Welche Arten von Schiffen besaßen die Hawaiianer, und wie weit segelten sie?
Hochseetüchtige Doppelrumpf-Boote
Die Hawaiianer segelten weite Strecken mit großen Doppelrumpf-Booten (Katamarane) wie die im großartigen Disney-Film Moana (deutscher Titel Vaiana). Sie waren bis zu 20 m lang. Die Polynesier nannten diese Schiffe »Kanu«. Hier ein Nachbau:
Kriegskanu der Maori (Neuseeland, 1769)
Besiedelung Hawaiis
Mit diesen Hochsee-Kanus wurde Hawaii um 400 n. Chr. von den Marquesas aus besiedelt und etwa um 1000 n. Chr. von Tahiti aus (um die genauen Daten streiten sich die Experten noch). Beide Inselgruppen sind über 4000 Km von Hawaii entfernt. Dazwischen ist nichts als Wasser.
Geschwindigkeit
Unter optimalen Bedingungen kann ein solches Kanu im Schnitt 11 Knoten schaffen (20 Km/h). Optimal bedeutet:
Halbwindkurs (der Wind kommt von der Seite)
Starker Wind von 30 Knoten (55 Km/h, Windstärke 7). Dabei bewegen sich im Binnenland schon starke Äste.
Günstige Wellen von hinten oder schräg von hinten (»following sea«)
Wie lange dauerte die Reise?
Unter diesen optimalen Bedingungen hätten die polynesischen Seefahrer damals rund 20 Tage (und Nächte) gebraucht. Mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit hatten die Seefahrer damals aber nur selten diese Superbedingungen bei Wind und Wellen.
Zudem mussten sie den Äquator überqueren und gelangten dort in die sogenannten Kalmen (calm winds = ruhige Winde). Das ist insbesondere der Bereich zwischen dem 10. südlichen und dem 10. nördlichen Breitengrad, in der sog. innertropischen Konvergenzzone. Dort trifft der Nord-Ost-Passat-Wind von der Nordhalbkugel auf den Süd-Ost-Passat von der Südhalbkugel. Häufiges Ergebnis: laue Lüftchen oder gar Windstille. In tropischen Stürmen mussten die Auswanderer die Segelfläche reduzieren und wurden oft auch abgetrieben.
Kurz: Ich vermute, dass sie pro Stunde im Schnitt nicht mehr als 5–7 Knoten schafften. Bedeutet: Die Reise könnte unter sehr schlechten Bedingungen sogar 80 Tage gedauert haben.
Zum Vergleich: Kolumbus hat 1492 einem Monat und sechs Tage für die rund 7000 Km von Huelva in Spanien bis zu einer Insel der Bahamas gebraucht. Das entspricht einer Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit von 4,3 Knoten (8 Km/h).
Brillante Seefahrer
Die Polynesier waren ausgezeichnete Seefahrer. Sie navigierten nach den Sternen, orientierten sich an Meeresströmungen, an Strömungsmustern der Winde und am gesunden Menschenverstand: Wenn die Unterseite der Wolken da hinten grünlich schimmert – darunter könnte vielleicht eine bewaldete Insel sein. Wenn Vögel im Abendrot in eine Richtung flogen – die wollen wahrscheinlich vor Einbruch der Nacht auf ihrer Heimatinsel sein. Einige Polynesier benutzten sogar einfache Seekarten aus Bambus und Muscheln (stick charts).
Hōkūleʻa
Die Hawaiianer haben die Geschichte ihrer Herkunft in alten Gesängen festgehalten. Sie wussten immer schon, dass sie aus Tahiti kamen oder von den Marquesas. Schon bevor Kapitän Koch (James Cook) die Hawaii-Inseln 1778 »entdeckte« (diese Wortwahl ist eine Folge des schamlosen Kolonialismus). Noch heute heißt der westlichste Punkt der hawaiianischen Insel Koho'olawe und auch der Kanal zwischen ihr und der Nachbarinsel Lānaʻi Kealaikahiki – der Weg nach Tahiti (ke = der, ala = Weg, Kahiki = Tahiti).
1975 bauten die Polynesian Voyaging Society von Hawaii ein polynesisches Doppelrumpfboot nach, die Hōkūleʻa.
Hōkūleʻa ist der hawaiianische Name für den Stern Arcturus, der Hauptstern im Sternbild Bärenhüter (nahe beim Großen Wagen). Auf Hawaiianisch bedeutet er »Stern der Freude«. Arcturus steht auf den Breitengraden von Hawaii (19–28° Nord) ziemlich genau über dem Beobachter (so wie der Nordstern am Nordpol genau über dem Beobachter steht). Ein guter Orientierungspunkt für Seefahrer also. Du findest Arcturus, wenn du dem Bogen der Deichsel des Großen Wagens folgst. Er ist der hellste Stern am nördlichen Sternhimmel.
