Ọtụtụ nhazi ọkwa ọhụrụ na-agba mbọ igosi ndị otu monophyletic dabere na morphological (karịsịa ultrastructural), biochemical (chemotaxonomy) na DNA usoro (molecular research) ozi. Otú ọ dị, e nwere mgbe ụfọdụ discordances n'etiti molekụla na morphological nnyocha; ndị a nwere ike categorized dị ka abụọ ụdị: (i) otu morphology, multiple lineages (e.g. morphological convergence, cryptic umu) na (ii) otu lineage, multiple morphologies (e.g. phenotypic plasticity, multiple ndụ-okirikiri nkebi). N'ihi na ndị protists dị ka a dum bụ paraphyletic usoro, ọhụrụ na-adịkarị mfe na-ahapụ ma ọ bụ kewaa alaeze, kama n'imeso ndị protist dị ka iche iche eukary eukary eukary usoro.
ọ bụghị monophyletic