 Anomaly is defined as any occurrence or object that is unusual or unique, and deviates from an established rule of trend.Antinomy refers to identifying principles or statements that are contradictory, and antithesis occurs when two propositions, principles, or explanations are set in direct contrast or opposition.In 2014, Alexander and the Disciplined Reading and Learning Research Laboratory published the Test of Relational Reasoning (TORR), which includes the four identified manifestations of relations described.