Beim Bau der Hōkūleʻa wurden einige moderne Materialien verwendet. Aber die Hōkūleʻa ist ein Nachbau, der die überlieferten Segeleigenschaften akkurat nachstellt und nur mit der alten polynesischen Navigation gesteuert wurde.
1976 segelte der hawaiianische Kapitän Elia David Ku'ualoha »Kawika« Kapahulehua und Pius »Mau« Piailug von der Inselgruppe der Karolinen die Hōkūleʻa von Hawaii nach Tahiti. Sie wollten vor allem beweisen, dass die Polynesier von Asien aus den gesamten Pacific besiedelt hatten.
Auch die alten Hawaiianer sind öfter von Tahiti nach Hawaii und zurück gesegelt, um Menschen, Pflanzen und Tiere nachzuholen. Eine unfassbare navigatorische und seemännische Leistung.
Die Durchschnittsgeschwindigkeit der Hōkūleʻa dürfte bei etwa 5–7 Knoten (9–13 Km/h) gelegen haben.
Wie's an Bord aussah, erfährst du hier:
Wie sie sich während der Reise ernährt haben, was sie getrunken haben, steht hier:
Provisions for Polynesian Voyages
Provisions for Polynesian Voyages [Tommy Holmes, researcher, writer, and waterman, was a co-founder of the Polynesian Voyaging Society. He was a crew member on Hokule'a's first voyage to Tahiti in 1976 and directed food, plant and animal experiments for the voyage. The following piece on provisioning is from "Voyaging," the second chapter of his classic book on canoes, The Hawaiian Canoe , published by Editions Unlimited in 1981.] "Mr. Handy has seen ma [fermented breadfruit] a hundred years old, which is occasionally eaten at the present time."1 This was admittedly an unusually old batch (though still edible); the preferred aging time for fermented breadfruit in the Marquesas was about ten years. The Polynesians preserved most of the meals they would need for a long canoe voyage by drying or fermenting either raw or cooked food. Compact, light, nutritious and almost spoilage free, the voyagers' diet would have consisted of fish and other marine organisms, bananas, sweet potatoes, yams, breadfruit, taro, pandanus flour and other regional favorites. For the beginning of the voyage there would have been a number of fresh food items-sweet potatoes, yams, taro, breadfruit, drinking coconuts, bananas and sugar cane.2 Undoubtedly there were trolling lines out all day, every day. However, on some runs, as from eastern Polynesia to Hawai'i, there was a wide swath of relatively unproductive ocean, where marine life is scant. Thus in voyaging to Hawai'i one could not depend on catching many fish. The Hokule'a, which both times (1976 and 1980) took courses very probably similar to ones used many centuries ago, did catch some fish, though most of them within several hundred miles of an island group. Even under the most ideal conditions, it would have been nearly impossible to catch enough fish to sustain a canoe full of people and animals. A hearth lined with stone, coral and sand and fueled by coconut husk and shell enabled the voyagers to cook at sea. Water was carried in gourds and sections of bamboo and stored along with drinking coconuts wherever space or ballast needs dictated. If a canoe encountered or could seek out a rain squall, water supplies could be supplemented by collecting water as it ran off the sail; if water was critically short people could temporarily subsist on the moisture found in the flesh of freshly caught fish, turtles, sharks and other marine organisms. Salt water could not effectively be used to stretch a dwindling water supply; it only hastens the dehydration process. Water rationing was undoubtedly practiced. Floating zoos, Polynesian voyaging canoes carried pigs, chickens and dogs which were intended as breeding stock for a new settlement, though they could also be eaten if stores dipped perilously low. Rats were sometimes uninvited passengers and may have occasionally provided an emergency meal. Experience had taught the Polynesian that very few edible plants grew on previously uninhabited islands, so with him he took a trav
http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/canoe_living/holmes_provisioning.html
Fishing Aboard Hōkūle‘a
Fishing Aboard Hōkūle‘a The only way to supplement food supplies on an ancient voyaging canoe at sea was to catch fish, and possibly birds. Fishing was a matter of survival. In the same tradition, fishing is more than just a pastime on Hokule'a. A good-sized fish provides a day or two of food for the crew and allows the crew to stretch its supply of food and lengthen the time the crew can survive at sea. One crew member on board the canoe serves as a designated fisherman, responsible for putting out the lines at sunrise, bringing in the catch with the assistance of other crew members, and pulling in the lines at sunset. Hōkūle‘a trails up to four 400 pound-test fishing lines, with lures attached. Two of the lines extend out from each side of the canoe on bamboo poles to prevent the lines from tangling. The canoe needs to travel at 6-7 knots for good results. The crew catches a range of open ocean fish, including aku (bluefin tuna), 'ahi (yellowfin tuna), mahimahi (dorado), ono (wahoo), and a'u (billfish) . On the 29-day voyage to Tahiti in 1992, 35 fish were caught; on the 35-day voyage from Rarotonga to Hawai'i in 1992, 27 fish were caught, including a 150-pound and a 200-pound marlin. Mau cutting up an ono, 1985-1987 voyage. Kamehameha Schools Archives Fish is appreciated by the crew because it is the only fresh food eaten during the voyage after the fruits and vegetables have been consumed, usually within the first few days. The fish is eaten raw, marinated for po-ke, or fried. A raw fish meal. 2007 Voyage to Satawal. The leftover fish parts and bones are used to make soup. Leftover strips of meat are dried from the rigging, then put into buckets as snacks for the crew.
