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Question: Trump says Republican memo vindicates him in Russia probe

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PALM BEACH, Fla (Reuters) - U.S. President Donald Trump said on Saturday that a controversial memo attacking federal law enforcement written by congressional Republicans vindicates him in the investigation of Russian meddling in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.
Trump’s fervent embrace of the memo raised again the prospect that he may use it as justification to fire special counsel Robert Mueller, who is conducting the investigation, or Deputy Attorney Rod Rosenstein, who oversees Mueller.
Tweeting from his resort in Palm Beach, Florida, Trump said the memo “totally vindicates” him but added “the Russian Witch Hunt goes on and on. Their (sic) was no Collusion and there was no Obstruction.” He called the investigation “an American disgrace.”
The White House told Reuters on Friday there would be no changes at the Justice Department as a result of the memo’s conclusions.
The memo, written by Republicans on the U.S. House of Representatives Intelligence Committee chaired by Devin Nunes, argues the federal investigation of potential collusion between Trump’s 2016 presidential campaign and Russia was a product of political bias against Trump at the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Justice Department.
Trump approved the release of the formerly classified memo without redactions, despite objections from the FBI in a move that deepens tension between the White House and senior law enforcement that has existed since Trump first took office.
Democrats contend the four-page memo mischaracterizes highly sensitive classified information and was intended to undermine the Mueller criminal probe that was launched in May 2017 as an outgrowth an earlier FBI investigation.
Jerrold Nadler, the top Democrat on the House Judiciary Committee, said in a statement that Trump’s decision to allow the release of the memo was “part of a coordinated propaganda effort to discredit, disable and defeat the Russia investigation.”
Some Republicans also were critical of the memo’s release. John Kasich, the governor of Ohio and a former rival of Trump’s for the presidential nomination, released a statement on Saturday calling it “a disservice to our country.”
Asked by reporters on Friday whether the memo made him more likely to fire Rosenstein or whether he had confidence in him, Trump replied, “You figure it out.”
Dismissing Rosenstein or Mueller would trigger a political firestorm much like the sacking of FBI Director James Comey by Trump last year.
Mueller also is examining whether Trump has obstructed of justice in trying to thwart the Russia investigation.
U.S. President Donald Trump gestures as he walks on South Lawn of the White House in Washington, U.S., before his departure to the Customs and Border Protection National Targeting Center, February 2, 2018. REUTERS/Yuri Gripas
QUESTIONS OF AUTHORITY
The memo alleges the FBI concealed the Democratic ties of a source the agency used to justify surveillance on Carter Page, a former Trump campaign adviser with links to Russia. The memo revealed the names of senior FBI and Justice Department officials, including Rosenstein, who it said had signed off the surveillance.
The document was commissioned by Nunes, the Republican chairman of the House intelligence panel. He said it laid bare “serious violations of the public trust, and the American people have a right to know when officials in crucial institutions are abusing their authority for political purposes.”
Mueller’s investigation so far has led to guilty pleas by two of Trump’s foreign policy advisers to charges of lying to the FBI, and indictments of former campaign manager Paul Manafort and his business partner Rick Gates.
Slideshow (2 Images)
On Friday, the Justice Department backed Mueller by dismissing a civil suit filed by Manafort claiming Rosenstein had exceeded his legal authority in giving Mueller “carte blanche.”
The Republican memo focused on court-approved surveillance of Page and said the FBI used a source who was strongly biased against Trump, former British spy Christopher Steele, to justify the action.
It alleged that a dossier of alleged Trump-Russia contacts compiled by Steele, and funded in part by Democrats, formed an “essential part” of requests to a special court to be allowed to conduct electronic surveillance on Page that began in October 2016.
Despite the memo’s charges, neither the focus on Page nor the FBI’s investigation of Trump-Russia ties began with the Steele dossier.
Page came to the FBI’s attention as early as 2013, when he met in New York with Russians who were officers of the Kremlin’s foreign intelligence service, sources have said.
The memo acknowledges that the FBI counterintelligence investigation began in July 2016, three months before the request for electronic surveillance on Page, as a result of the activities of another Trump campaign aide, George Papadopoulos.
Steve Vladeck, a professor of constitutional law at the University of Texas-Austin, said it was unprecedented for the president to feud so publicly with leaders of the U.S. intelligence agencies.
“You do long-term damage to these institutions if you convince a large swath of the American public that they can’t be trusted,” he said.

Here's what's behind the disputed four-page document and its potential fallout The buildup is over, and the memo is out. So what does the newly released four-page document from House Intelligence Chairman Devin Nunes and his committee staff mean for the Russia investigation, key figures at the Justice Department and President Donald Trump?
Did the Nunes memo undermine its own core argument? Beyond the controversy over the timing, wisdom and true purpose of its Friday release, the Republican memo alleging anti-Trump corruption at the FBI and Justice Department contains one remarkable detail that undermines its core assertion.
Watergate reporter: Darkest days since McCarthy Carl Bernstein, one of the journalists who uncovered the Watergate scandal, reacts to the release of a disputed GOP intelligence memo that alleges FBI abuses of its surveillance authority.
Opinion: The real shock of the Nunes memo When I was a homicide prosecutor in the Brooklyn District Attorney's office, my most challenging assignment was "riding" homicide cases. I'd get paged (often in the middle of the night) and a patrol car would pick me up and take me to the grisly scene of a recent murder.
Analysis: The memo's most interesting part is Trump's reaction On Friday, we finally got the much-promised memo crafted by House Intelligence Committee Chairman Devin Nunes (R-Calif.) that allegedly blows the top off of the "deep state" conspiracy within the Justice Department aimed at discrediting Donald Trump's presidency.
James Comey responds: That's it? Former FBI Director James Comey, who was fired by President Trump, responds to the release of the disputed GOP intelligence memo that alleges FBI abuses of its surveillance authority.
Nunes hints that there's more to come House Intelligence Committee Chairman Devin Nunes hinted Friday that there would be additional memos released regarding the committee's investigation into alleged abuse of FISA warrants -- and the next one may look at the State Department.
Read the disputed memo here House Intelligence Chairman Devin Nunes, R-California, put together this highly controversial memo, released Friday, alleging the FBI abused its surveillance tools.


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Question: Quebec ambulance service inundated amid heat

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Montreal's health authority says 11 people have now died from complications related to the hot and humid weather.
Another four deaths have been reported in the Eastern Townships region east of Montreal, with officials expected to provide an update later today.
Meanwhile, the ambulance service that serves a large swath of the Montreal area is calling on people to refrain from calling unless it is a real emergency.
Urgences-sante says it has been inundated by the volume of calls since a heat wave enveloping Eastern and Central Canada settled in for an extended stay over the weekend.

