sentence-transformers sentence-similarity feature-extraction loss:CosineSimilarityLoss en arxiv:1908.10084 model-index co2_eq_emissions autotrain_compatible endpoints_compatible region:us
---
language:
- en
library_name: sentence-transformers
metrics:
- pearson_cosine
- spearman_cosine
- pearson_manhattan
- spearman_manhattan
- pearson_euclidean
- spearman_euclidean
- pearson_dot
- spearman_dot
- pearson_max
- spearman_max
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- loss:CosineSimilarityLoss
widget:
- source_sentence: Women are running.
  sentences:
  - Women are running.
  - The cougar is chasing the bear.
  - NATO soldier killed in Afghan attack
- source_sentence: A woman is reading.
  sentences:
  - A woman is writing something.
  - A person is drawing a picture.
  - A dog laying in the snow.
- source_sentence: A plane in the sky.
  sentences:
  - Two airplanes in the sky.
  - A man is playing an instrument.
  - Bangladesh executes opposition leader
- source_sentence: A man jumping rope
  sentences:
  - A man is climbing a rope.
  - The girl is playing the guitar.
  - A chef prepared a meal.
- source_sentence: A baby is laughing.
  sentences:
  - The baby laughed in his car seat.
  - A person is combing a cat hair.
  - A man is riding a horse in the desert.
co2_eq_emissions:
  emissions: 0.04787408159843385
  energy_consumed: 0.00012316397033828962
  source: codecarbon
  training_type: fine-tuning
  on_cloud: false
  cpu_model: 13th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-13700K
  ram_total_size: 31.777088165283203
  hours_used: 0.002
  hardware_used: 1 x NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3090
model-index:
- name: SentenceTransformer
  results:
  - task:
      type: semantic-similarity
      name: Semantic Similarity
    dataset:
      name: sts dev
      type: sts-dev
    metrics:
    - type: pearson_cosine
      value: 0.7683803418925228
      name: Pearson Cosine
    - type: spearman_cosine
      value: 0.7632727671822109
      name: Spearman Cosine
    - type: pearson_manhattan
      value: 0.7167343000545916
      name: Pearson Manhattan
    - type: spearman_manhattan
      value: 0.7284225373129679
      name: Spearman Manhattan
    - type: pearson_euclidean
      value: 0.7177127625426643
      name: Pearson Euclidean
    - type: spearman_euclidean
      value: 0.729676171689153
      name: Spearman Euclidean
    - type: pearson_dot
      value: 0.561565806742925
      name: Pearson Dot
    - type: spearman_dot
      value: 0.6116263753232491
      name: Spearman Dot
    - type: pearson_max
      value: 0.7683803418925228
      name: Pearson Max
    - type: spearman_max
      value: 0.7632727671822109
      name: Spearman Max
  - task:
      type: semantic-similarity
      name: Semantic Similarity
    dataset:
      name: sts test
      type: sts-test
    metrics:
    - type: pearson_cosine
      value: 0.6783055201030597
      name: Pearson Cosine
    - type: spearman_cosine
      value: 0.6549170846046467
      name: Spearman Cosine
    - type: pearson_manhattan
      value: 0.6064971288495867
      name: Pearson Manhattan
    - type: spearman_manhattan
      value: 0.6169187673598634
      name: Spearman Manhattan
    - type: pearson_euclidean
      value: 0.6073075425801093
      name: Pearson Euclidean
    - type: spearman_euclidean
      value: 0.6178537671183167
      name: Spearman Euclidean
    - type: pearson_dot
      value: 0.45009881124802237
      name: Pearson Dot
    - type: spearman_dot
      value: 0.47227603379856636
      name: Spearman Dot
    - type: pearson_max
      value: 0.6783055201030597
      name: Pearson Max
    - type: spearman_max
      value: 0.6549170846046467
      name: Spearman Max
---

# SentenceTransformer

This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model trained on the [sentence-transformers/stsb](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/stsb) dataset. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 300-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

## Model Details

### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
<!-- - **Base model:** [Unknown](https://huggingface.co/unknown) -->
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 1000000 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 300 tokens
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
- **Training Dataset:**
    - [sentence-transformers/stsb](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/stsb)
- **Language:** en
<!-- - **License:** Unknown -->

### Model Sources

- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)

### Full Model Architecture

```
SentenceTransformer(
  (0): WordEmbeddings(
    (emb_layer): Embedding(400001, 300)
  )
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 300, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
  (2): Dense({'in_features': 300, 'out_features': 300, 'bias': True, 'activation_function': 'torch.nn.modules.activation.Tanh'})
  (3): Dense({'in_features': 300, 'out_features': 300, 'bias': True, 'activation_function': 'torch.nn.modules.activation.Tanh'})
)
```

## Usage

### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```

Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("tomaarsen/glove-mean-pooling-sts")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'A baby is laughing.',
    'The baby laughed in his car seat.',
    'A person is combing a cat hair.',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 300]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```

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<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

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## Evaluation

### Metrics

#### Semantic Similarity
* Dataset: `sts-dev`
* Evaluated with [<code>EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator)

| Metric              | Value      |
|:--------------------|:-----------|
| pearson_cosine      | 0.7684     |
| **spearman_cosine** | **0.7633** |
| pearson_manhattan   | 0.7167     |
| spearman_manhattan  | 0.7284     |
| pearson_euclidean   | 0.7177     |
| spearman_euclidean  | 0.7297     |
| pearson_dot         | 0.5616     |
| spearman_dot        | 0.6116     |
| pearson_max         | 0.7684     |
| spearman_max        | 0.7633     |

