Mezue nkebi ahịrịokwu a: N'otu oge ahụ, Byzantium nwere ndị iro ọhụrụ. Ndị Norman, bụ́ ndị rutere n'Ịtali ná mmalite narị afọ nke 11, yiri ógbè ndị dị n'ebe ndịda Ịtali egwu. N'oge e nwere esemokwu n'etiti Constantinople na Rom nke ruru ná nkewa nke Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ nke 1054, ndị Norman malitere ịga n'ihu, jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ, banye n'Ịtali nke Byzantium. Robert Guiscard weghaara Reggio, isi obodo tagma nke Calabria, na 1060, nke Otranto sochiri na 1068. Bari, bụ isi ebe ndị Byzantium siri ike na Apulia, nọchibidoro n'August 1068 na
dara n'ọnwa Eprel 1071.