BC’s Fight for $15 can’t wait | Toronto passes strict Airbnb rules aimed at preserving long-term rental supply | Alberta’s Bill 30 and the right to refuse | Stopping Sexual Abuse on the Job Begins With Empowering Workers | Suncor to appeal after random drug and alcohol testing blocked by injunction | Canadian Banks Accused Of ‘Gouging’ After Clocking $42 Billion In Profit | UPS overworking its workers | Arbitration panel awards Nova Scotia civil servants 7% wage hike over 6 years | Ottawa MPs inundated with pleas from Phoenix victims |
From RankandFile.ca
Confronting Zero Tolerance
RankandFile.ca, December 8
Bosses are in love with zero tolerance policies. One arbitrator calls them “the last refuge of weak managers.” Zero tolerance policies authorize employers to discharge workers who commit specified infractions without consideration of the surrounding circumstances, length of service, or the employee’s lack of prior discipline.
BC’s Fight for $15 can’t wait
RankandFile.ca, December 7
When the BCNDP wins government in B.C., the business class gets mobilized. Unfortunately the labour movement too often gets timid or co-opted, convinced that backroom conversations are more important than public pressure and mobilization. With the BCNDP under sustained pressure from the corporate class, this is a recipe for disappointment and defeat. The more public pressure that can be mobilized in the coming weeks and months, the more likely the BCNDP government will adopt a faster timeline and the less effective the business backlash will be. The workers of this province need this and we need it now. When it comes to raising the minimum wage to $15/hr, it’s time for a movement in B.C.
Alberta’s Bill 30 and the right to refuse
RankandFile.ca, December 6
Last week, Alberta’s government introduced Bill 30 (An Act to Protect the Health and Well-being of Working Albertans). This legislation replaces the existing Occupational Health and Safety Act as well as amended the Workers’ Compensation Act.
$15 and the B.C. Fair Wages Commission: An interview with Irene Lanzinger
RankandFile.ca, December 5
The Government of BC is currently hearing from individuals and businesses across the province regarding timelines for increasing the minimum wage to $15/h; what to do with the minimum wage rates for farm workers, liquor servers, live-in caregivers, resident caretakers, and live-in camp leaders, which are currently lower than the general minimum wage of $11.35; and how to square the minimum with the living wage for various parts of the province. Rankandfile.ca spoke with Irene Lanzinger, the president of the B.C. Federation of Labour.
In Other News
Suncor to appeal after random drug and alcohol testing blocked by injunction
Edmonton Journal, December 7
Suncor will not be able to start randomly testing employees at its oilsands site for drugs and alcohol after an Edmonton judge granted an injunction Thursday. The injunction blocks the energy company’s plan to start random testing for about 4,600 safety-sensitive and critical management positions at its mine site north of Fort McMurray while its five-year court battle over the program with its workers’ union continues.
Toronto passes strict Airbnb rules aimed at preserving long-term rental supply
Globe and Mail, December 7
Toronto City Council has passed new rules to crack down on short-term rental services such as Airbnb that will restrict listings to principal residences and ban homeowners from listing secondary suites such as basement apartments. The basement-apartment issue dominated what snowballed into a daylong debate at city hall. Banning them from short-term rentals was meant to preserve scarce affordable units for Toronto’s ultratight long-term rental market, which has a vacancy rate of less than 1 per cent.
Arbitration panel awards Nova Scotia civil servants 7% wage hike over 6 years
CBC News, December 7
Nova Scotia Premier Stephen McNeil and the largest public sector union in the province both claimed victory Thursday after an arbitration panel awarded a seven per cent wage increase over six years for 7,000 civil servants. The panel upheld the government’s four-year wage package with a three per cent increase, but extended the deal for two more years with a four per cent increase. The contract runs from 2015 to 2021.
Canadian Banks Accused Of ‘Gouging’ After Clocking $42 Billion In Profit
Huffington Post, December 6
A prominent policy watchdog group is calling on Canada to toughen banking oversight, saying the banks’ record profits this year are a sign it’s time to stop “gouging and abuse.” The big six banks just finished reporting their fourth-quarter earnings, and according to calculations by Democracy Watch, they earned $42 billion in profit collectively in fiscal 2017. That’s a 13-per-cent increase over the previous year and double the profits the banks made as recently as 2010. Flush with cash, the banks set aside $14.3 billion for bonuses this year, an 11-per-cent increase from the year before, Bloomberg reports.
Superstore employees come forward after hate-filled video surfaces
Global News, December 4
Video of a racist tirade in a Calgary Superstore this weekend has prompted other employees to come forward with their own stories of abuse at the hands of customers. On Monday, Monique Maglalang told Global News she’s worked for Superstore for 20 years and can clearly remember the day when she was physically assaulted.
Stopping Sexual Abuse on the Job Begins With Empowering Workers
The Nation, December 7
Chicago hotel housekeepers will report to work with a new piece of gear in the coming months: not buckets and gloves, but a small electronic alarm, which they can sound if they encounter the occupational hazard that’s haunted them silently for years: a sexual attack. The “panic button” fits in a housekeeper’s palm, but it’s the product of a massive public campaign led by the hotel workers union, UNITE HERE, for a local law to provide the devices as part of standard safety gear. More than an emergency technology, it’s a symbol of solidarity and recognition amid a culture of fear and silence. But the button just marks a start of a global conversation on redressing and preventing gender-based violence at work.
Ottawa MPs inundated with pleas from Phoenix victims
CBC News, December 5
In Orléans, a suburb densely packed with federal public servants, MP Andrew Leslie said his office has staffers who are now dedicated to sorting out Phoenix calls. “It’s been a disaster. It’s been painful progress,” said Leslie. “We continue to raise pressure on us, the government, to do all it can to fix it.” That pressure from her caucus colleagues means Minister of Public Services and Procurement Canada Carla Qualtrough is now getting it from all sides.
$100K fine recommended in workplace death of young Australian in Inuvik
CBC News, December 4
On Tuesday in Inuvik, lawyers agreed on a plea deal in the 2016 workplace death of David Vinnicombe, and recommended a $100,000 fine against the company involved. Allen Services & Contracting Ltd. and a company supervisor originally faced nine charges under the territory’s Safety Act, but pleaded guilty in October to one charge: “failing to ensure that all workers are sufficiently and competently supervised.”
Back to the 19th century at UPS
Socialist Worker, December 8
UPS is proving that it will go to any length to make profits this busy holiday shipping season–and the people who work for the multibillion-dollar logistics giant are paying the price. UPS has implemented a mandatory 70-hour workweek for Teamsters who drive the brown trucks called package cars.


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Question: Trump claims memo ‘totally vindicates’ him in Russia probe

represent the article to find a fitting news title For example, '['Represent this text to find a news title for it', 'Skip in Skip x Embed x Share CLOSE Kids have now grown up with lots of book learning but lacking in basic life skills. "The Adulting School" is here to fix that problem. Keri Lumm (@thekerilumm) reports. Buzz60\ngraduates-student-debt-forgiven\nShawn Sullivan is taking it relatively easy this summer. The fourth-year architecture student is only working three jobs, unlike last year when he juggled five part-time gigs.\nHe worked 60-80 hours per week to help cover the costs of attending Northeastern University.\n“Five jobs was too many," he said, laughing. "Sometimes I’d come home from one job, have a couple of hours to work on material my professor had given me before I’d go onto my proctor position, and then continue being on duty as an RA (resident assistant)."\nHis parents help cover tuition, but books, architecture supplies and the cost of living in Boston fall entirely on him.\n“It’s definitely a source of stress to make sure I’m monetarily afloat, especially because\nI do have to go to grad school to be a licensed architect,” he said.\nSullivan makes it work, but many students simply don’t have the information they need to avoid the financial pitfalls of young adulthood.\nAbout 1 in 5 American students failed to meet the baseline level of proficiency in financial literacy, according to a 2015 study from the Programme for International Student Assessment.\n“In terms of budgeting, I think a lot of students just aren’t prepared and haven’t had to deal with it,” said Lynnette Khalfani-Cox, personal finance expert and CEO of AskTheMoneyCoach.com.\n“There are a whole host of college costs that frankly most colleges simply do not talk about,” she said.\nWhile there\'s no one-size-fits-all answer, Khalfani-Cox promised “there’s always a solution."\nHousing\nKhalfani-Cox urged freshmen to live on campus for their first year to help them get acclimated. After that, they can look for cheaper options off-campus.\n“Colleges are charging you a premium for that access to everything that’s right there on campus,” she said.\nLike Sullivan, students can typically get free room and board by working as a resident assistant.\nStudents moving off-campus, however, must factor in additional costs, like transportation.\nThis was an unexpected challenge for Mary Dell Harrington, co-founder of Grown and Flown, a parenting website for families with children ages 15-25.\nWhile her son was able to live on campus for all four years, her daughter — now a senior at the University of Virginia — had to start looking for an off-campus apartment in October of her freshman year.\nShe had to buy furniture or bring it from home, and once the semester ended she had to purchase a storage unit for anything they couldn’t take home to New York.\n“That requires a whole other level of financial expenditure,” Harrington said.\nTransportation\nFor students traveling out of state and living off-campus, transportation is yet another "hidden cost."\nHarrington said some travel companies have student discounts, but the best thing to do is not wait until the last minute to book plane or train tickets home.\nOn campus, it can be tempting to call an Uber every time you need a ride. Splitting a ride with your friends is an easy, cheap option, but there are plenty of other ways to get around.\nComing from a fairly small city in Minnesota, Sullivan didn\'t anticipate how much public transportation in Boston would cost.\n“That adds up when you’re taking it a couple of times per week, week after week,” he said.\nSome schools offer free passes for mass transit, according to Khalfani-Cox. She strongly recommended students use public transportation or get a bike, rather than driving.\nParking fees alone are $635 per year on average, she said, not to mention the cost of gas.\nBottom line: “It’s a horrible idea to have a car on campus," she said.\nMeal plans\nMillennials have long been ridiculed for their love of Starbucks and avocado toast. A recent study found that they are eating up their savings by dining out five times per week.\nMeal plans can range from $3,500-$7,000, and if you live on campus you might be required to have one, according to Khalfani-Cox. She said while they can be worth it, students should stay away from the \'all you can eat\' options.\n“That’s just overkill for the average student, not to mention one of the reasons for the dreaded freshman 15,” Khalfani-Cox said.\nIt’s important to bear in mind your personal eating habits when choosing a plan, Harrington said. Her son was an athlete who went through cases of Gatorade and often needed to eat when the dining hall wasn’t open.\n“He played football, so his food consumption needs were much greater than he could have accommodated at the dining hall,” she said.\nKhalfani-Cox added that if you have apartment-style housing with a kitchen, making your own meals is better for both you and your wallet.\nNo matter what, she said the easiest way to save money is to limit dining out. But when you inevitably go out to eat, she recommended checking websites like Chegg for student discounts.\nBudgeting the \'extras\'\nWhether you\'re funding a ramen noodle habit or buying new clothes for an internship, students spend thousands on extras in college.\nKhalfani-Cox pointed out that extracurricular activities aren\'t always free.\n"The average fraternity or sorority will cost today’s college student anywhere from $1,000 to as much as $4,000 per year in fees," she said.\nSullivan recommended taking advantage of student discounts as well as free food and activities on campus and in your city. He often volunteers at concerts or events to get in for free.\nBudgeting "entertainment costs" can be one of the biggest challenges for students, but it\'s an important skill, according to Khalfani-Cox.\n"If you get into the habit of being financially responsible right now that’s such a great trait to have," she said. "It\'s a positive habit that can follow you and aid you economically for the rest of your life.\nRelated:\nRead or Share this story: https://usat.ly/2wXGycg']' should be close to '['Represent the title to find an explanatory news article!', "'Adulting': How not to break the bank at college"]'