http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/canoe_living/fishing.html
https://www.hokulea.com/h20-go/
Asiatische und austronesische Wanderung
Man vermutet, dass der Homo Sapiens zwischen 40.000 und 60.000 v. Chr. Australien erreicht hat. Während der damals herrschenden Eiszeit war der Meeresspiegel etwa 100 Meter niedriger, sodass sie das meiste zu Fuß erledigen konnten. Allerdings mussten oft Strecken von 100 Kilometern und mehr per Boot bewältigt werden. Eine Meisterleistung, die Können und Mut erforderte. Selbst hohe Inseln kann man höchstens aus 50 Km Entfernung sehen.
Nach der Eiszeit begann die austronesische Expansion. Austronesisch sprechende Völker machten sich ab etwa 4-3000 v. Chr. von Taiwan aus auf eine Seewanderung. Nach und nach erreichten sie die entferntesten Inseln des Pazifiks. Über Fiji, Tonga und Samoa eroberten sie dann die östlicher liegenden Inseln:
Um 1200 v. Chr. Neuguinea
Um 1000 v. Chr. Java, Sumatra
Um 200 v. Chr. Tahiti
Um 100 v. Chr. die Marquesas
Um 700 Madagaskar (von Borneo aus)
Um 1200 Neuseeland
Um 500 Osterinsel (Papa Nui)
Theoretisch ist es sogar möglich, dass sie an der Westküste Amerikas gelandet sind und dort mit der Urbevölkerung verschmolzen sind.
Buch
Die Geschichte der Besiedelung Hawaiis von Tahiti aus erzählt James A. Michener in seinem monumentalen Roman Hawaii. In einer spannenden Handlung lässt er die Kultur Tahitis und Hawaiis lebendig werden, beschreibt die Kolonialisierung durch die USA ab 1820 und wie sich Gastarbeiter aus Japan, China und den Philippinen auf Hawaii niederließen - als ausgebeutete Arbeitskräfte in der Zucker- und Ananasindustrie. Besonders plastisch beschrieben wird der Aufbruch von Bora Bora und die lange Fahrt über den Ozean nach Hawaii. Der Roman erschien 1959 – also in dem Jahr, als Hawaii der 50. Bundesstaat der USA wurde.
Hawaii : Roman. Aus dem Amerikan. übertr. von Fritz Lorch, Boulevard-Taschenbuch
Hawaii James a Michener TB
https://www.amazon.de/Hawaii-Roman-Amerikan-%C3%BCbertr-Boulevard-Taschenbuch/dp/B00AQA8QEG/ref=sr_1_2?__mk_de_DE=%C3%85M%C3%85%C5%BD%C3%95%C3%91&keywords=roman+hawaii+michener&qid=1636910574&sr=8-2
Film
Ich empfehle den computeranimierten Disney-Film Moana (deutsch Vaiana, 2016). Er gibt dir in vielen Szenen eine Gefühlsanmutung für's Fahren mit polynesischen Kanus.
Hier der Text des Songs aus dem englischen Clip:
We Know The Way
(performed by Opetaia Foa'i & Lin-Manuel Miranda)
(from "Moana" soundtrack)
(Samoanisch)
Tatou o tagata folau vala’auina
Le atua o sami tele e o mai
Ua ava’e le lu’itau e lelei
Tapenapena
Olo, olo vaka
(Tokelauisch) Tokelau heißen 3 Koralleninseln nördlich von Samoa im Südpazifik. Es ist die Heimat der Eltern von Opetaia Foa'i.
