 In their envisioned, radical reform of Western philosophy to transform it into "scientific philosophy", they studied exemplary cases of empirical science in their quest to turn philosophy into a special science, like biology and economics.The Vienna Circle, including Otto Neurath, was led by Moritz Schlick, and had converted to the ambitious program by its member Rudolph Carnap, whom the Berlin Circle's leader Hans Reichenbach had introduced to Schlick.Carl Hempel, who had studied under Reichenbach, and would be a Vienna Circle alumnus, would later lead the movement from America, which, along with England, received emigration of many logical positivists during Hitler's regime.