WASHINGTON (AP) — President Donald Trump on Saturday claimed complete vindication from a congressional memo that alleges the FBI abused its surveillance powers during the investigation into his campaign’s possible Russia ties. But the memo also includes revelations that might complicate efforts by Trump and his allies to undermine special counsel Robert Mueller’s inquiry.
The four-page document released Friday contends that the FBI, when it applied for a surveillance warrant on a onetime Trump campaign associate, relied excessively on an ex-British spy whose opposition research was funded by Democrats. At the same time, the memo confirms that the investigation into potential Trump links to Russia actually began several months earlier, and was “triggered” by information involving a different campaign aide.
Christopher Steele, the former spy who compiled the allegations, acknowledged having strong anti-Trump sentiments. But he also was a “longtime FBI source” with a credible track record, according to the memo from the House Intelligence Committee chairman, Rep. Devin Nunes, R-Calif., and his staff.
The warrant authorizing the FBI to monitor the communications of former campaign adviser Carter Page was not a one-time request, but was approved by a judge on four occasions, the memo says, and even signed off on by the second-ranking official at the Justice Department, Rod Rosenstein, whom Trump appointed as deputy attorney general.
Trump, however, tweeted from Florida, where he was spending the weekend, that the memo puts him in the clear.
“This memo totally vindicates ‘Trump’ in probe,” he said. “But the Russian Witch Hunt goes on and on. Their (sic) was no Collusion and there was no Obstruction (the word now used because, after one year of looking endlessly and finding NOTHING, collusion is dead). This is an American disgrace!”
The underlying materials that served as the basis for the warrant application were not made public in the memo. As a result, the document only further intensified a partisan battle over how to interpret the actions of the FBI and Justice Department during the early stages of the counterintelligence investigation that Mueller later inherited.
Some Republicans are citing the memo, released over the objections of the FBI and Justice Department, in their arguments that the Mueller investigation is politically tainted.
A closer read presents a far more nuanced picture.
“Having decided to cherry-pick, the Nunes team picked a bunch of the wrong cherries for its own narrative,” Matthew Waxman, a Columbia University professor and former Bush administration official, wrote in an email.
The memo’s central allegation is that agents and prosecutors, in applying in October 2016 to monitor Page’s communications, failed to tell a judge that the opposition research that provided grounds for the FBI’s suspicion had been partially funded by Hillary Clinton’s presidential campaign and the Democratic National Committee.
Page had stopped advising the campaign sometime around the end of that summer.
Republicans say a judge should have known that “political actors” were involved in allegations that led the Justice Department to believe Page might be an agent of a foreign power — an accusation he has consistently and strenuously denied.
Steele’s research, according to the memo, “formed an essential part” of the warrant application. But it’s unclear how much or what information Steele collected made it into the application, or how much has been corroborated. Steele was working for Fusion GPS, a firm initially hired by the conservative Washington Free Beacon to do opposition research on Trump. Steele didn’t begin work on the project until after Democratic groups took over the funding.
The FBI this week expressed “grave concerns” about the memo and called it inaccurate and incomplete. Democrats said it was a set of cherry-picked claims aimed at smearing law enforcement and that releasing the memo would damage law enforcement and intelligence work.
For one, Democrats said Friday that it was misleading and incorrect to say a judge was not told of the potential political motivations of the people paying for Steele’s research.
Beyond that, though, the memo confirms the FBI’s counterintelligence investigation into the Trump campaign began in July 2016, months before the surveillance warrant was sought, and was “triggered” by information concerning campaign aide George Papadopoulos. He pleaded guilty last year to lying to the FBI and is cooperating with Mueller’s investigation.
The timing makes clear that other Trump associates beyond Page, who was part of the election effort for only a short period and was not in Trump’s inner circle, had generated law enforcement scrutiny. The memo also omits that Page had been on the FBI’s radar a few years earlier as part of a separate counterintelligence investigation into Russian influence.
The memo focuses on Page, but Democrats on the House committee said “this ignores the inconvenient fact that the investigation did not begin with, or arise from Christopher Steele or the dossier, and that the investigation would persist on the basis of wholly independent evidence had Christopher Steele never entered the picture.”
Other details in the memo could also challenge Republican claims of bias. The warrant requested was renewed on three additional occasions, meaning that judges approved it four times. One of the Justice Department officials who signed off on it was Rosenstein, a Trump appointee.
Trump, who lambasted the FBI and Justice Department on Twitter, was asked if he was more likely to fire Rosenstein and if he still had confidence in the official. The president simply said, “You figure that one out.”
The memo had been classified because it deals with warrants obtained from the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court. The White House declassified it Friday and sent it to Nunes for immediate release.
That disclosure is extraordinary because it involves details about surveillance of Americans, national security information the government regards as among its most highly classified. The release is likely to further escalate the conflict between the White House and Trump’s law enforcement leaders.
Rosenstein and FBI Director Christopher Wray had personally lobbied against the memo’s disclosure, arguing it could set a dangerous precedent.
The memo’s release also comes amid an effort by Trump and congressional Republicans to discredit Mueller’s investigation. His probe focuses not only on whether the Trump campaign coordinated with Russia but also on whether the president sought to obstruct justice.

Americans are slowly warming up to self-driving cars The fear factor surrounding self-driving cars appears to be slowly receding.
Toyota will invest billions in new self-driving car company Toyota is stepping on the gas to develop a commercially viable autonomous car.
Self-driving truck drives with no one on board A startup has upped the ante in the race to develop self-driving vehicles.
Trump pushes death penalty for some drug dealers President Donald Trump officially proposed imposing the death penalty for certain drug dealers on Monday.
Trump blasts Russia probe as 'WITCH HUNT' President Donald Trump on Monday continued his Twitter attack on special counsel Robert Mueller, calling the ongoing investigation into Russia's interference in the 2016 election a "witch hunt."
Analysis: Trump's 'Plan B' for Mueller Firing special counsel Robert Mueller would be "the beginning of the end of (Donald Trump's) presidency," predicted South Carolina Republican Sen. Lindsey Graham on CNN's "State of the Union" Sunday.


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Question: Aseptic Packaging Market - Opportunity, Driving Trends and deep study

The aseptic packaging market experiences growth due to rise in demand for the packaging solution from multiple sectors and the developing regions. Demand for convenience and packaged products is steadily on the rise as the increase in urban population and demand from the food and beverage industry has spiked demand for aseptic packaging solutions.
The packaging primarily involves keeping food safe, fresh, and flavorful for at least six months without refrigeration or preservatives. It allows food to retain more color, texture, taste, and nutrition. The process destroys and microorganisms that would otherwise contaminate the food, help keep it fresh for longer periods of time.
Pre-filled syringes are expected to be the fastest growing market, which is expected to grow at a CAGR of 9.7% during the forecast period. The development of aseptic technologies in the pharmaceutical market has helped to improve the safety standards and logistical support. The sector is expected to contribute to the growth of aseptic packaging in the developing regions where the presence of pharmaceutical companies is expected to grow.
In terms of materials, the use of paper is estimated to achieve significant growth over the forecast period with an expected CAGR of 9.5%. The use of paper products is backed by concerns over ecological and sustainable packaging practices. Development in alternative sources of deriving paper products and enhancing their strength has resulted in increasing demand for the material. The use of plastics is widely being condemned by governments, which may result in a gradual decline in the use of plastic materials over the years.
Asia-Pacific is expected to be the fastest growing region for aseptic packaging globally. The developing countries of India, China, and Japan have large populations with rise in middle class and large-scale urbanization. The demand for packaged food and beverage is on the rise as the consumer awareness towards food safety and packaging is expected to influence the growth. The increased presence of pharmaceutical companies in the region and their export commitment to other regions such as Europe and North America has prompted them to adopt aseptic packaging to comply with regulations.
View full report @ https://convergedmarkets.com/aseptic-packaging-market-by-material-plastic-paper-paperboard-metal-glass-wood-type-carton-bottle-can-bag-pouche-pre-filled-syringe-vial-ampoule-application-and-global-opportun
The major companies in the aseptic packaging market include Amcor, Robert Bosch, Tetra Laval, Bemis, DuPont, Reynolds Group, Greatview Aseptic Packaging, and Schott AG.

