How civilized had the Anglo Saxons become from 500 to 1066?
Papst Gregor sandte um 500 n. Chr. den heiligen Augustinus vo n Canterbury nach England. Er hatte den Auftrag, die Kirche wiederherzustellen. Er errichtete Canterbury als Stützpunkt und arbeitete sich nach Norden vor. Zur gleichen Zeit begannen die Culdees, ein irischer Mönchsorden, der während des finsteren Mittelalters die klassischen lateinischen Bücher bewahrte, unter dem heiligen Columba von Dál Riada in Schottland und auf der gesamten Insel Großbritannien Klöster zu gründen. Ihre Lateinausbildung war besser als die des Kontinents. Dort hatte sich die lateinische Sprache zum Vulgärlatein entwickelt. Um das Jahr 800 stellte Karl der Große Alcuin von York ein, um seine Mönche und Adligen in klassischem Latein zu unterrichten. Alcuin wurde in einem von Culdee gegründeten Kloster ausgebildet.
How the Irish Saved Civilization - Wikipedia
How the Irish Saved Civilization: The Untold Story of Ireland's Heroic Role from the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Medieval Europe is a non-fiction historical book written by Thomas Cahill . Cahill argues a case for the Irish people 's critical role in preserving Western Civilization from utter destruction by the Huns and the Germanic tribes ( Visigoths , Franks , Angles , Saxons , Ostrogoths , etc.). The book presents Western history from the collapse of the Roman Empire and the pivotal role played by members of the clergy at the time. A particular focus is placed upon Saint Patrick . The book details his early struggles through slavery, mirroring much of the content in The Confession of Saint Patrick . Initial portions of the book examine Ireland before the arrivals of Patrick and Saint Augustine of Canterbury . Particular focus is placed upon Saint Columba , the monks he trained, and the monasteries he set up in the Hiberno-Scottish mission . These holy men, according to Cahill, "single-handedly refounded European civilization throughout the continent." (p. 4) Publication and reception edit How the Irish Saved Civilization was first published in March 1995 and appeared on the New York Times Bestseller List for almost two years. [1] It was favourably reviewed in many general-interest, quality newspapers and magazines. [2] However, it also provoked criticism from other reviewers, some of whom offered qualified praise or outright rejections of the main thesis, and some of whom perceived bias. [3] [4] References edit ^ "Thomas Cahill: About the Author" . Random House . Retrieved 29 September 2007 . ^ Bernstein, Richard (5 April 1995). "Who Saved Civilization? The Irish, That's Who!" . The New York Times . Scholars, perhaps, will now evaluate these claims. But whatever they may find, Mr. Cahills' book will remain an entirely engaging, delectable voyage into the distant past, a small treasure. ^ Lisa M. Bitel (April 1997). "How the Irish Saved Civilization: The Untold Story of Ireland's Heroic Role from the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Medieval Europe" . The Catholic Historical Review . 83 (2). Archived from the original on 8 April 2014 . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . I cannot begin here to list all the misread texts, over-simplified historical constructs, and biases of this book. ^ Callahan, Tim. "Rust On the Hinges of History: How Neither the Irish Nor the Jews Saved Civilization" . Skeptic Magazine . Vol. 7, no. 1. External links edit
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Culdees - Wikipedia
In the course of the 9th century, nine places in Ireland are mentioned (including Armagh , Clonmacnoise , Clones , Devenish and Sligo ) where communities of Culdees were established. [4] Óengus the Culdee lived in the last quarter of the 8th century and is best known as the author of the Félire Óengusso , "the Martyrology of Óengus". He founded Dísert Óengusa near Croom in AD 780. Maelruan , under whom Oengus lived, drew up a rule for the Culdees of Tallaght that prescribed their prayers, fasts, devotions, confession, and penances, but there is no evidence that this rule was widely accepted even in the other Culdean establishments. Fedelmid mac Crimthainn king of Munster (820–846) was said to have been a prominent Culdee. [5] According to William Reeves , they were analogous to secular canons and held an intermediate position between the monastic and parochial clergy. In Armagh, they were presided over by a Prior and numbered about twelve. They were the officiating clergy of the churches and became the standing ministers of the cathedral. The maintenance of divine service, and in particular, the practice of choral worship, seems to have been their special function and made them an important element of the cathedral economy. [6] However, after the death of Maelruan in 792, Tallaght is