 He studied at Christchurch University College part-time from 1942 to 1947 while working in accountancy and serving in the RNZAF.He gained a first class honours in 1948 and subsequently won a travelling scholarship in commerce which he took up in 1952 to do his doctoral work at Cambridge, completing his PhD in 1955.He taught at Massey College, the University of Auckland, the London School of Economics and finally the University of Essex where he became the Keynes Visiting Professor.