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Safety Relief Valve Market Report covers the present scenario and the growth prospects of the Safety Relief Valve Industry for 2017-2022. Safety Relief Valve Market report analyses the industry potential for each geographical region based on the growth rate, macroeconomic parameters, consumer buying patterns, market demand and supply scenarios.
Safety Relief Valve Market analysis reports provide a valuable source of insightful data for business strategists and competitive analysis of Safety Relief Valve market. It provides the Safety Relief Valve industry overview with growth analysis and futuristic cost, revenue, demand and supply data. The research analysts provide an elaborate description of the value chain and its distributor analysis. This market study provides comprehensive data which enhances the understanding, scope and application of this report.
Browse Details of Safety Relief Valve Market Research Report@ http://www.360marketupdates.com/11139749
Safety Relief Valve Market Report provides comprehensive analysis of: Key market segments and sub-segments, evolving market trends and dynamics, changing supply and demand scenarios, Quantifying market opportunities through market sizing and market forecasting, Tracking current trends/opportunities/challenges, Competitive insights, Opportunity mapping in terms of technological breakthroughs.
Major Manufacturers Analysis of Safety Relief Valve Market: Aquatrol, Apollo Valve, Spence, Parker, Pentair Kunkle Valve and Many Others.
Safety Relief Valve Market Regional Segment Analysis: North America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia, India.
Safety Relief Valve Market Product Segment Analysis: Spring-Type, Lever-Type.
Safety Relief Valve Market Application Segment Analysis: Water Stations, Chemica Industry, Application 3.
Safety Relief Valve Market Report Also Covers Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders & Market Effect Factors Analysis.
Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers of Safety Relief Valve Market: Safety Relief Valve Industrial Chain Analysis, Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing, Raw Materials Sources of Safety Relief Valve Major Manufacturers in 2015, Downstream Buyers.
Safety Relief Valve Market: Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders
Marketing Channel: Direct Marketing, Indirect Marketing, Marketing Channel Development Trend included in Safety Relief Valve Market.
Market Positioning of Safety Relief Valve Market: Pricing Strategy, Brand Strategy, Target Client, Distributors/Traders List.
Market Effect Factors Analysis: Technology Progress/Risk in Safety Relief Valve Market, Substitutes Threat, Technology Progress in Related Industry, Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change, Economic/Political Environmental Change.
Get Sample PDF of Safety Relief Valve Market Report @ https://www.360marketupdates.com/enquiry/request-sample/11139749
Safety Relief Valve market report provides pin-point analysis for changing competitive dynamics. It provides a forward-looking perspective on different factors driving or restraining market growth. Safety Relief Valve market report provides a six-year forecast assessed based on how the market is predicted to grow. This market report helps in understanding the key product segments and their future.


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Question: Bitcoin: The Appetite for the Unknown

Over the past month, Bitcoin has become almost synonymous with the word bubble. In fact, Google searches for the combination words “Bitcoin” and “bubble” has jumped exponentially. That is unsurprising considering Bitcoin’s phenomenal ascent—piercing through record after record.
Even as calls and forecasts for Bitcoin’s eventual collapse intensify, the enthusiasm has intensified, as well. The cryptocurrency is now available for trading on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange floor, making its way forward as a form of legal tender. It’s also unsurprising, then, that in another Google search, the word combo of “buy” and “Bitcoin” is also at a record high.
So, how can we gauge Bitcoin? We cannot! And that is what I call the Unknown Factor.
Chart courtesy of Google Trends
Bitcoin is No Tulip
Some prominent figures including Jaime Dimon CEO of JPMorgan Chase & Co and John C. Bogle-founder of Vanguard Group. have labeled Bitcoin as a bubble, even the world's most famous investor Warren Buffet has been a skeptic on Bitcoin labeling digital currencies a “mirage.” In fact, most of all, the latest Bitcoin surge is compared to the Tulip Mania that took place way back in the 17th century in the Dutch Republic. Back then, Investors got caught up in a frenzy of tulips and began speculating on their price. A bubble was inflated, and eventually, like every inflated bubble, in 1637 the tulip bubble burst, leaving investors “wounded” and with “hefty losses.” The difference between then and now is that a tulip is, for lack of a better description, a “useless asset.” As a commodity, the tulip, albeit pretty, is nothing more than a decaying flower with no real use or applications in food or industry. Unlike a commodity such as gold or silver, a tulip cannot be used for jewelry.
The reality is that Bitcoin is no tulip, but it’s also not “just” currency. Bitcoin is a gateway into a monetary system that is decentralized and independent from any country or bank in the world. It is a system that allows the exchange of funds in total anonymity, in a fraction of a second, and with no transaction fees. And, as previously stated, Bitcoin is gradually becoming an acceptable form of legal tender. Each of those characteristics inherent in Bitcoin has value.
The problem is in assessing Bitcoin’s “fair value.” When an investor buys a stock, he can use certain rules of thumb to evaluate the risk and potential of his investment. For example, a P/E multiple indicates the stock’s valuation, the dividend suggests the dividend yield that the investor might expect, and the financial report is a reflection of the company’s financial health. When it comes to other asset classes, whether bonds or commodity futures, the metric changes but the situation remains the same; the investor can assess the risk he is taking, as well as his potential gain. But there are no real metrics for adequately assessing Bitcoin; Bitcoin’s “fair value” is a BIG unknown. And, after returning a jaw-dropping 651% over five months, this unknown is perceived by investors as having a limitless upside.
Chart courtesy of Bitcoin.com
But, though investors might be hesitant to admit it, much of the appetite for Bitcoin is derived from today’s upbeat economic environment. Annual GDP Growth in the US stabilizing above 2% for the past three quarters, China’s growth has stabilized around 6.7-6.8%, and even in the fragile Eurozone, growth is stabilizing above 2%. And inflation has also been rather stable, with inflation in the US, China and the Eurozone averaging between 1.5% and 2%. All told, both growth and inflation have been remarkably stable, with few surprises in either direction. In fact, lately, very few shocks have occurred in the global economy. Despite a few hiccups here and there, even Brexit seems to be drawing to a relatively smooth conclusion. When everything seems so predictable, returns are low, and investors become confident enough in that predictability that they are willing to seek higher returns with the unknown.
But, what happens when the economic environment stops being predictable? What if a crisis in the Middle East causes inflation to surge and triggers an economic crisis? What if China’s real estate starts collapsing again? Of course, the “what if’s” are plenty, but the results are always the same. When a crisis erupts, the economic environment becomes uncertain and investors crowd into assets with the most certainty and a known value, like top-rated stocks or US Treasuries, or else they simply hold US Dollars. Suddenly, the unknown value of Bitcoin is perceived, not as a limitless upside but, as a bottomless pit, as investors sell the unknown and flee to safe haven assets.
So, if you are thinking about buying Bitcoin, first gauge the economy and inflation because, more than anything else, that is the key to Bitcoin’s trend. That is what caused the Bitcoin rally to accelerate exponentially in the first place, and that is what will precipitate Bitcoin’s inevitable sell-off.
Look for my post next week.
Best,
Lior Alkalay
INO.com Contributor
Disclosure: This article is the opinion of the contributor themselves. The above is a matter of opinion provided for general information purposes only and is not intended as investment advice. This contributor is not receiving compensation (other than from INO.com) for their opinion.

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Question: Australia's Michael Matthews wins Tour of Romandie prologue

FRIBOURG, Switzerland — Michael Matthews of Australia won the opening Tour of Romandie prologue on Tuesday for his first victory of the season.
Matthews was one second faster than Tom Bohli of Switzerland on the 4-kilometre (2-1/2 mile) route around Fribourg. Primoz Roglic of Slovenia was third.
After a stellar 2017, when he won two Tour de France stages and the green jersey as most consistent finisher, Matthews had a low-key European spring season.
The Team Sunweb rider told Swiss broadcaster RTS it was a "massive relief" to get his first win.

Riders in action during the fourth stage of the Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana cycling race over 181km from Orihuela to Cocentaina near Alicante, Spain, Feb. 3, 2018. EPA-EFE/MANUEL BRUQUE
Spanish rider Alejandro Valverde of the Movistar Team celebrates as he crosses the finish line to win the fourth stage of the Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana cycling race over 181km from Orihuela to Cocentaina near Alicante, Spain, Feb. 3, 2018. EPA-EFE/MANUEL BRUQUE
Spain's Alejandro Valverde (Movistar) on Saturday won the queen stage of the 69th Tour of Valencia, virtually assuring himself of a third title at this road cycling race.
Valverde chased down Britain's Adam Yates (Mitchelton-Scott) over the final uphill climb to the finish line to take the lead; he then rode the last 100 meters all alone to end the fourth stage with a time of four hours, 48 minutes and 34 seconds.


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Question: On Stage: "René Marie + Experiment in Truth" | Aug 20

KUVO's "On Stage" highlights "René Marie + Experiment in Truth," she has the sort of voice which first comes to mind when someone asks for a jazz singer. Tune in on Sunday, August 20 at 4pm to catch some of the magic from one of Colorado's great summertime Jazz venues, Vail Square.
Next up is ¡Cubanismo! on August 27.
To find out more about attending any of these concerts, visit www.VailJazz.org.

