The Medicare Case Management Demonstrations studied the appropriateness of providing case management services to beneficiaries with catastrophic illnesses and high medical costs. It tested case management as a way of controlling costs in the fee-for-service sector. These demonstrations were implemented in three sites beginning October of 1993, and continued through November 1995. The target conditions and case management protocols differed in each site, though all three generally focused on increased education regarding proper patient monitoring and management of the target chronic condition.