 More recent interpretations have attempted to apply the insights of critical theory to the poem.Zbigniew Bialas (1999) offers a Saidian postcolonial reading, suggesting that Byron orientalises Eastern Europe and attempts to stamp an identity on Mazeppa, who nonetheless evades fixed national and political identities.Meanwhile, Jane Stabler (2004) reads the poem through the prism of postmodern theory, suggesting that uses Byron's "Mazeppa" as an example of a poem which "draws attention to the fictive contours of history".