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Episode 718 is coming from Radio Free Amsterdam headquarters in the Cass Corridor of Detroit for my last show from Detroit this summer ( I had it wrong when I said that last week) and while it’s playing in the Radio Free Amsterdam rotation I should be in the air over the Atlantic Ocean headed for Sweden and the Netherlands. When I get back to the D next month I’ll be preparing for a special Thelonious Monk 100th birthday concert with the Planet D Nonet at the Scarab Club feauring my verses from always know: a book of monk set to Monk’s music as arranged and performed by the Planet D. I wanted to salute RJ Spangler and the nine-piece orchestra wth this episode, so we’ll be hearing an hour of their music from the Planet D Nonet albums Swinging The D, Dave’s Garage, Ballads, Blues & Beyond, Blowin’ Away the Blues, A Salute To Strayhorn, and Rays of the Sun. And, since today is the birthday of my companion, Ms. Imani, I’d like to dedicate this episode to her. Happy birthday, baby!
The John Sinclair Foundation Presents
SWINGING THE D
JOHN SINCLAIR RADIO SHOW 718
Cass Corridor, Detroit, August 4, 2017 [20-1733]
[01] Opening Theme: Yusef Lateef: Happyology
[02] John Sinclair ID, Intro & Opening Comments
[03] Planet D Nonet: Shorty George
[04] Planet D Nonet: Big John Special
[05] Planet D Nonet: Hoppin’ John
[06] Planet D Nonet: Weird Beard
[07] Planet D Nonet: Good Queen Bess
[08] John Sinclair Comments
[09] Planet D Nonet with Alberta Adams: Say Baby Say
[10] Planet D Nonet: Paradise Valley Walk
[11] Planet D Nonet: King Porter Stomp
[12] Planet D Nonet: My Little Brown Book
[13] Planet D Nonet: Such Sweet Thunder
[14] John Sinclair Comments
[15] Planet D Nonet: Saturn
[16] Planet D Nonet: Where Pathways Meet
[17] Planet D Nonet: They’ll Come Back
[18] John Sinclair Closing Comments & Outro
[20] Closing Theme: Charlie Parker: They Can’t Take That Away From Me
A JOINT PRODUCTION
Hosted by John Sinclair for Radio Free Amsterdam
Produced, recorded & assembled by John Sinclair
Executive Producer: Steve Pratt
Sponsored by Hempshopper & Ceres Seeds, Amsterdam
Special thanks to RJ Spangler
© 2017 The John Sinclair Foundation


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Question: Man who sold ammunition to Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock is charged

A man who sold ammunition to Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock has been charged with manufacturing armour-piercing bullets.
Douglas Haig, who sold ammunition as a hobby, said he had not noticed anything suspicious when he sold tracer rounds to Paddock.
Haig's fingerprints were found on unfired armour-piercing bullets in the Las Vegas hotel room at the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino where Paddock unleashed his attack on unsuspecting country music fans.
According to a criminal complaint filed in a federal court in Arizona, Haig does not have a license to manufacture armour-piercing ammunition.
Haig told investigators that when Paddock bought the ammunition at his home in suburban Phoenix, Paddock went to his car to get gloves and put them on before taking the box from Haig.

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Marilou Danley, the girlfriend of Las Vegas shooter Stephen Paddock, has reportedly told investigators that he “would lie in bed, just moaning and screaming, ‘Oh, my God,’” according to former FBI officials who were briefed on the matter. NBC News reported that investigators believe that Paddock suffered from mental illness or physical pain, but that deterioration of his mental health did not appear to be the catalyst behind a deadly shooting spree that killed 59 people and injured more than 500. State and federal officials did confirm that Paddock had been prescribed anti-anxiety medication Valium.
Danley, 62, a Philippines native with Australian citizenship, was seen in footage being removed from a flight to Manila out of Los Angeles Airport after FBI agents declared her a person of interest in the case. Danley’s sisters had said that Paddock had bought her the ticket to the Philippines, and that she had no idea about his plan to attack the music festival.
Paddock is believed to have investigated other possible targets for his attack in Boston and Chicago, where thousands, including former first daughter Malia obama, attended Lollapalooza in early August.
Read the full story at NBC News.
Related
Marilou Danley, girlfriend of Las Vegas gunman, tells FBI she had no idea of massacre plans
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Question: 'It was a weird few days': FA Cup final ref Oliver reflects on Buffon incident

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FA CUP FINAL referee Michael Oliver was humbled by messages of support after experiencing a “weird few days” in the aftermath of Juventus’ controversial Champions League exit at the hands of Real Madrid.
The Durham official was the centre of attention after awarding a late penalty to the hosts in the second leg of the quarter-final tie at the Santiago Bernabeu.
Oliver’s decision to blow for a foul by Medhi Benatia on Madrid substitute Lucas Vazquez led to a furious reaction from Juve goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon, who was sent off for his vociferous protestations.
Cristiano Ronaldo scored from the spot to send the holders through, with Oliver and his wife subsequently the target of death threats and social media abuse from upset fans.
“It was a weird few days. But it was nice that so many people, both within the game and outside the game, were keen to offer their support. It was quite humbling actually and it meant a lot,” he told the Football Association’s official website.
I had people coming up to me in the street and people from inside the game were sending me messages of support. It’s a nice thing to know I’ve got that backing.
The FA has handed Oliver the FA Cup final between Chelsea and Manchester United on 19 May.
He will be assisted by Lee Betts and Ian Hussin, with Lee Mason the fourth official. Neil Swarbrick, meanwhile, will make history as the first video assistant referee at an FA Cup final.
“I was very proud and humbled to receive the phone call,” Oliver added.
“When you start out, taking charge of the Cup Final is not something you even think about. As your career progresses it becomes a realistic target but it’s not a call you ever expect to take. This opportunity only comes around once in a referee’s career.
“It’s funny how things work out because the 1994 Final between Manchester United and Chelsea is the first one I remember watching. And now here I am taking charge of those two teams in an FA Cup Final 24 years later.”
- Omni

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Jordan Pickford helped England end their penalty shootout hoodoo and reach the World Cup quarter-finals at the expense of Colombia in Moscow.
After decades stewing on his Euro 96 semi-final miss against Germany, Gareth Southgate has spent recent months trying to improve their chances in Russia if it went all the way.
Things looked set to go pear-shaped when Jordan Henderson's penalty was saved, only for Mateus Uribe's spot-kick to rattle the bar and goalkeeper Pickford to deny Carlos Bacca.
Eric Dier kept his composure in the Spartak Stadium cauldron, propelling the Three Lions to a famous 4-3 shootout win after it ended 1-1 after 90 minutes and extra time.
Newcastle United legend Alan Shearer launched a foul-mouthed rant at Colombia after they were eliminated, the Mirror reports.
Sat alongside fellow commentator Jermaine Jenas at Media City in Salford after the ill-tempered game which saw six yellow cards given to opposition players, he launched a foul-mouthed rant at the South American side.
Take a look at what Shearer said in the video above.
Out of shot, host Gary Lineker can be heard laughing.
In the first half viewers were treated to a headbutt by Marcos Barrios (that only saw yellow), more yellow cards followed as well as the sight of a senior coach for the Colombian team shouldering Raheem Sterling as he left the pitch.
In the second half the Colombian team swarmed referee Mark Gieger when the official rightly gave a penalty to England and footage has since emerged of Johan Mojica kicking up the turf prior to Harry Kane’s spot kick.
Shearer was certainly not the only viewer fuming at Colombia.
England will now play Sweden at 3pm on Saturday, July 7 as they bid to reach their first World Cup semi-final since Italia '90.


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Question: Poet Imagines Life Inside A 1910 Institution That Eugenics Built

