 Theirs was a federalist programme providing for a large measure of separation, rather than total independence from Spain.A more right-wing and clericalist strand of Catalan nationalism, following on from Carlist principles, was inspired by Bishop Josep Torras i Bages.A degree of autonomy was obtained in 1913 with the formation of a "Mancomunitat", wherein the four provinces of Catalonia were associated for certain functions.