 Contemporarily, the terms "bourgeoisie" and "bourgeois" (noun) identify the ruling class in capitalist societies, as a social stratum; while "bourgeois" (adjective / noun modifier) describes the "Weltanschauung" (worldview) of men and women whose way of thinking is socially and culturally determined by their economic materialism and philistinism, a social identity famously mocked in Molière's comedy "Le Bourgeois gentilhomme" (1670), which satirizes buying the trappings of a noble-birth identity as the means of climbing the social ladder.The 18th century saw a partial rehabilitation of bourgeois values in genres such as the "drame bourgeois" (bourgeois drama) and "bourgeois tragedy".The bourgeoisie emerged as a historical and political phenomenon in the 11th century when the "bourgs" of Central and Western Europe developed into cities dedicated to commerce.