Growing up in southwestern Virginia in recent decades, poet Molly McCully Brown often passed by a state institution in Amherst County that was once known as the "Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded."
Since 1983 the facility, which was founded in 1910, has been called the Central Virginia Training Center, and it is now a residential home for people with various intellectual disabilities. But in the early 20th century, the place Brown now refers to as "the colony" was part of the eugenics movement taking hold in the U.S., and a variety of treatments now considered inhumane were practiced there — including forced sterilization. Brown, who has cerebral palsy, notes that had she been born in an earlier era, she might have been sent to live at the institution herself.
"It is impossible to know that for sure," she says. "I can look at my life and look at my family and look at my parents and think, No, never. That never would have happened. But I also understand that if I had been born 50 years earlier, the climate was very different."
She hopes to give voice to those early generations of residents, in her book of poetry, The Virginia State Colony For Epileptics And Feebleminded.
For Brown, the themes of disability and poetry have been constant throughout her life: "In my life, there has always been my body in some state of falling apart or disrepair or attempting to be fixed, and there has always been poetry. And I couldn't untwine those things if I tried."
Interview Highlights
On seeing the buildings and grounds of the old facility
It was incredibly moving and incredibly powerful. The place is interesting because it is still an operational facility for adults with really serious disabilities, although it is in the process of closing. But like a lot of things in Virginia, it was initially built on an enormous amount of land. And, so, a really interesting thing happened, which is that as the buildings that were originally part of the colony fell into disrepair, they were largely just moved out of — and new buildings were built on accompanying land, but those original buildings were not necessarily torn down. So the place itself is this really strange combination of functioning facility and ghost town of everything that it has been. I've never been in a place that felt more acutely haunted in my life.
On how some people assume her physical disability means she also has an intellectual disability
We do have a strange tendency in this country to equate any kind of disability with less intellectual capability and with even a less complete humanity. Certainly as a child and as a teenager — and even now as an adult — [I] encountered people who assumed that just because I used a wheelchair, maybe I couldn't even speak to them. I often get questions directed at people I'm with, as opposed to me, and that's a really interesting phenomenon.
On the connection between poetry and theology
Both poetry and theology for me are about paying attention to the world in a very intentional way, and about admitting a mystery that is bigger than anything that I rationally understand. ... I think poetry has always been for me a kind of prayer. So those things feel very linked for me. And, again, poetry does feel like the first — and in some ways best — language I ever had for mystery and for my sense of what exists beyond the world we're currently living in.
On how Catholicism has helped her accept her body
One of the things that I find so moving about Catholicism is that it never forgets that to be a person is inherently and inescapably and necessarily to be in a body — a body that brings you pain, a body that brings you pleasure, a body that can be a barrier to thinking more completely about your life and your soul — but [that it] can also be a vehicle to delivering you into better communion with the world, with other people and to whatever divinity it is that you believe in.
What Catholicism did for me, in part, is give me a framework in which to understand my body as not an accident or a punishment or a mistake, but as the body that I am meant to have and that is constitutive of so much of who I am and what I've done and what I hope I will do in the world.
More and more ... I've come to see my body as a place of pride and potential, and as something that gives me a unique outlook onto the world. And I'd rather that, I guess, than be infuriated by it.
On her twin sister, who died shortly after birth
She lived about 36 hours after we were born. ... It's a phenomenon in my life that I have not a lot of rational explanation for, ... but it is true that I miss my sister with a kind of intense specificity that has no rational explanation, and that I feel aware of her presence in this way that I can't exactly explain or articulate, but which feels undeniable to me. ...
I do think that that sort of gave me no other option than to believe in some kind of something beyond this current mortal life that we're living. Because what is the explanation otherwise for the fact that I feel like I miss and I know this person who only lived a matter of hours? And for the fact as much as I know that she is dead and is gone in a real way, she doesn't feel "disappeared" to me.
On how her physical disability and her poetry are intertwined
I think the easiest way I have of describing it is I have two [early] memories. ... One of them is of sitting on a table in a hospital room in the children's hospital in St. Louis, choosing the flavor of the anesthetic gas I was going to breathe when they put me under to do my first major surgery. I was picking between cherry and butterscotch and grape. And the second memory that I have is of my father reading a Robert Hayden poem called "Those Winter Sundays."
Roberta Shorrock and Therese Madden produced and edited this interview for broadcast. Bridget Bentz, Molly Seavy-Nesper and Deborah Franklin adapted it for the Web.
Copyright 2017 Fresh Air. To see more, visit Fresh Air
TERRY GROSS, HOST:
This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross. During the first half of the 20th century, many people in Virginia deemed mentally or physically defective were confined in the Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded, a government-run residential hospital where they were sterilized to prevent them from creating more people like themselves. The facility is now dedicated to training the cognitively impaired.
My guest, poet Molly McCully Brown, was born in 1991, grew up near this facility and often wondered if she would've been deemed defective and confined in the colony had she been born a few decades earlier. She has cerebral palsy, a neurological disorder that affects body movement and muscle coordination. Her new collection of poems, "The Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded," imagines what life was like in the colony. The poems were described in a New York Times book review as part history lesson, part seance, part ode to dread - beautiful and devastating.
As the daughter of two novelists, she grew up immersed in books. As we'll discuss later, Molly McCully Brown converted to Catholicism three years ago, although she describes her relationship to the church as uncomfortable. She's at work on a collection of essays about disability, poetry, religion and the American South.
Molly McCully Brown, welcome to FRESH AIR. I love your poems. So how often did you see the former Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded when you were driving around your home in Virginia?
MOLLY MCCULLY BROWN: You know, I drove by the entrance to the colony practically daily when I was a child and a teenager. But I never went inside of it until I was in college and home in Virginia from California for the summer, and starting to think about the Virginia landscape. And I took a kind of impromptu trip inside with a friend. So I'd driven by this place. I'd known about it for years and years - for my whole conscious life, basically. But I'd never seen it up until that point.
GROSS: What feeling did you get when you were inside?
BROWN: It was incredibly moving and incredibly powerful. The place is interesting because it is still an operational facility for adults with really serious disabilities, although it is in the process of closing. But like a lot of things in Virginia, it was initially built on an enormous amount of land. And so a really interesting thing happened, which is that, as the buildings that were originally part of the colony fell into disrepair, they were largely just moved out of. And new buildings were built on accompanying land. But those original buildings were not necessarily torn down.
And so the place itself is this really strange combination of functioning facility and ghost town of everything that it has been. And so I've never been in a place that felt more acutely haunted in my life.
GROSS: So I'd like you to read an excerpt of the opening poem from your book. This is the part of the poem where you're driving past the building that used to be the State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded. You're driving past it, and you're thinking about the people who live there. You're thinking about what their lives have been like. And in this second part, you're also thinking about what it might have been like had you been forced to live there, as you might've been if you were born just a few decades earlier.
BROWN: Mmm hmm.
GROSS: Would you read it for us?
BROWN: Sure.
(Reading) I am my own kind of damaged there, looking out the right-hand window - spastic, palsied and off balance. I'm taking crooked notes about this place. It is the land where he is buried. The place she spent her whole life. The room where they made it impossible for her to have children. It is the colony where he did not learn to read but did paint every single slat of fence you see that shade of yellow, the place she didn't want to leave when she finally could because she'd lived there 50 years and couldn't drive a car, or remember the outside or trust anyone to touch her gently. And by some accident of luck or grace, some window less than half a century wide, it is my backyard but not what happened to my body.
GROSS: Do you think you would've been there, had you been born decades earlier?
BROWN: I mean, it is impossible to know that for sure, you know? And I can look at my life, and look at my family, and look at my parents and think, you know, no, never. That never would've happened. But I also understand that if I'd been born 50 years earlier, the climate was very different. The understanding of disability was very different. And what happens to people who are born with severe disabilities was a very different thing. And I think it is certainly a possibility. And that possibility is absolutely one of the things that led me to write the book.
GROSS: So when you were growing up with cerebral palsy, what were the assumptions made about you and your cognitive abilities when you were a child?
BROWN: You know, I feel very lucky that I grew up with parents who were phenomenal, and fierce and insistent advocates for me. And so who never let anyone assume that I was less cognitively capable - or really, less capable in any significant way - because I had cerebral palsy and my mobility was compromised. And they were wonderful about making sure that I was mainstreamed in the public school system as a child and had access to all the right kinds of educational opportunities.
But with that said, I think we do have strange tendency in this country to equate any kind of disability with less intellectual capability and with even a kind of less-complete humanity. And so I certainly, as a child, and as a teenager and even now as an adult, encountered people who assumed that just because I used a wheelchair, maybe I couldn't even speak to them. I often get questions directed at people that I'm with, as opposed to me. And that's a really interesting phenomenon.
GROSS: So the assumption that some of your poems are based on is not only were the people in this colony considered unfit to reproduce, therefore they were sterilized. It was assumed, in some ways, that they were, like, the outcasts of God. And that's why they were, quote, "defective."
So you have several poems that relate to faith, and religion and the people who are living in this colony. I'd like you to read one of those poems. It's called "The Convulsions Choir." And this is - I'm going to ask you to read an excerpt of that poem. Would you introduce it for us?
BROWN: Sure. So this poem is called "The Convulsions Choir." And it's from the point of view of an imagined colony patient who is epileptic. And I'm just going to read the very first part of the poem, which takes place in the colony's chapel.
(Reading) They did not build the church for us. I overheard one night nurse talking to another. They meant it for the staff, as a refuge from the stench, the idiot and the insane. They meant, you will need God more than ever in this place. After all, we are a whole host of reasons to stop believing in anything. I am the worst thing the reasoned world has wrought.
GROSS: Is that poem based on things that you learned in researching the colony, that the church was really built for the staff and not for the people who were permanent residents of the colony?
