 "Perpendicular" was the first Gothic style revived in the 18th century.At the end of the 12th century, Europe was divided into a multitude of city states and kingdoms.The area encompassing modern Germany, southern Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Czech Republic and much of northern Italy (excluding Venice and Papal States) was nominally part of the Holy Roman Empire, but local rulers exercised considerable autonomy.