 He graduated from the University of Utah in 1942, and served as a Japanese interpreter-translator on Saipan, Tinian, and Okinawa, with a commission in the U.S. Marine Corps during World War II.After the war he received a Fulbright scholarship to the University of Oxford, where he earned another bachelor's degree in economics.During the El Salvador Civil War, he criticized reporter Raymond Bonner with particular regard to his reporting in the "New York Times" of the El Mozote massacre.