BROWN: I don't know that I ever came upon a sort of direct statement of that fact. But what I did come upon again and again was a kind of understanding that was pervasive in the colony and in the eugenics movement in the '30s, at the time that these poems are set, that the people who were colony patients, colony inmates, were somehow subhuman, somehow not fully possessed of meaningful inner lives and meaningful consciousnesses that were developed to the same extent as, you know, somebody who was considered not defective by the times of society at that moment might have been.
And from there, it felt like a really kind of easy conclusion for me to imagine that these spaces which are about the kind of cultivation of one's inner-life, of one's soul, if you want to call it that, of one's relationship with whatever higher power one might believe in couldn't have and wouldn't have been imagined for these patients but did exist on colony grounds.
And so from there, I kind of extrapolated to this point where I tried to imagine, OK, if you don't really believe that these patients are possessed of a complete inner-life and are possessed of a sort of capacity to be concerned with their own soul, then who are you building a church for here, and why?
GROSS: You have another poem that's written from the perspective of a priest or a minister at the church in the colony. And I'd like you to read an excerpt of that one for us and to...
BROWN: Sure.
GROSS: ...Introduce it as well.
BROWN: Yeah. So it was important to me in writing the book that I tried to imagine not just the perspectives of women who would have been colony patients but also people who might have and would have worked there. And so this is one of those poems, as you said, from the perspective of preacher, a minister who works at the colony, trying to kind of grapple with his own relationship to the place and the people and the work that he was doing there. And I'm just going to read the first two sections.
"Prayer For The Wretched Among Us." One. (Reading) Always they tell you to go where God calls you. What they don't say is that sometimes God will call you to the wilderness, gesture toward the trees and then hang back and wave you on alone. This is how I wound up granting absolution to low-grade idiots and the worn-out women who turn them over in bed at night and at dawn go home to their own families. Try not to think of ghosts wasting away in the world.
Two. (Reading) You are not supposed to be afraid of sinners. You should take off your shoes and give them to the wretched and the damned. Hold out your hand to every girl, even if she seems more animal, statue or remnant of plague than lost disciple. But do the children of God really lose their eyes in the backs of their heads and swallow their own tongues in church?
GROSS: That's Molly McCully Brown reading one of her poems from her new collection, "The Virginia State Colony For Epileptics And Feebleminded." Molly, let's take a short break here, and then we'll talk some more. If you're just joining us, my guest is poet Molly McCully Brown. Her new collection of poems is called "The Virginia State Colony For Epileptics And Feebleminded." We'll talk more after a break. This is FRESH AIR.
(SOUNDBITE OF KEVIN EUBANKS' "POET")
GROSS: This is FRESH AIR. If you're just joining us, my guest is poet Molly McCully Brown. Her new collection is called "The Virginia State Colony For Epileptics And Feebleminded." The poems are inspired by the institution that was just a few miles away from where she grew up that used to house people deemed to be insane, idiotic, feebleminded or epileptic. Those are the words that we used then. And then they were sterilized to prevent them from reproducing. Brown has cerebral palsy and often has to use a wheelchair. She thinks that had she been born just a few decades earlier, she might have ended up in the colony or been sterilized there.
Molly, you converted to Catholicism a few years ago. You know, Christ's body is an essential part of Mass. The wafer and the wine and Holy Communion is meant to be the body and the blood of Jesus. I'm wondering if it's significant for you that the body of Jesus is such a part of the Mass given that your body has been such a defining trait for you your whole life because of its limitations and because of the pain it's caused you and the attention it gets from people who see you, you know, either in a wheelchair or walking with difficulty.
BROWN: Absolutely. I think one of the central things that drew me to Catholicism in the beginning was how central and significant the body is in the Mass both in terms of, yes, that understanding that Christ body is literally present as part of the service and also in terms of how bodily the Mass is and how bodily the theology is.
I think we have this tendency to think of religion as something which is about leaving the body behind, right? You have a soul. You have a spiritual life that is somehow utterly untethered from the fact that you are a flesh-and-blood person moving around in the world and limited and constituted by your body in all of these unavoidable ways.
And one of the things that I find so moving about Catholicism is that it never forgets that to be a person is inherently and inescapably and necessarily to be in a body, a body that brings you pain, a body that brings you pleasure, a body that can be a barrier to thinking more completely about your life and your soul but that can also be a vehicle to delivering you into better communion with the world, with other people and to whatever divinity it is that you believe in.
GROSS: Jesus was also a healer of the sick. Does that speak to you?
BROWN: Absolutely - I mean I think for me, that's a kind of complicated question. One thing that I found really meaningful as I was going through the process of converting - and I should say that I still - even as a convert, I have an uncomfortable relationship with some things about the church, and I have many questions. And I think for me, being a person of faith is about trying to live with that - inside those questions and sort of, you know, help be a part of making the institutions that I am a part of and believe in the best versions of themselves.
But one thing that I did find enormously interesting and moving as I was converting to Catholicism was this notion that we all have the bodies that we are meant to have and that if and when Christ in the Bible heals the sick, we're to understand it only as a part of doing something that is in some way necessary for the maintenance and salvation of their spirits and their souls.
And so actually what Catholicism did for me in part is give me a framework in which to understand my body as not an accident or a punishment or a mistake but as the body that I am meant to have and that is constitutive of so much of who I am and what I've done and what I hope I will do in the world.
More and more I've come to see - whether I'm in church or in the classroom as a teacher or interacting with people I love, I've come to see my body as a place of pride and potential and as something which gives me a unique outlook onto the world. And I'd rather that, I guess, than be infuriated by it.
GROSS: Could you tell us just a little bit about your condition of cerebral palsy?
BROWN: Yeah. So cerebral palsy is a neurological disorder. And the easiest way to describe it is that it's a little bit like a stroke that happens usually in utero or immediately after birth. And one of the most common causes of the type that I have, which is called moderate spastic diplegia, is oxygen deprivation. And it just essentially results in brain damage, which impairs your gross motor control, your balance and, in my case, results in heightened spasticity, which means that my muscles are really, really tense and really tight. Cerebral palsy is a big umbrella of a disorder. There are people who have cerebral palsy who are affected so severely that it inhibits their speech. It inhibits the motion of their hands. It means that they kind of don't walk at all.
And there are people who have CP, which is the abbreviation, who are really pretty mildly affected and might be a little bit clumsy, have a slight - a gait that looks, you know, slightly other than what you might typically expect. I fall somewhere in the middle of that spectrum. So I walk with a very crouched gait. My balance is very bad. And my endurance is very limited. And that means that I use a wheelchair to walk more than sort of very short distances.
GROSS: So when you were born, you were very premature.
BROWN: I was.
GROSS: How premature?
BROWN: I was born at 27 weeks, which is almost three months premature.
GROSS: And you were born one of a twin.
BROWN: I was. I was an identical twin, yeah.
GROSS: And your twin sister died just a few hours after being born.
BROWN: She died. She lived about 36 hours after she was born.
GROSS: And my understanding is, from reading your writing - is it the concept of soul - of the soul - is especially important to you because you feel like you're still in touch with your sister's soul, that your sister had a soul and there's something of her that lives on and that you are interconnected with.
BROWN: Yeah. It's a funny thing because it is a phenomenon in my life that I have not a lot of rational explanation for - that there is not a lot of language or space that feels right for discussing it in the kind of daily, practical life of being a human being. But it is true that I miss my sister with a kind of intense specificity that has no rational explanation and that I feel aware of her presence in this way that I can't exactly explain or articulate but which feels undeniable to me. And I have my whole life, ever since I was a child.
And so, yeah, I do think that that sort of gave me no other option than to believe in some kind of something beyond this current mortal life that we're living - because what is the explanation otherwise for the fact that I feel like I miss and I know this person who only lived a matter of hours and for the fact that, as much as, you know, I know that she is dead and is gone in a very real way she doesn't feel disappeared to me?
GROSS: So is church this space? And does it provide the language for you to think about things like your sister's soul?
BROWN: It does. For me, church and Catholicism specifically does provide some of that space and some of that language. And I should say that the other thing that provides that space for me is poetry - and that, for me, those things feel very twinned (ph), for lack of a better term and that I think I came to religion, to theology first and largely through relationship to poetry. That has lasted my whole life and has been always the first and best language for me for talking about things that I can't exactly explain or that don't really have a place in the kind of daily, normal life that I'm living.
GROSS: My guest is Molly McCully Brown. Her new collection of poems is called "The Virginia State Colony For Epileptics And Feebleminded." After we take a short break, we'll talk about how poetry connects with her faith and about being the daughter of two novelists. And jazz critic Kevin Whitehead will review a 1968 concert recording by the Bill Evans Trio that's been released for the first time. I'm Terry Gross, and this is FRESH AIR.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)
GROSS: This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross, back with poet and essayist Molly McCully Brown. Her new collection of poems, The Virginia State Colony For Epileptics And Feebleminded," takes its title from the government-run residential hospital which, in the first half of the 20th century, housed people deemed to be mentally or physically defective. To prevent them from procreating, they were sterilized. Brown grew up near the facility and wonders if she'd have been sent there had she been born decades earlier. She has cerebral palsy, a neurological disorder that affects body movement and muscle coordination. When we left off, we were talking about her recent conversion to Catholicism.
Tell me more - how poetry connected you with theology.
BROWN: I think, for me, both writing and reading poetry and experiencing religious devotion are always first and foremost for me, a matter of sort of slowing down and stilling and paying attention and quieting that sort of indignant, protesting part of my heart that says, you know, I'm angry or I don't understand this or I am hungry or I want to be watching whatever bad reality television show is airing right now - that both poetry and theology for me are about paying attention to the world in a very intentional way and about admitting a mystery that is bigger than anything that I rationally understand or bigger than who I am as a person. And I think, you know, poetry has always been for me a kind of prayer. And so those things feel very linked for me. And, again, poetry does feel like the first and, in some ways, best language I ever had for mystery and for my sense of what exists beyond the world that we're currently living in.
GROSS: Your parents are both writers. They're novelists, and they're teachers at Sweet Briar College in Virginia. You grew up on a house either on the campus or just near the campus?
BROWN: I grew up on campus, yeah.
GROSS: Was that a good thing?
BROWN: Oh, it was a wonderful thing. For a bookish, weird child who had to spend a lot of time in hospitals, had to spend a lot of time in physical therapy, found early that her brain was going to be her best refuge and best resource, growing up the children of artists and faculty members on a college campus - I mean, it was like Mecca. I got to go to readings. I got to go to classes. My life was filled with people who took my interest in books and in art and in religion and in poetry seriously from my earliest moments. It was - I could not have asked for a better childhood in that way.
