 In 1903, C.W.Hobley recorded eleven Okiek communities, a hunter-gatherer society, living in western Kenya.He noted that a number of entire sections were bi-lingual, speaking either Maasai, Kipsigis or Nandi in addition to their own languages.Hunter-gathering communities also lived on the easten highlands of Kenya where they were known in local traditions by the names "Gumba" and "Athi".