#### Semantic Similarity
* Dataset: `sts-test`
* Evaluated with [<code>EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/evaluation.html#sentence_transformers.evaluation.EmbeddingSimilarityEvaluator)

| Metric              | Value      |
|:--------------------|:-----------|
| pearson_cosine      | 0.6783     |
| **spearman_cosine** | **0.6549** |
| pearson_manhattan   | 0.6065     |
| spearman_manhattan  | 0.6169     |
| pearson_euclidean   | 0.6073     |
| spearman_euclidean  | 0.6179     |
| pearson_dot         | 0.4501     |
| spearman_dot        | 0.4723     |
| pearson_max         | 0.6783     |
| spearman_max        | 0.6549     |

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## Training Details

### Training Dataset

#### sentence-transformers/stsb

* Dataset: [sentence-transformers/stsb](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/stsb) at [d999f12](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/stsb/tree/d999f12281623b0925506817d9bd85e88289218a)
* Size: 5,749 training samples
* Columns: <code>sentence1</code>, <code>sentence2</code>, and <code>score</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | sentence1                                                                        | sentence2                                                                        | score                                                          |
  |:--------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                           | string                                                                           | float                                                          |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 1 tokens</li><li>mean: 3.38 tokens</li><li>max: 11 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 1 tokens</li><li>mean: 3.39 tokens</li><li>max: 10 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 0.0</li><li>mean: 0.54</li><li>max: 1.0</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | sentence1                                                  | sentence2                                                             | score             |
  |:-----------------------------------------------------------|:----------------------------------------------------------------------|:------------------|
  | <code>A plane is taking off.</code>                        | <code>An air plane is taking off.</code>                              | <code>1.0</code>  |
  | <code>A man is playing a large flute.</code>               | <code>A man is playing a flute.</code>                                | <code>0.76</code> |
  | <code>A man is spreading shreded cheese on a pizza.</code> | <code>A man is spreading shredded cheese on an uncooked pizza.</code> | <code>0.76</code> |
* Loss: [<code>CosineSimilarityLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/losses.html#cosinesimilarityloss) with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "loss_fct": "torch.nn.modules.loss.MSELoss"
  }
  ```

### Evaluation Dataset

#### sentence-transformers/stsb

* Dataset: [sentence-transformers/stsb](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/stsb) at [d999f12](https://huggingface.co/datasets/sentence-transformers/stsb/tree/d999f12281623b0925506817d9bd85e88289218a)
* Size: 1,500 evaluation samples
* Columns: <code>sentence1</code>, <code>sentence2</code>, and <code>score</code>
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
  |         | sentence1                                                                        | sentence2                                                                        | score                                                          |
  |:--------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------|
  | type    | string                                                                           | string                                                                           | float                                                          |
  | details | <ul><li>min: 1 tokens</li><li>mean: 5.17 tokens</li><li>max: 12 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 1 tokens</li><li>mean: 5.08 tokens</li><li>max: 15 tokens</li></ul> | <ul><li>min: 0.0</li><li>mean: 0.47</li><li>max: 1.0</li></ul> |
* Samples:
  | sentence1                                         | sentence2                                             | score             |
  |:--------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------|:------------------|
  | <code>A man with a hard hat is dancing.</code>    | <code>A man wearing a hard hat is dancing.</code>     | <code>1.0</code>  |
  | <code>A young child is riding a horse.</code>     | <code>A child is riding a horse.</code>               | <code>0.95</code> |
  | <code>A man is feeding a mouse to a snake.</code> | <code>The man is feeding a mouse to the snake.</code> | <code>1.0</code>  |
* Loss: [<code>CosineSimilarityLoss</code>](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/losses.html#cosinesimilarityloss) with these parameters:
  ```json
  {
      "loss_fct": "torch.nn.modules.loss.MSELoss"
  }
  ```

### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters

- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 32
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 32
- `num_train_epochs`: 1
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `fp16`: True

#### All Hyperparameters
<details><summary>Click to expand</summary>

- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: steps
- `prediction_loss_only`: False
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 32
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 32
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 5e-05
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
- `num_train_epochs`: 1
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.1
- `warmup_steps`: 0
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: False
- `fp16`: True
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: None
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: False
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: None
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: None
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: False
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`: 
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `dispatch_batches`: None
- `split_batches`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_sampler`: batch_sampler
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional

</details>

### Training Logs
| Epoch  | Step | Training Loss | loss   | sts-dev_spearman_cosine | sts-test_spearman_cosine |
|:------:|:----:|:-------------:|:------:|:-----------------------:|:------------------------:|
| 0.5556 | 100  | 0.0908        | 0.0577 | 0.7633                  | -                        |
| 1.0    | 180  | -             | -      | -                       | 0.6549                   |


### Environmental Impact
Carbon emissions were measured using [CodeCarbon](https://github.com/mlco2/codecarbon).
- **Energy Consumed**: 0.000 kWh
- **Carbon Emitted**: 0.000 kg of CO2
- **Hours Used**: 0.002 hours

### Training Hardware
- **On Cloud**: No
- **GPU Model**: 1 x NVIDIA GeForce RTX 3090
- **CPU Model**: 13th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-13700K
- **RAM Size**: 31.78 GB

### Framework Versions
- Python: 3.11.6
- Sentence Transformers: 3.0.0.dev0
- Transformers: 4.41.0.dev0
- PyTorch: 2.3.0+cu121
- Accelerate: 0.26.1
- Datasets: 2.18.0
- Tokenizers: 0.19.1

## Citation

### BibTeX

#### Sentence Transformers
```bibtex
@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}
```

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