 The introduction of molecular phylogenetics in Rubiaceae research has corroborated or rejected several of the conclusions made in the pre-molecular era.There is support for the subfamilies Cinchonoideae, Ixoroideae, and Rubioideae, although differently circumscribed, and Antirheoideae is shown to be polyphyletic.The tribe Coptosapelteae including the genera "Acranthera" and "Coptosapelta", and the monogeneric tribe Luculieae have not been placed within a subfamily and are sister to the rest of Rubiaceae.