Aue, aue
Nuku i mua
Te manulele e tataki e
Aue, aue
Te fenua, te mālie
Nae ko hakilia kaiga e
(Englisch)
We read the wind and the sky when the sun is high
We sail the length of the seas on the ocean breeze
At night, we name every star
We know where we are
We know who we are, who we are
Aue, aue, We set a course to find
A brand new island everywhere we roam
Aue, aue, We keep our island in our mind
And when it's time to find home
We know the way
Aue, aue, We are explorers reading every sign
We tell the stories of our elders in a never-ending chain
Aue, aue
Te fenua, te mālie
Nā heko hakilia
We know the way
Und hier die deutsche Version:
Warum heißt der Film in Deutschland nicht Moana – wie fast überall sonst auf der Welt?
"Vaiana": Warum wurde der Originaltitel "Moana" von Disney geändert? Name - Bedeutung Online
In den USA und auf der ganzen Welt lieben große und kleine Disney-Fans die Südsee-Abenteuer von Moana – doch in Deutschland und weiteren europäischen Ländern wurde die Titelheldin umbenannt. Das hatte überraschende Gründe. Der Disney-Film „Vaiana – Das Paradies hat einen Haken“, der kurz vor Weihnachten 2016 in die Kinos kam, begeisterte das Publikum in … „„Vaiana“: Warum wurde der Originaltitel „Moana“ von Disney geändert? Name“ weiterlesen
https://www.bedeutungonline.de/vaiana-warum-wurde-der-originaltitel-moana-von-disney-geaendert-name/
Polynesian Voaying Society
Die »Mutter« der Hōkūleʻa. Sie hat gerade eine neue Reise der Hōkūleʻa gestartet: Moananuiākea – 60.000 Meilen rund um den Pazifik. Hier erfährst Du das Wichtigste über die Reise, über polynesische Navigation und über Segelgeschwindigkeiten:
Moananuiākea - Hōkūleʻa
Objectives Voyaging Tradition : Perpetuating our voyaging heritage to ensure it is never lost again. Global Navigators : Activating millions of “planetary navigators” who will pursue critical and inspiring “voyages” to ensure a better future for the earth. Wa‘a Honua : Bringing millions of learners of all ages with us through our third canoe, to create change and move us toward a healthier ocean and planet. Our Ocean, Our Home : Exploring and sharing the magnificence of the world’s largest ocean, which breathes life into all of earth’s systems, and amplifying the movement to care for it, because life on earth will not be healthy without a healthy ocean.
https://www.hokulea.com/moananuiakea/
http://www.hokulea.com/education-at-sea/polynesian-navigation/polynesian-non-instrument-wayfinding/estimating-distance-and-direction-traveled/
http://www.hokulea.com/education-at-sea/polynesian-navigation/polynesian-non-instrument-wayfinding/
Polynesian navigation - Wikipedia
Methods to navigate the Pacific Ocean Hōkūleʻa , Hawaiian double-hulled canoe sailing off Honolulu , 2009 Hawaiian navigators sailing multi-hulled canoe, c. 1781 Polynesian navigation or Polynesian wayfinding was used for thousands of years to enable long voyages across thousands of kilometers of the open Pacific Ocean . Polynesians made contact with nearly every island within the vast Polynesian Triangle , using outrigger canoes or double-hulled canoes. The double-hulled canoes were two large hulls, equal in length, and lashed side by side. The space between the paralleled canoes allowed for storage of food, hunting materials, and nets when embarking on long voyages. [1] Polynesian navigators used wayfinding techniques such as the navigation by the stars, and observations of birds, ocean swells, and wind patterns, and relied on a large body of knowledge from oral tradition . [2] [3] [4] [5] Navigators travelled to small inhabited islands using wayfinding techniques and knowledge passed by oral tradition from master to apprentice, often in the form of song. Generally, each island maintained a guild of navigators who had very high status; in times of famine or difficulty, they could trade for aid or evacuate people to neighbouring islands. As of 2014, these traditional navigation methods are still taught in the Polynesian outlier of Taumako in the Solomons and by voyaging societies throughout the Pacific. Both wayfinding techniques and outrigger canoe construction methods have been kept as guild secrets , but in the modern revival of these skills, they are being recorded and published. History [ edit ] The Polynesian triangle Between about 3000 and 1000 BC speakers of Austronesian languages spread through the islands of Southeast Asia – most likely starting out from Taiwan , [6] as tribes whose natives were thought to have previously arrived from mainland South China about 8000 years ago – into the edges of western Micronesia and on into Melanesia , through the Philippines and Indonesia . In the archeogenetic record, there are well-defined traces of this expansion that allow the path it took to be followed and dated with a degree of certainty. [7] [8] In the mid-2nd millennium BC, a distinctive culture appeared suddenly in north-west Melanesia, in the Bismarck Archipelago , the chain of islands forming a great arch from New Britain to the Admiralty Islands . This culture, known as Lapita , stands out in the Melanesian archeological record, with its large permanent villages on beach terraces along the coasts. Particularly characteristic of the Lapita culture is the making of pottery, including a great many vessels of varied shapes, some distinguished by fine patterns and motifs pressed into the clay. Between about 1300 and 900 BC, the Lapita culture spread 6,000 km (3,700 mi) farther to the east from the Bismarck Archipelago, until it reached as far as Tonga and Samoa . [9] Lapita pottery persisted in places such as Samoa , Tonga , and Fiji for man
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_navigation
Polynesian Navigation & Settlement of the Pacific
Polynesian navigation of the Pacific Ocean and its settlement began thousands of years ago. The inhabitants of the Pacific islands had been voyaging across vast expanses of ocean water sailing in double...
