 In 1989, environmentalist C.M.Peters and two colleagues stated there is economic as well as biological incentive to protecting the rainforest.One hectare in the Peruvian Amazon has been calculated to have a value of $6820 if intact forest is sustainably harvested for fruits, latex, and timber; $1000 if clear-cut for commercial timber (not sustainably harvested); or $148 if used as cattle pasture.