Rịba ama amaokwu a dị n'okpuru ma zaa ajụjụ ahụ mgbe e mesịrị n'otu asụsụ ahụ dị ka amaokwu ahụ:  Passage: The quanta of an Abelian gauge field must be massless, uncharged bosons, as long as the symmetry is not broken; ya mere, a na-ebu amụma na photon ga-abụ nke na-enweghị oke, ma nwee ụgwọ eletriki efu na ntụgharị ọnụọgụ. Ụdị pụrụ iche nke mmekọrịta electromagnetic na-akọwapụta na photon ga-enwerịrị ntụgharị ± 1; ya mere, helicity ya ga-abụ  Ajụjụ: Ego ole ka protons nke ubi Abelian guage nwere?
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