Arnold Sommerfeld (1910) dochie anya matriks Minkowski site na ihe mara mma vector notation na coined okwu "anọ vector" na "isii vector". Ọ na-ewebata a trigonometric formulation nke relativistic ọsọ mgbakwunye iwu, nke dị ka Sommerfeld, ewepu ukwuu nke strangeness nke na echiche. Ndị ọzọ dị mkpa onyinye e mere site Laue (1911, 1913), onye na-eji spacetime formalism ike a relativistic tiori nke deformable ozu na ihe elementary urughuru tiori. Ọ gbatịrị Minkowski si okwu maka electromagnetic Filiks niile kwere omume agha na si otú ahụ kọwaa echiche nke uka-ike equivalence.
usoro trigonometric nke iwu mgbakwunye ọsọ ọsọ