon. Kono enen hannde en poti laaɓndaade ko mbaɗ-ɗen e ko pot-ɗen waɗde sabu eɗen keewi caɗeele:
- Caɗeele wosteede : duɗe tuubakooɓe e kesamhesamaagu e jaajngol gure waɗii haa ko ɓuri heewde he men nattii haalde ɗemngal ngal no fotiri (ɗooftaade doosɗe maggal) walla nattii haalde ngal
- En ngustiima he faarnoraade ɗemngal ngal: nattii no waynoo he diŋire…
- Ŋakkere paamondiral: he miijo am, ceerundal kinɗe e ngaddinaaji fotnoo ko alɗinde goodal men; kono so waɗii duuñondiral e deentondiral tan jibinta ko tanaaji ɗi njiɗaaka tawi ittaani.
- Caɗeele firo: so pulaar/fulfulde wonii ɗemngal maanaa ne ina jogii caɗeele firde yoga e kelme kese yeru helmere “sens” e farayse firdee maanaa (iwdi arab), waɗde mbiyen pulaar/fulfulde ko ɗemngal maanaa ngal firataa maanaa. Yimɓe ɓe fof kawraani he no pirdaten kelme kese ɗe: so en pirat ɗe tan he ɗemɗe goɗɗe hay so wonaa pulaar walla so en pentanat ɗum helmere fulɗinaande hay so faamaamuya mum in noddi tiinnaare mawnde.
(Kuɗol Daas Demmble e nder doggol ɓataaki Jamaa)
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