 This is the origin of Old French ' (*"ecce ille"), ' (*"ecce iste") and ' (*"ecce hic"); Italian ' (*"eccum istum"), ' (*"eccum illum") and (now mainly Tuscan) ' (*"eccum tibi istum"), as well as ' (*"eccu hic"), ' (*"eccum hac"); Spanish and Occitan ' and Portuguese ' (*"eccum ille"); Spanish ' and Portuguese ' (*"eccum hac"); Spanish ' and Portuguese ' (*"eccum hic"); Portuguese ' (*"eccum illac") and ' (*"eccum inde"); Romanian ' (*"ecce iste") and "" (*"ecce ille"), and many other forms.On the other hand, even in the Oaths of Strasbourg, no demonstrative appears even in places where one would clearly be called for in all the later languages ("pro christian poblo" – "for the Christian people").Using the demonstratives as articles may have still been considered overly informal for a royal oath in the 9th century.