 Andrew Tracey asserts that the first written account of the kalimba by Portuguese missionary Father Dos Santos, in Mozambique in 1589, was in essence these eight notes.Other instruments, such as the mbira, or the modern karimba (mbira nyunga nyunga), are based on those eight notes, with other notes and other courses of notes having been added over the centuries.While it is impossible to say when those eight notes first started appearing in kalimbas, Andrew's work convinces that the note layout of the karimba is truly ancient and gave rise to all other kalimbas in the region.