https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1586/polynesian-navigation--settlement-of-the-pacific/
Drua - Wikipedia
Double-hull sailing boat CAD Ndrua, based on the Sema Makawa Model of a drua from Fiji in the Otago Museum Drua , also known as na drua , n'drua , ndrua or waqa tabu ("sacred canoe", Fijian pronunciation: [ɰa ŋɡa ta mbu] ), is a double-hull sailing boat that originated in the south-western Pacific islands. Druas do not tack but rather shunt (stern becomes the bow and vice versa). Both ends of each hull are identical, but the hulls are of different sizes and the smaller one is always sailed to windward. The main differences, compared to proas , are that the hulls have a symmetric U-form profile, and a second hull is used instead of an outrigger . When a float ( cama ) is used in place of the smaller hull, the craft is called a camakau . The Fijian double canoe ( wangga ndrua , spelt waqa drua in Fijian) was the largest and finest sea-going vessel ever designed and built by natives of Oceania before contact with Europeans. — Canoes of Oceania Volume I: The Canoes of Polynesia, Fiji, and Micronesia (1936) [1] Druas were large, up to 30 metres (98 ft) long, and could carry more than 200 people. Despite being called "canoes", they were not dugouts, but plank-built ships. Origins [ edit ] Painting. J. Glen Wilson, 1856. A fleet of drua off the coast of Ovalau Island. No written record exists of the diffusion of the drua design, but most anthropologists assume its origin in Micronesia , and it probably came to Fiji through the islands of Kiribati and Tuvalu . The only shunting boat type of Polynesian design is the pahi of the Tuamotu archipelago, but it uses equal hulls and does not appear to be related to other proas. From Fiji, druas spread to Tonga (where they are called Kalia ) and Samoa (where they are called 'Alia ). Captain Cook visited Tonga in his second and third voyages, and noticed that druas were rapidly displacing the Polynesian catamaran design. Tongan chiefs taking part in Fijian wars would bring them back as prizes of war. [2] Drua construction eventually became a monopoly of Tongan shipbuilders living in the Fijian Lau Islands . [1] [3] War canoes [ edit ] Druas were sacred canoes in the sense that only aristocrats could own one. Their main role was as war ships, taking part in naval battles and transporting warriors during raids. They also had a representative role, and were used to collect taxes. Following Fijian custom, it was an insult to cross her bows, or to sail to her windward, where the mast stay could be easily cut bringing down the sail. It was also custom to paddle and not to sail in sight of another chief's territory. Launching a drua required a bloody ritual, including human sacrifices. [2] [4] With regard to the human sacrifice associated with the launching ceremonies, Wilkes in the 19th century records that when the Vunivalu of Bau Tanoa Visawaqa launched a canoe 10 or more men were slaughtered on the deck in order that it might be washed with human blood. [5] Wall (1916) also says: A new canoe was launched over men's b
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drua
Moananuiākea - Hōkūleʻa
Objectives Voyaging Tradition : Perpetuating our voyaging heritage to ensure it is never lost again. Global Navigators : Activating millions of “planetary navigators” who will pursue critical and inspiring “voyages” to ensure a better future for the earth. Wa‘a Honua : Bringing millions of learners of all ages with us through our third canoe, to create change and move us toward a healthier ocean and planet. Our Ocean, Our Home : Exploring and sharing the magnificence of the world’s largest ocean, which breathes life into all of earth’s systems, and amplifying the movement to care for it, because life on earth will not be healthy without a healthy ocean.
http://www.hokulea.com/moananuiakea/