GROSS: And it sounds like you were really serious about writing right at the start. I mean, from reading your essays, it sounds like you were dictating things to your parents before you knew how to write...
BROWN: Yeah.
GROSS: ...Because you had such a strong urge to write down what you were saying. Like, can you describe that urge?
BROWN: Yeah. I mean, I think the easiest way I have of describing it is that I have two memories, one of which is my first memory and one of which is my second. And I couldn't tell you which one comes first and which one comes second. One of them is of sitting on a table in a hospital room in the children's hospital in St. Louis, choosing the flavor of the anesthetic gas I was going to breathe when they put me under to do my first major surgery. And I was picking between cherry and butterscotch and grape.
And the second memory that I have - very early memory I have - is of my father reading a Robert Hayden poem called "Those Winter Sundays." And so I guess the thing to say is that in my life, there has always been my body in some state of falling apart or disrepair or attempting to be fixed. And there has always been poetry. And I couldn't untwin those things if I tried. But I have wanted to be a writer since I - yeah, since before I could write. I have never really wanted to do anything else.
And I - you know, I can remember discovering a copy of Emily Dickinson's poems in my mother's bedroom at maybe 7 or 8 years old and reading them and, of course, not really understanding them but being drawn to the music and the compression and the strangeness of them and thinking, that. I want to do that. And I'm very lucky that I've gotten to.
GROSS: Are there are a few lines from Dickinson you want to say that meant a lot to you when you were discovering her?
BROWN: Yeah. The soul has moments of escape when bursting all the doors. She dances like a bomb, abroad, and swings upon the hours.
GROSS: What did that mean to you?
BROWN: Oh. I think that, for me, Dickinson was the first poet I encountered who I could see really clearly grappling with the sort of difficult yoke between body and soul and the relationship that they had to one another. And that notion that the soul has moments of escape when bursting all the doors - and there for me you got the soul bursting the bounds of the body. But you also got a kind of magical experience of being alive. And those lines do, I mean, have about them the thing that poetry has - right? - which is that they have not just their narrative meaning. But they have all that great and wonderful sound. You know, the soul has moments of escape when bursting all the doors. She dances like a bomb abroad and swings upon the hours. All those B's, all that swinging sound - the way in which the message of the poem felt so in conversation to me with the way that it sounded and the way that it was on the page. I think I thought, OK, this is my language.
GROSS: My guest is Molly McCully Brown. Her new collection of poems is called "The Virginia State Colony For Epileptics And Feebleminded." We'll talk more after a break. This is FRESH AIR.
(SOUNDBITE OF AVISHAI COHEN'S "GBEDE TEMIN")
GROSS: This is FRESH AIR. Let's get back to my interview with writer Molly McCully Brown. Her new collection of poems, "The Virginia State Colony for Epileptics and Feebleminded," takes its title from the government-run residential hospital which, in the first half of the 20th century, housed people deemed physically or cognitively defective. She grew up near the facility and empathizes with the patients because she has cerebral palsy.
I've been choosing poems for you to read. Would you like to choose one that you would like to read?
BROWN: Sure. I'd love to read one of the first poems in the first section of the book, which is called "In The Dormitory." This is a poem called "Grand Mal Seizure," and it's the first poem that I ever wrote for the collection as I was drafting it. And it's one that - its beginning became, for me, a kind of way of thinking about what I was doing in the collection as a whole and my relationship to this place and these poems. So I'd love to read that.
GROSS: Go ahead.
BROWN: "Grand Mal Seizure" - (Reading) There's however it is you call, and there's whatever it is you're calling to. July, I sew my own dress from calico and lace. August, they take it off me in the colony, trade it in for standard-issue Virginia cotton - not much room for my body in the heavy slip. Maybe that's the idea. For a while, the abandoning was rare. And then it was not and would never be again. Imagine you are an animal in your own throat. The dormitory has a pitched, dark roof and a high porch. We are not allowed outside.
Instead, we go to the window and make a game of racing dogwood blossoms knocked down by the wind. Choose your flower as it falls, and see whose is the first to hit the clay. I beat the crippled girl every day for a week. The trick is to pick the smaller petals. Most nights, they knot the bedsheet in my mouth so I will not bite my tongue. Lay out on the pine floor, rattle your own bones back to the center of the world. In the beds, the smell of kerosene and lye - the girls wake themselves one after another - spasm, whimper, whine. Outside, cicadas; in the distance, the big house lights - another truck comes loud up the road bearing another girl. There is whatever it is you're calling to. There is however it is you call.
GROSS: Thank you for reading that. I think language has so much to do with how you explain ourselves to ourselves and to others. And I'm thinking, like, if you grew up - if somebody grew up in this colony for the, quote, "feebleminded and epileptics," and you were labeled, officially, defective and you were sterilized because you were defective, that you would have to think of yourself as defective. I mean, that's how - that was your official diagnosis - defective.
BROWN: Absolutely.
GROSS: Whereas, like, when you were growing up with cerebral palsy, a condition that might've ended you up in this colony had you been born decades ago, you were given a medical explanation. Here's what happened in your body when you were born, and here is why your muscles aren't typical. Did you think about that a lot when writing the book - how language defines how you see yourself and how others see you?
BROWN: Absolutely. I mean, I think one thing that it's worth saying - you know, I owe a lot to modern medicine and to the medical model of disability. This model that says, OK, here are the things that are, quote, unquote, "wrong with you." Here are the reasons, as far as we know them, that they're wrong with you. And here are the things we can do and are going to try to do to fix you. You know, I've had several major surgeries in my life. I've had a lot of orthopedic intervention. And I am certainly more mobile than I would be without that intervention. And I'm - am grateful for all of that.
And I'm grateful to have had these scientific and concrete explanations for why and how my body works, and my brain works or doesn't work the way that it does. But I will say that it does shape your sense of yourself. You know, the earliest language I had for talking about my body was a list of the things that were wrong with it and a list of the things that people were doing to try to make it like, quote, unquote, "better." And I think that does really shape your sense of who you are.
You know, you come into the world learning to talk about yourself and your body from a place of needing to be fixed. And so you do think, OK, by default, here I am, broken. And here are the ways in which I need to be made better, made more capable. And that is a really complicated set of things to grapple with as a young person. And so I can only imagine how much worse and more pervasive it would have been if the language you were given for yourself was idiot, was imbecile, was feebleminded because you're right. We are shaped by the stories we are told about ourselves.
GROSS: What was that list of words that defined you when you were young?
BROWN: So I knew very early on that I had cerebral palsy. I knew that my specific diagnosis was moderate spastic dysplasia. I knew that I had high muscle tone. I knew that I had a crouched gait. I knew that my fine motor control was impaired, and my gross motor control was impaired. I knew that my balance was impaired. I knew that my hamstrings were especially tight and my heel cords were especially tight. I knew that I'd had a neurological surgery called a dorsal rhizotomy. And I knew roughly what that was. I knew what an orthotic was. And I knew that there were various kinds of them. That language of monitoring, and maintenance, and defect and attempted repair belonged to me remarkably young. What other 5-year-old do you know that can say dorsal rhizotomy?
GROSS: Really (laughter).
BROWN: Yeah.
GROSS: In one of your essays, you kind of ask the question, when is it appropriate to tell people that you have cerebral palsy, that you're often in a wheelchair? When do you tell a potential employee? When do you tell a potential boyfriend? Like, say you're meeting the person for the first time at a restaurant, and you're already seated. And that person doesn't necessarily know. Has your opinion about that changed over the years?
BROWN: Oh, I think my opinion about that changes every 35 seconds.
GROSS: (Laughter).
BROWN: ...Based on how it is that I am feeling or who it is that I'm interacting with on a given day. I like to think I'm getting better at navigating the question of disclosure. You know, I'm in this kind of complicated space when it comes to that because, obviously, the moment that you see me stand up or you see me walk, you know that I'm disabled. It is absolutely sort of visually unavoidable. But you don't necessarily know if you just see me sitting at a desk in a classroom or sitting at a table in a restaurant. And so there is this sort of initial moment of, OK, how do you disclose? What do you do?
But, you know, in some ways, I think I am helped by the fact that that moment can only be a moment because the moment I want to move, I have no choice but to deal with the fact that my body announces that truth about itself to the world. And learning how to grapple with that, learning what to say about it, learning how to navigate people's reactions to it was a sort of process that evolved over the course of my childhood and my adolescence, and is still evolving as I'm an adult.
GROSS: So when you think back to your childhood, do you think about how your body was weak, your body needed constant repair, but that your mind was strong?
BROWN: Yeah, I mean, I think even - it's so interesting for me now, as an adult and a writer, to think about the kinds of binaries that I instituted for myself in terms of who I was and what was valuable about me and what was wrong with me. You know, I think there's something sort of already problematic when we say, like, OK, you have a bad body. You have a weak body, but you have a strong mind - because, first of all, you know, what does it mean to be weak or to be strong? What does it mean to have a valuable mind? How are we defining that?
I think it is a really - that's still a really fraught and complicated territory that bears the vestiges of this kind of fear about people who were less intellectually capable, who were in some way going to sort of limit the progress of humanity because they were less strong, less good, somehow defective. And I think it's interesting for me to think about how our language about that, our way of thinking about that still carries the vestiges of that history in it. It's also interesting for me because I think I did - and I do, you know, take great pleasure in my capability with language and my ability to read and my love and appreciation for art - all of that was incredibly important to me.
And I definitely did have this pervasive sense of myself as a child as someone who was not physically capable. But that was OK because I was really, really smart. And, of course, the ways in which that had been complicated in my adult life - by my understanding that actually everything that is wrong with my body is a consequence of damage to my brain - so that, actually, the problem, if you want to call it that, is in my head and is the same brain that has delivered me so many of the things that are most joyful about my life, that are most useful and wonderful about who I am as a person. That is the site, too, of so many of the ways in which I struggle. And I think figuring out how to come to terms with that - how to grapple with the simultaneous truth of both of those things - is the sort of ongoing project of my life.
GROSS: Well, Molly McCully Brown, thank you so much for talking with us.
BROWN: Thank you.
GROSS: Molly McCully Brown's new collection of poems is called "The Virginia State Colony For Epileptics And Feebleminded." After we take a short break, jazz critic Kevin Whitehead will review a previously unreleased concert recording by the Bill Evans Trio. This is FRESH AIR. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.

This is fantastic !!! Everyone wanted to be a Toys R’ Us kid right?
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