 The authors observed the E1b1b haplogroup in 56% of the studied Iraqw, which is typical of Afro-Asiatic males from North and Northeast Africa, who possess the haplogroup at high frequencies.The second most frequent paternal lineage among the Iraqw was Haplogroup B, which is commonly found in Nilotic populations; it was observed in 22% of Iraqw males.The third most frequently observed paternal DNA marker in the Iraqw was the E1b1a haplogroup (E-P1), which is now very common among Bantus; it was found in 11% of the Iraqw samples.