forgotten, and the name Ceile-De disappears from the Irish annals until 919, when the Four Masters record that Armagh was plundered by the Danes but that the houses of prayer, "with the people of God, that is Ceile-De", were spared. Subsequent entries in the annals show that there were Culdees at Clondalken, at Monahincha in Tipperary, and at Scattery Island. [1] The Danish wars affected the Culdee houses. Clondalken and Clones disappeared altogether. At Clonmacnoise, as early as the eleventh century, the Culdees were laymen and married, while those at Monahincha and Scattery Island, being utterly corrupt and unable, or unwilling, to reform, gave way to the regular canons. At Armagh, regular canons were introduced into the cathedral church in the twelfth century and took precedence over the Culdees, six in number, a prior and five vicars. These still continued a corporate existence, charged with the celebration of the Divine offices and the care of the church building: they had separate lands and sometimes charge of parishes. When a chapter was formed, about 1160, the prior usually filled the office of precentor, his brethren being vicars choral, and himself ranking in the chapter next to the chancellor. He was elected by his brother Culdees and confirmed by the primate, and had a voice in the election of the archbishop by virtue of his position in the chapter. [1] As Ulster was the last of the Irish provinces to be brought effectually under English rule the Armagh Culdees long outlived their brethren throughout Ireland. The Culdees of Armagh endured until the dissolution in 1541 and enjoyed a fleeting resurrection in 1627, soon after which their ancient property pas
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Reichenau Glossary - Wikipedia
Term found in Vulgate Meaning Descendants Gloss(es) Origin Descendants [ii] abdito hidden. DAT/ABL — absconso Attested variant of CL abscondito 'hidden', a cognate of abdito . [iii] PR. */asˈko n su/ OFr. escons Fr. abscons OOcc. escos Cat. escòs OSp. escuso OPt. escuso Vnz. sconto [iv] It. ascoso Ro. ascuns abio [α] go_away. 1SG — uado Vado meant 'hurry, rush' in CL. PR. */ˈβao/ OFr. vois [v] Fr. vais Cat. vaig Occ. vau Sp. voy [vi] Ast. vo Pt. vou Vnz. vago Vgl. vis It. vado Nap. vaco abgetarii [β] woodworkers — carpentarii CL for 'wagon makers'. PR. */karpenˈtarʲi/ nom OFr. charpentier PR. */karpenˈtarʲos/ acc Fr. charpentiers Occ. carpentièrs Sp. carpinteros Pt. carpinteiros absintio [γ] wormwood. DAT/ABL PR. */apˈsɪntʲo/ OFr. assenz Fr. absinthe OOcc. aussen Sp. axenxo Vgl. ascianz OIt. assenzo aloxino Greek ἀλόη όξίνης [5] 'bitter aloe'. PR. */aˈlɔksɪna/ Fr. aluine OSp. alosna Pt. alosna adolescentia youth Fr. adolescence iuuentus CL synonym. PR. */jʊˈβɛntu/ OFr. jovent Occ. jovent Cat. jovent aculeus stinger — aculeonis Derivative based on CL aculeus + -o , - onis , originally a noun-forming suffix but serving here merely as an extender. Note the Gallo-Romance analogical nominative in place of the expected * aculeo. PR. */akuˈlʲone/ Fr. aiguillon Occ. agulhon Sp. aguijón Glc. aguillón aes bronze — eramen [δ] Derivative based on aer- ( obl. stem of aes ) + - men , originally a noun-forming suffix but serving here merely as an extender. Attested in the fourth-century Codex Theodosianus. PR. */aˈramen/ Fr. airain Occ. aram Cat. aram Pt. arame Rms. arom It. rame Ro. aramă Srd. ràmene PR. */aˈramɪne/ [6] Sp. alambre ager field PR. */ˈaɡru/ Occ. agre Pie. aire It. agro Ro. agru 'field, land' Fr. are ('acre' as the unit of measure) campus Already a near-synonym in CL. PR. */ˈkampʊs/ nom OFr. chans PR. */ˈkampu/ acc Fr. champ Occ. camp Cat. camp Sp. campo Pt. campo Rms. champ Vgl. cuomp It. campo Nap. campo Srd. campo Ro. câmp annuant nod. 3PL.SBJV — cinnant Verb based on LL cinnus 'wink', a word of obscure origin. PR. */ˈkɪnnant/ OFr. cenent OOcc. cenan Pt. acenam + pref It. accennano +pref anxiaretur worry. 3SG.IMPF.PASS.SBJV Fr. anxiété ' anxiety ' OIt. ansia Sp. ansia Pt. ansia 'eagerly await' angustiaretur LL verb based on CL angustia 'tribulations, difficulties'. PR. */anˈɡʊstʲat/ Fr. angoisse Occ. angoissa Cat. angoixa It. angoscia aper boar PR. */ˈapru/ Srd. porcapru [vii] saluaticus porcus [ε] Periphrase, lit. 'wild pig'. PR. */ˈpɔrkʊs salˈβatɪkʊs/ nom OFr. pors salvadges PR. */ˈpɔrku salˈβatɪku/ acc Fr. porc sauvage Occ. pòrc salvatge Cat. porc salvatge Rms. portg selvadi Vgl. puarc salvutic It. porco salvatico Ro. porc sălbatic arbusta orchards Fr. arbuste Glc. albustre arbricellus Rendering of * arboriscellus , a postclassical compound based on CL arbor, arboris 'tree' + - cellus , a conflation of CL -culus and -ellus , both diminutive-forming suffixes. PR. */arborɪsˈkɛllu/ Fr. arbrisseau Occ. arbrissèl 'shrubbery' It. arboscello 'sapl
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