Ọ bụ ndị Russian Formalists mepụtara echiche na usoro sayensị nwere ike itinye n'ọrụ na ngwaahịa ọdịbendị na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, ma ndị nyocha dị iche iche na Comparative Literature nwetaghachiri ya. A na-etinye ya ugbu a na ntụgharị asụsụ akwụkwọ. Akụkụ nke ngwa a bụ echiche nke polysystems (Even-Zohar 1990) nke a na-ahụ akwụkwọ ntụgharị dị ka usoro nke usoro nnata ma ọ bụ usoro akwụkwọ. Gideon Toury na-adabere n'echiche ya na mkpa ọ dị ịtụle nsụgharị "eziokwu nke ọdịbendị ebumnuche" maka ebumnuche nyocha. E mepụtakwara echiche nke "njikwa" na "nchekwa" n'ihe metụtara nsụgharị akwụkwọ. Ajụjụ: Onye, maka ebumnuche nyocha ya, na-ekwu na ntụgharị asụsụ dabere na "eziokwu nke ọdịbendị ebumnuche"?
Gideon Toury