<|begin_of_text|><|begin_of_text|><|begin_of_text|>Stephen Leone & Daniel Neumark, Attosecond Physics Laboratory, UC Berkeley.
he entire semiconductor industry, not to mention Silicon Valley, is built on the propensity of electrons in silicon to get kicked out of their atomic shells and become free<wm> electrons or holes by thermal energy or external energy source such as light. These free electrons are, in essence, the primary source of electrical conductivity. All devices must be designed in conjunction with the specific conditions that promote this process, such as surface roughness and charge density, and that prevent defects such as doping concentrations in some materials.
As for its advantages over other devices, the electron transport mechanisms provide us only qualitative information about electron behavior, and therefore can be simulated with reasonable accuracy using simple simulations. Also</wm>, it can be used to generate power because we can inject current flows through the device to generate a