 Chicago believes that politics tends towards efficiency due to the fact that free-riders provoke stiffening resistance in risk takers due to the exponentially increasing deadweight loss imposed by free-riding.Chicago also believes that because political markets tend towards efficiency, policy advice by scholars is irrelevant.Charles Rowley is a prominent opponent of these notions and has set out his views in the Encyclopedia of Public Choice where he writes that Chicago's "… interpretation of the political process emanates from a fundamentally flawed application of … microeconomics to the political marketplace … while the Journal of Political Economy publishes papers that defend the U.S. federal farm program as an efficient mechanism for transferring income to poor farmers, there is justifiable cause to worry whether CPE [Chicago political economy] scholars and their journal editors ever look out from their ivory towers and survey the real world."