injury to villi/crypts and villus length
The following end-points were analyzed: 7-day survival; biomarkers of enterocyte viability (L-lactate, I-FABP); histology (morphologic injury to villi/crypts and villus length); intestinal permeability (Ussing chamber); endotoxin translocation (Lipopolysaccharide assay); cytokines (IL-6, IL-1-b, TNFa, IFN-y IL-10, IL-13); apoptosis (cleaved caspase-3); and autophagy (LC3, p62).