Lee ebe a n'okpuru ma zaa ajụjụ ahụ n'otu asụsụ ahụ dị ka ebe ahụ: N'ụzọ: The quanta nke a Abelian gauge ubi ga-abụ massless, uncharged bosons, dị ka ogologo oge dị ka symmetry na-adịghị agbajikwa; Ya mere, photon na-buru amụma na-massless, na nwere efu electric ụgwọ na integer atụ ogho. The akpan akpan ụdị nke electromagnetic mmekọrịta na-akọwapụta na photon ga-enwe atụ ogho ±1; Ya mere, ya helicity ga-Ajụjụ: Olee otú ọtụtụ electric ụgwọ na Abelian gauge ubi protons nwere?
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