 Spores and hyphal fragments are dispersed through the atmosphere and freshwater environments, as well as ocean beaches and tidal zones.The distribution of species is variable; while some are found on all continents, others, as for example the white truffle "Tuber magnatum", only occur in isolated locations in Italy and Eastern Europe.The distribution of plant-parasitic species is often restricted by host distributions; for example, "Cyttaria" is only found on "Nothofagus" (Southern Beech) in the Southern Hemisphere.