 Even the rulers of the Southern states were almost all military leaders from the north with their key officers and elite forces also hailing from the north, since the bulk of the Tang army was based in the north.The term "Five Dynasties" was coined by Song dynasty historians and reflects the view that the successive regimes based in Kaifeng possessed the Mandate of Heaven.Yet three of these dynasties were founded by barbarian Shatuo Turks, and the Southern regimes generally had more stable and effective government during this period.